T TNG KIM CANG THA

Nht c nhim thn hm t b ngn

Tam xa khai th ng nhp Pht tha.

Ging Vin Thch L Th

I. nh ngha:
Kim cng tha (zh. , sa. vajrayna) l tn gi mt
trng phi Pht gio xut hin trong khong th k th 5 hay th
6 ti Bc n . Kim cng tha bt ngun t i tha v c
truyn i cc nc: Vit Nam, Ty Tng, Trung Quc, Nht Bn1
Mng C v Nga.
Xut pht t Pht gio i tha, nhng trng phi ny ly
thm nhng phng php tu hc huyn b, c tnh cht mt truyn.
Kinh sch Kim Cang Tha trnh by nhiu php tu luyn c gi
l Tantra2. V hay s dng Chn ngn3 do c nh hng
mnh nht ti Ty Tng hin nay.
Mun lnh hi Kim cng tha, ngi nghin cu hay hnh
gi phi c mt kin thc uyn thm v b kinh Bt-nh-ba-la-
mt-a, trn quan im lun gii ca ngi Long Th v V Trc.
V vy Bt-nh-ba-la-mt-a cng c gi l Nhn v Kim
cng tha c gi l Qu. l nh hng ca Tng Kim
Cang Tha th hin mnh trong giai on pht trin th 3 ca t
tng Pht gio i tha n . ng v phng din t

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Ring b V thng du-gi khng c truyn sang Trung Quc v Nht Bn.
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Thut ng Tantra t rong ting Phn, c ngha l tm li dt, mi lin h, s ni tip, lin tc
thng nht th v cng ng ngha vi thnh tu p hp.

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Chn ngn (, sa. mantra) hoc Chn m, phin m sang ting Hn l Mn-t-l a (), cc
cch dch khc l Ch (), Minh (), Thn ch (), Mt ngn (), Mt ng (), Mt hiu
(), cng c c thng Phn m l Mantra, c ngha l li ni chn tht, l b iu hin ca chn
nh.

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tng, Kim Cang Tha vt trn mi nh nguyn bng mt li
hnh tr mi p ng cho con ngi n ng thi.

II. S Hnh thnh Mt Tng:

Theo quan nim ca ngi dn n giai on th ba
pht trin ca i Tha cho rng gio php ca c Pht c chia
lm ba phn: Tiu tha, i tha, Kim Cng Tha.
Mt tng Pht gio, tc Mt tha hay Kim Cng tha, l
mt sng to phi hp gia cc phng php tu luyn c xa ca
nn vn minh tm linh n vi Trit l i Tha ca Pht gio.
Ch Mt Tng ch chung cc gio l b truyn n gio
c t trc khi Pht gio xut hin. Nhng nh nghin cu thy
rng Mt Tng n gio d khng c phi Veda chnh thng
cng nhn, nhng vn song hnh, tn ti v pht trin cng Veda
v Upanishad. Thng th cc tn gio u c phn cng truyn
v phn b truyn, ngoi Mt Tng n gio cn c mt Tng ca
o Jainavi ngha ni tip, tng tc. V vy phn bit
v ch r Mt Tng ca Pht gio ta dng ch Mt Tng Pht gio,
Mt tha (Tantrayana) hoc Kim Cng Tha (Vajrayana) ch
trng nguyn l S S v ngi th mi chnh xc.
Ngi Long Th (Nagarjuna) 600-650 c coi l v T s
ca Mt gio. Ngi thuc dng B la mn, th gii ti Nalanda,
sau n Vng X tu 12 nm c thnh qu i th n tt a
(Mahamudrsiddhi). t ca Long Th l Long Tr
(Nagarboddhi). C hc tr l Thin V y. giai on ny phi
phn bit ngi Long Th (th k th 7) xin dng Mt gio vi
ngi Long Th (th k th 2) vit Trung Qun lun. Tuy nhin
ngi ta thng tin rng Long Th i sau chnh l ha thn ca
Long Th i trc.
Ngi Thin V y (Subhkrasiha) 637-735 a Mt
tng truyn sang Trung Quc. Ngi tng l vua x Orrissa v cng
l ngi dch b kinh i Nht (Mahavairocana sutra) ra ch Hn
v c vua Trung Quc ng Huyn Tng tn lm quc s.
Cc t ca ngi l Nht Hnh, Huyn Siu, Minh Tr, Ngha
Lm

