JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 105, NO.

B6, PAGES 13,905-13,931, JUNE 10, 2000

Seismovolcanicsignalsat Deception Island volcano, Antarctica'

Wave field analysis and sourcemodeling
Jesfis
M. Ibfiez,1,2 EdoardoDel Pezzo,3 JavierAlmendros,
1,4 MarioLa Rocca,3,
5
GerardoAlguacil, 1,2 Ram6nOrtiz,6 andAliciaGarcia
6

Abstract.The seismovolcanic signalsassociated with thevolcanicactivityof DeceptionIsland

(Antarctica),recordedduringthreeAntarcticsummers(1994-1995,1995-1996and 1996-1997),
areanalyzedusinga densesmall-aperture (500 m) seismicarray.The visualandspectral
classification of the seismiceventsshowsthe existenceof long-periodandhybridisolatedseismic
events,andof low-frequency,quasi-monochromatic andspasmodic continuoustremors.All
spectrahavethe highestamplitudes in thefrequencybandbetween1 and4 Hz, whilehybridsand
spasmodic tremorshavealsosignificantamplitudes in thehigh-frequencyband(4-10 Hz). The
arrayanalysisindicatesthatalmostall thewell-correlated low-frequencysignalssharesimilar
arrayparameters (slownessandbackazimuth)andhavethesamesourcearea,closeto thearray
site.Thepolarizationanalysisshowsthatphasesat high-frequency aremostlycomposed of P
waves,andthosephasesdominatedby low frequencies canbe interpreted
assurfacewaves.No
clearshearwavesare evidenced.Fromthe energyevaluation,we havefoundthatthe reduced
displacement valuesfor surfaceandbodywavesare confinedin a narrowinterval.Volcano-
tectonicseismicityis locatedcloseto the array,at a depthshallowerthan 1 km. The wave-field
properties of the seismovolcanic signalsallowusto assumea uniquesourcemodel,a shallow
resonatingfluid-filled cracksystemat a depthof somehundredsof meters.All of the seismic
activityis interpreted astheresponse of a reasonably stablestationarygeothermal process. The
differencesobservedin the backazimuthbetweenlow andhighfrequencies are a near-fieldeffect.
A few episodesof the degassification processin an openconduitwereobservedandmodeledwith
a simpleorganpipe.

1. Introduction same set of data with a nonlinear approach, suggestinga

qualitativesourcemodel for the seismicactivity, basedon the
DeceptionIsland is a volcanic island located at 6259'S and interaction of water and hot materials. Ortiz et al. [1997]
6041'W, northeastof the Antarctic Peninsula(Figure 1). It is presenteda brief descriptionof the seismicsurveyscarriedout in
considered to be the main active volcano of the back arc basin of DeceptionIsland from 1986 to 1994. Theseauthorsreportedthe
the BransfieldStrait [Baker et al., 1975; Baker, 1990]. Its last occurrenceof volcano-tectonic(VT), long-period (LP), and
eruptiontook placein 1970. Severalworksfocusedon the study volcanic tremor events. Moreover, they described the main
of the seismicactivity of DeceptionIslandhave been carriedout characteristics of an intenseseismicswarmthat took placein the
in the last 10 years. First studieswere done analyzing data period January-February1992, with the occurrenceof felt VT
recorded by a seismic network composedof five vertical- and tremor events and hundredsof LP eventsper day. These
componentsensorswith a 12 bit data,acquisition system[e.g., authorsrelatedthe signalamplitudevariationwith the time of the
Vila et al., 1992, 1995] duringthreeAntarcticsummersurveys seismicsignalsto an anomalousgravity changethat occurred
(1989-1991). They provide an epicentralmap of the seismic during the swarm. They proposedthree possible qualitative
activity and interpretsometypical volcanictremorsas associated modelsto explain this observation:(1) densityvariation in an
with a mechanismof degassification of an aquiferin contactwith aquifer,(2) an increaseof the heat transferfrom the magmatic
hot materials. Correig et al. [1997] statisticallyanalyzed the bodyto the aquifer,(3) a deepmagmaticintrusion.The existence
of deepseismiceventsin the areaand a volcano-magnetic effect
supportthe idea of a deepmagmaticinjection.
The field experience,providedby all the abovecited surveys,
InstitutoAndaluzde Geofisica, Universidad de Granada, Granada,
showsthat on averagethe energyof the seismovolcanic signals
Spain.
2Also atDepartamento deFisicaTe6rica y delCosmos, Universidadde recorded since 1988 at Deception volcano is low, with the
Granada,Granada,Spain. existence of low-magnitude tectonic and volcanic events. A
3OsservatorioVesuviano,Napoli,Italy. small-apertureseismicantennawas set up closeto the summer
4NowatU.S.G.S., MenloPark,California,USA. Spanish Base "Gabriel de Castilia" (Figure 2) during the
5AlsoatDipt.Di Fisica,UniversithdiSalerno,Salerno,
Italy. Antarctic summerfield surveysof 1994-1995, 1995-1996, and
6Museo NacionaldeCiencias Naturales,Dpto.Volcanologia, Madrid, 1996-1997, with the main aim of tracking the seismovolcanic
Spain. source. The use of seismic antennas allows us to obtain a

Copyright2000 by theAmericanGeophysical
Union. complete analysis of the seismic wave field, giving useful
informationon the natureof the volcanictremorandof the long-
Papernumber2000JB900013. period eventsthat usually characterizethe volcano seismicity.
0148-0227/00/2000JB900013509.00 Preliminaryreportsaboutthesearray-recorded data [Alguacilet
13,905
13,906 IB,lqEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND

60W 30 W
SOUTHAMERICANPLATE
-o 600
_1

ScotiaPlate
SandWich
Plate

Drake Plate

Antarctic
90oW PeninsulaPlate
South Shetland

Bransfield
,60oS
0 20 40 km

ANTARCTIC SouthShetlandIslands

PLATE
20 min./year
.....
'"' ' '"'--...-Livingston
I.
Snow
L, Dece
I. 60S

6040'W

6255'8
.,,.
,.

Telcron Bay

Cove.

PORT FOSTER

Fumarole 'Bay

[rgentinJan

:0 O0"S

ill scientific stations

;[] permanentice
I--Jthermal and fumarolic fields
1967 recent eruptions

! I

Figure 1. Map of the DeceptionIslandregion,showingregionaltectonics,geographical positionin the South

ShetlandIslands,maintopographicfeatures,historicaleruptions,andthermalandfumarolicfields.
 IB/IIEZ ET AL.: SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND 13,907

0 $0 m
Deception Deception
94-95 95-96;96-97

'

Sx (s/km) Sx (s/km)
Figure 2. Locationandconfigurationof the seismicantennasusedin the threefield experiments.
Trianglesmark
the locationof vertical seismometers
(Mark L25B), squaresmark the positionof 3-D Mark L-4C stations,and
dots showthe broadbandstationsite, usedin the first survey.At the bottomof the figure, the beam-pattern
resolutionof bothconfigurations
is shownat 2 Hz.

ak, 1999] confirmed the existenceof VT, LP, and sustained
tremor events with a location close to the array area. First
analyses[Almendrosetak, 1997] show that some volcanic
tremor episodesare generatedby the multiple occurrencesof
low-energyLP eventsand report the presenceof intermediate
depth(30-120 km) andshallowearthquakes (0-30 km) in the area
[Ibdhez et al., 1997a]. Almendroset al. [1999] introduceda
modificationof the zero lag cross-correlationtechniquetaking
into accountthe circulargeometryof the incomingwave fronts.
Usingthis technique,they determinedthe epicentralcoordinates
of a subsetof seismovolcanic
long-periodevents,whichoccurred
closeto the array.
Array data analysesin slownessspace,combinedwith the
evaluationof the polarizationpropertiesof the wave field,
increasethe level of informationthat is usuallyobtainedfrom
conventional seismic networks. The use of dense and small
apertureseismicantennasallowsone, in fact, to track (spatially
and temporally)the sourceof the sustainedtremor and long-
periodevents,evenin the caseof very emergentfirst onset.Many
studieshave been carried out with this aim at different volcanoes,
suchas Stromboli [Chouetet al., 1997; Saccorottiet al., 1998],
Kilauea [Ferrazzini et al., 1991; Goldsteinand Chouet, 1994],
Teide [Del Pezzo et al., 1997; Alrnendroset al., 2000] Masaya
[Metaxian et al., 1997], or Deception Island [Ibdhez et al.,
1997b;Alrnendroset al., 1997].
The aim of the presentstudyis to improveour understanding of
the seismovolcanic processes occurringat the DeceptionIsland
volcano,using the completeset of data recordedduring the
Antarcticfield surveysin whichthe small-aperture arrayhasbeen
in operation(1994-1997). We first classifythe seismiceventson
the basisof their spectralproperties,withouttaking into account
the sourceprocesses involved.Then we investigate the properties
13,908 IB,lqEZET AL.: SEISMOVOLCANICSIGNALSAT DECEPTIONISLAND

