See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262528117

Calculation of Lightning Flashover Rates of

Overhead Distribution Lines Considering Direct
and Indirect Strokes

Article in IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility June 2014

DOI: 10.1109/TEMC.2014.2309146

CITATIONS READS

2 22

2 authors, including:

MingXiao Zhu
Xi'an Jiaotong University
12 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: MingXiao Zhu
letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 08 October 2016
668 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 56, NO. 3, JUNE 2014
Calculation of Lightning Flashover Rates of
Overhead Distribution Lines Considering Direct
and Indirect Strokes
Jiming Chen and Mingxiao Zhu
AbstractThis paper presents a procedure for evaluation of
lightning performance of overhead distribution lines. Because
both voltages from direct strokes and nearby strokes may cause
flashovers in distribution lines, flashover rates due to them need
to be analyzed. The procedure is implemented in electromagnetic
transient program, and the Monte Carlo method is used to take into
account the random nature of lightning parameters. The lightning-
induced voltages are calculated with an equivalent circuit derived
from Agrawal et al. formula. The influence of insulation level and
spacing between surge arresters on lightning flashover rates is ana-
lyzed with the procedure. For a line with low-insulation level about
150 kV above high conductivity ground or with high-insulation
level about 300 kV above low conductivity ground, the spacing
between arresters is best less than 400 m. But for a line with low-
insulation level above low conductivity ground, it is better to reduce
the spacing to 200 m.
Index TermsElectromagnetic transient program, lightning
flashover rates, lightning-induced overvoltage, Monte Carlo
method, overhead distribution lines.
I. INTRODUCTION
IGHTNING may account for many power interruptions in
L distribution lines. It is important to evaluate the lightning
performance of distribution lines [1][6]. The lightning perfor-
mance of an overhead line can be measured by the flashover
rate, usually expressed as the number of flashovers per 100 km
and year. For example, based on the flashover rates for lines
protected with surge arresters, engineers can choose a reason-
able installation spacing between arresters, which is effective
and economical.
Both direct strokes and induced voltages from nearby strokes
may cause flashovers on distribution lines. Direct lightning
strokes cause insulation flashover in the great majority. How-
ever, experience and observations show that many of the
lightning-related outages of low-insulation lines are due to light-
ning that hits the ground in proximity of the line [6]. For this
reason, both the direct and indirect lightning flashover rates
should be calculated. In [7], a calculation method of indirect
Manuscript received January 31, 2013; revised July 5, 2013 and November
2, 2013; accepted February 23, 2014. Date of publication March 16, 2014; date
of current version May 19, 2014.
J. Chen is with the College of Information and Control Engineering,
China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266555, China (e-mail: jimingchen@
126.com).
M. Zhu is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong Univer-
sity, Xian 710049, China (e-mail: zmxpig@qq.com).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEMC.2014.2309146
0018-9375 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
lightning flashover rates of distribution lines over perfect con-
ducting ground is proposed. In this paper, the lightning-induced
voltages are calculated with Rusck formula. In [3], and [4], the
indirect flashover rates of distribution lines above finite ground
resistivity is estimated. In [3], lightning-induced overvoltages
are calculated with the so-called numerical code LIOV based on
the Agrawal et al. model. But direct strokes are not considered
in both studies. In this paper, the flashover rates due to indirect
and direct lightning are estimated in electromagnetic transient
program by using the Monte Carlo method.
This paper is organized as follows. Section II provides the
probability distribution of random parameters used in the cal-
culation of flashover rates. In Section III, the calculation model
of lightning-induced overvoltages implemented in electromag-
netic transient program is presented, and models representing
lightning strokes, lines, towers and insulators etc. are summa-
rized. Section IV describes the propose method, especially the
Monte Carlo procedure and its implementation in electromag-
netic transient program. In Sections V and VI, influence of
insulation level on flashover rates and effectiveness of surge
arresters is analyzed by using the procedure.
II. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHTNING PARAMETERS
Several waveforms have been proposed to represent lightning
return stroke currents. One of the most widely used is the so-
called Heidler model [8], since it does not show a discontinuity
at t =0. The waveform is characterized by peak current I, front
time tf , and duration time.
The probability distribution of peak current recommended in
criterion of China is given in (1), and the front time is assumed
