Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918
DOI 10.1007/s11270-008-9922-6
Gastropod Assemblages as Indicators of Sediment Metal
Contamination in Mangroves of Dumai, Sumatra, Indonesia
Bintal Amin & Ahmad Ismail & Aziz Arshad &
Chee Kong Yap & Mohd Salleh Kamarudin
Received: 17 July 2008 / Accepted: 4 November 2008 / Published online: 20 November 2008
# Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2008
Abstract Impacts of heavy metal concentrations in
sediments on the gastropod community structure were
assessed in the coastal waters of Dumai, Sumatra,
Indonesia. The objective of this study was to relate
the levels of heavy metal pollution with the changes
of gastropod community structure in the study area.
Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Fe in
surface sediments collected from five sampling
stations were analyzed and correlated with the
abundance, species richness, and diversity of gastro-
pod populations. Sediments at stations with more
anthropogenic activities accumulated higher concen-
trations of heavy metals and consequently displayed
lower abundances, lower species richness and diver-
sity; while stations with lower heavy metal concen-
trations in sediments showed the opposite pattern in
gastropod community metrics. The above findings are
B. Amin : A. Ismail : A. Arshad : C. K. Yap
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM,
43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
M. S. Kamarudin
Department of Aquaculture Technology,
Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM,
43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
B. Amin (*)
Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries
and Marine Science, University of Riau,
Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia
e-mail: b_amin63@yahoo.com
complemented by significant negative correlations
p<0.050.01) between concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb,
Zn, and Ni in the sediments and gastropod abundance
and species richness. Among the metals analyzed, Cu
and Zn had strongest negative correlations with the
gastropod diversity which suggests that these metals
may be the most detrimental to gastropod populations
in the mangrove area of Dumai coastal waters.
Keywords Heavy metals . Sediment contamination .
Gastropod . Community structure . Indonesia
1 Introduction
Macrobenthic invertebrate communities are important
in terms of biodiversity, ecosystem health and
comprise an important trophic component of detrital-
based estuarine food webs (Coull et al. 1995;
MacFarlane and Booth 2001; Yap et al. 2003; Azrina
et al. 2006). Benthic communities are often exposed
to effluent discharge from numerous anthropogenic
sources and subject to solid disposal wastes. Common
sources of contaminants in the coastal areas are urban
and agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, boating
and recreational uses, oil and chemical spills, and
dumping of pollutants (Harty 1997; Birch et al. 1998).
Heavy metals are usually effectively partitioned to the
estuarine intertidal sediments due to its high organic
content and pH (Luoma et al. 1990; Sadiq 1992).
Elevated levels of heavy metals in sediments therefore
10
might potentially pose an ecotoxicological threat to
macrobenthic invertebrates. As potential indicators of
environmental stress, gastropod assemblages should
exhibit changes in diversity and community structure
through chronic and acute effects of sediment
contamination by heavy metals (Traunspurger and
Drews 1996).
Dumai is one of the main gateways for marine
transportation in the Straits of Malacca to Sumatra,
and like many other developing regions in Indonesia,
its coastal environment is subjected to negative
impacts of industrial development and anthropogenic
activities. It is also likely to receive impacts from the
Straits of Malacca which, according to Abdullah
et al. (1999) and Chua et al. (2000), is one of the
busiest international shipping lanes in the world.
Around 900 tankers and commercial vessels and 11
million barrels of oil flow past through the Straits of
Malacca waters everyday, averaging 70,000 ships
annually, 29% of which are super tankers passing the
straits. In addition, the volume of cargo transported
in both directions through the Malacca Straits has
increased substantially in the last two decades. The
increasing marine traffic and shipping activities pose
an increasing threat of marine pollution to the straits
(Nontji 2004).
The relationships between the living organisms
such as gastropod molluscs and the presence of
pollutants such as heavy metals in their habitat where
they lived are very interesting from ecotoxicological
point of view. Studies on macrobenthic communities
have shown that heavy metal concentrations in the
sediments correlate most strongly with the composi-
tion of the biological communities and therefore the
most likely causal agents (Sommerfield et al. 1994;
Warwick, 2001; Mucha et al. 2005). Marine gastro-
pods meet most important requirements of the ideal
biomonitor (Phillips 1990). They are abundant
throughout many coastal areas of the world, easy to
identify and sample at all times of year, and can
tolerate wide ranges of contaminant concentration and
of physicochemical variables such as salinity (Langston
and Spence 1995). No study has yet been reported on
the value of using gastropod assemblages as bioindica-
tors for Indonesian coastal waters. Therefore, the aim of
this study was to determine whether relationships exist
between gastropod community structure and heavy