of the wave field generatedby the differenttypes of seismic importantfeatureof Deceptionis the presence
of manyshallow
events using array and polarizationtechniques,in order to aquifers,deducedby the observedhydrothermalalteration
estimatetheirenergy,backazimuth,apparentslowness, andwave [Marti and Baraldo, 1990] and by the study of the chemical
composition. The resultsare interpretedin termsof a fluid-filled compositionof fumarolesand thermal springs[Martini and
resonantcrackexcitedby a pressure step. Giannini, 1988]. These authors infer from thermodynamic
considerationsthat temperatures
of 600C can be reachedat a
2. Geologyand Eruptive History depthof a few kilometers.
Fumarolicemissionsand thermal springsare locatedon the
Deception,Bridgeman,and PenguinIslandsare the threemain principalfracturecrossingthe island in a NE-SW direction
active volcanic islands in the South Shetland Islands and (FumaroleBay to PendulumCove). The maximumtemperature
Antarctic Peninsula.Their geodynamicsis typical of a rift (110C) of the emissionis registeredin FumaroleBay. Other
framework(the BransfieldRift; see Figure 1 for details). minor emissionsare in Telefon and WhalersBays. The highest
DeceptionIslandis locatedastridea Quaternarymarginalbasin- groundsurfacetemperature
is 130Cin CerroCaliente(Figure1).
spreadingcenterin the Bransfieldstrait [Srnellie,1988], which
separatesthe South Shetland Islands from the Antarctic 3. Field Surveys and Instruments
Peninsula.Deception is a horseshoe-shaped volcano with a
submerged basaldiameterof 25 km and a 15 km diameterof the During the australsummersof 1994-1997,threefield surveys
emergedstructure.The known eruptionstook place in 1842, werecarriedout deployinga denseshort-period seismicantenna.
1967, 1969, and 1970; two eruptions(1912 and 1917) havebeen The seismicantennawas setup nearthe SpanishBase(Figure2).
datedwith greatuncertainty[Gonzdlez-Ferrdn,1995;De Rosaet In the first survey the array was composedof 10 vertical and
al., 1995].Duringthe 1969 eruption,two permanent basesof the three three-dimensional(3-D) seismometers.In the other two
islandweredestroyed(Chileanby pyroelastic flows andBritish experiments,15 vertical and three 3-D seismometerswere
by a surge).Roobol[1979] providesa partialreconstruction of deployed.The vertical seismometers were Mark L25, with a
the eruptivehistoryof Deceptionfrom 1829, includingother naturalfrequencyat 4.5 Hz. Their responsewas electronically
possibleeruptions.An importanteruptionthat occurredin the extended to 1 Hz. The 3-D seismometers were Mark L-4C with a
17thcenturywasdeducedby the ice recordin JamesRossIsland, naturalfrequencyof 1 Hz and electronicallyextendedto 0.1 Hz.
200 km from Deception[Aristarainand Delrnas,1998].They In the 1994-1995 experiment,one of the 3-D stationswas a
deducedthat probablythis eruptionhad beenthe largestoneon Guralp CMG-3 broadbandwith a flat responsebetween0.033
the islandin the last 350 years.Casertano[1967] providesan and50 Hz. In Figure3 we showthe overallresponsecurveof the
interestingreport of the geologicaland geophysicalfeatures equalizedsensorswhich were pre-amplifiedat the samelevel.
beforethe 1969 eruption.During eruptions,at leastin the last The preamplifieroutput is balancedso that the signal is sent
100 years,a limited amountof magmaand volatilematerialsis undisturbed via twistedpair cablesto the dataacquisitionsystem,
produced, with a durationfroma few hoursto severaldays.The onefor eachmodule.Threeof suchmodulescomposed the whole
primary style of eruption is Strombolian,which ends with seismicantenna.Each dataacquisitionmoduleis composedof an
viscouslavaflows,asin 1969.Anotherstyleis phreatomagmatic,eightchannelanti-aliasButterworthmultipolefilter at 48 Hz; a
whichoccurred, in the 1970eruption.A mapof the multiplexerthat sampleseachof the eight channelsevery5 ms
for instance,
site of the main eruptionsand the mostimportantgeological and a 16 bit A/D converter.
featuresis reportedin Figure 1. The internalclock is synchronizedby GPS time every second,
Petrologicand volcanologicalstudies [Srnellie,1988, 1989; and the samplingrate used is 200 samplesper second.The
Smellieet al., 1988] suggest
the presence
of a calderastructure, controlof eachmoduleandthe storageof the dataare doneby a
whichresultedfromthe collapseof severalpreexisting volcanic portablePC. The triggeringalgorithmis basedon the STA/LTA
structures [Hawkes, 1961] or from a central stratovolcano ratio. Station Cartesian coordinates were measured with
[Gonzalez-Ferrdn and Katsui, 1970; Baker et al., 1975]. An differentialGPSpositioning. The referencesystemhasthey axis

, (equalized)
.... i - _.

:!::.e::q::ualiz.ed)
i : :-.....
I ' ' ' * ' '''1 ' ' ' ' ' '''1 ' ' ' ''1
1.0E- 1 1.0E +0 1.0E + 1 1.0E +2

frequency (Hz)
Figure 3. Overallresponsecurveof the equalizedsensorsusedin thiswork.
 IBIEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND 13,909

1996-1997),
orientedtoward the north and the x axis toward the east(Figure is reported
in Figure4. As canbe observed,
the
2). Thearrayresolution usedin temporal
(at2 Hz) forbothconfigurations occurrenceis not homogeneous eitherwithinthe
thepresentworkis reported alsoin Figure2. Duringthe 1994- differentyearsor withinthe samesurveys. The seismicity
1995surveya seismic
stationwithcontinuous onpaper appears
recording clustered
intime,witha clusterduration
notgreater
than
drum,placedneartheSpanish In 5 days.Themaximum
Base,wasusedfor monitoring. number of triggers
perdaytookplace
the 1995-1996and 1996-1997surveysthis stationwasreplaced during
theseismic
swarmof February
5-9, 1996.We haveto
by a digital,continuously
recording
PC system. pointoutthatduringthethreesurveys
analyzed
in thepresent
worknovisibleeruptions
occurred
in theisland.
Seismicrecordswere visually inspectedon a computerscreen
4. Data Descriptionand SpectralAnalysis andclassified,
basedontheirseismogram
shapeandontheirS-P
In the threefield surveys,carriedout at DeceptionIsland,the delay,in regionalor localearthquakes,
long-periodevents,
or
seismic antennas recorded thousands of seismic events. From the tremor.Insidethe long-period
eventgroupwe coulddistinguish
whole data set we selectedthe seismiceventsthat triggeredat between pure long-periodand hybridevents,followingthe
leasttwo array modules.The daily numberof theseseismic scheme given-byLahret.al. [1994].A clearhigh-frequency
and
events during the three periods of observation(the seasons short-duration
phase,precedingthearrivalof a monochromatic
between December and February 1994-1995, 1995-1996 and low-frequencysignal, characterizes the hybrid event

LP1
Hybrids LP2 LP1
60 Spasmodic LP1 B LFTremor
Tremor LP2 ,B
45 1994-95 - LFLP1
Tremor
LP1
30 .........................................

15

LP1
150 - LP2
>

135 -
_

120 - _

LP1
105 - _
LF Tremor

O
90 -
-

LP1
75- LF Tremor
_

1995-96
60- Hybrids
-
Hybrids
LP1 Spasmodic
_

Spasmodic
45- LP1 Tremor LP2 Tremor
LF Tremor
30-

15

' ' I ' ' I ' ' I ' I ' ' I '

22-Dec 6-Jan 21 -Jan 5-Feb 20-Feb

Figure4. Dailynumber
oftriggered
events
during
thethree
periods
of observation.
Dashed
linesrepresent
the
lowerlimit usedto consider
the occurrenceof a seismicswarm(30 events/day)The dominanttypeof volcanic
eventsat everyseismic
swarmis indicated.
13,910 IBlqEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND

I I I
2.56-s windows (512 samples).The start time of each window
100o wasshiftedby 256 samples.The spectrumof the groundvelocity
wasevaluatedfor eachwindowand contouredfor the frequency
o
range0-25 Hz andfor the wholedurationof the seismogram.
-100o Volcano-tectonic
II I I
4.1. Regional and Local Earthquakes

The earthquakes with S-P time shorterthan 3 s were initially

called local earthquakes,becausethey are located inside the
volcanicisland.They are characterizedby impulsivedirectP and
S arrivalsandby a very broadspectralcontent,extendedup to 30
Hz (Figure 5). A rapid attenuationof the high-frequencypeak
amplitude with lapse time is clearly observable on the
spectrogram.Impulsive P and S direct arrivals characterizethe
regionalearthquakes.Their S-P time is greaterthan3 s andtheir
spectralcontentis broad,rangingbetween1 to morethan20 Hz
10 20 30 for the direct arrivals.

time (seconds)
Figure 5. An exampleof velocity seismograms and array- 4.2. Long-Period Events
averagedspectrograms for a volcano-tectonic earthquake.
Spectrogram dividingtheverticaldigitalseismograms 4.2.1. Pure long-periodevents. The seismogram
is obtained envelopefor
into 2.56 s windows,sliding50 % in time,andaveraging over this set of eventsis fuse-shaped,with a durationbetween10 and
thewholeseismicarray. 60 s. They show a very emergentarrival and an almostpure
monochromaticcontent(Figure 6). Some of these eventsare
precededby a low-energyand high-frequencyphasewith a very
seismograms.After this preliminaryvisual classification,
which low signal-to-noiseratio, similarto thosedescribedby Ferrazzini
is notbasedon considerationsaboutthe sourceprocess, we once and Aki [1992]. Three subsetsof eventscan be distinguished
againreviewedthewholedatasetwiththeaidof thespectrogramaccordingto their predominantspectralpeak,LP1, LP2, andLP3,
technique.Wedivided thedigitalseismograms intoa series of respectively,at 1-2 Hz, 2-3 Hz, and 3-5 Hz. The LP1 events

o 5000

E, 0

:3.-5000
8t
o unfiltered LP3

0 1000

0
:3 -1000

o , urfiltered
LP2
N

: :..
:--...:_;::
....:....
...........

'
2000 C '
E
, o
-2000
N

1'5 20 25 30 35
time(s)

Figure6. Examples
of velocityseismograms
andarray-averaged
spectrograms
for (a) LP3 event,(b) LP2 event,
and(c) LP1 event.
 IBEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND 13,911

1200 a i . 95-96 0261016 ;-

0
-12oo

1 b

o
-1

' .. ,
c 6 ' '

3
... : - . . .

