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Circular Prestressed
Concrete Storage Tanks
M. J. N. Priestley
Reader in Civil Engineering
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
64
Eq. (1) has the typical solution:
^h Synopsis
y=PI+[e y (Asin^2+Bcos--1 Aspects of the analysis and aesign
of prestressed concrete storage tanks
are discussed, and a simple analogy
y2 ( ah ah for the analysis of circular prestressed
+ e C sin 2
v + D cos 2
^ (2) tanks is described.
The method, which is suitable for
where PI is the load-dependent par- use with small microcomputers, or
ticular integral, and A, B, C, D are con- even the larger programmable calcu-
stants of integration dependent on lators, is capable of modelling both
boundary conditions at the wall base cylindrical tanks, and tanks with dou-
and top. ble curvature under a wide range of
Once Eq. (2) is solved for y, the coin- loading, including dead load, fluid or
plete stress distribution in the tank may gas pressure, thermal load, and pre-
be calculated as follows: stressing.
The significance of actions often ig-
nored in tank design, including shrink-
Hoop Tension age and swelling of the walls, creep
redistribution of prestress, and ther-
Since circumferential length and
mal effects are examined in some
radius R are related by the constant 2ir, a
detail.
radial deformation y causes a circumfer-
Comparisons are given between
ential length increase of 21ry. The cir-
results predicted by the frame analogy
cumferential strain will thus he:
and more sophisticated analytical
er, = 2ims 12-irR = y /R methods for a ground supported cy-
lindrical reservoir, and an elevated
and hence hoop tension stress is given doubly curved tank.
by:
f= E, y/R
where E, is the concrete modulus of
elasticity. Surface Circumferential Stress
Since the loading and structure are
Vertical Bending both axisymmetric, radial Iines con-
necting points on the inside and outside
From the beam equation, vertical
surfaces of the tank wall must remain
bending moments are found after dou-
radial after application of loading. This
ble differentiation of Eq. (2), as:
effectively means that transverse Pois-
E, I d'Ly son's ratio strains from vertical bending
(4) moments cannot develop, and in conse-
1 v'z dh2
quence, the wall is in a state of plane
if moments have been calculated for strain for vertical bending. Conse-
unit wall width, then surface bending quently, circumferential Poisson
stresses in the vertical direction can be stresses, vf,,, are developed in the walls.
found from: These Poisson stresses are commonly
ignored in design, but can be quite sig-
nificant, particularly when high bending
(5)
moments develop from base fixity. Final
for i zon
Ninkler Pin-ended
lounda strut
E , ^I
Area Ai
i pgH
Fig. 2. Beam on elastic foundation and frame analogy simulations of cylindrical tank wall.
66
sure over the full height (i.e,, partially where k is the subgrade modulus in Nlms
filled tanks are not considered), or (Ibs/in 3),
bending moment or shear force applied Thus, Fig. 2a can exactly model the
to top or bottom of the wall. Tank walls wall behavior, providing the subgrade
must be vertical and generally of uni- modulus is given by:
form thickness, although Ghali 2 in-
cludes data for tapering walls. tE ,
k=
R 2 (9)
A more convenient method of simula-
FRAME ANALOGY
tion, capable of modelling thickness
Cylindrical Tanks With variation of the tank walls and complex
loading, is to replace the continuous
Axisymmetric Loading foundation of Fig. 2a by the discrete
In the introduction it was established system of Fig. 2b, where the tank wall is
that the response of cylindrical tank divided into a number of vertical beam
walls under rotationally symmetric elements whose connecting nodes are
loads involved load sharing between supported by lateral pin-ended struts
two mechanisms: hoop tension and ver- from a rigid foundation.
tical bending. Eq. (1) is developed from This system can be solved by simple
the compatibility requirement that ra- frame analysis, or relaxation programs.
dial deformations of the two mecha- Beam members are given the local ver-
nisms must be identical at all points. tical bending stiffness properties of the
Behavior can be described as basic ver- section of wall represented, while strut
tical beam action, where radial defor- properties model the radial stiffness of
mations are further constrained by the that portion of wall extending midway to
stiffness of hoop action. adjacent nodes above and below, shown
The analogy to Beam on Elastic shaded in Fig. 2b, and in detail in Fig.
