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Islam

Allah: God of Islam

Arabic: on the Arabian Peninsula

Muhammad:

The angel Gabrie: who told Muhammad that he was a messenger of Allah

Islam: means submission to the will of Allah.

Muslim: means one who has submitted.

The Hijrah: migration of Muhammad moved to the town of Yathrib

Umma: Muslim religious community

The Dome of the Rock: located in Jerusalem, is the earliest surviving


Islamic monument. The rock on the site is the spot from which Muslims
say Muhammad ascended to heaven to learn of Allahs will.

The Five Pillars: Faith: There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the
Messenger of Allah. Alms: By giving alms, or money for the poor,
through a special religious tax.

Fasting: During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast


between dawn and sunset.

Pilgrimage: All Muslims who are physically and financially able perform
the hajj (haj), or pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once.

The Quran: the holy book of the Muslims.

Sunna: is the best model for proper living.

Sharia: This system of law regulates the family life, moral conduct, and
business and community life of Muslims

Jesus: Muslims view Jesus as a prophet, not as the Son of God.

Mosque: an Islamic house of worship, or wherever they find themselves

What event in the life of Muhammad signaled the beginning of Islam?


Events: Capturing Mecca, going to Hijrah, and the divine revelations.
Beliefs: Allah, the five pillars, the tolerance of Jews and Christians. Sources
of Authority: Allah, Qur'an, and Sunna .

Why was Mecca an important city in western Arabia?


Mecca was an important city in western Arabia because this became the
center of trade and the site of the Ka'aba.

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

Faith: There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of


Allah.

Alms: By giving alms, or money for the poor, through a special religious
tax.

Fasting: During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast between
dawn and sunset.

Pilgrimage: All Muslims who are physically and financially able perform the
hajj (haj), or pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once.

Why did Muslims consider Christians and Jews people of the book?

Muslims consider Christians and Jews "people of the book" because they
both have holy books that compare to the Qur'an.

How did the beliefs and practices of Islam create unity and strength
among Muslims in the 600s?

language -Shari'a laws -alms giving

In what ways are the teachings of the Muslims similar to those of


Christians and Jews?

all 3 believed in heaven, hell and the day of judgement -they all believe in
the same god (different names) but Muslims don't believe Jesus is the son
of God but a prophet -the words of Allah in the quaran are similar to the
teachings in the Christians and Jews holy books

How did Islam help spread Arabic culture?

Through trade.

Write a letter to Muhammad, describing his legacy and that of Islam today

Muhammed,
Your teachings have made a great influence on a huge population of the
world. Islam is a widely known religion because of you. Many people now
worship Allah because of what you taught them. Sincerely, Sofie

caliph: a supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

Umayyads: a family that came into power after the unified rule. they
moved the Muslim capital to Damascus which made controlling the
territories easier. they also surrounded themselves with wealth.

Shia: the branch of Islam which belives that the caliph had to be a
relative of Muhammad

Sunni: the branch of Islam that follows Muhammad's examples

Sufi: rejected the luxurious life of the Umayyads. They pursued a life of
poverty and devotion to a spiritual path.

Abbasids: a very powerful group that took control from the Umayyads

al-Andalus: an extraordinary Muslim state in present-day southern Spain


settled in by the Umayyad empire

Fatimid: a caliphate formed by Shi'a Muslims who claimed descent from


Muhammad's daughter Fatima

How did Muslims under the rightly guided caliphs treat conquered
peoples?

they tolerated those who didn't convert to Islam and made them 2nd class
citizens, but those who did convert were made equals.

Why did the Shia oppose the rule of the Umayyads?

Because they thought that rulers should be descendants of Muhammad


and they weren't

What tied the Abbasid caliphate and the independent Muslim states
together?

through religion, language and the economy

Do you think Muhammad should have appointed a successor? Why or why


not?

No, because if Muhammad appointed a successor caliphs wouldn't have


been created, the three groups of Muslims wouldn't have formed, and the
expansion would probably have taken longer.
What attracted non-Muslims to Islam and Islamic culture?

its beauty, truthfulness, and also there was a lot of benefits and incentives

What does opposition to the luxurious life of the Umayyads suggest about
what is important to most Muslims?

Since most Muslims rejected the luxurious life of Umayyads, it suggests


that most Muslims believe that their faith in Allah (god) should be stronger
than their desire of wealth. Wealthiness could distract them from what is
most important to them, Allah. What they have is enough to them,
wealthiness will disturb their devotion to a spiritual path.

Whether or not the Muslim Empire was well run?

The Muslim Empire had its pros and cons. Their language, religion, trade,
and economy brought them together, non-Muslims as well. This was a
good thing about the Muslim Empire. But, as I said earlier, they had their
cons too. Muhammad did not choose the next successor, which resulted in
a series of civil wars of groups Muslims fighting each other for the
position, and other claiming to be prophets of Allah. But, I believe that it
was right that Islam enforced the law which forbade forceful conversion to
conquered people, as it would not unjust to a person.

House of Wisdom: -a center of learning established in Baghdad in 800s


-combination of library, academy and translation center -scholars of dif.
cults = translate Greek, Indian, Persians into Arabic

Calligraphy: -the art of beautiful handwriting -Muslims believed Allah


was the only one who could create images of life so images of living
beings were discouraged so pal turned to calligraphy

What was the role of women in Muslim society?

men and women are equal -Muslim women had more rights than other
women of their time -for a man to divorce his wife--> say "I dismiss the"
three times -responsibilities of wives depend on income of the husband
poor couple: wife works in fields with husband wealthier: supervised house
hold servants and had access to education among scholars and poets -ALL
women were responsible for raising kids -early times= women could go in
public and later they had to be veiled if gone in public

How did Muslim scholars help preserve the knowledge of the ancient
Greeks and Romans?

by collecting, translating, and critiquing ancient texts

What were some of the Muslim contributions in medicine, mathematics,


and astronomy?
Medicine: clean air=faster recovery

Math: algebra

Astronomy: charted stars, optics, tele- microscope

What do you consider to be the five most significant developments in


scholarship and the arts during the reign of the Abbasids?

1.) ease of creation 2.) Liability of owners 3.) Tax considerations 4.) Need
for capital (raising $)

What united the scholars of different cultures who worked in the House of
Wisdom?

love of learning -the encouraging of collecting and translating scientific


and philosophical texts -house was opened so scholars could work sides
by side and translate texts from Greece, India and Persia as well as other
places is Arabia

What role did cities play in the advancement of Muslim culture?

moved capitals constantly -once in a city--> spread all around it bc of


trade and cult. Diffusion.

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