:-_-:-...:-:
.
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
time (s)

Figure 7. Examplesof velocityseismograms

andarray-averaged
spectrograms
for (a) impulsivehybridand(b)
emergenthybrid.

show durationlonger than 30 s; LP2 eventshave the smallest The first kind of tremor (the low-frequencytremor) is a low-
duration(around 10 s). LPI and LP2 occur in seismicswarms frequencysignalwith a spectralpeak between1 and 2 Hz. The
while LP3 events are isolated in time. It can be observed that LPI secondkind of tremor (the spasmodictremor) shows a very
and LP2 seismicswarmspresenteda high numberof eventsper roughenvelope,and a broaderspectralcontent,with at leasttwo
hour in the continuousrecordingmonitor (in some casesmore predominant frequencybands,one between2 and 3 Hz and the
than 100 per hour). Sometimes,this high occurrencerate makes otherbetween4 and 8 Hz, the samebandsobservedfor hybrids.
difficult to distinguishbetweenlong-periodeventsand volcanic The last kind of volcanic tremor (the quasi-monochromatic
tremor. tremor)is characterized by a quasi-monochromatic high-energy
4.2.2. Hybrid events. Thesesignalsare characterized by an signal peaked around 3 Hz, with the sporadicpresenceof
initialhigh-frequency phase,with a shortduration(lessthan5 s) secondarypeaks(Figure 8). The occurrenceof thistype of tremor
followedby a monochromatic signalidenticalto thatof the long- wasnot so frequentin the threesurveys,asthat for LP3 events.
periodevents(Figure7). The spectralcontentof the firstphaseis
broad, from I to 12 Hz. The first phase is sometimes 4.4. Ice Quakes
characterized by an impulsive,rich of high-frequency and short-
durationfirst onset (impulsivehybrids),and sometimesby a Becauseof the presenceof glaciersin DeceptionIsland we
more emergent first onset and longer duration, so-called recordedseismicevents,producedby glacierruptures,classified
emergenthybrids(Figure 7). The impulsivehybridsnormally as ice quakeevents.We have recognizedthe ice-quakesin the
take place isolatedin time, while the emergenthybridsoccur data set by comparing them with the signals recorded in
clusteredin time. The spectrafor bothtypesof hybridshowtwo LivingstonIsland(Figure 1), wherea seismicarraywith the same
predominantfrequencybands,1-3 and 4-8 Hz. The total duration characteristics as that used in the presentwork was deployed
of theseeventsrangesbetween30 and60 s. [Ibdez et al., 1997b]. The ice quakesare characterizedby a short
duration,lessthan 10 s, and high-frequencycontent(up to 20
4.3. Volcanic Tremor Hz). Visually, we observeda very high attenuationof the signal
acrossthe array and a slow apparentvelocity.We believethat a
The presenceof volcanic tremor in DeceptionIsland can be few events of this kind could be included in our data set due to an
clearlyrecognizedon the monitorof the continuousrecording error in classification, but this contamination should be small,
station.Becauseof the limitation of the trigger systemof the affectingthe datasetin an insignificantway.
array, we could only recorda maximumof 150 s of signal.
During intensetremor episodes,severalrecords 150 s long,
which triggeredthe array recordingsystem,permittedus to
5. Properties of Event Clusters
samplethe evolutionof the activity. We observedthree kinds of The main part of the seismovolcanic activity recordedat
volcanictremorsaccordingto their spectralfeatures(Figure8). DeceptionIslandoccurredas seismicswarms.In this sectionwe
 13,912 IBlqEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANICSIGNALSAT DECEPTIONISLAND

'-
._o 2000
_[
a 94-95
0452227
1
'o 0

g I 'c'h

tremor

, , L,
-2000quasi-mon
romatic

85 0 9'5 400

/b , ' I It / 95r96
0221433
o .. -500
81'pmoiCtlemor
, tll, ' ' , t..................
. I.
loo

o ^ 85 60 65 400

20 40 60 80 1 O0 120 140
time (s)

Figure 8. Examplesof velocity seismograms and array-averaged

spectrograms
for (a) quasi-monochromatic
tremor,(b) spasmodic
tremor,and(c) low-frequency
tremor.

describethe propertiesof three typical clusters,one of them
composed basicallyof LP1 eventsand low-frequency tremor,the
secondoneof hybridsandspasmodic tremors,andthe lastoneof
singlepure long-periodevents.We have consideredas seismic
swarmsthoseclustersof seismicityin whichthe daily numberof
eventswas greaterthan 30. The most importantcharacteristic of
the seismicactivity of each clusteris the homogeneityof event
type and spectralshape.The seismicactivityrecordedduringthe
1996-1997 surveywas so weak that we cannotidentify any clear
cluster of events.
5.1. LP1 Events and Low-Frequency Tremor
5.2. Emergent Hybrids and SpasmodicTremor
The spasmodictremor has a broader frequencycontentin
comparison to the low-frequencytremor(Figure10a).Often,this
tremorappearsas a sequenceof isolatedemergenthybridevents.
We recordedthree episodesof this type duringthe experiments
(see Figure 4). This tremor is characterizedby at least two
predominant frequencybands,oneat low-frequency (1-3 Hz) and
the otherat frequencies between4 and 8 Hz. The array-averaged
spectra,evaluatedat three differenttime periods(separatedby
oneday),onceagainshowstabilityof the predominant frequency
band(Figure 10).

The first type of seismicswarm is composedof LP1 events

occurring so frequently that they form an episode of low-
frequencytremor (Figure 9a). During experiment5, swarmsof
this type were recorded (see Figure 4). The spectrograms
calculatedalongthe tremorepisodeshowa stablespectralshape
pickedat a 1-3 Hz frequencyband(Figure9b). In the samefigure
we showthreeexamplesof array-averaged spectracalculatedat
threedifferenttime intervalsduringthe sameepisode(Figure9c).
The only differencebetweenthem is the amplitude,while the
mainpeaksremainstablein frequencyandin bandwidth.
5.3. Long-Period SeismicSwarm
This type of swarmis characterizedby the clusteringof both
LP1 and LP2 events.This kind of clusteringhas the highest
numberof eventsper day, reachingup to 150 triggeredevents
perday,andmorethan 100 eventsper hourfor theFebruary5-9,
1996,swarm.Five episodesof thiskind wererecordedduringthe
surveys.The spectralpeak for LPI and LP2 eventsis almost
constantduringthe wholeswarm.
 IB/lqEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND 13,913

0:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30 5:00

b
i

.9 = 95-96 0041609
,

EL,,

2O 4O 6O 8O 100 120 140

C time
(s)

95-96
0040803 95-96
0041417 1609

2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
frequency(Hz) frequency
(Hz) frequency (Hz)

Figure
9. ExampleofanLPI andlow-frequency
tremor
episode.
(a)Three
hours
ofcontinuous
recording.
(b)
Exampleof a 150-s-long
velocity
seismogram
andarray-averaged
spectrogram
of a low-frequency
tremor.
(c)
Threearray-averaged
spectra
oftremor
samples
showing
thestability
ofthespectral
peaks.
 13,914 IBlqEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANICSIGNALSAT DECEPTIONISLAND

0:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30 5:00
o i

,, , ,

0::3 ' ' I:(X)' 1::) - ' 2:X) ' ' 2::: ' ' 3:00 ' ' 3::0 ' ' 4:X)' I 4:) I '5:00

5-96 019132
,

i i

o 3

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

C time(s)

95-96 0201835

2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
frequency
(Hz) frequency
(Hz) frequency(Hz)

Figure 10. Exampleof a hybrid and spasmodictremorepisode.(a) Threehoursof continuous recording.(b)

Exampleof a 150-s-longvelocityseismogram and array-averaged spectrogram of spasmodic tremor.(c) Three
array-averagedspectraof tremorsamplesshowingthe stabilityof the spectralpeaks.The time intervalbetween
samplesis around1 day.

6. Array Analysis: Source Location and Extent to measure the slowness and back azimuth of the whole recorded
signalsfrom the preeventseismicnoiseuntil the end of the wave
6.1. Array Method packet for successivetime windows. A detailed discussionof
methodologyand error estimationfor this techniqueis described
In this work we usedthe so-calledzero lag cross-correlationby Del Pezzo et al. [1997]. Alrnendroset al. [1999] introduced
(hereinafter
referredto asZLCC) technique[Frankelet al., 1991] the circularwave-frontapproximationto this techniquein order
 IB/idIEZET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND 13,915

to estimatethe epicentraldistancefor seismicsourcescloseto the Table 1. Parameters Used in the ZLCC Procedure
array. The methodused works in the time domain and has the FrequencyBand Length Duration Smax AS
following advantages,over the array techniquesbasedon the (Hz) (samples) (s) (s/km) (s/km)
1.0-2.0 300 1.5 4 0.08
Fourieranalysis:it permitsus to trackthe evolutionof the source
1.0-2.5; 1.0-3.5 200 I 4 0.08
whenthe signaldurationis shortandthe resultsare lesssensitive
2.0-3.5 160 0.8 4 0.08
to the windowduration.[Almendroset al., 1999]. However,this 3.0-6.0 100 0.5 I 0.02
methodneedsmore computertime thanothermethodsandis not 4.0-8.0; 6.0-10.0 80 0.4 I 0.02
selectiveto multiplesources.
The cross-correlation
functionis definedby Sma
x is the grid size; AS is the grid searchstep.

Rjk(Z')= < Aj(t)Ak(t+r) >, (1)