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 Theo s liu cho thy gio php ny n th k th 10 mi
c h thng ha v kt tp hon chnh. Cc tc phm quan trng
nht ca Kim cng tha: Kinh i Nht, Kinh Kim Cng
nh, B mt tp hi (sa. guhyasamjatantra) v Thi lun (sa.
klacakratantra) Sau khng lu, cc hc thuyt c pht trin
thm: Tantra, Chng o ca4, Thnh tu gi5 v i th n6 (sa.
mahmudr). Trn lp cc gio l Mt Tng chia lm hai
phn:

1/ Hin Gio: Tha nhn ton b hai h thng gio l ca

Nam Truyn v Bc truyn: Kinh, Lut v Lun. Ngoi ra cn c
hai nhn thc:
1.1 Kim Cang gii (Vaijradhtu): l Php thn, l lnh vc
ca Tr tu bt nh, l Tnh Khng, l Chn .
1.2 Thai Tng gii (Garbhadhtu): L th gii hin tng, l
phng tin ca s tu chng. Mi vt, s vt v hin tng trong
Thai Tng gii u vn ng pht trin v chuyn ha n mc
trng thnh cui cng l Tr Hu. Ging nh tnh trng ca mt
thai ang pht trin, ngha l cn cn phi tu tp nui dng
hon chnh.

2/ Mt Gio: L tt c cc gio l trong cc kinh Mt Tng

th d nh:
2.1 Thin Qun Tng c Pht Bn Tn,
2.2 Chuyn Ho Thn Thnh Thn Bn Tn,
2.3 Mn La.
2.4 T Th Qun nh.

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bi ca v s trc nhn chn l, hoc Chn nh ca cc Thnh nhn khi thnh o, c bit l nhng v
i thnh tu.
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Danh hiu ch nhng v tu kh hnh, t ct tu ca gio php Tantra mt cch siu vit. Ngi ta
nhc n nhiu nht 84 v i thnh tu ca th k th 8 n th k th 12 ti n .

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i th n (zh. , sa. mahmudr) l mt trong nhng gio php ti thng ca Kim cng tha,
c truyn dy trong tng phi Kagyupa. ca Ty Tng. i th n c hiu l tm n ca s chng ng
c tnh Khng (sa. nyat), ca vic gii thot khi Lun hi.

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 2.5 Truyn Php Qun nh.
2.6 Chuyn Di Thn Thc.
2.7 Cung Thnh Ch Bn Tn,
2.8 Cu Triu v Hng Phc Thin Long Qu Thn.
2.9 Cu khu quyt Om MaNi PadMe Hum 7

III. Trit l Mt tng:

Kim cng Tha l s tnh ha ba nghip thn, khu, tm
tr thnh thn, khu, tm ca mt v Pht. Khi ba s tnh ha y
thnh tu, gi l ba nghip tng ng, tc l ba nghip tng ng
trn vn vi Pht tnh. Thn tr thnh Ha thn, khu tr thnh
Bo thn v tm tr thnh Php thn ca Pht. Mt tha c 4 c
tnh:
1/ Php Du gi tnh ha trit mi trng chung quanh.
2/ Php Du gi tnh ha trit thn xc.
3/ Tnh ha trit mi cm th.
4/ Php Du gi tnh ha trit mi hnh vi.
Bt c gio l no c cha ng bn s tnh ha y u l
Mt tha. c t lai Lt ma th 13 ni: i vi nhng ai cha
tha mn cc php thc hnh Hin tha, th c 4 loi tantra: krya,
charya, yoga v yoga tantra ti thng. Tinh ty ca bn loi ny
l yoga tantra ti thng. Qua , s gic ng vin mn v Pht
tnh rt ro c th c hon thnh ch trong mt i ny. hon
thnh Pht tnh trn , ngi ta cn mt con ng kt hp c hai
mt: phng tin (nng lc) v tr tu (qun chiu). iu ny to ra
trng thi i ha hp ca thn v tm c tnh ha, y l s
t o ti hu. Trong cc tantra ti thng, phng tin m ch
cc yoga thn huyn (illusory body) v tr tu ch cc yoga
tnh quang 8. S tnh ha, thng hoa, tng ng y c thc hin
qua nhiu phng tin, phng php, k thut:

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Mu nhim thay l m thanh siu vit thn ch ca ngi Qun Th m. y l m thanh ti s ca v
tr l t ing th thm m ca thy triu trm lng. Ting mu nhim y em li g ii thot bnh an cho
tt c hu tnh ang ku cu trong cn au kh, v em li mt s an tr thanh tnh cho tt c nhng ai
ang tm s thanh tnh v bin ca nit bn.
8
The practice of Kalachakra, t lai Lt ma th 13.

