He Koronga Matua

Na Puhaanga
Ngati Mahanga & the lands of
Hamilton West
Compiled by Paretutaki Hayward Jr (ed) & Awarutu Samuels
with contributions from Ron Pai.
For distribution at Te Papa o Rotu Marae, WHATAWHATA
Poukai - 10 April 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

List of Figures 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 He Korong Mtua N Phaanga The Title of this Report 4
1.2 Objectives of the Report 4
1.3 Ngti Mhanga today 5

2.0 HOROTIU WAIPA BLOCK

2.1 Defining Ngti Hourua (incl. Ngti Haua & Ngti Kroki) 6
2.2 Te Awaitaia Wiremu Nera 7
2.3 Turtons Deed 420. Horotiu and Waipa Block 8

3.0 SPECIFIC NGTI MHANGA SITES IN HAMILTON CITY

3.1 KORONG MTUA N PHAANGA (Temple View) 9
3.2 TE ARA O KRORO (Dinsdale, Western Heights, Rotokauri) 11
3.3 TE UHI P (Rotokauri) 14
3.4 ROTOROA (Hamilton Lake, Frankton) 15

4.0 Addressing NGA TAPUWAE O HOTUMAUEA

4.1 Ngti Koura in context 17
4.2 Alledged persons of Ngti Koura 18
4.2.1 Wetini Roore Ngti Whwhakia 18
4.2.2 Te Ao Katoa Ngti Raukawa 19
4.2.3 Keneheru Eliza Meurant Ngti Mhuta 19
4.2.4 Conclusions of Persons named in Nga Tapuwae 20
4.3 Ngti Koura A Section of Ngti Mhanga 20
4.3.1 Twharu Rpana & Ngti Ngmurikaitaua 20
4.3.2 Pouwhero Kihi & Ngti Ruru 21

5.0 Further Research Planned 22

5.1 HE RERO PKETEKETE (Pukete) 22
5.2 TE RAPA P (Hospital) 22

6.0 : CONCLUSION 23
BIBLIOGRAPHY 24
Appendix I Copy of Turton Deed 420. Horotiu & Waipa Block 26
Appendix II Extract from Te Rongo Pai 27

2
LIST OF FIGURES/TABLES/MAPS Page

Figure 1 - Composition of Ngati Hourua 5

Figure 2 - Extract from the Results of the 1874 Census 5

Figure 3 - Te Awaitaia by Lindauer 6

Figure 4 - Approximate area of the Horotiu & Waipa Block 7

Figure 5 - Cover of Te Rongopai 9

Figure 6 - Descent of Uehoka from Mahanga 9

Figure 7 The Hereditary Tohunga of Ngati Mahanga 10

Figure 8 Te Ara o Kroro from Whatawhata Rd 11

Figure 9 Te Ara o Kroro from Rotokauri Rd 11

Figure 10 - Kainga in relation to Hamilton Suburbs 11

Figure 11 - Descent of Kroro from Hourua. 11

Figure 12 Te Ara o Kroro 12

Figure 13 - Te Tka Pkeho at Fraser High Marae 12

Figure 14 - View of Te Uhi Pa at Lake Rotokauri 13

Figure 15 - Chiefs of Ngati Ngarape 13

Figure 16 - Whakapapa of Muriwhenua 14

Figure 17 - Muriwhenua's Pa & Cultivations 15

Figure 18- Muriwhenua Kaitangata and his namesakes 15

Figure 19 - Geneaology of Tawharu Rapana & Pouwhero Kihi 20

Figure 20 Pou at Novatel Tainui (Mhanga & Theitia) 23

3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 HE KORONG MTUA NA PHAANGA The Title of this Report
The title of this report is derived from the following whakatauki (proverb);
He Whenua Mtoitoi, He Whenua Kura, He Korong Mtua n Puhaanga1
A summit of prized possession, the grand intention of Puhaanga2.

Korong Mtua n Puhaanga is the original name of Koromtua, the area now known as
Temple View. This whakatauki embodies the affection and spiritual connection that
Ngti Mhanga had for the Koromtua region particularly the landscape visible from that
vantage point. Appropriately, this refers to much of the lands of Hamilton West. Puhaanga
was the first Tainui birth in Aotearoa3; and symbolically the commencement of Tainui as
tangata-whenua and mana-whenua. Mhanga was a direct descendant of Puhaanga, as are
all of the Waikato tribes who trace their descent through him. This whakatauki was handed
down by the Late Roore Edwards, Ngti Mhanga Historian and Authority on Tainui History.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

This report has been produced to re-introduce Ngti Mhanga to the City of Hamilton. It
demonstrates that the pre-European history of Hamilton West is predominantly the history
of Ngti Mhanga, and that prior to the raising of Ptatau Te Wherowhero as the first Mori
King, the mana whenua of most of Hamilton West belonged to Ngti Mhanga.

In 2003, the Hamilton City Council in consultation with Ng Mana Toopu o Kirikiriroa,
produced a publication Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea. This report gave brief accounts of
various descent groups that had historical association with Hamilton. The report completely
omitted Ngti Mhanga, and yet Ngti Mhanga had prolific connections with the area,
which can be evidenced not only by their own oral traditions but by reference to historical
primary source documents that are widely available. Ngti Mhanga politely challenges the
validity and historical accuracy of some of the accounts that are published in Nga Tapuwae
o Hotumauea.

Despite 12 years elapsing since its publication, Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea, continues to
be widely quoted from in historical accounts about pre-European Hamilton. Ngti Mhanga
remains absent from these accounts, and the history of the area is credited to others, that
although were among the population in the 1820s 1860s; were not the actual Mana
Whenua. Most of these smaller groups were occupying because of their connections to
Ngti Mhanga; and the historical accounts about pre-European Hamilton, do not accurately
reflect this. Tkanga Mori prescribes that it is correct to give mention to all groups that
were present, particularly a recognition to the overall mana. Such a courtesy to Ngti

1
Unpublished manuscripts of Roore Edwards, originally scribed by Werawera Tai Rakena, transcribed (typed)
by Hao Erueti, copies in possession of Awarutu Samuels, copies supplied to Editor.
2
Translation supplied by Awarutu Samuels & Personal Communication with David Kukutai Jones
3
Edwards, ibid.

4
Mhanga has not been forthcoming, by those who have contributed to Nga Tapuwae o
Hotumauea.

However, Ultimately - Ngti Mhanga alone is responsible for the perpetuation of their own
history, and this report is the beginning of this process.

This is a preliminary report that has been constructed from information that was readily
available. Ngti Mhanga intends to engage in further research and further consultation
with Kaumtua, to compile a more comprehensive account of Ngti Mhanga Mana
Whenua in Hamilton West. At this stage, the report refers to four of Ngti Mhangas
historical sites in Hamilton West, and sets an overall foundation by discussing the Horotiu &
Waipa Block.

