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DOI 10.1007/s11270-008-9922-6
Received: 17 July 2008 / Accepted: 4 November 2008 / Published online: 20 November 2008
# Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2008
P
s
three quadrats (1 m2) were placed on the substratum, 1963): H 0 ni
N log2 nNi ; where H=index of diversity;
i1
from which organisms were quantified. Three trans- ni =the number of individuals for each species; N=total
ects were employed for each of the stations where the number of individuals; pi=ni/N; s=total number of
distance between each transect was about 100 m. Five species, (2) Simpson dominance index (Simpson
Ps 2
stations were selected based on the suspected con- ni
1949): C N ; where C=dominance index; ni =
tamination gradients where higher metal concentra- i1
tions in sediments were reported at stations closed to number of individuals for each species; N=number of
Dumai city center (Amin et al. 2008a, b). total individuals; s=total number of species, (3)
Each transect was divided into three levels Evenness index (Pielou 1966): J logH
2s
; where J=
corresponding to lower (about 15 m above waterline index of species evenness; H=index of species
at the lowest tide), upper (about 15 m below the diversity; s=number of species.
highest water mark), and middle (between the two The Spearmans rank correlation was applied in
former ones). This technique is adapted from methods order to determine the strength and significance of the
outlined by Eleftheriou and Holme (1984), Krebs relationships between the concentrations of heavy
(1989), and Mudjiono et al. (1994). Samples of metals in sediments with the gastropod biodiversity
sediments (up to 5 cm) depth were sieved on site indices using SPSS version 15.
with a 1-mm mesh sieve to collect gastropods. The
organisms were preserved in labeled sample bottles
and fixed with 10% formalin in seawater. In the 3 Results
laboratory, the samples were sorted and transferred
into 70% alcohol for later identification and enumer- The mean values of physicochemical parameters in the
ation. Samples of gastropods were enumerated and study area are shown in Table 1. Salinities at Pelintung,
identified to the species level where possible. Identi- Sg. Dumai, and Sg. Mesjid were lower when compared
fications were based on Hayward and Rayland to other stations as these three stations were located
(1996), Plaziat (1984), and Dharma (1988). Addition- within the river estuary (Table 1). Also, transparency,
al environmental parameters measured at each station pH, and dissolved oxygen, as well as sediment pH, were
included pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, lower at Pelintung and Sg. Dumai than other stations.
transparency, current speed, and sediment organic The highest mean percentage of organic matter was
matter. found in Bangsal Aceh and the lowest in Lubuk Gaung.
The following biodiversity indices were calculated: Higher abundances of gastropods were found in
(1) ShannonWiener index (Shannon and Wiever the middle part of the intertidal area of Pelintung, Sg.
12 Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918
Table 1 Mean water quality parameters at each station and water quality standard
Dumai, and Sg. Mesjid), but abundances at Bangsal lowest was found at Sg. Dumai (C=0.78). In contrast
Aceh and Lubuk Gaung were higher in the lower to previous indices, higher dominance occurred at
intertidal area (Table 2). Higher gastropod species stations with more anthropogenic activities. The high-
richness occurred in the middle part of the intertidal est dominance index was found at Pelintung (C=0.59),
area (7.20 species), followed by the upper part (6.60 and the lowest was found at Lubuk Gaung (C=0.18).
species) and the lower part (5.00 species). The highest In general, as the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn,
number of gastropod species occurred at Bangsal Ni, and Fe increased, the abundance of gastropods
Aceh (15 species), and the lowest occurred at decreased, except for Fe (Table 3; Fig. 2). In
Pelintung (four species). Stations considered to have particular, from Fig. 2, Cd and Zn concentrations
better water quality (Sg. Mesjid, Bangsal Aceh, showed the strongest relationship (p<0.01), followed
Lubuk Gaung) also had higher numbers of species by Cu and Ni (p<0.05). Meanwhile, although Pb and
(1215 species) when compared to stations with Fe were correlated with gastropod abundances (neg-
poorer water quality (Pelintung and Sg. Dumai), with ative correlation for Pb and positive correlation for
only four to nine species. Fe), they were not significant (p>0.05).