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 1/ Thn ch (mantra): Bnh thng, cu ni no ca chng ta
cng to thnh mt tm tng ng. Nh ni, ti thng A lm, ti
ght B lm. Lp tc, cu ni y to thnh mt trng thi tm
thng v tm ght ni ta. Thn ch cng nh hng n chng ta
theo cch y. Thn ch l nhng m thanh, nhng tn s m v tr
ny to thnh bng nhng tn s rung ng. Nng lng l nhng
rung ng tn s rt cao. Vt cht l nhng rung ng tn s
cp thp. Khi khoa hc ni: vt cht l nng lng c c, c ngha
l ty theo mc rung ng m c nhng th gii t th n t.
V thn ch l nhng rung ng, nn n c th lm cho chng ta
tng ng vi nhng rung ng vi t, nhng nng lng vi t,
nhng th gii vi t. Ngn ng c tnh cch thng tin, truyn t,
khai m, duy tr; cho nn m thanh c pht ra t cu thn ch
cng truyn t, khai m, duy tr tm gic ng nh th.
2/ n (mudra): Kim cng tha quan nim thn tm ta l mt
tiu v tr tng t vi i v tr bn ngoi. Nn s phi hp 5
ngn tay tng trng cho 5 i, c c mt s iu ha em
li mt trng thi an lc. V vy, cc ha thn m p nhau thng
thy cc hnh nh ca Kim Cang Tha cng l mt loi n
(karma mudra). y chng c g l dc tnh. S m p m dng
y l s kt hp ca phng tin dng v tr tu m. S kt
hp khch quan y cn phn nh vo trong chnh thn tm ca con
ngi: khi qun tng cc hnh nh kt hp m dng y,
nhng nng lc m dng, bn t v bn hu trong thn th s
kt hp vi nhau, to thnh mt s bng n nng lc rt cao.
Ni chung, c rt nhiu khi nim khc nhau khi tip cn chn l,
nhng c mt im chung ca Mt Tng l T Bi, Tr Tu,
Phng Tin Thin Xo.
Da trn Trit l S S v ngi ca kinh Hoa Nghim, Mt
Tng pht huy n nh cao nhn thc. Tuy th Mt Tng li
gi cho s pht trin bay bng ca mnh bng mt nh hng
ng n ca o Pht, bng cch gi nguyn tru yn thng Gii-
nh-Hu. ng thi din t bn th nguyn thy bng nm v

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Pht Thin tc l nm Tr c chuyn ha t nm thc ca tm
th gian khi gic ng.
1/ Nhn nh t thit thn thc sau khi gic ng s bin thnh
Thnh s tc tr, c biu tng bng Pht Bt Khng Thnh
Tu (Amoghasiddhi)
2/ thc sau khi gic ng s bin thnh Diu Qun St tr,
c biu tng bng Pht V Lng Quang (Amitabha)
3/ Mt-na thc khi gic ng s bin thnh Bnh ng Tnh
tr, c biu tng bng Pht Bo Sanh (Ratnasambhava)
4/ Alaya thc khi gic ng s bin thnh i Vin Cnh tr,
biu tng bng Pht Bt ng (Akshobyha).
5/ Tr Hu ton mn gi l Php Gii Th Tnh tr, c
biu tng bng Pht i Nht (Mahavairocana).

* Mt tng c bn bc khc nhau t cao xung thp l:

1/ Ti Thng Mt Tng: Hnh gi hon thin y cc
php qun tng chuyn ho thn thnh v Pht Bn Tn c
thnh tu Tam Mt tc l Thn Mt, Ng Mt, Mt.
2/ Thin Qun Mt Tng: Hnh gi phi bit r php tu
qun tng chuyn ho thn thnh c Pht Bn Tn. Bit
phng php to hnh Mn La, bit cc Chn Ngn
3/ Nghi Thc Mt Tng: Hnh gi phi bit r phng php
tu Qun Tng c Pht Bn Tn, bit r cc Chn Ngn, bit r
cc Th n.
4/ L Bi Mt Tng: L hnh gi phi tu hnh y cc
php ly sm hi, tr tng.