1.3 NGATI MAHANGA TODAY

Ngti Mhanga today, is an Iwi made up of some 30 hap. Many of the hap names were
active up to the early 1900s, in some cases, longer. In time, responding to different historic
forces, particularly land loss, and prolific intermarriage, distinctions between the different
hap became less and less, and gradually all of these hap came under the general name of
Ngti Mhanga. Some describe this as the consolidation of Ngti Mhanga.

Prominent Ngti Mhanga hap were Ngti Ruateatea, Ngti Kuku, Ngti Tonganui and of
course the main hap who occupied Hamilton West - Ngti Hourua, or as it is often termed,
Ngti Mhanga-Hourua. These prominent hap were further made up of smaller hap.
There were also splinter groups from other Iwi, that became part of Ngti Mhanga through
intermarriage. The most notable ones being Ngti Ruru and Ngti Ngmurikaitaua. Ngti
Koura that is well featured in Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea, is categorically part of Ngti
Ruru.

Ngti Mhanga is often referred to as a hap of Waikato, and this is true in so far as Ngti
Mhanga was administratively part of the 33 hap that made up the structure of the former
Tainui Mori Trust Board, the work of Te Puea4. That was geared towards unifying all
descent groups under the mantel of Waikato. In its historical context, Ngti Mhanga was
an Iwi.

The region that incorporates Hamilton West was formerly the lands of Ngti Hourua, hap
of Ngti Mhanga. Ngti Ruateatea also occupied in Hamilton, particularly at Koromtua,
and some krero suggests they were at Pukete as well.

4
Te Puea Herangi Biography at New Zealand History URL : http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/te-kirihaehae-
te-puea-herangi accessed on 23 March 2015

5
2.0 HOROTIU WAIPA BLOCK

2.1 DEFINING NGTI HOURUA / NGTI MHANGA-HOURUA

Ngati Hourua, despite being a hap, comprised of further smaller sections. These sections
were known as Ngti Hourua tturu, Ngti Whare, Ngti Ngrape, Ngti Ngmurikaitaua,
and a section of Ngti Ruru. Ngti Ruru further consisted of smaller factions of Patup,
Werokk and Ngti Koura.

Figure 20 - Composition of Ngati Hourua

Intermarriage with Ngti Hourua, probably played the larger part in why a section of Ngti
Ruru is found occupying in Ngti Mhanga country. The most notable example of this was
Te Mokorou, a renowned Ngti Ruru chief; who had married Mihi Aotea, the daughter of a
Ngti Mhanga/Ngti Hourua chief, Uehka. After Mokorous conversion to Christianity in
the early 1840s, he left tawhao (Te Awamutu) and moved to Whatawhata; where he
stayed for the remainder of his life. Naturally his descendants retained their Ngti Ruru
identity, but their occupation, was on the basis of Mihi Aotea. In fact some 30 years later,
an 1874 census records this section of Ngti Ruru still living at Ptakataka, a kinga at
Whatawhata5. The Census also shows Ngti Ruru and Ngti Ngmurikaitaua as hap of the
Tribe of Ngti Mhanga.

Figure 21 - Extract from the Results of the 1874 Census

There is a well known account of the late Pouwhero Kihi, a Ngti Ruru elder and one of the
last occupants at Nukuhau P, laying the name of Ngti Ruru [ki Whatawhata] to rest, with

5
APPROXIMATE CENSUS OF THE MAORI POPULATION in Appendix to the Journal of the House of
Representatives 1874, G-07, p.5, Upper Waikato

6
the intention that they would no longer be separate in name, and would hence forth come
under Ngti Mhanga6.

So when reference is made to Ngti Ruru, Ngti Ngmurikaitaua, Ngti Koura or any of these
smaller hapu within Ngti Mhanga rohe, it is a reference not to the main population of
these hap in other places, but to the specific lines of people that became hap of Ngti
Mhanga.

In some cases Ngti Hourua, is termed as part of Ngti Haua. This is usually in a military
context, particularly if this is made in reference to the battles at Kaipaka and Taumataww.
This is also an assumption often based on whakapapa. Houruas husband Pkauae, was the
son of Haua. Hourua herself, was born in Tamahere, Ngti Haua country7. Its enough to
say, that Ngti Hourua and Ngti Haua were very closely related. In other times, Ngti
Hourua is also referred to as part of Waikato; especially in the context when it is said that Te
Awaitaia led the Southern Waikato tribes. It is certainly a reflection of the flexibility of the
hap structures of Waikato. Ngti Hourua (Mura Section) is originally part of Ngti Hourua
tturu; though they later became part of Ngti Kroki. A further section of Ngti Hourua is
also among Ngti Tpa, however their origins are the same.

2.2 TE AWAITAIA WIREMU NERA

At the arrival of the Pkeha, the recognised chief of Ngti

Mhanga was Te Awaitaia. His principle hap were Ngti
Hourua and Ngti Ngrape. He was often called Ptataus
Fighting General. History remembers him as the chief who
slayed the Ngti Tama Chief, Raparapa, an ally of Te Raupraha,
at the Battle of Taharoa; and along with other Waikato Chiefs,
was instrumental in the expulsion of the West Coast tribes; and
the conquering of that Territory. As mentioned in the previous
section, he played a large role at Kaipaka. In the Waikato
Report, Fenton makes reference to the following,
In 1836 there was a great slaughter at Kaipaka. Wiremu Nera and
his friends took Kaipaka There was a great loss of life there:
Wiremu Nera was the conqueror.8
Figure 22 - Te Awaitaia by Lindauer
Fenton makes further remarks about the Chieftainship of Te
Awaitaia. Wiremu Nera, Te Waharoa, Ptatau and Kukutai, were
about equal in authority. The great men of the last generation9.
This is quoted to demonstrate the status of Te Awaitaia, and the autonomy of Ngti
Mhanga over the lands of Hamilton West. It also sets a framework of the overall
chieftainship at the upper levels of Waikato, before the establishment of the King

6
Personal Communication Kaka Hamiora Grandaughter of Pouwhero Kihi (2015)
7
Personal Communication Awarutu Samuels
8
F.D.Fenton Esq, ibid.
9
Evidence of F.D.Fenton Esq in MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE WAIKATO COMMITTEE in REPORT
OF THE WAIKATO COMMITTEE,in APPENDIX TO THE JOURNALS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1860 F-
03, p.57

7
Movement. Ptatau in the North, Kukutai in the West, Te Waharoa in the East, and Te
Awaitaia in the South.
In 1836, Te Awaitaia converted to the Wesleyan Faith; and assumed the name Wiremu
Neera, to which Ptatau said, I have lost my right arm. Te Awaitaia, lived the later years
of his life at Whaingaroa (Raglan), though his mana over the Hamilton West lands remained
constant.