The highest diversity index was found at Lubuk Negative relationships were also found between
Gaung, followed by Bangsal Aceh, and the lowest heavy metal concentrations in sediments with the
was found at Pelintung. Higher diversity (H values number of gastropod species (Fig. 3). Moreover, the
2.64 and 2.88, respectively) was noted at stations strongest negative relationships occurred for Cu and Ni
which had less anthropogenic activities further away (p<0.01), followed by Pb and Zn (p<0.05). Cd was
from the Dumai city center (Bangsal Aceh and Lubuk also negatively correlated, while Fe was uncorrelated
Gaung) compared to diversity values at stations with with the number of gastropod species (p>0.05).
more anthropogenic activities (Pelintung, Sg. Dumai, In general, as the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn,
and Sg. Mesjid), which had H values of 0.93; 1.54, and Ni increased, species diversity decreased. Cu
and 1.98, respectively. Evenness values showed a showed the strongest negative relationship with
similar trend to that in diversity, in which the highest diversity (p<0.01), followed by Zn (p<0.05), Cd,
value was found at Bangsal Aceh (C=0.86), and the Pb, Ni, and Fe; which were not statistically significant
Lower 6 11 28 59 51
Middle 12 57 47 55 41
Upper 8 20 38 47 35
Mean 9 29 38 53 42
Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918 13
Table 3 Heavy metal concentrations (g/g) in sediments, number of species, abundance, and biodiversity indices of gastropod at each
station
Pelintung 1.31 10.55 37.39 75.26 17.38 2.91 4 9 0.93 0.59 0.79
Sg. Dumai 0.90 8.62 28.19 55.98 11.14 3.01 9 29 1.54 0.44 0.78
Sg. Mesjid 0.92 5.32 30.59 48.11 9.15 3.06 12 38 1.98 0.30 0.82
Bangsal Aceh 0.64 3.64 28.45 41.55 8.76 2.93 15 53 2.64 0.17 0.86
LubukGaung 0.81 3.84 26.25 47.17 8.98 2.94 13 42 2.88 0.18 0.85
(p>0.05). Negative relationships also occurred be- Gaung were slightly better than those at stations
tween heavy metal concentrations in sediments and closed to the Dumai city center, where more indus-
the evenness index. However, only Cu showed a tries and other anthropogenic activities are concen-
strong negative relationship (p<0.05). In contrast to trated. High percentage of total organic matter in
the other diversity matrices, concentrations of heavy Bangsal Aceh might be attributed to the mangrove
metals in sediments were inversely related to the forest and finer sediment in this area as well as inputs
dominance index (Fig. 4). from agricultural runoff through some streams.
Meanwhile, the low percentage of organic matter in
Lubuk Gaung was due to the sandy sediment
4 Discussion substrate and less anthropogenic activities. Ironically,
sediment contamination levels were counter to levels
Generally, all the parameters measured in the present of sediment organic content at these stations.
study were still within the tolerable levels for the Lower abundances of gastropods at stations Pel-
coastal aquatic organisms set by The Ministry of intung and Sg. Dumai might be attributed to the
Environment of Indonesia (Men 2004) (Table 1). The relatively lower quality of physicochemical parame-
water quality parameters at Bangsal Aceh and Lubuk ters at these stations which were not statistically
60 60 -4.30x 81.95
-5.17x 67.30
50 -0.950;p 0.05) 50 -0.940; p 0.05)
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Cu concentration in sediment (g/g) Ni concentration in sediment (g/g)
60 60 40.74x - 86.77
-3.19x 130.40
50 50 0.159; p 0.05)
-0.817;p 0.05)
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 2.85 2.90 2.95 3.00 3.05 3.10
Pb concentration in sediment (g/g) Fe concentration in sediment (g/g)
14 Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918
Fig. 3 Correlation between 16 16
metal concentrations in sed- 14 14 0.05)
12 12
iment with number of gas- 10 10
tropods species in Dumai 8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 30 40 50 60 70 80
Cd concentration in sediment (g/g) Zn concentration in sediment (g/g)
16 16
19.19
14 -0.961; 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 14 14 16 18 20
Cu concentration in sediment (g/g) Ni concentration in sediment (g/g)
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
20 25 30 35 40 2.85 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1
Pb concentration in sediment (g/g) Fe concentration in sediment (g/g)
significant. Benthic communities have been frequent- gastropod community structure in the study area.