to be a constant value 2.6 s.
lg P = IP /88 kA (1)
where P is the probability of I > IP . Fig. 1 shows the compar-
ison between probability distribution described in (1) and that
suggested by Aderson [9], where a good agreement can be seen.
Random numbers of stroke locations are generated from a
stroke area for events of the Monte Carlo method. For lines
without arresters, a rectangle area locating in one side of the
line is selected as the stroke area. And the two area edges per-
pendicular to the line are equidistant to the tower whose voltage
is monitored. The size of the rectangle area is ym ax l, where
l (km) is the distance between adjacent towers, ym ax (m) is the
perpendicular distance between stroke location and line beyond
which it is assumed that none of the lightning events could cause
a flash of the insulator. Thus, the number of lightning strike to
CHEN AND ZHU: CALCULATION OF LIGHTNING FLASHOVER RATES OF OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION LINES
Fig. 1. Probability distribution of lightning peak current.
TABLE I
INDUCED VOLTAGES CALCULATED WITH y m a x OF (4)
this area is lym ax Ng /1000, where Ng is the annual lightning
ground flash density (in km2 yr1 ). The number of annual in-
sulator flashovers per 100 km of distribution line is obtained
as
F = (lym ax Ng /1000 P )/l 100 2 = 0.2ym ax Ng P (2)
where P is the insulation flashover probability, which is calcu-
lated with the Monte Carlo method.
To choose a reasonable ym ax , a semiempirical extension to
Ruscks formula for maximum induced voltage taking into
account the effect of finite ground resistivity proposed by
Darveniza [10] is adopted.
38.8I(hd + 0.15 )
Ui = (3)
S
where Ui is maximum induced voltage (kV), hd is the average
height of conductors (m), is the ground resistivity ( m), the lightning-induced overvoltages is the Agrawal et al. model.
and S is closest distance between stroke location and line (m).
The probability of lightning peak current greater than 180 kA is
0.009 and can be neglect. If the lightning-induced voltage with
I = 180 kA is less than the insulation level (IL), we assume
that flashover will not occur. Thus, ym ax can be approximated
as follows:
38.8 180(hd + 0.15 )
ym ax = 1.2 (4)
IL
where the coefficient 1.2 is multiplied for the purpose of taking
into account some serious conditions.
Table I gives the induced voltages calculated in electromag-
netic transient program with ym ax from (4), for a 10-m-high sin-
gle conductor line. The results of Table I show that the lightning-
induced voltages are less than the insulation level. This means
that ym ax calculated with (4) is reasonable.
669
A similar rectangle stroke area is used for lines with arresters
or ground wire. The length along the line is spacing between
adjacent arresters or grounding point of ground wire. It is as-
sumed that the stroke location is uniformly distributed in stroke
area.
III. MODELING FOR LIGHTNING OVERVOLTAGE CALCULATION
Unlike direct voltages caused by lightning current flowing
into towers or conductors, induced voltages are generated by
the coupling between lines and lightning electromagnetic pulse.
For this reason, the calculation model of induced overvoltages
is different as well.
A. Modeling for Lines Illuminated by Lightning
In this section, calculation model of lightning-induced voltage
including electric field calculation and solution of field-to-lines
coupling formula is described.
1) Calculation Model of Electric Fields: Electric fields are
calculated by using a conventional dipole technique, in which a
lightning channel oriented in the vertical direction is assumed.
Electromagnetic fields at point P (r, , z) generated by a dipole
in the lightning channel are first calculated. The total fields are
the summation of that generated by all the dipoles, as illustrated
in [11] and [12]. The dipole technique is applicable to ideal
conducting ground; however, the horizontal electric field is ap-
preciably affected by the finite conductivity of the ground. For
this reason, Rubinstein [13] and Cooray [14] proposed a simpli-
fied expression to calculate the horizontal field Er (r, , z, ).
Er (r, ,z, ) = Er (r, ,z, ) Hr (r, , 0, )
c 0 (5)
r g + /(j 0 )
where rg and are the ground permittivity and conductivity,
respectively.
Equation (5) is derived in the frequency domain, and its appli-
cation in time-domain simulation codes might be challenging.
A time-domain implementation method of CoorayRubinstein
formula via rational approximation has been proposed in [15].
2) Field-to-Transmission Line Coupling Equations: One of
the accurate and widely used field-to-line models for calculating
The equations of the Agrawal et al. model [16] for a multicon-
ductor transmission line are
s
[v (x, t)] + [Lij ] [ii (x, t)]= [Exe (x, hi , t)]
x i t (6)
[i (x, t)] + [C  ] [v s (x, t)] = 0
i ij
x t i
h i
[vi (x, t)] = [vi (x, t)] [Ezi (x, z, t)]dz
s
(7)
0
where [vis (x, t)], [vi (x, t)], and [ii (x, t)] are vectors of the line
scatter voltage, total voltage, and current at location x, respec-
tively, [Exe (x, hi , t)] is vector of the horizontal component of the
incident electric fields along the x-axis at the conductors height
h, [Ezi (x, z, t)] is vector of the vertical component of incident
670 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 56, NO. 3, JUNE 2014