2.3 TURTONS DEED (420) - HOROTIU AND WAIPA BLOCK

Figure 23 - Approximate area of the Horotiu & Waipa Block

The Horotiu & Waipa Block was roughly 100,000 acres, the entire land area between the
two rivers, Horotiu (Waikato River) ending at Ohaup and the Waipa River ending at
Nghinapouri. Its a misconception that this land was sold to the Government by Chiefs of
Ngti Mhanga, Ngti Tamainup and Ngti Hourua. Despite the existence of the document
known as the Turtons Deed 420. Horotiu & Waipa Block, [see Appendix I] this land was in
actual fact, confiscated. In 1864, Turtons specific role was to investigate and satisfy the
claims of friendly or neutral natives to certain undefined portions of Waikato land, which by
reason of rebellion, has become confiscate to the Crown.10

10
Copy of a LETTER from H.H.TURTON, Esq., to the COLONIAL SECRETARY June 17, 1864 in Papers Relating to
the Sale of Ngaruawahia Township in Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives 1864, E-4,
No.2.

8
Turton made contact with Te Awaitaia, who arranged for all possible claimants to the
Horotiu & Waipa triangle to assemble to discuss compensation. Turtons letter to the
Colonial Secretary reveals the accurate circumstances to this transaction.
The result of this negotiation (and which the natives perfectly understand, whatever they
may say in future) is, that the Government shall make a specific award in compensation of
their claims (what-ever they may prove to be) between the rivers Horotiu ie: Waikato proper,
and Waipa; and that, in the meantime, the Government can carry out their scheme of
military settlement as if no such claims existed.11
1000 pounds were paid as compensation for 100,000 acres, the equivalent of one pound for
100 acres. Small Reserves were also made within this area, the largest one being the
Tuhikaramea Reserve of 500 acres. The Reserves were all on the margins of the confiscated
land, the Crown did not want Mori in the middle of the Land for Settlement. Hanson
Turton documented the compensation payment as a Land Sale Deed, and the Chiefs signed
it.
Discussion of the Horotiu and Waipa Block has been included in this report, to set the
overall foundation of the former ownership and history of these lands. Hamilton West
falls entirely within the Horotiu and Waipa Block.

3.0 NGATI MAHANGA HISTORICAL SITES IN HAMILTON WEST

3.1 KOROMTUA (Temple View)
The original name of Temple View, was Korong Mtua N Phaanga; Koromtua being its
shortened form. Koromtua comprised of a series of kainga and at least two Urupa (Burial
grounds) on the site of the Temple itself. Uehka Hone Kingi (Ngti Kuku & Ngti Hourua)
held the hereditary mana of this area and he was one of the last interments in the Urup.
There were also a section of Ngti Ruru and associated hap living at Koromtua. This was
the family of the Ngti Ruru chief, Te Mokorou, who had married Uehokas daughter, Mihi
Aotea. This has already been mentioned in the introduction. Te Mokorous karanga hap
were Ngti Ruru, Ngti Ngmurikaitaua, Ngti Koura and Ngti Werokk12. Subsequently,
his descendants and relatives were all regarded as being from all of these hap as well as
Ngti Mhanga. In the 1860s, when occupation at Koromtua ceased, they all relocated to
Whatawhata.

11
ibid
12
Karanga hapu interprets as hapu names that can be applied to a person.

9
 In the 1950s, the land at Koromtua was purchased by the LDS
Church, to erect a Temple and a School. In 1957, during
excavation work for the construction of the Temple, Koiwi (Human
remains) were discovered and contact was made with Ngti
Mhanga. This was facilitated by the Te Hira brothers who were
not only Ngti Mhanga, but were also members of the LDS
Church. They made arrangements for an interview to be
conducted with Tom Edwards, the son of Roore Edwards. The
outcomes of the interview were recorded in a publication of the
history of LDS establishment at Temple View, Te Rongo Pai (the
Gospel): Treasures to Remember, p.96.13 copy appended.
Figure 24 : Cover of Te Selected quotes from Te Rongo Pai, have been included :
Rongopai
On the Temple Hill the tribes excavated a houhana, or tunnel,
used as a burial ground. This was done with wooden spades and what we now term a chain
gang to remove the soil in Maori Kits. The last two warriors to be buried in the tunnel (which
is believed to be 30 feet under the Temple Hill Site), were Te Rangiwhakaokonga and
Uehoka, eldest son of Te Punatoto.
The other tupuna named as one of the was last
interments at Koromtua was Te
Rangiwhakaokonga.
Te Rangiwhakaokongas prominence in Ngti
Mhanga was as a tohunga ahurewa (High Priest) of
Ngti Ruateatea, this line of men, were known as the
High Priests of Ngti Mhanga. Tai Rakena, gave
evidence of this in the Mori Land Court in 1909.
Mahanga left his tuahuroa (place of incantations) in
charge of Ruateatea when he went away. Ruateatea
left the tuahuroa to Te Tauorangiriri a descendant of
Wahangaterangi. It was left to that line only.
Rangiwhakaea got it then Te Rangiwhakaokonga, then
Tuheitia II who was the last.14

Figure 6, below, shows the descent line of Te

Rangiwhakaokonga and the other tohunga Ahurewa
from Ruateatea, and accordingly from Mhanga.
Such is the calibre of these tupuna in Ngti Mhanga
history. According to Tom Edwards, Te
Figure 25 - Descent of Uehoka from Mahanga Rangiwhakaokonga also lived at Koromtua, and he
gives a precious account of this, in the following quote.