IV. Mn La: (Mandala):

Mt Tng xem con ngi v v tr c cng mt cu trc v
cng mt l vn hnh. Mn La l mt s c tnh biu
tng ca v tr, ca cc thnh phn ca v tr, hoc chnh ca
bn tm con ngi. Mt Tng nhn bn th ca v tr nh tp hp
cc thnh phn tm thc (tc tr hu sau khi chng ng). Trong
Mn La, tr hu c biu tng bng cc v Pht. Hot dng
v hnh trng ca cc v Pht c biu tng bi cc vt dng m

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cc v Pht cm nm hoc i km. Khi qun tng mt Man
La, ngi thc hnh c th trc nhn nhng nguyn l su kn nht
ca v tr v cng c ngha l nhng nguyn l su kn nht trong
ni tm ca mnh.
Mandala, Hn dch l lun vin c tc, ngha l vng trn y
. y l biu tng ca v tr v nng lc trong v tr c
trnh by bng cc hnh v. Mandala, v mt trit l, l c s hp
nht th gii hin tng v th gii bn th, l i tng ca thin
qun. Trong ngha thc tin th Mandala l n trng bng t
hnh gi by bin cc l vt hay php kh phc v cho nghi thc
hnh l, cu nguyn, tu luyn...
Xut pht t t tng ca hai b kinh i Nht v Kim
Cng nh, Mt gio thit lp hai Mandala:
1/ Thai tng gii Mandala (Garbhadhtu mandala) l yu t
th ng tm linh, cng c ngha ch cho v tr v mt tnh, mt l
tnh. Tc dng l tnh nh thai m cha ng a con, t l tnh
thai tng m xut sinh mi cng c.
2/ Kim cng gii Mandala (Vajradhatu mandala) Gm bn
v Pht thin xung quanh mt Php tnh Pht. ngha ny m ch
khi cc Thc ca ngi thc hnh Thin chuyn thnh bn Tr
ca mt v gic ng, th s phi hp ca bn tr s to thnh thc
th th nm: l Tr Hu Bt Nh tc php thn ca P ht
(Tathagata). Mn La Kim Cang gii cng gi l Man La
Ng Tr Nh Lai. B tng k ni: Thai tng l l, Kim cng l
tr.
Theo thi gian hnh thnh v pht trin Pht gio Ty Tng
v cc ngh nhn sng tc rt nhiu Mn La Kim Cang Gii
theo nguyn tc b tr ny. Mc d hin nay c rt nhiu hnh dng
nhng vn xoay quanh bn hnh thc chnh ca Mn--la:
1/ i Mn la (Maha mandala): vng trn hi t cc c
Pht v B tt, trnh by bng hnh v hoc iu khc. Mn la
ny biu tng cho t thn ca Pht v mi quan h gia t thn
Pht vi ton th v tr nn gi l i.
2/ Tam mui gia Mn la (Samaya mandala): vng trn
hi chng vi nhng php kh trong tay ty theo bn nguyn ca

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mi v. Samaya dch l bn th, tc l xu hng v kh nng ha
hin sanh ca mi v Pht, B tt.
3/ Php Mn la (Dharma mandala): l Mn la ca vn
t l gii chn l. Tt c nhng li Pht dy, nhng chn ngn ca
Pht v B tt u bao hm trong .
4/ Yt ma Mn la (Karma mandala): l Mn la bng
iu khc chm tr biu hin cc ng tc, cc hnh trng sanh
ca Pht v B tt.

* Cc cht liu lm Mn--la:

Trong truyn thng Mt Gio Ty Tng th cc mn--la c
th c lm t cc loi: qu, hoa, go, bt, g, mu hay ct
mu Trng hp ct, thng c to ra t vic nghin cc vin
qu v c xem nh l vt liu c hiu lc nht bi v c cc
cht liu qu i hi k nng rt kho lo to nn cc mn--la
c cc chi tit tuyt ho. Do mi ht ct c np bi cc phc
lnh ca tin trnh l nn ton th mn--la ct biu hin mt kho
cha khng l ca nng lc tinh thn.
* Thi gian lm Mn--la v xa:
C cc Mn La cn phi 49 ngy mi hon thnh bi v
c mi 7 ngy th ch tng hon thnh mt phn v lm l ch
nguyn gia tr.
Mn La nh l mt th gii hi m mi mt ht ct l mt
h thng th gii. Mn La tng trng cho l Hoa Nghim
Php Gii Trng Trng Duyn Khi V Tn.
L Xa Mn La cng l tng trng cho L Tnh Khng
Duyn Khi l cc Php Khng C T Tnh u Do Duyn
Bin Hin.