hybridswere filteredin two bandscenteredaroundthe two main
whereAj(t)istheseismogramatthestation
j, andangle
bracketsfrequencypeaks.We useda movingtime windowwith a duration
indicate
thetimeaverage.
If [/kisthetimedelaybetween
stationsthatdependedon the frequencybandusedin the filteringprocess.
j andk, thenRjkwill reacha maximum whenthetracesare This windowwas selectedin orderto containapproximatelytwo
shifted
by*5k'If wecalculate
thenormalized
average
ofRjk,R, periodsof the signalin eachwindow.The timewindowis shifted
overall the possiblepairsof stations
eachstepwith an overlapof 50%, and the ZLCC techniquewas
applied each time step, initially in the planar wave front
1 , Rik
(rk) (2) approximation. For VT earthquakes the analysiswasrestrictedto
=3-r j,k=l
(0) only the first P-wave impulse,while for the other volcanic
signals,the methodwas appliedto the whole seismogram in
orderto put in evidencepossiblepersistentsources,as already
then this function R will take the maximum value when all the
observedin other volcanicareas.We did not analyzeice quakes
trace
couples
areshifted
by/k-Values
of *Skcanbeexpressed
as with this techniquebecauseof their lack of coherenceacrossthe
a function
oftheapparentslowness
vectorcomponents
(Sx,Sy) array,dueto theirhigh dominantfrequencyandlow propagation
in Cartesiancoordinates.In the case of a planar wave front velocity.As the ZLCC techniqueis basedon a grid searchon all
incomingto the array, thepossiblevaluesof the apparentslowness vector,we restricted
the grid searchto a rangeof valuesdependingon the frequency
=sl[<x
- x)sin
+(y-y)cos], (3) band.By usinginformationderivedfrom a preliminaryanalysis
of theapparentslowness, we selectedthegridmaximumandgrid
where spacing of 4 and0.08 s/km,respectively, for thefrequencybands
below 3.5 Hz and 1 and 0.02 s/km for higherfrequencybands.In
Table 1 we reporttheparameters usedin thearrayanalysis.
Isl= 4 2 (4)
6.2. Local Earthquake SourceLocation
and is theback-azimuth
epicenter-seismic
array,givenby
Twenty earthquakes with S-P time rangingfrom 1.3 to 3.0 s
were analyzedto estimatethe hypocentrallocation.First, the
tgcI)
=Sx (5)
array parameters(apparentslownessand back azimuth)were
Sy' estimatedapplyingthe ZLCC arrayanalysisto the first P-wave
In thecaseof a circularwave-frontincomingto thearray pulse.We analyzedtheseearthquakes in the 4-8 Hz frequency
band,corresponding to the maximumspectralpower,in orderto
avoidany possibleinfluencefrom background volcanicsignalor
=Isll
J/x- Dsin
cI))2+
(yk
_Dcos
(I))
2 othernoisesource.After that, we back tracedthe ray throughthe
velocitymodelsreportedin Table 2 andusedthe S-P time to fix
- X/(xi-
Dsin (6)
depth and epicentral distance.In Table 3 we report array
parameter,distance,and focal depthfor eachearthquake. The
where D istheepicentraldistance.
Theproblem of finding
theS epicentral
map, in which the focal depth is marked,
is plottedin
vector,whichbestfits the experimental
data,is solvedusinga Figure 11. These 20 earthquakes have been located insidethe
grid searchin the parameterspace.The slownesscomponents Deceptionvolcanoarea at a depth shallowerthan 1 km. We
considerthem to be the brittle responseof the medium to the
(Sx,Sy)areallowed torange overaninterval
where wearesure
volcanicprocessesof the island,andfor thisreason,we classified
that
thesolutions
lie,using
agrid
step
(ASx,
ASy).
Foreach
step,
a setof *5kis evaluated,
andthequantity
R is calculated.
In the
case of circular wave fronts the grid is threedimensional
(Sx,Sy,D).
Themaximum
averaged
crosscorrelation
(MACC) Table 2. Velocity Structurefor DeceptionIsland
leads to the best estimate of the solution vector. z (km) Vp (km/s) Vp/Vs
0.02 0.5 1.43
We usedthe followingprocedure to analyzethe data:First,we
0.57 1.5 1.60
selectedthe most energeticfrequencyband after a visual
1.41 1.8 1.65
inspection
of the spectra.For eachfrequencybandwe filteredthe 6.0 4.5 1.73
seismogramsusing a zero phase shift, four poles, and a 12.0 6.0 1.73
Butterworthbandpassfilter. LP events,monochromatic tremors, oo 8.0 1.73
andvolcano-tectonic earthquakeswerefilteredin a uniqueband, Z, depthof every soil shell.Vp, P-wavevelocity.
centeredat the main spectralpeak,while spasmodic tremorsand Vs, S-wavevelocity.
 13,916 IBIIEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANIC
SIGNALSAT DECEPTIONISLAND

Table 3. Locationof the Volcano-Tectonic

Earthquakes
Number Survey Name Back-azimuth
Apparentslowness
S-Ptime(s) Distance Depth MACC
(N) (s/km) (km) (km)
1 95-96 0430423 28 0.39 1.6 2 1.0 0.65
2 95-96 0461637 284 0.38 2.1 2.5 1.0 0.64
3 95-96 0470147 351 0.24 1.3 1 1.0 0.71
4 96-97 3450641 188 0.29 1.5 1.3 1 0.57
5 96-97 3521638 187 0.35 1.5 1.7 1 0.54
6 96-97 3522106 184 0.31 3.0 2.9 1 0.59
7 96-97 3530010 184 0.28 2.6 2.3 1 0.54
8 96-97 3582037 188 0.35 1.8 2.0 1 0.75
9 96-97 0010423 178 0.33 1.3 1.4 1 0.87
10 96-97 0010429 178 0.35 2.4 2.6 1 0.83
11 96-97 0010714 169 0.23 1.7 1.2 1 0.70
12 96-97 0092112 309 0.13 1.7 4.6 7 0.67
13 96-97 0092120 297 0.16 1.7 5.4 6 0.79
14 96-97 0111920 172 0.28 1.7 1.5 I 0.72
15 96-97 0260142 192 0.30 2.2 2.1 1 0.77
16 96-97 0281222 178 0.29 1.7 1.6 1 0.61
17 96-97 0341603 47 0.18 1.6 4.1 4 0.96
18 96-97 0350549a 183 0.34 1.8 2.0 1.0 0.73
19 96-97 0350549b 180 0.28 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.79
20 96-97 0461421 7 0.16 2.7 11 8.0 0.89

them as volcanotectonic(VT) earthquakes. It is noteworthyto and0.7 (the maximumpossiblevalueis 1). (2) In manycasesthe
observe (Figure 11) the evident spatial clustering of VT preeventnoiseis correlated,with the sameapparentslowness
and
earthquakes,alignedin the north-southdirection,suggestingthe back azimuth as the seismic events but with smaller MACC
presenceof an activeshallowfracturesystemnearthearraysite. value. (3) For LP1 eventsa regularvariationof the apparent
slownessalong the signal is observed.The apparentslowness
6.3. LP, Hybrid, and Tremor Source Location value has an initial slow increase,from 1 to 2 s/km, and then it
returnsto 1 s/km(Figure 12). (4)) The averageapparentslowness
The ZLCC analysisappliedto LP eventsshows(1) an almost
for LP 1 andLP2 typesis 1.5 s/kmandof 0.3 s/kmfor LP3 events
constantMACC value(Figure 12) alongthe signals,between0.5
(Figure 13). (5) A stable back azimuth, independentof the
spectralcontentfor LP1, LP2, and LP3, centeredaround200N
(Figure 13).
For hybrid events the ZLCC analysis was applied after
bandpassfiltering of 1-2 and 4-8 Hz (Table 1). The results
(Figures 14 and 15) show (1) in the low-frequencyband the
patternof MACC value, back azimuth,and apparentslownessis
the sameasthat described for LP1 andLP2 events.(2) At high-
frequencythe highest MACC values are close to 1; the time
durationof the well-correlated phasesis short(mostlylessthan2
s) althoughwell-correlatedsignalsfor intervalsas long as 5 s
were also observed,as shown in Figure 14. (3) The apparent
slownessof the high-frequencysignalsis lower than 0.5 s/km
and in somecaseslowerthan0.2 s/km.The corresponding low-
frequency phase, which follows the high-frequencyarrivals,
showsapparentslownesshigherthan 1 s/km. (4) In the majority
of the solutions,there is a discrepancybetweenthe back-azimuth
solutionfor the high-frequencyandthe low-frequencyphases,as
reportedin Figure 15.
The same analysis was applied to the quasi-monochromatic
volcanictremor showingthe following features(Figure 16a) (1)
the tremor starts with a phase with a low apparentslowness
(around0.2 s/km) similarto that observedfor hybrids.(2) During
the monochromaticsustainedphase of the tremor the MACC
valuesare low (between0.4 and 0.5), indicatinga low correlation
of the waveformsamong the array stations,with an apparent
slownessof around2 s/km but in somecasescloseto 4 s/km. (3)
Figure 11. Epicentralmap for the volcano-tectonic
earthquakes The average observedback-azimuthdirection is around 180,
reportedin Table3, plottedwith differentsymbolsaccordingto similarto that observedfor LP events(Figure 17).
thefocaldepth.Diamonds representearthquakeswithfocaldepth The low-frequencytremor(Figure 16b) showsthe sameresults
shallowerthan5 km. Circlesare earthquakes with focaldepth observedin the analysisof the LP1 and LP2 events,with very
between 5 and 15 km. highMACC values,closeto 0.9. Observingthe Figure,we point
 IBIIEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANICSIGNALSAT DECEPTIONISLAND 13,917

in the spectrogramof the tremor.This observationindicatesthat

=o.la 95-96
0251754
the high-frequencysignal sourceis discretein time, while the
sourceof the low-frequencysignals seemsto be sustainedin
time.

LP11 To obtainan estimationof the epicentraldistance,we applied

the circularwavefrontapproximation(relationship6) to a subset
N of data. A portion of all the different event groupsthat contain
low-frequencyphasescomposesthis subset;it was selectedfrom
MACC=I the best signal-to-noiseratio. Array solutionsof these events
show a high apparentslowness,compatiblewith the hypothesis
of surfacewaves incomingto the array. Resultsshow that the
main part of the selectedeventsis locatedcloseto the array site,
between 500 and 2000 m. Figure 18a plots the epicentral
b distributionfor LP1 and LP2 events,showingthat LP2 events
havea seismicsourcecloserto the arraythanLP 1. In Figure 18b
we plot the solutionsfor LP events,hybrids,and tremors.It is

f LP2; clearlyobservablethat there are two spatialclustersof solutions,

the first coincident with the LP2 source area and the second
locatedat a largerdistance.It is noteworthythat volcano-tectonic
earthquakesand long-periodevents share a similar epicentral
region, located toward the south and close to the array site.
Volcano-tectonicearthquakesare locatedtoward the southern
border of the LP source area. Taking into account that the
azimuth error derived from the ZLCC method is around 10, VT
MACC=I andLP sourcelocationsare very similar.
o c 95-963560709
o
7. Polarization Analysis

To perform this analysis,we used data recordedby the

o
broadbandsensor(Figure2). We usedthis instrumentbecauseit
has a flat responsebetween0.033 and 50 Hz and thereforewe
canapplyour analysisover a broadfrequencyrange.
o 7.1. Particle Motion