13
Te Rongopai (the Gospel) : Treasures to Remember
14
Evidence of Tai Rakena, MAORI LAND COURT MERCER MINUTE BOOK 12, page 128

10
 Te Rangiwhakaokonga always regarded Koromtua as his peaceful home . He left instructions
that, when he died, he was to be buried there he was to
have his heart pierced by the tete, a wooden knife, and
his big toe was to be bitten by his nephew, Tuheitia, so
that the manga would be possessed by the tribe
Tuheitia held the power until King Twhiao asked for it15

R.S.Bush; the Resident Magistrate at Raglan in 1876,

described Tuheitia II as Tawhiaos Tohunga16.
Tawhiao had to remove to the outskirts of the bush
with Tuheitia, his tohunga to finish his tapuing 17.
Carmen Kirkwood in her book, Twhiao : King or
Prophet, mentioned Tuheitia II as the Ngti
Figure 26 The Hereditary Tohunga of Ngati Mhanga high priest, who was located at the Whare
Mahanga Wnanga at Te Papa o Rtu (Whatawhata).18
Tuheitia II was prominent in Waikato History. Before concluding this section, mention
needs to be made of the two Urupa at the Temple Hill. The main Urupa, was the tunnel so
described by Tom Edwards; the second Urupa was somewhat smaller and was lower on the
hill, this consisted of six tppaku. The last mentioned Urup was the one that was
uncovered by the excavations. These koiwi were removed and reinterred at Taupiri. The
Houhana was however, undisturbed, and the remains of Te Rangiwhakaokonga, Uehoka
Hone Kingi and indeed older Ngti Mhanga tupuna are there to this day.
At the time of the interview, Tom Edwards was elated at the prospects of such a sacred
building being erected above the Houhana. He reiterated that the Tupuna below would be
well looked after. For this and many other reasons, Korong Mtua a Puhaanga
(Koromtua) will always be significant to Ngti Mhanga.

3.2 TE ARA O KRORO (Dinsdale, Western Heights, Rotokauri)

Te Ara o Kroro is believed to have been one of the first Ngti Hourua P. In 1909, Tai
Rakena gave evidence in the Mori Land Court, that the first separation of Ngti Hourua as a
distinctive hap of Ngti Mhanga began at Te Ara o Kroro, he described the location as
mid-way between Hamilton and Waipa River. Of course Hamilton, has grown exponentially
since then, and Te Ara o Kroro and its surrounds are now in the Hamilton suburbs of
Dinsdale, Western Heights and Rotokauri. Figure 7 shows the view from the South end of Te
Ara o Kroro from Whatawhata Road, 1km West of Dinsdale. Figure 8 shows the North end
of Te Ara o Kroro from Rotokauri Road.

15
ibid. Edwards in Te Rongopai
16
AJHR, 1876, Session I, G-01 Page 11, No.12
17
AJHR, 1876, ibid
18
Kirkwood, Carmen, Tawhiao : King or Prophet (Hamilton, 2000), pp. 27 - 29

11
Figure 27 Te Ara o Kroro from Whatawhata Rd Figure 28 Te Ara o Kroro from Rotokauri Rd

This kainga can be seen from

both roads, which are quite
some distance apart, and this
gives an appreciation of the
size of this former Ngti
Hourua settlement. The main
kainga extended over three
hills, and a satellite kainga is
known to have existed on
Brymer Road. The Urup in
connection with this Kainga
was at the current site of the
Water tower on Newcastle
Figure 29 - Kainga in relation to Hamilton Suburbs Road, where it intersects with
Whatawhata Road. Some of the Kiwi (human remains) from the Urup were discovered by
work men at the time of the construction of the water tower, as in the instance with
Koromtua, Ngti Mhanga were again consulted, and the Kiwi were retrieved and
reinterred at Ruamakamaka Urup at Whatawhata.

Betty Kingi, was present on this occasion, she was a

child at the time, and waited in the car below, while
the elders conducted the hahunga. She remembers
it taking place just before dawn; she shared this
account with Te Awarutu Samuels and others at Te
Papa o Rotu19.
Te Ara o Kroro takes it name from the Ngti Hourua
tupuna, Kroro, a name which not only applied to the
Kainga, but to the entire ara (path) that extended from
Pehihoukura (West Bank of Whatawhata) to Te Rapa.

Figure 30 - Descent of Kroro from Hourua.

19
Personal Communication Te Awarutu Samuels (2015)

12
 Kroro was the Great Grandson
of not only the eponymous
tupuna whaea, Hourua; but also
of her brother, Wharetpeti; ie:
Kroros Grandparents were first
cousins. Both Kroro and his
sister Te Kura are prominent
Ngti Hourua tupuna. Te Kura
married Taotahi, who was also
Ngti Hourua; and together -
were the Maternal Grandparents
of Te Awaitaia20.
Figure 31 Te Ara o Karoro
Incidentally the descendants of Tamanui and Te Taupe, were known as Ngti Whare; and
Ngti Whare generally lived together with Ngti Hourua, they are also connected through
intermarriage with Ngti Tonganui. A section of Ngti Ngmurikaitaua also lived with Ngti
Hourua at this Kinga. Ngti Ngmuri elder, E.H.McKinnon stated that Ngti
Ngmurikaitaua lived at Dinsdale, under the mana of Ngti Mhanga21. He estimated that
this was just prior to the battle of Mtakitaki, which would make it in the 1820s. Ngti
Mhanga accounts state that Kriona Ptoetoe of Ngti Hourua was the last to live at Te Ara
o Kroro.22 Kiriona Ptoetoes name is amongst those on the Horotiu and Waipa Deed.
Ngti Mhanga remains as a
continued presence in this
area, particularly at Fraser
High School. Ngti Mhanga
were responsible for the
placing of a Mauri Stone on
that site. It was brought from
Moerangi (Aramiro) and
placed on the Left side of the
Wharenui

This Mauri stone is called Te

Tka Pkeho.
Figure 32 - Te Tka Pkeho at Fraser High Marae (in Far Left corner of photo)

20
Fenton, REPORT TO THE WAIKATO COMMITTEE, APPENDIX TO THE JOURNAL OF THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES
21
Personal communication from Kerry Richards (1992) to Author, giving his account of the abduction of his
tupuna-whaea, Kahuwhriki; with reference to an address by E.H.McKinnon.
22
Personal communication Te Awarutu Samuels (2015)

13
3.3 TE UHI PA (Rotokauri)

Figure 33 - View of Te Uhi Pa at Lake Rotokauri

Te Uhi Pa was on the Northern Bank of Lake Rotokauri. If the photo is examined closely, the
Lake side houses can be seen in the left side of the picture. Te Uhi Pa, was occupied by
Ngti Ngrape and Ngti Hourua. Ngti Ngrape was a hapu that had dual whakapapa both
to Ngti Tamainup and Ngti Mhanga; but became more associated with Ngti Mhanga
over time by being one of Te Awaitaias personal hap.
Te Awaitaias Father, Te Kata was of this hap;
and it was his close relatives that occupied this
P. Another nearby P was Mangapakiaha;
where the same people lived as well. The
occupation at Te Uhi P ceased in the time of
the confiscation, and Ngti Ngrape left this p
and joined their relatives at Takapaunui,
Raglan. Hakopa Te Kotuku, Hamiora Ngaropi
and Hakopa Te Wharengori, were all known as
Ngti Mhanga Chiefs, though their hapu was
Ngti Ngrape.23 Te Uhi P was also occupied
by Ngti Ngmurikaitaua, particularly for wheat
growing. Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea, makes
reference to Ngti Koura living at Te Uhi, this is
quite possible, if this is the section of Ngti
Koura that were a hap of with Ngti Hourua.