V. Mt Tng trong lch s Pht gio Vit nam:

Mt Tng cng c a vo Vit Nam t rt lu. Theo
s liu, php s Tinidaruci (T Ni a Lu Chi) t n sang Vit
Nam nm 580. S tr tr cha Php Vn, H ng truyn dy c
Thin ln Mt.

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 Cc thin s thuc Thin phi T Ni a Lu Chi khng ch
uyn thm v Pht php, m nhiu v cn rt c uy tn vi triu
nh v biu th r thc c lp t ch ca t nc. Cc thin s
Php Thun, Ma Ha (th k th 10), Sng Phm (th k 12), u
lm c vn cho nh vua khng ch vic o m c vic i, vic
ngoi giao. Dng T Ni a Lu Chi cn ko di mi n th k 19.
c bit, cc thin s dng T Ni a Lu Chi thng c hnh thc
tu tp Tng Tr Tam Mui (Dharani samadhi), mt hnh thc tu
tp ph bin ca Mt gio (Tantrism), dng chn ngn kt hp vi
n quyt trong trng thi i nh gi tng ng thn, khu, .
Nm 1963 ti Hoa L, Ninh Bnh, pht hin mt ct kinh Pht
bng vo th k th 10. Ct kinh ny do inh Lin, con ca
inh Tin Hong, dng nm 973. Trn ct c khc bi thn ch
Pht nh Ti Thng La Ni (Usnisavijaya dharani), mt thn
ch ph bin ca Mt tng. Nm 1964, pht hin c ct kinh th
hai. Nm 1978, li pht hin thm 14 ct kinh tng t Hoa L.
Vn Hnh (?- 1025) Cha Lc T, lng Dch Bng, ph
Thin c. Ngi C Php, h Nguyn. Gia nh i i th Pht.
Thu nh S khc thng, gm thng ba hc nghin cu trm
lun, xem thng cng danh. Nm 21 tui xut gia, cng vi nh
Hu th Thin ng cha Lc T lm thy. Ngoi lc hu h, S
hc tp qun c mi mt. Sau khi Thin, ng vin tch, S chuyn
tp php mn Tng tr tam ma a, ly lm vic ring mnh. By
gi S ni ra li no thin h u cho l ph sm. Hong L
i Hnh ht lng tn knh S.
T o Hnh (?-1117): ng h T tn L, t l o Hnh,
cha Thin Phc, ni Pht Tch L ngh vic bo th cho cha
nhng cha ngh ra mu k. Mt hm, rnh i in ra ngoi
mun gy s nh, bng nghe thy trn khng trung c ting tht
ngn li. L s hi qung gy m i. Mun sang cha bn nc n
cu php l nh in, ng i qua t r Kim X (rng
vng) thy him tr bn quay v, n c ni Pht Tch, thng
ngy c kinh i-bi--la, c trn mi vn tm nghn ln.
Nguyn Minh Khng (1066-1141): o Hnh ha, Minh
Khng tr v cha c cy rung. Hn hai mi nm, n hi kn