metal concentrations in mangrove sediments of Dumai
coastal waters, Sumatra, Indonesia.
Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918
2 Materials and Methods
Samples of sediments and gastropods were collected
from five stations along the intertidal zone of Dumai
waters in the middle-east coast of Sumatra, Indonesia
(Fig. 1). Three replicates of the top 5 cm of sediment
samples at each station were collected during low tide
from locations near gastropod transect plots and
placed in polyethylene plastic bags with a plastic
spatula. Then, the samples of sediments were kept in
an icebox, transported to the laboratory and stored at
10C until further analysis.
Sediment samples for heavy metal analysis were
oven dried to constant dry weights at 80C, and the
samples passed through a 63-m stainless steel sieve.
The detailed processes for heavy metal analysis
followed the procedures outlined by Ismail and Ramli
(1997) and Yap et al. (2002). Between 0.5 to 1.0 g of
the sediment were digested in a mixture of concen-
trated HNO3 (AnalaR grade, R&M 65%) and HClO4
(AnalaR grade, R&M 70%) in the ratio of 4:1. They
were placed in a hot-block digester at low temperature
(40C) for 1 h and then fully digested at high
temperature (140C) for at least 3 h. The digested
samples were then diluted to a specified volume with
double deionized water (USF Maxima, 18.2 MU
cm1). After filtration, heavy metals were determined
for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Fe by using an air
acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(AAS) Perkin-Elmer Model AAnalyst 800 series. The
data were presented in micrograms per gram dry
weight, except for Fe in percent (%).
All glassware and equipment used in heavy metal
analysis were acid-washed with 10% HCl and then
rinsed with double distilled water to avoid possible
contamination. Multiple level calibration standards
were used to generate calibration curves against
which sample concentrations were determined. The
percentages of recoveries for heavy metal analysis
were between 96% and 103%. Procedural blanks and
quality control samples were made from standard
solutions for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Fe. They were
prepared from 1,000 mg/L stock solution (BDH
SpectrosoL) of each metal, and every five to ten
samples reanalyzed in order to check for sample
accuracy.
Gastropod samples were collected from transects
aligned perpendicular to the beach from the highest
tide mark to the waters edge. Along the transect,
Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918
Fig. 1 Map of Dumai and
the sampling stations
three quadrats (1 m2) were placed on the substratum,
from which organisms were quantified. Three trans-
ects were employed for each of the stations where the
distance between each transect was about 100 m. Five
stations were selected based on the suspected con-
tamination gradients where higher metal concentra-
tions in sediments were reported at stations closed to
Dumai city center (Amin et al. 2008a, b).
Each transect was divided into three levels
corresponding to lower (about 15 m above waterline
at the lowest tide), upper (about 15 m below the
highest water mark), and middle (between the two
former ones). This technique is adapted from methods
outlined by Eleftheriou and Holme (1984), Krebs
(1989), and Mudjiono et al. (1994). Samples of
sediments (up to 5 cm) depth were sieved on site
with a 1-mm mesh sieve to collect gastropods. The
organisms were preserved in labeled sample bottles
and fixed with 10% formalin in seawater. In the
laboratory, the samples were sorted and transferred
into 70% alcohol for later identification and enumer-
ation. Samples of gastropods were enumerated and
identified to the species level where possible. Identi-
fications were based on Hayward and Rayland
(1996), Plaziat (1984), and Dharma (1988). Addition-
al environmental parameters measured at each station
included pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature,
transparency, current speed, and sediment organic
matter.
The following biodiversity indices were calculated:
(1) ShannonWiener index (Shannon and Wiever
11
P
s
1963): H 0 ni
N log2 nNi ; where H=index of diversity;
i1
ni =the number of individuals for each species; N=total
number of individuals; pi=ni/N; s=total number of
species, (2) Simpson dominance index (Simpson
Ps
2
ni
1949): C N ; where C=dominance index; ni =
i1
number of individuals for each species; N=number of
total individuals; s=total number of species, (3)
Evenness index (Pielou 1966): J logH
2s
; where J=
index of species evenness; H=index of species
diversity; s=number of species.
The Spearmans rank correlation was applied in
order to determine the strength and significance of the
relationships between the concentrations of heavy
metals in sediments with the gastropod biodiversity
indices using SPSS version 15.
3 Results
The mean values of physicochemical parameters in the
study area are shown in Table 1. Salinities at Pelintung,
Sg. Dumai, and Sg. Mesjid were lower when compared
to other stations as these three stations were located
within the river estuary (Table 1). Also, transparency,
pH, and dissolved oxygen, as well as sediment pH, were
lower at Pelintung and Sg. Dumai than other stations.
The highest mean percentage of organic matter was
found in Bangsal Aceh and the lowest in Lubuk Gaung.
Higher abundances of gastropods were found in
the middle part of the intertidal area of Pelintung, Sg.
12 Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918