Figure 34 - Chiefs of Ngati Ngarape

23
Whakapapa Evidence of Te Aopouri Waata, MERCER MINUTE BOOK 12, page 36

14
3.4 ROTOROA (Central, Melville, Glenview, Ohaupo)
It is a long recognised tradition that Lake Rotoroa was the Principal Residence of the
renowned Ngti Hourua chief, Muriwhenua. Such was his fame, that his close co-horts
called themselves his Uri, and immortalised him in the whakatauki:
Ng Uri a Muriwhenua, He Kai Tangata :
The Descendants of Muriwhenua are the eaters of Men.

Muriwhenua gained much of his fame in battle. His prominence equally relates to his
whakapapa (genealogy). This lineage connected him to some of the most formidable
tupuna of Tainui. His Father was Te Ahooterangi, a Ngti Mhanga chief who was also
closely connected to Ngti Hikairo. His Grand Uncles, were Whare and Tapaue, the latter
the tupuna of the Ngti Mhuta, and his Great Grandfather was Haua.
On his Mothers side, Parengope
was the daughter of the Ngti
Maniapoto Chief, Te Kanawa. On
his Mothers side, Parengope was
the daughter of the Ngti
Maniapoto Chief, Te Kanawa. This
whakatauki alludes to these
genealogical connections that
together represent the Power
houses of Waikato. A more recent
connection that should also be
mentioned, is Muriwhenuas sister,
Te Rangimhora; the Ancestress of
the house of King Ptatau. Although
this whakatauki has become
Figure 35. Whakapapa of Muriwhenua
understated in recent times, it is
recorded by the Resident Magistrate
Fenton, as part of Te Awaitaias speech at the meeting of Chiefs that took place at Paetai in
1857.
Wiremu Nera Awaitaia, Ngati Mahanga: His word to Te Heuheu was, Have you not
heard, The descendants of Muriwhenua the man eater? This was because Te Heuheu had
said that he retained Waikato. This also, Whence comes your authority? Did you derive
your authority from that man? Therefore Wiremu used that saying to stop Te Heuheus
mouth. Song: The wind is westerly that preys on my flesh 24
The traditional story, that bases Muriwhenua Kaitangata at Lake Rotoroa, is one of an
altercation that he had with his son Pohepohe, where Pohepohe destroyed the cultivations
of his Father. He later and often was known as Pohepohe Te Matuakore, or Pohepohe the
Fatherless. Pohepohe is often cited as being Ngti Haua, and he may well have patriated
himself in that fashion, but given that his Parents, Muriwhenua and Raumako were half

24
Fenton cited in Stokes, Evelyn, Wiremu Tamihana : Rangatira (Wellington, 2002)

15
brother half sister; in retrospect, it could be said, that he was very much a Ngti Hourua
chief. The location of the cultivations destroyed by Pohepohe, are said to have been at the
area known as Innes Common, extending toward where Ellis St, now is. Muriwhenuas Pa,
was on the small rise, where Killarney Road now runs, and a little further over toward Lake
Road. The rear of this area being flanked by Queens Ave.
It is interesting to note that
Pohepohes daughter Pare
Te Kanawa (later known as
Wikitoria) married back into
Ngti Hourua. Her first
husband, was Wiremu
Ngaweki, a descendant of
Kura and Taotahi, tupuna
mentioned in 3.2 Te Ara o
Karoro. By this marriage,
she had a son Puruhauhau,
Figure 36 - Muriwhenua's Pa & Cultivations
and a daughter Hrete.
The descendants of Puruhauhau are a prominent family in Ngti Mhanga today.
Wikitorias second marriage was a well known union, as she married the son of the Ngti
Haua chief, Te Waharoa; ie: Tamihana Tarapipipi, who was later to become the King Maker.
Now whilst, we are broaching into specifics here, and probably far too specific for the
parameters of this report; it is rather relevant, when we consider this idea of Mana-whenua.
Enduring mana whenua really lies with the living representation of the tupuna that
actually occupied the places in Hamilton City. Those descendants are without doubt within
Ngti Mhanga. Incidentally, Wirem Ngweki also appears on the Horotiu and Waipa
Deed. The Memory of Muriwhenua is firmly entrenched in Ngti Mhanga; and at his
death, three men at three corners of the rohe assumed his name. Uehoka Hone Kingi at
Koromtua. Paekau at Whingaroa and Pora Muriwhenua at Aotea. The painting of
Muriwhenua by George Angas, is Paora Muriwhenua, son of Irohanga. Lake Rotoroa, the
past home of Muriwhenua, makes this area extremely significant to Ngti Mhanga.

Figure 37- Muriwhenua Kaitangata and his namesakes

16
4.0 ADDRESSING NGA TAPUWAE O HOTUMAUEA
The specific aspects of Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea that this report addresses is the
portrayal of Ngti Koura, as an independant descent group, who by conquest, gained
ownership of certain lands in Waikato. Nga Tapuwae further asserts that Ngti Koura have
retained that land continually up until the 1860s. This report argues that the deeds of
Hotumauea are not specific to Ngti Koura, and that his deeds are relevant to all of Waikato.
This report also questions whether the historical persons mentioned in Nga Tapuwae o
Hotumauea, as being bonafide Ngti Koura. In addressing this question, this report will
present the true descendants of the Ngti Koura stock from Mangaharakeke and conclude
that they are again, Ngti Mhanga hap.
4.1 NGATI KOURA IN CONTEXT
The entity of Ngti Koura has become largely historical; and obscure. In the consolidation of
the 33 hap of Waikato-Tainui in 1946, Ngti Koura was not included as one of the listed
hap; instead the remnants of the smaller hap were absorbed into their natural larger
groups. Ngti Koura remnant lines can be found in Ngti Haua, Ngti Ruru, Ngti Wairere
(originally from the branch of Ngti Haua) and Ngti Mhanga.
Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea says that Koura decided to conquer land in Waikato, her
grandson Hotumauea effected that desire, and that land has been held by Ngti Koura
independently; up until the arrival of the European. Not only is this oversimplified in a
manner to be misleading; but it appears as a deliberate attempt to exclude the mention of
those more prominent tribes that were shaping the landscape of Pre-European Hamilton
West. A document that supposedly represents the history of an area as large as Hamilton,
ought to have mention of everyone.
Koura is an Ancestress of most, if not all, of Waikato. Hotumauea is categorically a tupuna
belonging to Ngti Haua, Ngti Kroki, Ngti Mhuta and some parts of Ngti Maniapoto.
As both Koura, and Hotumauea lived many generations ago, and because of inter-marriage;
they are quite rightly the tupuna of everyone in Waikato. To use their feats; as a basis to
claim Mana Whenua for a small descent group, when they are ancestors of many larger
groups, makes it out of context and inaccurate.
In any case, many generations had passed before the name Ngti Koura came into general
usage. Ngti Koura as a distinct hap began in the time of Te Ironui; who was Ngti Haua
and Ngti Ruru; he rose to prominence in the Battle of Rangiptiki, a battle fought primarily
by Ngati Mahanga and Ngati Te Wehi against the people of Te Rauparaha. This is estimated
by Pei Jones to be during the very early 1800s. Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea makes
reference to the battle of Rangipotiki, but Te Ironui is confused with Iranui the son of
Wairere. Te Ironui was a contemporary with Te Waharoa and Te Tiwha, Chiefs of Ngati
Haua and with Te Rauparaha. Its quite impossible for a son of Wairere (who lived in the
1600s) to have been present let alone alive at the Battle of Rangipotiki.

