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OK3 1
L
Mcr
segment laterally supported
in bending and torsion
d 4 d2 M 2
EI w GI t + =0
dx 4 dx 2 EI z
z
2EI w EI w
where cr = 1 + = 1 + wt
2
wt =
L2GIt L GI t
OK3 3
cr =
C1
k z
1 + wt
2
(
+ C2 g C3 j ) (C
2
2 g C3 j )
EIw zg EIz zj EIz
w t = g = j =
k w LLT GI t k z LLT GI t k z LLT GI t
zs yy S G S G S S G y S G y
G y y y
G
(T)
symmetry about z-z symmetry about k y-y, loading through shear centre
OK3 4
1 2 3 ~2,56
1 ~1,77
b) almost never
~1,13 ~1, 35
(because loading creates here a continuous support)
kz = 1 angle of torsion kz = 1
kw = 1 is zero kw = 0,5
kz = 0,7 conservatively kz = 1
konzervativn
(theor. kz hodnoty
= kw = 0,5)
kw = 1 kw = 0,7 (conservatively 1)
structure torsionally
rigid torsionally torsionally rigid
non-rigid
possible lateral buckling
Cantilever: - only if free end is not laterally and torsionally supported (otherwise, concerning
Mcr, this case is not a cantilever but normal beam segment),
- for cantilever with free end: kz = kw = 2 (usually with lateral loading, see next).
OK3 6
OK3 7
zaz zzg F
a g
Fz z For I cross section with unequal flanges:
zz
I w = ( 1 f2 )I z ( hs / 2 ) 2
(C)
warping constant
S
zs
S
I fc I ft
hf = hs
zs G
G
yy hf parameter of asymmetry f =
I fc + I ft
(T) second mom. of area of compress. and tens. flange about z-z
0,5
( y + z ) z dA 0,45 f hf
2 2
z j = zs
Iy A
Factor C3 greatly depends on f and moment shape (below for kz = kw = 1):
Mcr =+1
Mcr =0 Mcr = -1
For a simple beam with doubly symmetric cross section and general imposed axis:
2
zg
z [ ]
E I w + E I z z v2
k L
+ G I t
zv = w LT
GS osa y
Mcr
(
1z v + 2 zg z v )
coefficients
For suck loading applied at tension flange:
for shape of M: 1 2
2
2
h 2,00 0,00
E I w + E I z + G I t
2 k L
w LT 0,93 0,81
Mcr =
h 0,60 0,81
1
2
OK3 9
Note: According to Eurocode the reduction factor is taken from curve c, but
for cross sections with web slenderness h/tw 44 from curve d.
The factor due to conservatism may be increased by 10%.
OK3 10
OK3 11
zg or higher
zv
zv zg or anywhere higher
OK3 12
e.g. DIN:
( )
Mb,Rd = Mpl,Rd 1 + LT
2n 1/n
n = 2,0 (rolled)
= 2,5 (welded)
Eurocode EN 1993:
The procedure is the same as for columns: acc. to LT is determined LT
with respect to shape of the cross section (see next - depends on imperfections).
Note: For a direct 2. order analysis the imperfections e0d are available.
fy
Mb,Rd = LTW y ... Wy is section modulus acc. to cross section class
M1
LT 1,0
1
LT =
LT + LT
2
2
LT
but 1
LT LT 2
( )
LT = 0,5 1 + LT LT LT,0 + LT
2
strut providing
support force in compression flange
Lh
Complicated structures (e.g. haunched girders) hs
may be verified using "stable length" Lm
hh
(in which LT = 1) - formulas see Eurocode. L
L ym
OK3 14
OK3 15
cr,op - minimum load amplifier of design loading to reach elastic critical loading
(for lateral or lateral torsional buckling).
Resulting relationship:
NEd M y ,Ed
+ op
NRk M1 M y ,Rk M1
OK3 16