Foundation (BEF) analysis3 is obvious, 2c for a tapering wall.
and has been used in the past to gener- Thus, if unit circumferential wall
ate design tables for tanks. Vertical width is again considered, simulation of
bending of the tank wall is represented hoop stiffness requires:
by beam action, and the elastic radial
stiffness of hoop action is represented 2pR 2 _ p AhI,
_ (10)
by the spring stiffness of the Winkler' (t, + t2 )E, A1E,
foundation.
Consider a unit height of tank wall Hence, if for convenience the strut
subjected to pressure p, and freed from modulus of elasticity E, is set equal to
cantilever action. From considerations E,, then:
of simple statistics, the radial expansions
A, R (t,+t2) Ah
will be:
I, 2R2 (11)
pR2
Either the cross-sectional area A1, or
y W, (7)
the length 1, of the strut (or both), may be
Fig. 2a shows a unit circumferential varied to obtain the required similitude.
length of tank wall supported by a hori- Loads applied to the vertical beam must
zontal Winkler foundation. Deflection of be commensurate with the width of wall
this foundation under pressure p will adopted for analysis (e.g., unit width in
be: the above development). Vertical bend-
ing moments in the tank wall are di-
y = p/k (8) rectly modelled by the moments de-
N
tp
O
O
4
0
68
to within the precision of Creasy's coef- P - FIR (12)
ficients.
This simple comparison indicates the The stresses induced by prestress can
accuracy of the proposed method for be found by analyzing the tank wall
cases that can be modelled by existing under the loads P at the appropriate
tables, and gives confidence in the use heights, as shown in Fig. 5b. Alterna-
of the analogy for load cases that are tively, if the spacings is a small fraction
outside the range of applicability of of the wall height, the prestress may be
charts and tables. simulated as an equivalent radially in-
wards pressure of
PRESTRESS SIMULATION F
P=Prs = S (13)
The frame analogy can also be used to
calculate the stresses in the tank walls In the case of a tank stressed by wire
by prestressing. Consider the case of a wrapping, this would be the appropriate
tank constructed of precast wall panels, approach. However, for a tank pre-
and stressed by tendons in internal stressed by individual tendons of high
ducts as shown in Fig. 5. If F is the prestress force, the local stresses in-
tendon force, then the radially inward duced by the discrete nature of the pre-
line load applied to the tank by a single stress line loading may be significant, or
tendon, as shown in Fig. 5a, is: the stresses induced during stressing
Gm -{
II
0.2kN^ 10
0.5m
5.Ik N ^ ,2 Beam Members
Me Creasey's Tables
1 -10 I .. Frame Analogy
8
I
14.7k Unit width, . a
24.5kN i 3
14
I =0.949;103m4
34.3kN -L 4
t5
H=fpm 44.2k L 6
16
Strut Members
11-20
A =1,283 K143m2
=
6
HooP-
Vertical- outside
50.OkN-a 17
I inside -
1 outside
63.8NN^
I
73.5kN^ 19
I 9
83.4kN- 20 /^^
-6 -4 -2 C 2 L 6
p9H=93.2kN/m 2m Compression Tension Stress (MPo)
Fig. 4. Comparison of stresses under hydrostatic load predicted by frame analogy and
Creasy's tables for 10,000 m 3 (2.65 million gallon) reservoir.
(Note: I m - 39.37 in., 1 MPa = 145 psi.)
Equivalent
inwards
pressure
70
1a
E
v8
xJ
.II
/6
Hoop- Vertical -
inside-- outside
tside nside
4 `.
46.5kN
\ f
V4
I deflection
a ase pinned
10 Initial
0 prestress
led Final
(after losses)
N
Final baflaction
d
L if base free to
sI da
72
poPressure
ag
a) Crcumterential Di5lnbution lb l Vertical Distribution Icl Vertical Distribution,
pe = pocose Impulsive Pressure Convective Pressure
the linear pressure distribution shown tainly justifies the use of the rotational
in Fig. 9a, with pressures on a generator symmetry approximation. The reduction
at angle 9 to the critical generator given in computer costs, and data preparation
by: and results interpretation in using the
simple frame analogy in preference to
ps = po cos 6 (15) the finite element analysis is, of course,
The tank was analyzed using the substantial.