17
4.2 ALLEGED PERSONS OF NGATI KOURA AS PER NGA TAPUWAE O HOTUMAUEA.
Accompanied with the account of Ngti Koura is mention of certain historical persons. They
are almost archetypal; in that they are representative of the Chief, the Tohunga and
the First White man/the Early Trader with a Maori wife. This appears to be a further
attempt to give credence to a manufactured historical account of Ngti Koura being an
independent Mana whenua of Hamilton. However, to examine these persons more closely,
it is found that none of them are recognised as actual Ngti Koura. In some cases, there is
apparent descent from Koura, but as Koura is an Ancestress to much of Waikato, they may
not particularly be of the lines that are recognised as making up Ngti Koura hap.
4.2.1 WETINI ROORE of NGATI WHAWHAKIA (The Chief)
Quote from Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea : The Ngati Koura last lived at Pukete Pa just prior to
the 1863 Waikato Land Wars. Te Roore Tatangi was the chief of this section of Ngati Koura and
along with his sister Te Onetapu lived at Pukete Pa25.

This is a fallacy. Te Roore Tatangi or as he was otherwise known, Wetini Roore was not a
chief of Ngati Koura; and given certain historical facts; it is unlikely that he ever lived at
Pukete Pa, and certainly not just prior to the Land Wars. Wetini was known by his
contemporaries as being Ngti Whwhakia and Ngti Tpatu26. Just prior to the land wars,
Wetini was living at the Aotea Harbour, and employed as a Native policeman under the
Native Magistrate, Te Hapimana. Prior to this he lived with his wife, Erena, a Ngti
Ngmurikaitaua woman, at Ahikawaka near Whatawhata, they lived there long enough to
have 3 children27. Wetini Roore had descent from Koura, but was not recognised as Ngti
Koura let alone as their chief. This is confirmed by one of Wetinis descendants in her
account about the portrait of Wetini, hanging in her Great Grandmothers house. The
descendants states that according to their whanau traditions, that Wetini was Ngti
Whwhakia28.
Te Onetapu, also mentioned in the account as the sister of Wetini, is better known as Mrs
Hera Edwards, who married the European, John Edwards. Just prior to the War, Heras
husband was maintaining a flour mill in Huntly. About the same time, rumours spread
among Waikato, that any Pkeha found married to a Mori would be killed, subsequently,
Hera and her husband fled to Hauraki29.
The available historical accounts, place Te Roore Tatangi and Onekura quite some distance
away from Pukete Pa. It is rather doubtful that they lived there at all.

25
Highland Drive Retaining Wall URL : http://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our-city/city-
projects/accesshamilton/Documents/Hotumauea_Highland_drive_retaining_wall_words_Contract_10044.pdf
Accessed 29 March 2015
26
Evidence of Hepata Turingenge, MLC WAIKATO MB 16, p.28
27
Evidence of Hamuhamu Te Putu, MLC MERCER MB 12, pp. 269 270 (13 Nov 1909)
28
Personal Communication, Amohia Barakat Great Great Grandaughter of Wetini Roore (2015)
29
Evidence of Ani Nghoro Paki, MLC MERCER MB

18
4.2.2 TE AO KATOA NGATI RAUKAWA (The Tohunga)
Quote from Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea : Te Ao Katoa, the last Tohunga Ahurewa of the Io Cult
was also of Ngati Koura30.

Te Ao Katoa, was a well known Pai Marire adherant31 of Ngti Raukawa ki Wharepuhunga32.
He was based near Parwera (Aotearoa/Owairaka)33 and in the Northern King Country34.
He was associated with King Tawhiao35, particularly as one of the two contributors to the
design of the coat of arms of the King Movement36. In this context he is often described as
Waikato and Raukawa. Te Ao Katoa was a prominent man, and there is much material
available on which to view him in historic retrospect; though none of it makes any reference
to him being Ngti Koura. Most of his interactions with Twhiao seem to be during the time
that Twhiao lived in the King Country in excile.

4.2.3 MRS MEURANT NGATI MAHUTA (The Maori Wife of an Early Trader)

Quote from Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea : A Trader name Merant was one of the first Europeans to
settle in the Hamilton area. He married a Ngati Koura woman, Te Rangikawau, and they lived on the
Waipa River, near the Te Ohote Stream ... He also often acted as an interpreter during the 1830s

Edward Meurant, was an early traders agent in Kawhia. His wife was not Rangikawau, his
wife was Kenehuru. He married her according to Maori custom in 1834, and in 1835 they
were married by the missionary Woon. Kenehuru was Ngati Mhuta, and the sister of
Hiakai, a prominent Ngati Mhuta rangatira. Leslie G. Kelly features these connections in
his own genealogy included in his book, Tainui : The Story of Hoturoa and his Descendants
(1949)37, as he was a Grandson of Elvira Meurant; one of Edwards daughters.
Miromiro Kelly, a researcher and also a descendant of Edward Meurant, states that she has
not heard of the name Rangikawau in connection with her Ancestor, nor has she heard of
the hap, Ngti Koura38.
Most sources agree that Meurant was a Kwhia resident until being appointed as a
Government Interpreter in 1840; at which stage he and his family took up residence in
Auckland. Other than a return trip to his native Sydney, Australia; Meurant lived out the
remainder of his life in Auckland. Its difficult to see where, Edward Meurant might have
lived at hote, near Whatawhata. One point to note, is that in 1836, Edwards second child