Table 1 Mean water quality parameters at each station and water quality standard

Parameters Station Mean Standard men-LH/51/2004

Pelintung Sg. Dumai Sg. Mesjid Bangsal Aceh Lubuk Gaung

Current (m/s) 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.04

Temperature (C) 29.50 29.00 29.50 29.00 30.00 29.40 2832


Transparency 
(cm) 17.00 20.50 42.00 63.00 45.00 37.50
Salinity 0=00 23.00 24.50 25.00 28.00 28.00 25.70 Up to 34
pH (water) 5.50 6.50 7.00 8.00 8.50 7.10 78.5
pH (sediment) 4.50 5.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.50
DO (ppm) 4.00 4.20 5.50 4.40 4.60 4.54 5
Organic matter (%) 9.62 9.85 11.88 21.66 7.98 12.20

Dumai, and Sg. Mesjid), but abundances at Bangsal
Aceh and Lubuk Gaung were higher in the lower
intertidal area (Table 2). Higher gastropod species
richness occurred in the middle part of the intertidal
area (7.20 species), followed by the upper part (6.60
species) and the lower part (5.00 species). The highest
number of gastropod species occurred at Bangsal
Aceh (15 species), and the lowest occurred at
Pelintung (four species). Stations considered to have
better water quality (Sg. Mesjid, Bangsal Aceh,
Lubuk Gaung) also had higher numbers of species
(1215 species) when compared to stations with
poorer water quality (Pelintung and Sg. Dumai), with
only four to nine species.
The highest diversity index was found at Lubuk
Gaung, followed by Bangsal Aceh, and the lowest
was found at Pelintung. Higher diversity (H values
2.64 and 2.88, respectively) was noted at stations
which had less anthropogenic activities further away
from the Dumai city center (Bangsal Aceh and Lubuk
Gaung) compared to diversity values at stations with
more anthropogenic activities (Pelintung, Sg. Dumai,
and Sg. Mesjid), which had H values of 0.93; 1.54,
and 1.98, respectively. Evenness values showed a
similar trend to that in diversity, in which the highest
value was found at Bangsal Aceh (C=0.86), and the
lowest was found at Sg. Dumai (C=0.78). In contrast
to previous indices, higher dominance occurred at
stations with more anthropogenic activities. The high-
est dominance index was found at Pelintung (C=0.59),
and the lowest was found at Lubuk Gaung (C=0.18).
In general, as the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn,
Ni, and Fe increased, the abundance of gastropods
decreased, except for Fe (Table 3; Fig. 2). In
particular, from Fig. 2, Cd and Zn concentrations
showed the strongest relationship (p<0.01), followed
by Cu and Ni (p<0.05). Meanwhile, although Pb and
Fe were correlated with gastropod abundances (neg-
ative correlation for Pb and positive correlation for
Fe), they were not significant (p>0.05).
Negative relationships were also found between
heavy metal concentrations in sediments with the
number of gastropod species (Fig. 3). Moreover, the
strongest negative relationships occurred for Cu and Ni
(p<0.01), followed by Pb and Zn (p<0.05). Cd was
also negatively correlated, while Fe was uncorrelated
with the number of gastropod species (p>0.05).
In general, as the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn,
and Ni increased, species diversity decreased. Cu
showed the strongest negative relationship with
diversity (p<0.01), followed by Zn (p<0.05), Cd,
Pb, Ni, and Fe; which were not statistically significant

Table 2 Abundance (ind/m2) of gastropod at each station and sampling site

Sampling site Station

Pelintung Sg. Dumai Sg. Mesjid Bangsal Aceh Lubuk Gaung

Lower 6 11 28 59 51
Middle 12 57 47 55 41
Upper 8 20 38 47 35
Mean 9 29 38 53 42
Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918 13

Table 3 Heavy metal concentrations (g/g) in sediments, number of species, abundance, and biodiversity indices of gastropod at each
station

Station Cd Cu Pb Zn Ni Fe Number of Gastropod Diversity Index Evenness

Gastropod Abundance (H) Dominance (C) (J)
species (ind/m2)