frame analogy simulation of Fig. 4a, as-
suming the pressure p. to be constant
around the tank circumference, and also TANKS WITH
by use of a plate bending finite element CURVED GENERATORS
solution, using the ICES STRUDL
PBSQ2 element. The finite element Design tables and charts cannot cover
analysis modelled one quadrant of the the infinite variety of shapes possible for
tank taking advantage of s ymmetry and elevated tanks with curved generators,
antisymmetry about the axes parallel and sophisticated analytical techniques,
and perpendicular to ground accelera- such as full shell, or finite element
tion, respectively, and used 300 rectan- analyses are generally adopted. It is,
gular elements (10 up the wall height by however, possible to apply the frame
30 round the quarter circumference). analogy simulation, developed above for
The finite element analysis used the cylindrical walls, to noncylindrical walls
same linear vertical pressure distribu- with only minor modification.
tion at the critical section, but reduced Fig. 10 describes the simulation of the
pressure in accordance with Eq. (15) for bowl of an elevated tank by a frame
sections angle 0 from the critical section. analogy. In Fig. 10a, the wall is divided
Fig. 9b compares results predicted by into a number of straight meridional
the full finite element analysis and the beam members, which will carry axial
frame analogy, for the critical section. load as well as bending moments and
The agreement is very close, and ocr- shears. The radial stiffness of the hoop
F -7-10
= Full F E. Analysis
Frame Anelo y s
E
O_1
N
VeicaI -
inside HOOP
inside
outside outside is
---_
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Compression Tension Stress (MPal
lol Equivalent Linear
Pressure Distribution
(b 1 Stresses
74
Axis Axis
Ic
Pin-andad
strut s
13 t^
Cross Section Area: value given by Eq. (11) for a unit cir-
tt+tt cumferential width of tapering cylindri-
A ^= ("+") 2 (18) cal shell.
h^
x
f Pbo
Myra
Insides Outsian
P Mje
i MJMB ie -Pie
Pgh^ MfiB
IAM^g= MfMD-M1iG
Mies
Pie - PEA l
{ a) Fluid Loading (b) Thermal Restraint Forces (c) "Release" Thermal Forces
e0 78i eo}ei
Fig. 11. Equivalent joint loads for frame simulation of elevated tank.
a
E
^ N F
C d
a
Stress free a
er temp
Distance
tW ty^
Actual distribution Average change Differantfa! change
76
straint forces are not balanced by inter- Out of balance moments will occur at
nal equilibrium, equal and opposite re- joints between members because of
lease forces must be applied to the different moments of inertia, thickness,
structure, and the stresses resulting from and possibly temperature gradient be-
analysis under these forces are added to tween members. As with cylindrical
the restraint stresses to obtain the final tanks, the circumferential restraint mo-
stress state. The various steps are de- ments are self-equilibrating.
scribed in the following.
Creep compensated
z shrinkage {monolithic wall/base
Tank filled
7 ^
y' - In situ monolithic walls
--- Precast walls
Fig. 13. Effective shrinkage and swelling strains for tank walls.
slide. For circular tanks, restraint will be induced creepcompensated strain (see
in the form of a radially outward base Fig. 13).
reaction inducing hoop tension and ver- When the tank is filled, the concrete
tical bending in the lower parts of the absorbs water and regains its shrinkage
wall. very rapidly. The effect is a swelling
Since shrinkage develops slowly, the strain that is again resisted at the base,
stresses induced are subject to some inducing hoop compressions near the
creep relaxation. Fig. 13 shows the de- base, and vertical bending moments of
velopment of shrinkage strain over a opposite sign to those resulting from
period of 100 days after casting, as Line shrinkage. Although the initial swelling
1. If the wall is monolithicall y con- may be considered an elastic strain be-
structed with the base, the creep-com- cause it occurs so quickly, the stresses
pensated (or equivalent elastic) strain is induced are gradually relaxed by creep.