N The E-W and N-S components were rotatedin the horizontal

ACC=I planeinto radial and transverse components, usingthe source-
o& 1'0 20 25 array directionobtainedfrom the array analysis.Then, rotated
seismograms were filtered at the samefrequencybandsusedin
time (s) the array analysis: LP and monochromatic tremor at low-
FiSure]2. Examples of thesolutions
obtained usinthezero]a frequency,hybridsand spasmodic tremorat bothhigh and low
crosscoe]afion (ZLCC) method Jn the planar wave-front frequencies(see Table 1). An exampleof the resultsobtained
approximationfor ]on-perJodevents.(a) LP] events,(b) LP2 fromthisanalysisis shownin Figures19 and20 for long-period,
events,and(c) LP3 events.Aow directions representtheback hybrid,andspasmodic tremorevents.Theparticlemotionpattern
imuth and aow sizethe maximumaveragecrosscoe]mJon was studiedin the samewindow lengthusedfor the ZLCC
(MACC) va]ue.An aow markJnthe noah, with ACC analysis,slidingin time alongthe highest-energy
portionof the
equa]to ], is p]ottedin everyexample. seismogram. Long-periodevents(LP1 and LP2) and the low-
frequencytremor show a complex particle motion, without
depictingany particularpatternthat couldbe associated
with the
outthe strikingregularityof thewell-correlated
solutions
along presence
of bodywavepackets.The high-frequency
phasesof the
the signal,indicatingthe presenceof a sustainedvolcanictremor hybrideventsshowa clearP-wavecomposition with no evidence
source.
of shearwaves;the successive low-frequency phasesshowthe
Theanalysis of thespasmodic tremorhasbeenperformed again samecomplexpatternobserved for long-period
events.Thehigh-
in bothfrequencybands,highandlow. The maincharacteristic of frequencywave packetscomposing the spasmodictremorshow
the solutions,in bothfrequency bands,is the strongsimilarity an almost vertical particle motion pattern, compatiblewith
with thoseobtainedfor the hybrids(Figure16c).A similarresult compressional waves.The low-frequencyphasesof this kind of
wasobtainedby Almendros et aL [1997],who analyzeda subset tremor show the same complexpatternobservedfor the low-
of thepresent data.It is noteworthy thatsolutionsfor the high- frequencypart of all the otherevents.The arrayanalysesshow
andlow-frequency bandsaredifferent.At low-frequency, MACC that thesewaves(for LP eventsand tremor),due to their low
valuesremainhigh andconstantalongthe signal,similarto the apparentvelocityat a low-frequencyband, are compatibleto
patternsobservedfor the low-frequency-analyzed signals.At surfacewaves. Contrary to other volcanic areas such as Etna
high-frequency,
thehighMACC valuesappearsuddenly several [SeidlandHellweg,1991;Biancoet al., 1996]or Stromboli[Del
timesalongthe signal,coincident
with the arrivalof high- Pezzoet al., 1992; Chouetet al., 1997], whereparticlemotion
frequencywavepacketsandtherefore
withhigh-frequencyburst analysisindicatedclearlythe typeof surfacewavesrecorded,the
 13,918 IBEZ ET AL.: SEISMOVOLCANICSIGNALSAT DECEPTIONISLAND

1 2
LP2
3

100,
I 201
, LP3
oJ oo

0 1 2 3 4
back-azimuth distribution apparent slowness(s/km)
Figure 13. Backazimuthandapparent slowness histogram distribution
obtainedfor long-period
events.The
centerof the back-azimuth
distribution
is on the arraysite.The verticalscalerepresents
the numberof well-
correlatedsolutions(MACC > 0.5).

Emergent hybrids Impulsive Hybrids

I I I

unfiltered

..l filtered
4-8
Hz
P
1.0 -

0.5
(D ..-.. ' _ , 't " ,' ' -
(13 , , , , %, ,
:L ' t ' ,or
t
c " MACC=I

O -
filtered 1-2 Hz

, t t i

2 aaf60
o

N
-

i
.
MACC=I MACC=I
t
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 2'0 2'5 3'0 3'5
time(s) time(s)
Figure14.SameasFigure12for(a) emergent
hybrideventand(b) impulsive
hybridevent.Thisanalysis
was
performed
in thehigh-andlow-frequency
bands.
 IB,IIEZ ET AL.: SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND 13,919

1001
200 emergent

o o 1 2 3 4

2oo
''
low
frequency
high
frequency

back-azimuth distribution
1004
m impulsive
0 1 2 3

apparentslowness(s/km)

Figure 15. Sameas Figure 13 for hybrid events.Low-frequency

solutionsare shaded,and high-frequency
solutions are white.

resultsobtained
for thelow-frequency
signalsat Deception
Island Urms isthermsof thegrounddisplacement.
Forshallowsources
are very complex,and sucha patternis not observable.Therefore the seismicmoment rate for the volcanic tremor is given by
we cannotidentifythe type of surfacewaveswe recorded. [Fehler, 1983]

7.2. Covariance Matrix

3)/0= 6xl0 D, (8)
We applieda polarization
analysisin the time domain,using
There is a similar expressionproposedby Aki and Koyanagi
the covariance
matrixtechnique[Kanasewich. 1981],to a subset
[ 198l ] for body wave arrivals
of datarecordedby the broadbandstation,in orderto quantify
betterandto checktheparticlemotionanalysis.
In theAppendix
we reporta resumeof this technique. D = Urm
, R, (9)
First of all, we tested the method on a well-recorded local
earthquake(S-P=4.2 s) with clearly visible P and S waves. whereR is the hypocentraldistance.This relationshipis usefulin
Resultsof this test are shownin Figure21a, wherethe duration the study of deep sourcesfor which body wave contributionis
of pureP andS directwavesturnoutto be not longerthan0.5 s. dominant.
The application of the covariancematrix method to the low- We apply theseformulasto the seismiceventsrecordedin the
frequencysignals,for whatevertype of event, confirmsthe 1995-96 surveyto obtainan estimationof the energyinvolvedin
observation donewith the particlemotionanalysis:a complex the sourceprocesses. This surveycontainsthe greatestnumberof
surfacewave pattern,with no clear wave polarization.On the events and clustersof the three experiments.The polarization
contrary, the analysis of the high-frequencywave packets analysishasindicatedthat for the mostpart a mixing of different
composinghybridsand tremorshowsthe presenceof clear P- typesof surfacewaves composeall the observedlow-frequency
wave arrivals (Figure 21) and the absenceof clear S waves. In wave trains.Thereforethe relationships(7) and (8) were applied
severalanalyzedeventsthe durationof the pure P waves are to the low-frequencycomponentof the volcanicsignals,i.e., the
longer than a few seconds,with a maximum duration of 5 s whole signal in the case of long-periodeventsand tremor, and
(Figure21c). In somecasesa clearmultiplearrival of pure P the low-frequencywave trainsfor hybridsand spasmodictremor.
wavesis visiblealongthe signal(Figure21b). The circular wave-front approximation has provided an
estimationof the epicentraldistancebetweensourceandarray.In
the presentanalysiswe usedthe averagedistanceof r = 1 km. In
8. Energy Evaluation
Figure 22a we report the individual and cumulative seismic
moment for isolated volcanic events. As it can be observed,
In recentyearsit is common[e.g. Gil Cruz and Chouet,1997]
suddenstepsare relatedto the occurrenceof seismicswarmsand
to report volcanic signal amplitudesin terms of a normalized
not to single high-energyshocks.Becauseof the trigger mode
displacementamplitudeknown as reduceddisplacement(D).
recording of the seismic array we cannot estimate the real
This parameteris definedasthe amplitudeof the volcanicsignal,
duration of the tremor episodes and therefore their seismic
correctedfor the geometricalspreadingand instrumentresponse.
moment. If we compare only the seismic moment rate,
In the caseof surfacewaves the reduceddisplacementcan be
proportionalto the reduceddisplacement(Figure 22b), we obtain
expressedas [Aki et al., 1977;Aki and Koyanagi, 1981; Fehler, a very similar pattern for every type of event. The reduced
1983]
displacement
ranges
from1 to 9 cm2,andtheaverage
valueis
D = Srms
X[-, (7) closeto2 cm2. Thegreatest
reduced
displacements
aremeasured
for events belonging to long-period seismic swarms. The
where
, isthewavelength,
r isthesource-receiver
distance,
and uniformity of the reduceddisplacementvalues revealsthe time
13,920 IBlqEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANICSIGNALSAT DECEPTIONISLAND

I I I t

unfiltered
r-

' N

'E2
, MACC:lt

, ,,,1,,,/,,
:, L

, , , ,

.... I ,:95-,96
0201835 ,

u dtered

i
i
I,,, filted
, , I -
,

0.4 --

C--' ' .-'7 ' '

-. ' -"' " , -,.

;;1111 flitted
1-2.5
Hz
' h

, -4, i

) 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

time
is)
Figure 16. SameasFigure12 for (a) quasi-monochromatic tremor,(b) low-frequency
tremor,and(c) spasmodic
tremor.This lastkind of volcanictremorwasanalyzedin thehigh- andlow-frequencybands.
 IB,IIEZ ET AL.: SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND 13,921

2
'"':
lowfrequency
_.high
frequency
200-
quasi-monochromatic

0 , .......... -"'"
::"',
0 1 2 3 4

800-,

600-
low frequency

400-

200-'

0-6
-- , ,

1 2 3 4

2001
4001

200i
spasmodic
0 1 2 3
back-azimuth distribution apparent slowness(s/km)

Figure 17. Sameas Figure 13 for volcanictremors.Low-frequency

solutionsare shaded,and high-frequency
solutions are white.

stationarityin the sourceenergy release,the sourceprocesses. nonregularlyspacedpeaks,while the secondshowsregularly