Pelintung 1.31 10.55 37.39 75.26 17.38 2.91 4 9 0.93 0.59 0.79
Sg. Dumai 0.90 8.62 28.19 55.98 11.14 3.01 9 29 1.54 0.44 0.78
Sg. Mesjid 0.92 5.32 30.59 48.11 9.15 3.06 12 38 1.98 0.30 0.82
Bangsal Aceh 0.64 3.64 28.45 41.55 8.76 2.93 15 53 2.64 0.17 0.86
LubukGaung 0.81 3.84 26.25 47.17 8.98 2.94 13 42 2.88 0.18 0.85

(p>0.05). Negative relationships also occurred be-
tween heavy metal concentrations in sediments and
the evenness index. However, only Cu showed a
strong negative relationship (p<0.05). In contrast to
the other diversity matrices, concentrations of heavy
metals in sediments were inversely related to the
dominance index (Fig. 4).
4 Discussion
Generally, all the parameters measured in the present
study were still within the tolerable levels for the
coastal aquatic organisms set by The Ministry of
Environment of Indonesia (Men 2004) (Table 1). The
water quality parameters at Bangsal Aceh and Lubuk
Gaung were slightly better than those at stations
closed to the Dumai city center, where more indus-
tries and other anthropogenic activities are concen-
trated. High percentage of total organic matter in
Bangsal Aceh might be attributed to the mangrove
forest and finer sediment in this area as well as inputs
from agricultural runoff through some streams.
Meanwhile, the low percentage of organic matter in
Lubuk Gaung was due to the sandy sediment
substrate and less anthropogenic activities. Ironically,
sediment contamination levels were counter to levels
of sediment organic content at these stations.
Lower abundances of gastropods at stations Pel-
intung and Sg. Dumai might be attributed to the
relatively lower quality of physicochemical parame-
ters at these stations which were not statistically

Fig. 2 Correlation between 60 60

y= -1.25x 101.36
metal concentrations in sed- 50 66.27x 9 9 50 (r= -0.985; p 0.01)
0973 p 0.01)
iment with gastropods 40 40
abundance in Dumai 30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00
Cd concentration in sediment (g/g) Zn concentration in sediment (g/g)

60 60 -4.30x 81.95
-5.17x 67.30
50 -0.950;p 0.05) 50 -0.940; p 0.05)
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Cu concentration in sediment (g/g) Ni concentration in sediment (g/g)

60 60 40.74x - 86.77
-3.19x 130.40
50 50 0.159; p 0.05)
-0.817;p 0.05)
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 2.85 2.90 2.95 3.00 3.05 3.10
Pb concentration in sediment (g/g) Fe concentration in sediment (g/g)
14 Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918
Fig. 3 Correlation between 16 16
metal concentrations in sed- 14 14 0.05)
12 12
iment with number of gas- 10 10
tropods species in Dumai 8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 30 40 50 60 70 80
Cd concentration in sediment (g/g) Zn concentration in sediment (g/g)

16 16
19.19
14 -0.961; 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 14 14 16 18 20
Cu concentration in sediment (g/g) Ni concentration in sediment (g/g)

16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
20 25 30 35 40 2.85 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1
Pb concentration in sediment (g/g) Fe concentration in sediment (g/g)