30
Hamilton City Council & Nga Mana Toopu o Kirikiriroa, Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea (Hamilton, 2003)
31
URL : http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Meade/pdf/mea1005.pdf Accessed 5 April 2015
32
http://whakapapa.maori.org.nz/archives/viewthread.php?TOPIC_ID=1012 Accessed 5 April 2015
33
Owairaka Homepage URL : http://www.naumaiplace.com/site/owairaka/home/page/606/history/
Accessed 5 April 2015
34
No.26, Sess II. PETITION OF TE AOKATOA AND 64 OTHERS in REPORTS OF THE NATIVE AFFARIS COMMITTEE,
1884, No.2, URL : http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Nat188402Repo-t1-g1-t12-g1-t1.html
Accessed 5 April 2015
35
URL : http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Meade/pdf/mea1005.pdf Accessed 5 April 2015
36
The other contributor was Tiwai Paraone of Hauraki, article at URL :
http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/document/33590/te-paki-o-matariki Accessed 5 April 2015
37
Kelly, Leslie G., Tainui : The Story of Hoturoa and his Descendants (Wellington, 1949), p.473, Table 69
38
Personal Communication Miromiro Kelly (2015)

19
Albert Meurant was baptised by John Whitely at Waiharakeke. Waiharakeke is at Kawhia,
and not to be confused with Mangaharakeke, near Hamilton.
4.2.4 Conclusion of Persons named as Ngati Koura in Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea
The non-affilliation, or at least the lack of obvious affiliation of these people to Ngati Koura
brings the account further into question. Now whilst this report does not wish to accuse
anyone of fabrication; there is at least some degree of irresponsible scholarship; and the
historical accounts lack credibility. There are many fundamental historical errors in Nga
Tapuwae o Hotumauea, and sadly, this publication continues to be used as a basis to create
overviews of the early History of Hamilton.
4.3 NGTI KOURA A SECTION OF NGTI MHANGA
There is something to be salvaged here though, and that is the mention of Ngti Koura as
part of the occupants that were living at Mangaharakeke, and other places in Mhanga
Rohe. Although it is not acknowledged in Nga Tapuwae; these are references to Ngti
Koura, hap of Ngti Mhanga. As alluded to earlier, there were three distinct associations
of Ngti Koura with other larger descent groups. A branch with Ngti Haua, with Ngti
Hikairo and in association with Ngati Mhanga39. Tom Edwards names Ngti Koura as one
of the subtribes of Ngti Mhanga and further describes some of their movements in the
Ngti Mhanga rohe; between the Waipa River (Pa Tangata) and the Waikato River
(Nukuhau). Mobility within the rohe particularly at the Waipa end, is quite characteristic of
being a hapu of Ngti Mhanga.
4.3.1 Tawharu Rapana (Ngti Koura, Ngti Ngamurikaitaua i raro i a Mhanga)
Twharu Rapana, confirms Ngti Koura were part of Ngti Mhanga. He was one of the
last occupants at Mangaharakeke, and was of Ngti Ngmurikaitaua and Ngti Koura. In his
court evidence, he gives relevant statements about certain tupuna from that group and
their association with the rest of Ngti Mhanga. He states that Inuwai lived at
Kniwhaniwha (Ngti Ruateatea country) and died at Aitu, near Whatawhata40.
Inuwai was the son of Te Tipi, who built Nukuhau P. Te Tipi is the acknowledged origin of
Ngti Ngmurikaitaua as a distinct hap41. Te Tipis mother was Ngmurikaitaua II. The
earlier Ngmurikaitaua was in fact the wife of Ngti Ruateatea Chief, Pruhi, subsequently
both Pruhi and Ngmurikaitaua I were ancestors of Te Tipi. Ngmurikaitaua I was the
daughter of Tikitiki; and Tikitikis sisters, Hinetipei and Wharewaiata were wives of
Mhanga.
Ngmurikaitaua were intertwined with Mhanga from very early times. These connections
were continual. Punangaiti, Inuwais daughter died at Kokotai, in Pirongia. Kokotai was a
recognised Ngti Paratai42 Kainga, her presence albeit her death at Kokotai places her at this

39
Evidence of Pouwharetapu at Mercer Minute Book 12, page 41
40
Evidence of Tawharu Rapana at MLC MERCER MINUTE BOOK 13, page 253
41
Roberton, JBW,
42
Ngati Paratai is a hap of Ngti Mhanga. Paratai, was the first wife of Mhanga. The Descent line that uses
this name, are the descendants of Hingakitewawa, daughter of Kieraunui; the eldest son of Mahanga &
Paratai. Kokotai was their main Headquarters, in is location in the Northern Foothills of Pirongia.

20
kainga, and is another example of the enduring connection, and perhaps explains why
members of Ngti Paratai are found in the compensation court claiming to be the owners of
Te Rapa Pa. They were one people.
After the confiscation of
the Horotiu & Waipa
block, all of the splinters
groups relocated to
Whatawhata. In 1879,
under the hap name of
Ngti Ngmuri, the people
that occupied at
Mangaharakeke were
given land at Waipa (Lot
72 and Lot 74) known as
Tunaeke for settlement.
Today, Twharu Rapana
has prolific descendants
that affiliate to Ngti
Mhanga at Aramiro, Te
Kaharoa Marae is their
principal marae in Ngati
Mahanga.

Figure 38 - Geneaology of Tawharu Rapana & Pouwhero Kihi

4.3.2 Pouwhero Kihi Ngti Ruru, Ngti Ngamurikaitaua i raro i a Mhanga.

Pouwhero Kihi, was also a descendant of Te Tipi and Inuwai; and was one of the last to
occupy at Nukuhau. His descent is shown in Fig.16. along with that of Twharu Rapana. As
said earlier, Pouwhero Kihi laid the name of Ngti Ruru (including Ngti Ngmurikaitaua and
Ngti Koura) to proverbial rest. This is a well known account, and is the basis of the
contemporary knowledge of these groups being hapu of Ngti Mhanga Iwi. The
descendants of Pouwhero Kihi, maintain their links with Tunaeke, but they are also
connected with Te Papa o Rotu Marae and Omaero Marae at Whatawhata. Ngti Koura
occupation within the rohe of Mhanga, is as a hap of Ngti Mhanga; and not as Nga
Tapuwae o Hotumauea portrays them, as independent and separate from Ngti Mhanga,
and certainly not by conquest.

21
5.0 PLANS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
5.1 HE RERO PKETEKETE (Pkete)
Pukete Pa, is on the intersection of Pukete Rd, with Church Rd; and on the banks of the
Waikato River. According to Ngti Mhanga accounts, Pukete is a name as recent as Te
Waharoa. Te Waharoa and his people came to ransack the Pa, and a Ngati Mahanga
woman cursed and swore at him, to which he replied He arero Puketekete, or as it
translates as a twittering tongue.