There is an importantrelationshipbetweenthe stationarityof spacedharmonicsof a fundamentalpeak. In the first groupwe
thesesourceprocesses,the invarianceof the spectralproperties distinguishtwo subsetsthat are differentiatedby the spectral
andthe stabilityof the hypocentralsolutions. bandwherethe mainpeaksappearandcanbe associated with the
For bodywaveswe usedrelationship(9) with a distanceof R = spectraof LP1 and LP2. The spectralpattern at frequencies
1.5 km, assuminga depthof 1 km. We analyzedonly the first below 4 Hz for hybrids,low-frequencytremor,and spasmodic
high-frequency phaseof the hybridevents.Figure22c showsthe tremorcan alwaysbe associatedwith one of them. The second
reduceddisplacements for the hybridsindicatingthat impulsivegroupis represented by the LP3 spectraandincorporates alsothe
hybrids have higher reduceddisplacementthan the emergent quasi-monochromatic tremor.
ones.In any case,the averagevaluesare similarto thoseobtained The array analysisindicatesthat almostall the well-correlated
at low-frequency. low-frequencysignalssharesimilar array parameters(slowness
and back azimuth).The averageback azimuthis around200N,
9. Discussion and the averageslownessis around1.5 s/km, with a gradual
increaseof the apparentslownessalong the signalsfrom 1 to 2
9.1. Summary of Experimental Evidences s/km. The ZLCC technique,appliedwith the hypothesisof a
circularwave front incidentto the array,givesan estimateof the
The visual and spectralclassificationof the seismiceventsat sourcepositionfor the low-frequencyphasesof hybridsand for
Deceptionvolcanoshowsthe existenceof longperiodandhybrid the long-periodevents.Resultsshowthat all the seismicevents
isolated seismic events and of low-frequency, quasi- have the same sourcearea, close to the array site. At high-
monochromatic and spasmodiccontinuoustremors.All spectra frequencythe observedapparentslownessfor well-correlated
havethehighestamplitudesin the frequencybandbetween1 and solutionsis confinedin the 0.2 - 0.5 s/km interval, and their back
4 Hz, while hybridsand spasmodic tremorshavealsosignificant azimuth does not coincide with the back azimuth estimated for
amplitudes in the high-frequency band(4- 10 Hz). the low-frequencyphasesof the sameevent.
There are two different types of spectralbehaviorin the low- The polarizationanalysisshowsthat the first phaseof hybrids
frequencyband. The most commoncorresponds to a seriesof andspasmodic tremorsis mostlycomposed of P waves,followed
 13,922 IBIEZ ET AL.: SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALSAT DECEPTION ISLAND

sourcesseparatein space and closely related in time is not

reasonable,we prefer to hypothesizethe existenceof a unique
sourcethat producesboth effects.
From the energy evaluation,we have found that the reduced
displacement valuesfor surfaceandbodywavesareconfinedto a
narrowinterval,suggesting that thereis uniformityin time in the
sourceprocesses, regardlessof the typeof seismovolcanicevent.
VT seismicityis locatedcloseto the arrayat a depthshallower
than 1 km and is distributed in a north-south direction. This
activitysharesthe sameepicentralregionas the volcanicevents
seismicarray and suggeststhe presenceof an active shallowfracturesystem
closeto the sameregion where the other seismovolcanicsignals
, LP2 are located.

LP1 From spectral,frequencyslowness,and polarizationanalyses,

we can deduce that spasmodictremor is generatedby the
occurrenceof dense swarmsof hybrid events,while the low-
frequency tremoris the superposition
of denseswarmsof long-
periodevents.Singleeventsandtremorssharethe samespectral
properties,arraysolutions,
andpolarizationpropertiesthatappear
togetherduringthe seismicswarms.Severalauthorshavemade
similarinterpretations
of the compositionof the volcanictremor
on othervolcanoes,including$eidl and Hellweg [1991] at Etna
by polarizationanalysis,Chouet[1996]at Kilauea,andGil Cruz
and Chouet[ 1997] at Galerasvolcano.

9.2. Conceptual Model of SeismovolcanicSource

The sourcemodel for the seismovolcanic signalsat Deception

120 '. Islandshouldexplainall the experimentalevidencessummarized
o above, taking into accountthe geologicalcharacteristics
of the
'i.
80 ,_ regionwhichsuggestthe presenceof a widely spreadaquiferand
;eismicarray ':- -
.. 4o E
the existence of hot materials close to the surface. To obtain this
possiblesourcemodel, first it is necessaryto establishif the
o - spectralcharacteristicsobservedare path or sourceeffect. We

...... recordedalso very local earthquakes(VT seismicity).These

earthquakesdid not show any predominantpeak in the 1-4 Hz
frequencyband.Thereforeit seemsto be clearto assumethat the
low-frequency contain observed in the spectra of the
seismovolcanic signalsis dueto a sourceeffect.
We can imagine two possiblesourcemodels to explain the
generationof the eventsbelongingto the first spectralgroup
(spectrawith nonregularlyspacedpeaks). In the first model, a
suddenphasechangein the aquifer,comingin contactwith hot
0 1 2 rocks, producesa high-frequencywave train, while the low-
frequencywave trainsare generatedby trappedsurfacewavesin
km the layered shallow structure.In the secondmodel, a sudden
pressurestepoccurringat a depthin a fluid-filled crackput the
Figure 18. (a) Epicentralmap of LPI (gray) and LP2 (black)
crackitselfin autooscillation.We assumethe presenceof a crack
eventsbelongingto a seismicswarm,obtainedusingthe ZLCC
due to the nonregularityof the low-frequencypeaks.A two- or
methodwith the circularwave-frontapproximation.(b) Contour
three-dimensionalsource model is necessaryto explain these
map of the number of epicentersfor LP1 and LP2 events,
spectralcharacteristics. The high-frequencysignalis producedat
hybrids,andlow-frequencyandspasmodic tremorobtainedin the
depthby the pressurestep,andthe low-frequencyis producedby
low-frequencybandwith the circularwave-frontmethod. the crack auto oscillation.
In the first model, a deep explosivesource,we cannoteasily
by a second phasethatcanbe interpreted
ascomposed of surface explaineitherthe differentback azimuthbetweenhigh- and low-
waves.No clearshearwavesare evidenced by the polarization frequencycoherentarrivals or the high amplitudeof the low-
analysis.Sometimes thehigh-frequency
firstphaseof hybridsis frequencywave trains.Moreover, we would expectthe presence
composed of multipleP-wavephases. In the caseof spasmodic of Rayleigh waves to be more energeticthan those observed
tremorsandhybrids,severalhigh-frequency P-wavearrivalsare throughthe polarizationanalysis.
observedto be distributedalongthe signal.Thereforethe first In the secondmodel (Figure 23), the phase changeoccurs
phase comesto the array with a low apparentslowness, underneaththe array site (as inferred by the low apparent
indicatingthat the high-frequency
sourceis not locatedin the slowness)and producesa resonanceof a fluid-filled crack. The
proximityof thesurface.Thecorresponding low-frequency phase high-frequencywaves are produced by the phase change
is shallowand closeto the array. Since the existenceof two occurringat any positionalongthe lower edgeof the crack.The
 IBlqEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANICSIGNALSAT DECEPTIONISLAND 13,923

20:20
,
......

20':
,
- 20':30
VV'V vVwvv
20:35 20:40
. long-period
.......
':45
event
..... /I// ,//X^
^^. ; '
......
venial
tion
20':50
- _' ' ....

20':55
unfilter

1-2.5 Hz filtered
vertical motion

20:31 20:32 20:33 20:34 20:35 20:36 20:37 20:38

time(mm:ss)

radial

> radial

> transversal

groundmotion(arbitraw units)

Figure 19. Particlemotionplotsfor a long-periodeventusingthe broadbandrecords.This studywasperformed

alongthemostenergeticportionof the seismogram, with the samewindowlengthusedfor theZLCC analysis.

low-frequencywaves are generatedby the resonanceof the appearsisolated,the durationof this first phaseis short.In the
whole crack and then will have approximatelythe sameback caseof multipleactivationof the source,we recordfirst phasesas
azimuthfor any event,dependingon the spatialorientationof the long as 5 s. Pressurestepsrepeatedfor severalminutesor hours
crack. The differences between the back azimuth observed for producethe volcanictremor.In the presentsourcemodel,the
low and high-frequencyis thus a perspectiveeffect due to the seismic events that are classified as hybrids, based on their
vicinity of an extended crack system. This hypothesisis spectralproperties,do not representa fractureproducingthe
confirmedobservingFigure 23b. It showsthe solutionsin the crack opening,accompaniedby its resonance(as describedby
apparentslownessplane for three hybrid events recordedon Lahr et al. [1994], for Redoubtvolcano).The so-calledhybrid
DeceptionIsland.The backazimuthsindicatedby thesesolutions events at the Deception volcano share the same source
in high andlow frequenciescanbe sketchedby sourcesa, b, and mechanismas the long-periodevents.We haveto point out that
c of Figure 23a. Only the arrivals from sourceb (body and this conceptualmodelof singlecrackasshownin Figure23 is an
surfacewaves) sharethe same back azimuth. However, both a oversimplificationand that reality may be a complex crack
andc showdifferencesbetweenthebackazimuthof thebodyand systemwith differentsizesandorientations.
the surfacewaves,due to the projectionon the horizontalplane. LP3 events and quasi-monochromatic tremor, due to their
The increasingtrend of the apparentslownessobservedin the spectralproperties,can be explainedby a differentmechanism,
low-frequencytrainswould be explainedassumingthat the crack consistingof the resonanceof an organ pipe conduit [Chouet,
resonance activationpropagatestowardthe surface.The complex 1985; Ferrazzini and Aki, 1992]. In this case,the peaks of the
low-frequencywave patternis due to the mixed contributionof spectraare overtones of the fundamental frequency(Figure24).
P, SV, and SH waves radiatedby the source(accordingto the This spectral pattern reveals that in the source processa
model developedby Chouet [1986, 1988, 1992]) and to the dimension of the source is dominant over the other two, and a
generationof surfacewaves in the multiple-layeredstructureof pipesourcemodelwouldbe enough.
the island,composedof frozensoil anddifferentvolcanicshells.
This conceptual model could provide a unique source
mechanismfor long period and hybrid events and for low- 9.3. Quantification of Source Model
frequencyand spasmodic tremors.The differentspectracan be
associatedwith different crack dimensionsand properties. Threekindsof geometryhavebeeninvestigated in theoretical
Assumingthe modeldevelopedby Chouet[1992], the different studies of the resonance and elastic radiation from a fluid-filled
energyof the initial high-frequencywave trainsof the signalsis bodyin a volcano.Thesearethefluid-filledsphere[Crosson and
explainedby different risetimefunction of the pressurepulse, Bame,1985], pipe [Chouet,1985] and crack[Aki et al., 1977;
which triggersthe oscillationof the fluid-filled crack.When the Chouet, 1986, 1988, 1992]. On the basis of the fact that the
risetime is sharp, we observethe highest energy of the high- spectral peaksof the seismovolcanic activityof theLP1 andLP2
frequencywaves. A smoothvariation of the risetimefunction typesare not equallyspaced,we selected the rectangularcrack
will changethe high-frequencycontributionto the spectrum, modelof Chouet[1992] to calculatethe sourcedimensionsand
producingthe differenttypesof signals.When the pressurestep properties. For theLP3 type,wherethe spectral peaksarenatural
 13,924
IB,lqEZ
ETAL.'SEISMOVOLCANIC
SIGNALS
ATDECEPTION
ISLAND

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(sl!unJeJ),!qJe
) UO[IOW
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D

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i

II
i

(s),!unJeJ),!qJe)
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 13,925
IB.IIEZ
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SIGNALS
ATDECEPTION
ISLAND
 13,926
IBIEZETAL.'SEISMOVOLCANIC
SIGNALS
ATDECEPTION
ISLAND