shown by Line 2. A rate of creep The relationship that applies in terms
analysiss gives the creep-compensated of equivalent elastic strains, can be
strain as: shown to be:
1 e^ =e Esh (27)
Er Exh (26) E,'
78
22 22 23
f1 RL 7.00m it 11
208 x7 21
20 19
I ' 64 19 17
II 14
g to 15
12 '7 77 13
Y II 1O i 6 76 11
II 8 5 15 0
6 < 1"7
a 7 5 Scolt I m)
1
2 1? 0 1 2 3 4 5
^ f 12
1
Cc-ord^nates t(m) ember
Joan! x{m, y(m) I(m4) A(m2)
1 4,0 0.0 0.60 1 2,0E-3 0.170
2 5.0 0.80 0.20 2 3.66E-4 0.110
II 3 6.58 0.80 - 3 4.33E-4 0.130
II 4 6.0 1.51 0.20 a 5.00E-4 0.150
II 5 8.47 1.51 - 5 5.67E-4 0.170
II 6 7.0 2.15 0.20 6 6.33E-4 0.190
II 7 9.97 2.15 - 7 6.88E-4 0.2065
B 7.22E-4 0.2165
II 8 8.0 2.76 0.20
9 11.39 2.76 - 9 7.33E-4 0.220
II 0.2162
10 9.0 3.40 0.20 10 7.21 E-4
II
11 12.71 3.40 - it 6.84E-4 0.2052
II 12-22 0.00 0.01
12 10.0 4.13 0.20
II 13 15.43 4.13 -
U 14
15
10.65
16.86
4.80
4.80
0.20
- E = 35 GPa
16 11.00 5.50 0.20 v = 0.18
17 18.84 5.50 -
18 11.00 6,12 0.20 Member properties
19 18,14 6.12 - based on 0.1 radian slice
20 10.62 6.80 0.20
21 16.14 6.80 -
22 9.90 7.50 0.20
23 19.76 7.50 -
Fig. 14. Frame simulation of elevated tank. (Note: 1 m = 39.37 in., 1 GPa = 145,000 psi.)
Stresses induced by these strains may effective shrinkage and swelling strains,
be calculated by analogy to an equiva- respectively.
lent average temperature change of: The approach outlined above for
thermal stress ma y be used to calculate
88 = F,/a (28) the stresses induced in noncylindrical
tanks, but for more conventional ground
since both 6, and e, will produce identi- supported cylindrical tanks, published
cal effects. design tables for thermal stresses' may
Typical values suggested in a recent be used. Generally, shrinkage stresses
New Zealand Draft Codes for design of will be found to influence only the
concrete water retaining structures, for lower one-quarter of tank wall height
200 mm (7.87 in.) precast prestressed and are much less than those resulting
walls are 50 x 10- 11 and 160 x 10-6 for from thermal stress.1
joint FX FY M FX FY M
(kN) (kN) (kNm) (kN) (kN) (kNm)
80
1
E
I)
U
C
0
U)
m
C_
C
61
U
O
C
0
0 4 8 12 16 20
Displacement i m ^ 10 4)
0
10
Circumferential
--- f
c8 _
outside fns+de
Surface
w6 ---
C
C
(_)4
8
I ^
2
-I I I
Bost
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 5
Compression Stress Tension Stress (MPa1
Fig. 16. Thermal stresses for 20"C (68F) gradient for elevated tank
in Fig. 14. (Note: 1 m = 39.37 in., 1'C = 1.8F, 1 MPa = 145 psi.)
10 $-195
190
190
195
251
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2
Compression Stress (MPa) Tension
(i.e., restraint plus release stresses) re- the bowl by circumferential prestressing
sulting from analysis under the joint are examined. It is assumed that the
loads of Table 1. The temperature gra- bowl is constructed of precast elements,
dient of 20C (68 F) with the outside circumferentially stressed together at
surface hotter than the inside is likely to ground level, and then lifted up a previ-
occur frequently as a result of solar radi- ously constructed stem by stressing
ation on the east or west surface in the jacks, and fixed to the top of the stem.
early morning or late evening, re- With this mode of construction, the bowl
spectively, and peak gradients are likely base will not be radially constrained
to exceed 30C (86F). 5 during the prestressing operation, and
As with seismic loading, the gradient circumferential precompression will be
will not be rotationally symmetric. induced over the full wall height of the
However, as with seismic loading, er- tank.
