MATH 70 Basic Integration Techniques to Know Spring 2014

Basic integration rules (a > 0)

Z Z Z
1. kf (u) du = k f (u) du 2. du = u + C

un+1
Z Z
n 1
3. u du = + C, n 6= 1 4. du = ln |u| + C
n+1 u
au
Z Z
u u
5. e du = e + C 6. au du = +C
ln a
Z Z
7. sin u du = cos u + C 8. cos u du = sin u + C
Z Z
9. tan u du = ln | cos u| + C 10. cot u du = ln | sin u| + C
Z Z
11. sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + C 12. sec2 u du = tan u + C
Z Z
2
13. csc u du = cot u + C 14. sec u tan u du = sec u + C
Z Z
du u
15. csc u cot u du = csc u + C 16. = arcsin + C
a2 u2 a
|u|
Z Z
du 1 u du 1
17. 2 2
= arctan + C 18. = arcsec +C
a +u a a u u 2 a2 a a

Completing the square

x2 + Bx + C = x2 + 2(B/2)x + (B/2)2 + C (B/2)2
 

= (x + B/2)2 + C B 2 /4
 

Integration by parts
Z Z Z b Z b
u dv = uv v du u dv = [uv]ba v du
a a

Look for a product of functions such that the derivative of one and the integral of another
is a basic form.
MATH 70 Basic Integration Techniques to Know Spring 2014

Rational functions
Let p(x), q(x) be polynomials. Z
p(x)
dx
q(x)
1. Do long division to ensure that the degree of p(x) is less than the degree of q(x).

2. Factor q(x) into linear and (unfactorable) quadratic terms.

3. Each term of the factorization of q(x) gives a cluster of terms.

The term (x a)n gives rise to the cluster of terms:

A1 A2 An
+ 2
+ + .
x a (x a) (x a)n

The term (x2 + bx + c)m gives rise to the cluster of terms:

B1 x + C1 B2 x + C2 Bm x + Cm
2
+ 2 + + 2 .
x + bx + c (x + bx + c) (x + bx + c)m

4. Solve for the unknown coefficients to get a Partial Fraction Decomposition. (Note that
the total number of unknown coefficients is equal to the degree of q(x).)

5. Integrate using
Z
dx
= ln |x a| + C
xa
Z
2x + b
dx = ln |x2 + bx + c| + C
x2 + bx + c
Z  
dx 1 x+d
= arctan + C.
(x + d)2 + a2 a a

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MATH 70 Basic Integration Techniques to Know Spring 2014

Some trigonometric integral forms

Z Z
n
1. sin x dx, cosn x dx.

If sinn x and n is odd, take out a sin x term and express sinn1 x in terms of cos x.
Do substitution with u = cos x. Similar for cosn x and n odd.
If n is even, use the double-angle formulas
1 cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
sin2 x = and cos2 x = .
2 2
Z
2. sinm x cosn x dx

If m is odd (respectively, n is odd), take out a sin x term (respectively, cos x term)
and express the rest in terms of cos x (respectively, sin x) and do a u-substitution.
If m and n are both even, use the double-angle formulas for sin2 x and cos2 x
above.
Z Z
3. tan x dx, cotn x dx
n

If tann x (respectively, cotn x), use the Pythagorean Identity to factor out a
tan2 x = sec2 x 1 (respectively, cot2 x = csc2 x 1) and use u = tan x, du =
sec2 x dx (respectively, u = cot x, du = csc2 x dx).
Z Z
4. tan x sec x dx, cotm x cscn x dx
m n

If n even, take out a sec2 x term (respectively, csc2 x term) and express the rest
in terms of tan x (respectively, cot x). Do a u-substitution.
If m odd, take out a tan x sec x term (respectively, cot x csc x term) and express
the rest in terms of sec x (respectively, csc x). Do a u-substitution.
Z Z Z
5. sin mx cos nx dx, sin mx sin nx dx, cos mx cos nx dx

Use the angle sum formulas

1
sin mx cos nx = [sin(m + n)x + sin(m n)x]
2
1
sin mx sin nx = [cos(m + n)x cos(m n)x]
2
1
cos mx cos nx = [cos(m + n)x + cos(m n)]
2

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