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ting. Khi L Thn Tng bng mc bnh l, tm thn ri lon,
ting ku au n gm r ng s. Cc lng y trong thin h vng
chiu m n, k hng ngn hng vn, u chu b tay. Khi y c
a tr ht rng:
Dc tr thin t bnh, tu c Nguyn Minh Khng (ngha l:
mun cha khi bnh nh vua tt phi tm c Nguyn Minh
Khng).
Khi gp Thn Tng, Minh Khng ln ting ni:
K i trng phu c tn ln ngi thin t, giu c khp bn
b, c sao cn pht bnh cung lon nh vy?
Vua nghe ni rt run s. Minh Khng bn ly mt ci vc ln
ng du, un ln si sng sc, ri ly tay khong vo bn ln, rc
vy ln khp mnh vua, bnh tc th khi ht. Vua bn phong Minh
Khng lm quc s, ban lc my trm h thng cng.
Dng Khng L (?- 1119): Thin s Khng L cha
Nghim Quang, huyn Hi Thanh l ngi h Dng Hi Thanh
vy, my i lm ngh cu c, b ngh y m i tu, thng hay
c kinh -la-ni-mn.
Nguyn Gic Hi: Thin s Gic Hi h Nguyn, ngi Hi
Thanh, ti cha Din Phc qun nh. Th nh thch cu c,
thng ly thuyn con lm nh, lnh nh trn mt nc. Nm hai
mi lm tui b ngh y, ct tc i tu, lc u cng thin s
Khng L th mt thy cha H Trch. Thi L Nhn Tng, s
thng cng Thng Huyn chn nhn c triu vo ngi hu
trong cha Lng Thch Lin Mng. Bng c i tc k gi
nhau, nhc tai ic c. Vua truyn Thng Huyn ngn n li,
Huyn lng nhm thn ch, mt con ri xung trc. Vua ci
bo: Hy cn mt con xin nhng nh s. S c thn ch,
trong nhy mt con cn li cng ri xung nt. Thin Uyn Tp
Anh cho chng ta thy rt nhiu Thin s hnh tr Mt gio.

VI. Kt Lun:
Mt gio l giai on pht trin th 3 ca t tng Pht gio
i tha n . ng v phng din t tng, Mt gio l mt
phn ng i vi khuynh hng qu thin trng v tr thc v

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nghin cu ca cc h thng Bt nh v Duy thc. Theo Mt gio,
trong v tr c n tng nhng th lc siu nhin; nu ta bit s
dng nhng th lc siu nhin kia th ta c th i rt mau trn con
ng gic ng, thnh o.
Kim Cng Tha cn c ngha l con ng Bt Hoi-Gio
l t tng ca Kim Cng Tha chnh l s tr v vi bn cht
ca chnh mnh. S an lc vn c v thng hng kin c bt hoi.
y l tha tip ni ca hai tha trn v khng th no i thng
vo Kim Cng Tha m khng hiu v gio l cn bn ca Tiu
Tha v i Tha Pht gio. Thc hnh Kim Cng Tha hm
cha mt s nguy him ln lao m ngay c nhng v i s cng
phi e d v cho rng nhng ai khng thng sut nhng gio l cn
bn ca c Pht m thc hnh Kim Cng Tha s l mt vic
lm tai hi nht. Bi cc php phng tin Thin Xo lm u
nhm dng mi nng lng ham mun ca con ngi nh mt
cht xc tc khai m T Bi, Tr Tu trong mi con ngi khng
ngoi mc ch t c gii thot Nit bn.
18/11/2009

Sch Tham kho

1/ The Two Truths, Guy Newland, Snow Lion Publications

(1992) Bn Vit dch ca L Cng a nhan Nh .
2/ The Changless Nature, Ken, Katia Holmes, Karma Drubgyud
Darjay Ling, UK 1985.
3/ The Meaning of Life from a Buddhist Perspective ca His
Holiness the Dalai Lama, Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications,
1992.
4/ Consciousness at the Crossroads: Conversations with the Dalai
Lama on Brainscience and Buddhism. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion,
1999
5/ Con ng n t do v thng, t-lai Lt-ma.
(http://www.thuvienhoasen.org/conduongdentudovothuong-
07.htm) truy cp 18/11/2009.
6/ A-t-t-ma Cu-x lun, bn dch ca Tu S.

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http://www.thuvienhoasen.org/tudieude-ducdatlailatma-07.htm.
Truy cp 17/11/2009.
7/ Nhp B Tt hnh, dch Vit ng -Thch N Tr Hi. 1994.
8/ Mind and Life, c Dalai Lama, 1993.
9/ Kinh Kim Cng, HT Tr Quang dch, 1994.
10/ o Pht ngy nay. Trn Tun Mn dch, 1997.
11/ i cng trit hc ng Phng, Minh Chi; H Thc Minh.
1993
12/ Kinh nh Sng Hong Kim, H.T Thch Tr Quang, 1994.
13/ Vit Nam Pht gio s lun I, Nguyn Lang, 1974.
14/ Lch s Pht gio Vit Nam t khi nguyn n thi k L
Nam . L Mnh Tht. Tp 1. Nxb Thun Ha 1999.

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