Further research is planned to establish more historical context to this account, and to
ascertain when Ngti Mhanga were in actual occupation at Pukete P, and what its earlier
name might have been. We are researching a reserve at present, that was being Claimed by
Otene Te Waka; and it is quite likely to be very close, if not part of the actual area of Pkete
P.

There is also a further account of the late Whati Tmati, wanting to re-establish a new
Pkete P in Whatawhata; in rememberance of the former P on the Waikato River.

5.2 TE RAPA P

Other Iwi, have history that is associated with Te Rapa P; particularly Ngti Haua, Ngti
Kroki and Ngti Wairere; and yet this p being in such a close vicinity to Lake Rotoroa; it
seems quite likely that there would have been a connection with Ngti Hourua. Research is
being conducted on the Claimants (Compensation Court) of Te Rapa P at present.
That document lists the following claimants; Nepe Terekaunuku, Neha, Horenira
Patara, Rotana, Kere, Enoka, Te Wirihana, Turuhira, Kare, Mata Korama, Maraea, Ripeka,
Karaka, Katene, and Honana Maioha.
Of interest to Ngti Mhanga is the inclusion of Patara and Honana. They are
predominantly known as Ngti Mhuta Rangatira; but it cannot be overlooked that their
mother was Rmari, a prominent woman of Ngti Paratai (hap of Ngti Mhanga).
Turuhira is also a well known name in Ngti Hourua; so in the near future, we will be
examining these names more closely; and will cover these in the 2nd edition of this report.

22
 6.0 CONCLUSION

Our main purpose has been as said in the introduction to re-

introduce the name of Ngti Mhanga and its many hap to the
City of Hamilton, or at least to the historical accounts that are
being written about Pre-European Hamilton.

At the very least, the commencement of European settlement in

Hamilton commenced with the crown confiscation in 1863; and
it is recorded that the Chiefs of Ngati Mahanga, Ngati Tamainupo
and Ngati Hourua regarded that it was their land, and they
received compensation for it. This transaction was recorded in
the Turtons Deed that has been appended to this report; and is a
document widely available.

It is not a straight forward story however, for despite the

Turtons Deed, there are still smaller pockets of land that fall
within this area, that our relatives, Ngati Wairere and Ngati Haua
have connections too, and we certainly recognise this, and
further research on our part is required, to establish a legitimate
account. Certain accounts that have been available, are
questionable; and Ngti Mhanga looks forward to a time when
those fallacies will fall into obscurity; or be corrected or
rewritten by those who are responsible.

The predominant theme for Ngti Mhanga though, has been a

feeling of being excluded from the historical accounts that are
written about our traditional lands.
Roads have been named for other tupuna, and those have been
done as a result of the accounts in Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea.
Ngti Mhanga has names that might have been just as
appropriate if not more, if they had been invited to the table.

Now whether the exclusion was deliberate, or merely incidental;

this report marks the commencement of the initiative for Ngti
Mhanga to be recognized and included.

Contacts

Tuahu Watene (027) 226 7901

Paretutaki Hayward (022) 310 2459
Awarutu Samuels (021) 0833 2404

Figure 39 - Pou at Novatel Tainui,

Hamilton (Mahanga & Tuheitia)

23
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Unpublished sources

PERSONAL PAPERS
Personal Papers of Roore Erueti Erueti Family Collection (1914)

REPORTS
Hamilton City Council & Nga Mana Toopu o Kirikiriroa, Nga Tapuwae o Hotumauea : Mori
Landmarks on Riverside Reserves Management Plan (April, 2003)

THESIS
Penetito, Kim Himoana, Me Mau Kia Ita Ki Te Tuakiri o te Whnau, Ma te Whnau e Tipu ai,
Whnau Identity and Whnau Development are Interdependant : A thesis submitted to the
Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the degree of the Master of Arts
(Auckland, 2005)

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Barakat, Amohia (March, 2015)
Hamiora, Kaka (Feb, 2015)
Jones, David Kukutai (April, 2015)
Kelly, Miromiro (April, 2015)
Richards, Kerry (March, 1992)
Samuels, Riki Awarutu (Feb April 2015)

Published sources

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS
Report of the Waikato Committee, Appendix to the Journal of the House of Representatives
(AJHR), 1860, F-03, p.57
Papers Relating to the Sale of Ngaruawahia Township, Appendix to the Journal of the House
of Representatives (AJHR), 1864, E-4, No.2
Approximate Census of the Maori Population, Appendix to the Journal of the House of
Representatives (AJHR), 1874, G-7, p.5
Reports of the Native Affairs Committee, Appendix to the Journal of the House of
Representatives (AJHR), 1884, No.2

Maori Land Court Waikato Minute Book 16

Hepata Turingenge (1889)
Maori Land Court Mercer Minute Book 12
Ani Ngahoro Paki (1909)
Hamuhamu Te Putu (1909)
Pouwharetapu (1909)
Tai Rakena (1909)
Te Aopouri Waata (1909)
Maori Land Court Mercer Minute Book 13
Tawharu Rapana (1910)

24
BOOKS
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints NZ, Te Rongo Pai 1958 History, Growth and
Development of the Church College of New Zealand and New Zealand Temple Project
(Hamilton, 1958)

Kelly, Leslie G, Tainui : The Story of Hoturoa and his Descendants (Auckland, 1949)

Kirkwood, Carmen, Tawhiao : King or Prophet (Hamilton, 2000)

McBurney, Peter, Ngti Wehiwehi and Ngti Kauwhata in and about Te Rohe Ptae District :
A Report Commissioned by the Crown Forestry Rental Trust (Auckland, 2013)

Meade, Herbert George Philip. A Ride Through the Disturbed Districts of New Zealand:
Together With Some Account of the South. (London, 1870)

Roberton, J.B.W., Maori Settlement of The Waikato District (Te Awamutu Historical Society
Inc.) Bulletin No.2 (Rev.ed. 1983)

Stokes, Evelyn, Wiremu Tamihana : Rangatira (Wellington, 2002)

ONLINE ARTICLES

Highland Drive Retaining Wall

URL : http://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our-city/city-
projects/accesshamilton/Documents/Hotumauea_Highland_drive_retaining_wall_words_C
ontract_10044.pdf
Accessed 29 March 2015

Owairaka Home Page

URL : http://whakapapa.maori.org.nz/archives/viewthread.php?TOPIC_ID=1012
Accessed 5 April 2015

Te Puea Herangi Biography at New Zealand History

URL : http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/te-kirihaeahae-te-puea-herangi
Accessed 23 March 2015

25
APPENDIX I Copy of Turtons Deed 420. HOROTIU AND WAIPA BLOCK

26
APPENDIX II Extract from LDS Publication TE RONGO PAI

27