-I- -- +

( long-period LQ

,!- " hybrids

4:1' '"'
+
+] *. i/
i '

/ o
- o
9
6 00 0 IgkgPeriod
00 0
0
+
0
4'
,&
-- hybrids
tremor

0 o

4 o o
o

2 oO
0oo
0 , emergent
,mpuls,vehyb
hybrids
J
0
_

22-Dec 1-Jan l 1-Jan21-Jan31-Jan10-Feb20-Feb

Figure
22.Time
history
ofthe
reduced
displacement
and
seismic
moment
ofthe
events
recorded
during
the1995-
96survey.
(top)
Seismic
moment
obtained
forthelow-frequency
phases
oflong-
period
andhybrid
events.
The
solid
curve
isthe
accumulated
seismic
moment.
(middle)
Reduced
displacement
forthe
low-frequency
phases
of
long
period,
hybrid,
andtremor
signals.
(bottom)
Reduced
displacement
forthehigh-frequency
phases,
considered
asbody
waves,
ofimpulsive
andemergent
hybrid
events.

harmonics
ofa fundamental
peak,
wewillconsider
theorgancrackare muchlongerthanthoseexpected
from acoustic
pipe model.
resonancebecauseof the presence
of a slowwave,whichhe
calledthe crackwave.Thiswaveis alwaysslowerthanthe
9.3.1.Fluid-DrivenCrackModel. Thefluid-driven crack acoustic
speed of thefluidandinversely dispersive,
showing
a
modelconsiderstheresonance of a fluid-filled
crackas the strong
decrease in wavespeed withincreasing wavelengths.
sourceforlong-period
volcanicactivity[Chouet, 1986,1988, Chouet[1986, 1992] has investigated the dispersion
1992].Using thefinitedifference method, Chouet [1986]characteristics
of thecrackwave.Therelationship between
the
obtained
theresponse of a fluid-filled
crack toanimpulsive phasevelocityof the crackwave V andthe dimensionless
pressure
transient
by simultaneously
solving theequations of wavelength
AL=A/L=2/n (n= 2,3....) (where
Liscracklength)
elastodynamics
in thesolidandtheequations formass and
isadecreasing
curve parameterized
bythecrack
stiffness
(C),an
momentumtransferin thefluid.Thecrackgeometry andthe important
parametercontrolling
thespeed
ofthecrackwave,
and
physical
properties
ofthefluidandsolidfixthefrequencies
of defined
as[Akietal., 1977;Chouet,
1986]
themodes
of thecrackwave.Therelative excitation
of these
modes
depends
ontheposition
andcharacteristics
ofthepressure bL
transient,
andtheboundary
conditions
forfluidflowatthecrack c = -- (o)
perimeter.
In Chouet's
analysis
thecrackaperture
is much d'
smaller
thantheseismic
wavelengths
of interest,
andthefluid
dynamics
in thefracture
aretreated
asbeingtwo-dimensional. whereb isthebulkmodulus
ofthefluid,P istherigidity
ofthe
Chouet
[1986]found thattheresonant
periods
ofthefluid-filled solid,
andL anddarethecrack
length
andaperture,respectively.
 IBlqEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANICSIGNALSAT DECEPTIONISLAND 13,927

.......
.-,-.,...-,..-.-..-.-.,:..-.'.<.-.4.-:-:.-.'.
---'"
" "':' ........
..............................
...-......,,..,,""...."4{.;."'""-'-:-.
''"-'
-'-"'--,".-.

........
,,:.,: ... ,.. , ,,,.P',: .........
..,.,,,.,,,,,,..,
...............
,,,,..,,,,,
............
,..........
-..- '*"
";-:
.=
......-.../.
. ........
,.?., //-.
...?',,..," ' x ' ../
,.,.'.-
,'-.- .'-,,-'-'m,:-.',-',-::,:,
======================
......... ...................
-'.-::::-'.-::::::-'.--.-..-
..................
,-::,,,,
:,, a...-' ,v.7/,
. ,/,',:
;,- -'/,-
.. ...-, ..%-;.'..`...m;:..>:.`...?.`.:3:s..:.:...:*.*?.5
.....
.,..:,.........,:,:,,,,.,..,,,,,,,:::,,:,,
............
,,...........
,.................
...
,. ..,..
.,.,.. .','.
,....:;.
,, ....,.,...'."
.....,.....,,.,.
,.,,,..!
.....
......
:...........
P.h....,- '..
, ,,.,,..,,,..:.,-,.-.....-.-,,--.....-.,..
'.;,.,...,.,...,,...,.
,, ....':.
'.."'.,.'
'":
'...................
"'
.........
"'"'"
i.', ..-'-
...5,., .?,,..,.
,.
.".". .. ........
..,......,,..
.. ..:
...j . ?-/',',
'-' ..,,,',v,,
.....
'-.'-: ......

,..

95-96
0391622 94-95
3551636 95-9661016
I
I

4 1251'4 b 25ON
C :ii''i 5ON
i ' '-:"!i"::-::--,
---

-2-

i!!!::!?':': 215

Sx (s/km) Sx (s/km) Sx (s/km)

Figure 23. (top) Sketchof the conceptual

sourcemodelof the LP1 andLP2 events.(bottom)Apparentslowness
solutionsfor threeexamplesof hybridevents.The lettersa, b andc correspond
to the sourcessketchedin thetop
figure.Seetext for details.

In Chouet'scalculationsthe width-to-lengthratio, W/L, is fixed eight peaks, shown in Table 4. The secondstep is to check
to 0.5. As notedby Ferrazzini et al. [1990], the dependence of whetherthe observeddistributionof spectralpeaksis compatible
the dispersioncharacteristics on the value of W/L is small and with the modes of resonance of a fluid-filled crack. On the basis
will not be considered in our discussion. of the geologicalobservationswe assumedthat our sourceis a
crack filled with water containinga small gas volume fraction,
9.3.2. Crack dimensions. The first step to constrainthe due to the shallowness of the source and the existence of
dimensions of the seismovolcanic LP1 and LP2 sources is to fumarolicsystemsin the area..Thus the parametersof the model
determinethe frequencyof the spectralpeaksobservedin the are supposed tobevs=l.5 km/s, vj=0.5 km/s,Ps=2.5 g/cm3, and
spectra.We stackedthe array-averagedspectraof 24 LP1 and Pj=1.0 g/cm3 [Nakano etal.,1998]. If wesuppose that
theLam6
low-frequencytremor samplesand 32 LP2 eventsand selected constantsare equal,then
 13,928 IBlqEZ ET AL.: SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND

C=200 width
modes Table5.Crack
Dimensions
and
Stiffness
lengthmodes LP1 LP2
_
stacked spectrum L (m) 150 70
W (m) 120 50
0,8_ d (cm) 10 2
C 200 500
0,6 -
L, length;W, width;d, aperture;
0,4 C, crack stiffness.
0,2
0
for whichthe lengthis muchgreaterthanthe radius,as observed
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 in othervolcanoessuchas Galeras[Gil Cruz and Chouet,1997].
With thissimpleassumption the lengthof the resonator,
L, canbe
frequency (Hz) estimatedfrom the relationship

Figure24. Averageof 24 array-averagedLP1andlow-frequency

tremorspectra,
showingthepresence of severalspectral
peaksin f=c__2L
(13)
the low-frequency
band.Symbolsmark the frequency of the
peakspredictedby the fluid-filled crack model, using the wherec is the soundspeedin the fluid thatfills the pipe,andf is
parametersof Table A1. Solid trianglescorrespond to length the frequency of the fundamentalpeak. If we assumea
modes andopentrianglesto width modes.

2.3
2

b=3vsPs
2 '
(11)
6.8 9.0
whosevalue is 0.13, in the rangecalculated
by Chouetin his
model.
Then,using
thecrackwavedispersion
curves
V(AL),we 11.3

calculated
thefrequency
of thecorresponding
spectral
peaksfor a
certaincrackgeometryby

f(Ar)- V(Ar)
L.Ar
(12) o 4 8 12 16

2.6
frequency (Hz)
&&
The best fit betweenthe calculatedfrequenciesand the
a b &
c
appearance
of peaksin the data spectra(Figure24) is obtained
for the crack dimensions shown in Table 5. The results show that
the LP1 eventsare compatiblewith a crack150 m longandthe
LP2 eventswith a crack70 m long. &
&
d e g
9.3.3. Quasi-monochromatic tremor source. As described f
above, LP3 events and quasi-monochromatic tremor are
characterized by a dominantpeakfollowedby its harmonics up 0 50 100
to order 8 (Figure 25). This spectralpatternis a clear source 30

effect,becauseit is observedonly for thesekindsof events.As

mentionedpreviously,the simplestmodelthat canfit thiskind of o 25
observation is a degassing
processin an opencylindricalconduit,
20
.m

Table 4. Frequenciesof Main cr 15

Peaks Observed in the LP1 and
LP2 Spectra 10
LP1 (Hz) LP2 (Hz)
0 50 100
0.2 0.3
0.5 0.8 time (s)
0.8 1.5 Figure 25. (top)Exampleof the spectralvelocityamplitude
of a
1.1 1.7
10.24s portion(markedd in themiddlefigure)of a 150s sample
1.3 1.9
of quasi-monochromatic tremor. Numbers representthe
1.5 2.3
frequency ef the main peaks. (middle) Evolution of the
1.9 2.7
2.1 3.3
fundamental peakfrequencyalonga tremorepisode.(bottom)
Evolutionof thequalityfactorof thefundamentalpeak.
 IB,]qEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND 13,929

reasonable valuefor the acousticvelocityin the fluid equalto 0.5
km/s,whichcorresponds to a bubblywaterwith a temperatureof
200C,pressureof 2.5 Mpa, and gas/watervolume fraction of 1
% and use the first value of the frequencyof the fundamental
peak at 2.6 Hz, we obtaina value for the pipe lengthof around
100 m. If we assumethatthe pipe is filled only by gas,insteadof
the gas-watermixture,the soundspeedshouldbe smaller,which
providesa shorterresonator.As reportedin Figure 25, in some
casesa time variationof the frequencyof the fundamentalpeakis
process.The model and observationsprovide a background
informationthat will be usefulfor the correctinterpretationof the
futureevolutionof the volcanicactivity of the island.
Appendix: CovarianceMatrix
The covariance matrix in the time domain is defined by
[durkevics,1988]
N