significant. Benthic communities have been frequent-
ly employed in environmental monitoring and assess-
ment of heavy metal and organic contaminants in
estuaries, and often demonstrate changes in macro-
benthic community structure and composition in
response to pollutant impacts (Gray et al. 1990;
Warwick, 1993). Stark (1998) found correlations
between concentrations of heavy metals and the
patterns of benthic assemblages in polluted and
unpolluted areas in estuaries in the Sydney region
Australia. Ward and Hutchings (1996) also found
characteristic patterns in species related to a strong
pollution gradient comprising a variety of heavy
metals in various habitats around Port Pirrie, South
Australia. Morrisey et al. (1996) also found changes
in the abundances and taxonomic composition of
fauna in Cu-treated sediments under field conditions
in Botany Bay, Australia.
According to Teles (1994), diversity indices give
better information on the environmental conditions
under which the organisms lived than a consideration
of individual taxa alone. Pett (1974) mentioned that
the diversity indices are also suitable for addressing
any question that a heterogeneity index can answer.
The strong negative correlations (p<0.01) between
the Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni concentrations in sediments
with the numbers of gastropod species and gastropod
abundances suggest that these metals affected the
gastropod community structure in the study area.
Clements (1991) explained that metal-impacted ben-
thic communities are generally characterized by
reduced abundance, lower species diversity, and shifts
in community composition from sensitive to tolerant
taxa. According to Reynoldson (1987), the most
obvious impact of contaminated sediments to marine
benthic invertebrates was direct acute toxicity causing
the death of organisms. Warwick (1993) also men-
tioned that macrobenthic invertebrates are in direct
and continual contact with sediments and are rela-
tively immobile. Consequently, they often possess a
limited capacity to evade pollutant impacts.
Stations with higher metal concentrations in the
sediments such as Pelintung and Sg. Dumai exhibited
lower evenness (J 0.780.79) when compared to
stations with lower metal concentrations in the sedi-
ments such as Bangsal Aceh and Lubuk Gaung
(e 0.850.86). Numerous studies have identified that
community dissimilarities at the species level are
highest in polluted areas or areas in which environ-
mental change was marked (Warwick 1988). A marked
decrease in evenness could be regarded as a symptom
of pollution (Warwick 2001). Yap et al. (2003) also
reported higher biodiversity indices in the unpolluted
upstream portion of Sg. Semenyih (Malaysia) than in
the polluted downstream portion receiving domestic
effluents. Weaker correlations between species diver-
Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918
4.57
p 0.05)
p 0.05)
Fig. 4 Correlation between Cd, Cu, Pb Zn, Ni, and Fe concentrations in sediment with H, C, and J values of gastropod from Dumai
coastal waters
sity and environmental pollution are found in less
disturbed areas indicating commensurate changes in
faunal patterns with the severity of pollution (Olsgard
et al. 1998).
Analysis of the distribution and abundance of
benthic organisms is routinely used in biomonitoring
15
p 0.05)
15
p 0.05)
studies and is expressed by the community diversity
(Shannon and Wiever 1963). In polluted environ-
ments, dominance by a low number of species
produces low values of a typical species diversity
index. Conversely, environments composed of a large
number of species with evenly distributed abundances
16
produce large diversity index values. Diversity index
values less than 1.0 have been reported from polluted
waters (Wilhm and Doris 1968), and values above 3.0
have been reported from oligotrophic waters (Ransom
and Doris 1972). In the present study, the stations
with relatively higher heavy metal concentrations,
such as Pelintung had lower diversity (H: 0.93) and
higher dominance (C 0.59) of gastropods when
compared to stations with lower heavy metal concen-
trations, such as Bangsal Aceh, which had high
diversity (H 2.64) and low dominance (C 0.17).
These findings are in agreement with Gray et al.
(1990), Clements (1991), Rakocinski et al. (2000),
Bu-Olayan and Thomas (2005), Medina et al. (2005),
and Mucha et al. (2005) who noted that high species
diversity was usually associated with unimpacted or
unpolluted conditions, while lower species diversity
often reflects environmental stress due to pollution or
disturbance from human activities.
The relatively strong negative relationships be-
tween Cu and Zn concentrations with the diversity
index may indicate that these metals are the most
detrimental of all the metals to gastropod populations
within the mangrove sediments of Dumai coastal
waters. A variety of gastropod molluscs have also
been used in environmental monitoring programs to
determine temporal and geographical trends in the
metal content and to assess any potential threat. They
have been used as sentinel organisms to access the
bioavailability of metals in the coastal waters of many
parts of the world (Rainbow et al. 1993, 2000;
Bebianno et al. 2003). The present study validated
the use of gastropods in terms of their ability to reflect
environmental gradients of heavy metal contamina-
tion in Dumai coastal waters.
5 Conclusion
This study revealed that anthropogenic activities in
Dumai have already contributed to elevated levels of
heavy metals in its coastal sediments and this
phenomenon has negatively impacted gastropod com-
munity structure. Stations with elevated levels of
heavy metal concentrations displayed lower abundan-
ces, lower species richness, lower diversity, as well as
higher dominance of gastropods. Significant negative
correlations existed between metal concentrations and
the abundances and numbers of species of gastropods.
Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918
Among the metals analyzed, Cu and Zn had strongest
negative correlations with the species diversity index
which may suggest that these metals are the most
detrimental metals in the bottom sediments to
gastropod populations in the study area. It is,
therefore, important for the local authority to imple-
ment and enforce an appropriate strategy to monitor
and routinely control the pollutant discharges in order
to save the biodiversity of Dumai coastal waters from
more serious degradation in the future. Gastropod
assemblage status may provide an effective ecosys-
tem-based management indicator for this purpose.
Acknowledgement The authors thank anonymous referees
for their critical reading, valuable suggestions, and corrections
of the original manuscript.
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