rors resulting from analyzing for the It is further assumed that the dis-
critical section as though the local gra- tribution of applied circumferential pre-
dient is distributed with rotational stress force up the bowl wall is based on
symmetry are not particularly significant an intended prestress level of 8 MPa
since the temperature gradient varies (1160 psi) at all heights. It is of interest
only slowly round the circumference. It to investigate the extent to which the
is perhaps of interest that the stresses double curvature of the bowl redistrib-
induced by the comparatively moderate utes the actual prestress in the walls
20C (68F) gradient are substantially from the intended level.
higher than those induced by hydro- Using the frame analogy simulation of
static loading. Fig. 14, the required nodal loads are
As a final example, stresses induced in found as follows. The circumferential
82
prestress force F per unit meridional from these stresses should be added to
length will be: the average circumferential surface
stresses to obtain the circumferential
F= 8t (29) surface stresses induced by the applied
prestress.
where t is the average shell thickness at Note that if the bowl was fixed to the
the location considered. Hence, from stem before most of the creep associated
Eq. (13), the equivalent radial pressure with prestressing had occurred, argu-
will be: ments presented above about prestress
redistribution resulting from structural
p = R (30) modification would apply and a reduc-
tion in prestress at the base of the bowl
could be expected as radial creep de-
Thus, at Node j, the radially inwards
flections were restrained.
load will depend on the distance be-
tween nodes, and the width of wall
simulated: CONCLUSIONS
P _ (Le+L,r^) . (ba+b,k) A frame analogy method for simulat-
(31)
j=p 2 2 ing circular prestressed concrete tanks
was developed and shown by compari-
_ 8 (10+t,k).(L +Uk).(bU+blk)
son with more sophisticated methods to
R f 2 2 2 be able to accurately predict the be-
(32) havior of such tanks under a wide vari-
ety of loading cases. The method is sim-
To analyze under the changed base
ple to use, and suitable for both cylin-
conditions, Joint 1 in Fig. 14 must be drical and noncylindrical (doubly
released for rotation and x-direction dis-
curved) tanks.
placement, and a strut member of length Although the method assumes rota-
1.18 m (3.87 ft) added at Joint 1 to repre-
tional symmetry of both the tank and its
sent the stiffness of the lower half of
loading, a comparison with results pre-
Member 1.
dicted by a full finite element analysis
The joint loads given by Eq. (32), and
under seismic loading, where the pres-
the resulting circumferential and me-
sure distribution varied round the cir-
ridional stresses are plotted against a
cumference, indicated that the method
straightened meridional generator in
could be used with adequate accuracy
Fig. 17. It will be seen that the average
for nonrotationally symmetric loading.
circumferential precompression does
not vary greatly from the required 8 MPa
(1160 psi) over the wall height, though ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
there is a small redistribution of pre-
stress from the top and bottom of the The finite element solutions included
bowl into the stiffer central region of in Fig. 7 and Fig. 11 were provided by
double curvature. Dr. J. H. Wood and Drs. P. J. Moss and
The meridional bending stresses re- A. J. Carr, respectively. Their permis-
sulting from circumferential prestress sion to use the results is gratefully ac-
are modest. A Poisson's ratio component knowledged.
84
APPENDIX - NOTATION
A { = cross section area of frame analogy P = radial line load applied by cir-
strut cumferential tendon to tank wall
b { = width of shell corresponding to ra- P, = joint load for frame analogy
dial slice 0 radians H i = radius of tank at Node i
E, = modulus of elasticity of concrete s = spacing between adjacent tendons
E, = modulus of elasticity of frame in tank wall
analogy strut t = shell thickness
= circumferential stress y = radial deflection of tank
= average hoop stress a = coefficient of thermal expansion
fm = meridional stress in doubly-curved E, = creep compensated shrinkage
fu shell strain
= vertical stress in cylindrical shell e h = hoop strain
F = prestress tendon force E,n = unrestrained shrinkage strain
h = height, measured down from top 0 = angular slice of doubly-curved
edge of shell shell for frame analogy; also creep
I 1, = moment of inertia of frame analogy factor
beam = unrestrained thermal curvature
k = subgrade modulus of equivalent v = Poisson's ratio for concrete
Winkler foundation pC = mass density of concrete
l^ = length of frame analogy strut pr = mass density of fluid
Le= length of frame analogy beam 9A = average temperature change of
member for doubly-curved shell wall from stress-free temperature
M = moment BD = differential temperature change at
p = pressure on tank wall surfaces of wall relative to 0A