ly employed in environmental monitoring and assess- Clements (1991) explained that metal-impacted ben-
ment of heavy metal and organic contaminants in thic communities are generally characterized by
estuaries, and often demonstrate changes in macro- reduced abundance, lower species diversity, and shifts
benthic community structure and composition in in community composition from sensitive to tolerant
response to pollutant impacts (Gray et al. 1990; taxa. According to Reynoldson (1987), the most
Warwick, 1993). Stark (1998) found correlations obvious impact of contaminated sediments to marine
between concentrations of heavy metals and the benthic invertebrates was direct acute toxicity causing
patterns of benthic assemblages in polluted and the death of organisms. Warwick (1993) also men-
unpolluted areas in estuaries in the Sydney region tioned that macrobenthic invertebrates are in direct
Australia. Ward and Hutchings (1996) also found and continual contact with sediments and are rela-
characteristic patterns in species related to a strong tively immobile. Consequently, they often possess a
pollution gradient comprising a variety of heavy limited capacity to evade pollutant impacts.
metals in various habitats around Port Pirrie, South Stations with higher metal concentrations in the
Australia. Morrisey et al. (1996) also found changes sediments such as Pelintung and Sg. Dumai exhibited
in the abundances and taxonomic composition of lower evenness (J 0.780.79) when compared to
fauna in Cu-treated sediments under field conditions stations with lower metal concentrations in the sedi-
in Botany Bay, Australia. ments such as Bangsal Aceh and Lubuk Gaung
According to Teles (1994), diversity indices give (e 0.850.86). Numerous studies have identified that
better information on the environmental conditions community dissimilarities at the species level are
under which the organisms lived than a consideration highest in polluted areas or areas in which environ-
of individual taxa alone. Pett (1974) mentioned that mental change was marked (Warwick 1988). A marked
the diversity indices are also suitable for addressing decrease in evenness could be regarded as a symptom
any question that a heterogeneity index can answer. of pollution (Warwick 2001). Yap et al. (2003) also
The strong negative correlations (p<0.01) between reported higher biodiversity indices in the unpolluted
the Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni concentrations in sediments upstream portion of Sg. Semenyih (Malaysia) than in
with the numbers of gastropod species and gastropod the polluted downstream portion receiving domestic
abundances suggest that these metals affected the effluents. Weaker correlations between species diver-
Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918 15
4.57
p 0.05)
p 0.05)
15
p 0.05) p 0.05)
Fig. 4 Correlation between Cd, Cu, Pb Zn, Ni, and Fe concentrations in sediment with H, C, and J values of gastropod from Dumai
coastal waters
sity and environmental pollution are found in less studies and is expressed by the community diversity
disturbed areas indicating commensurate changes in (Shannon and Wiever 1963). In polluted environ-
faunal patterns with the severity of pollution (Olsgard ments, dominance by a low number of species
et al. 1998). produces low values of a typical species diversity
Analysis of the distribution and abundance of index. Conversely, environments composed of a large
benthic organisms is routinely used in biomonitoring number of species with evenly distributed abundances
16 Water Air Soil Pollut (2009) 201:918
produce large diversity index values. Diversity index Among the metals analyzed, Cu and Zn had strongest
values less than 1.0 have been reported from polluted negative correlations with the species diversity index
waters (Wilhm and Doris 1968), and values above 3.0 which may suggest that these metals are the most
have been reported from oligotrophic waters (Ransom detrimental metals in the bottom sediments to
and Doris 1972). In the present study, the stations gastropod populations in the study area. It is,
with relatively higher heavy metal concentrations, therefore, important for the local authority to imple-
such as Pelintung had lower diversity (H: 0.93) and ment and enforce an appropriate strategy to monitor
higher dominance (C 0.59) of gastropods when and routinely control the pollutant discharges in order
compared to stations with lower heavy metal concen- to save the biodiversity of Dumai coastal waters from
trations, such as Bangsal Aceh, which had high more serious degradation in the future. Gastropod
diversity (H 2.64) and low dominance (C 0.17). assemblage status may provide an effective ecosys-
These findings are in agreement with Gray et al. tem-based management indicator for this purpose.
(1990), Clements (1991), Rakocinski et al. (2000),
Bu-Olayan and Thomas (2005), Medina et al. (2005), Acknowledgement The authors thank anonymous referees
for their critical reading, valuable suggestions, and corrections
and Mucha et al. (2005) who noted that high species of the original manuscript.
diversity was usually associated with unimpacted or
unpolluted conditions, while lower species diversity
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