observedalongthe tremorsignal.The peakvaluerangesbetween 1 k

2.6 Hz at the beginningof the tremorand 2.1 Hz at the end of it.
The quality factor associatedwith thesepeaksseemsto remain
Sij=--ZAikAj
,k=l
(A1)
stable,around 17 (see Figure 25). A variation of the acoustic
propertiesof the fluid thatfills up the conduitand/ora changeof where
Ai andAj aretwoorthogonal
components
ofthesame
3-D
the crackdimensioncouldproducethe decreaseof the frequency station.Both indices i andj (1, 2, 3) correspondto x, y and z
of the fundamentalpeak. Since this variationof the frequency components (or east-west,
north-south, andverticalrespectively).
takesplaceduringthe sametremorepisode,it is morereasonable In the following we refer to the eigenvalueshaving the order
to assumea variation of the acousticpropertiesof the fluid. In relation
2! _22 _>23 andto thecorresponding
eigenvectors
as
this casewe deducea decreaseof the soundspeedbetween0.5 vi. We compute
theparticlemotionrectilinearity
by
km/s at the beginningof the tremorto closeto 0.4 km/s at the
end, a decreaseof around20%. This changeof the propertiesof
the fluid could be related to the changeof the gas/waterratio
RL=1- )2+)3 (A2)
2& '
insidethe pipe, and/or a depressurization of the gas duringthe
tremor episode.For example,following Kumagai and Chouet, RL takesvaluesbetween0 (sphericalmotion) and 1 (rectilinear
fixing the pressureand temperatureat 2.5 Mpa and 200C, motion).We define the polarizationvectorP as a vectorhaving
respectively,this decreaseof the soundspeedwouldrepresentan the same direction of the eigenvectorv, vertical component
increaseof the gas/waterratio betweenthe initial 1% to a value positive(i.e., above the Earth surface),and unitary modulus
close to 2% (Figure
A1).Theangle betweenP andthez axisisnamed
f. We
Althoughthe array analysisof thesetypesof events(LP3 and usetheunitary
wavevector k, whose
horizontalcomponents
are
quasi-monochromatic tremor)provideda sourcedirectionsimilar obtained
throughthearrayanalysis.
Theverticalcomponent
ofk
to thoseobservedfor the othervolcanicevents,the accuracyof is computedby the incidenceangle a, being a = arcsin(sv)
the solutionsof thesetypesof volcaniceventsandthe absenceof wheres is the apparentslownessobtainedby the array analysis
evidences in surfaceof bothcracksandpipesdo not permitusto andv is fixed at 1 km/s, derivedfrom the modelreportedin Table
relatedirectlyboth sourcemechanisms. A1, averagingthe velocityin the shallowestlayers.The angles?
(between
P andk) andt(between
theprojection
ofP onthex-y
10. Conclusions planeandnorth)arethencomputed throughdot products.
All of
these parametersare needed to distinguishbetween different
Mainly volcano-tectonicearthquakesand volcanic events kinds of waves.
(long-periodeventsand volcanictremor)composethe analyzed The analysisdescribedaboveworks well with directP waves,
seismicactivityof the DeceptionIslandvolcano.VT seismicity but for secondarywaves,thereis a problemin the estimationof
evidencesthe presenceof a crack systemalignednorth-south, a, becausethe differenttypesof waveshave differentvelocities.
located close to the site of the seismic antenna. LP events and
volcanic tremor share the same source area. The volcanic tremor
Forthisreason
wecompute
twowavevectors
k andk, the
appearsto be composedof the temporaloverlappingof single
long-periodevents.The typical signatureof the pure volcanic
Z
signals is dominatedby an initial high-frequencyP wave
followedby a complexmixtureof low-frequency surfacewaves.
Some events(named hybrids) show a very energetichigh-
frequency first phase. The wave-field properties of the
seismovolcanic signalsare compatiblewith the existenceof a
shallowfluid-filled cracksystemat a depthof somehundredsof
meters. The differences observed in the back azimuth between
low andhigh frequenciesare interpretedas the near-fieldeffect,
in association to the resonance of a nonvertical crack. This near-
field effect permits us also to observethe evolution of the North
resonancephenomena.A few episodesof the degassification
processin an open conduitwere observedand modeledwith a Y
simpleorganpipe resonator,obtaininga similarlinear dimension
of the cracks to those obtained above. East ................................................
The seismic activity recorded at Deception Island between
1994 and 1997 is compatiblewith someof the geologicaland /x
geophysicalfeatures(the existenceof severalfracturesystems,a
shallowaquifer,andhot materialsat shallowdepth)of the island, Figure A1. Representationof the polarizationandwave vectors
as the responseof a reasonablystablestationarygeothermal discussed in the covariancematrixanalysis.
 13,930 IBIIEZ ET AL.' SEISMOVOLCANIC SIGNALS AT DECEPTION ISLAND

Table A1.CovarianceMatrix Parameters

Expectedfor Baker, P., D. Phil, M. McReath, M. Harvey, M. Roobol, and T. Davies,
Different Type of SeismicWaves The geologyof the SouthShetlandIslands,V, volcanicevolutionof
SeismicWave RL DeceptionIsland,Br. Antarct.Surv.Sci. Rep., 78, 1975.
P 1 c 0 0 Bianco, F., M. Castellano, G. Milano, and G. Vilardo, Shear-wave
polarizationalignmenton the easternflank of Mt.Etnavolcano(Sicily,
S 1 90
Italy), Ann. Geofis.,39, 429-443, 1996.
SV 1 90-c 90 0
Casertano, L., Volcanic activity at Deception Island, in Antarctic
SH 1 90 90 90 Geology,pp. 33-47 Sci. Comm.on Antarct.Res,London,1967.
Rayleigh -0.5 0 90 0 Chouet, B., Excitation of a buried magmatic pipe: A seismic source
Love 1 90 90 90 modelfor volcanictremor,J. Geophys.Res.,90, 1881-1893, 1985.
RL, rectilinearity;13,the anglebetweenpolarization Chouet,B. A., Dynamicsof a fluid-drivencrackin threedimensionsby
the finite differencemethod,J. Geophys.Res.,91, 13967-13992, 1986.
vectorandz axis' ,anglebetweenpolarizationand
Chouet, B., Resonanceof a fluid-driven crack: radiation propertiesand
wave vectors;q-qo, explainedin FigureA1.
implications for the sourceof long-periodeventsandharmonictremor,
J. Geophys.Res.,93, 4375-4400, 1988.
Chouet, B., A seismicmodel for the sourceof long-periodeventsand
former
using
theP-wave
velocity
Vp=V
andthelatterusing
theS- harmonic tremor, in Volcanic Seismology, edited by K.Aki, P.
wave velocityVs=V/1.73.Consequently,we estimatetwo values Gasparini,andR. Scarpa,pp. 133-156,Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992.
Chouet, B., Long-period volcano seismicity: its source and use in
oftheincidence
angle,apandas,andtwovalues of7,o,andYs. eruptionforecasting,Nature, 380, 309-316, 1996.
Oncebothangles(YpandYs)are estimated for bothwave Chouet, B., G. Saccorotti, M. Martini, P. Dawson, G. De Luca, G
velocities
(Vpandrs),if theincoming
waveisa trueP wave,Yp Milana, and R. Scarpa,Sourceand path effectsin the wave fields of
shouldbe close to 0 and Ys could have any value. If the tremorand explosionsat StromboliVolcano, Italy, J. Geophys.Res.,
102, 15,129-15,150, 1997.
incoming
wavewereatrueSorother
typeofwave,
thenYpcould Correig, A.M., M. Urquizu, J. Vila, and J. Marti, Analysis of the
haveany value,and Ysshouldbe closeto 90.Whenwe calculate occurrenceof seismicityal DeceptionIsland(Antarctica).A nonlinear
theaverage
(Yp+Ys)/2,
if it is lessthan45,weareobserving
a approach,Pure Appl. Geophys.,149, 553-574, 1997.
Crosson,R. S., and D.A. Bame, A sphericalsourcemodel for low-
predominant
P-wave
arrival
(Y= Ypand
k = k),otherwise
weare frequencyvolcanicearthquakes, J. Geophys.Res.,90, 10237-10247,
observing
anS-wave
orsurface
wavearrivals
(7= 7sandk = k). 1985.
De Rosa, R., R. Mazzuoli, R.H. Omarini, G. Ventura, and J.G.
Acknowledgments. Wegratefully acknowledge theuseful comments Viramonte, A volcanologicalmodel for the historicaleruptionsat
of Bernard Chouet, Marcello Martini and Jos6 Morales. Alan Linde,
DeceptionIsland(BransfieldStrait,Antarctica),Terra Antart., 2, 95-
John C. Lahr and an anonymous reviewer offered very helpful 101, 1995.
suggestionsthat permittedus to improve the paper. EnriqueCarmona Del Pezzo, E., C. Godano, A. Gorini, and M. Martini, Wave polarization
and Carmen Martinez helped us to elaboratethe final versionof this and location of the source of the explosion quakes at Stromboli
paper.Thisresearchhasbeenpartiallysupported by theprojectsANT95- volcano,in VolcanicSeismology,editedby K.Aki, P. Gasparini,and
0994-C03-02 and ANT98-1111, by italian G.N.V.- CNR, and by the R. Scarpa,pp. 279-296,Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1992.
Grupode Investigaci6nen Geofisicade la J.A. RNM 104.We wouldlike Del Pezzo, E., M. La Rocca, and J.M., lbfifiez, Observationsof high-
to thank the SpanishArmy and Navy for providingus with logistical frequency
scattered
wavesusingdensearraysat Teidevolcano,Bull.
helpduringtheAntarcticsurveysin the"GabrieldeCastilia"station. Seismol.Soc. Am., 87, 1637-1647, 1997.
Ferrazzini,V., and K. Aki, Preliminaryresultsfrom a field experiment
References on volcaniceventsat Kilaueausingan arrayof digital seismographs,
in VolcanicSeismology,editedby K.Aki, P. Gasparini,and R. Scarpa,
Aki, K., M. Fehler, and S. Das, Source mechanism of volcanic tremor: pp. 168-189, Springer-Verlag,Berlin, 1992.
Fluid-drivencrackmodelsand their applicationto the 1963 Kilauea Ferrazzini,V., B. Chouet,M. Fehler, and K. Aki, Quantitativeanalysis
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