Fig. 2. Equivalent calculation circuit of lightning-induced voltage.

Fig. 3. Implementation of lightning-induced voltage model in electromagnetic
transient program.
fields, and [Lij ]
and 
[Cij ]
are the inductance and capacitance
matrices of the p.u. lines, respectively.
An equivalent calculation circuit of lightning-induced volt-
age is derived from (6) and (7) in [17][19]. Fig. 2 shows the
equivalent circuit of three-conductor transmission lines. The re-
sistances RA , RB , RC , RAB , RBC , and RAC can be calculated
from Y, where Y = T[ZC i ]1 T1 , T is the transformation
matrix, and [ZC i ] is characteristic impedance matrix. [ipL (t)]
and [ipR (t)] are controlled current sources whose values are re-
lated to the voltage and current at the opposite
 end of the line a
certain time TD earlier. iiL (t) and iiR (t) are current sources
related to horizontal component of the electric fields. [vLe (t)] and
[vRe (t)] are voltage sources related to the vertical component of
the electric fields. The value of sources in Fig. 2 is given by
Fig. 4. Model for the calculation of lightning overvolatges.
[ipL (t)] = [ii (x2 , t TD )] Y [vis (x2 , t TD )]
[ipR (t)] = [ii (x1 , t TD )] + Y [vis (x1 , t TD )] 1) In the calculation of direct lightning voltages, a line is
 x2
 represented by a multiphase untransposed distributed pa-
i  x x1
iL (t) = Y Ex x, t
e
dx rameter line. This representation can be made by using the
x1 v
Bergeron model with parameters calculated at a frequency
 x2

i  x2 x between 400 and 500 kHz. In order to avoid reflections
iR (t) = Y Ex x, t
e
dx that could affect the simulated overvoltages, a long enough
x1 v
  section at each side of the line or a resistance matrix at
[vLe (t)] = hi Ezi (x1 , z, t) each termination whose values equal to the corresponding
  line surge impedances should be connected.
[vRe (t)] = hi Ezi (x2 , z, t) . (8)
2) The simplest tower model is a single conductor distributed
parameter line. It is sufficient for towers shorter than 30 m.
3) Implementation of Calculation Model of Lightning- The footing impedance is represented as a resistance.
Induced Voltage in Electromagnetic Transient Program: In the 3) A lightning stroke is modeled as parallel of a current
electromagnetic transient program, a section of the line is mod- source and a resistance representing the wave impedance
eled with a module denoted as LIVC shown in Fig. 3. LIVC of lightning channel. The peak current values are ran-
contains a user-defined component LIV and the circuit shown domly generated according to the probability distribution
in Fig. 2. The LIV component accomplishes computation of functions in (1), and the front time and duration time fix
electromagnetic field and source values. Creating a case with to 2.6 and 50 s, respectively.
line modules and models of other components connected with 4) The insulators are represented by simple voltage-
each other, the lightning-induced voltage can be calculated in dependent switch. Flashover occurs when overvoltage
the running of the simulation. along the insulator is larger than the insulation level.

B. Models of Other Components for Voltage Calculation
Several papers [20], [21] have been published to provide mod-
eling guidelines for power components in lightning overvoltage
simulations. Models of components used in this paper are sum-
marized as follows.
C. Overvoltage Calculation Model Including Both Direct and
Indirect Strokes
Fig. 4 shows the whole calculation model for a line with-
out arresters and ground wires. The stroked point, including
phase conductors, towers, and nearby ground, is determined by
CHEN AND ZHU: CALCULATION OF LIGHTNING FLASHOVER RATES OF OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION LINES 671

Fig. 5. Proposed procedure for calculation of flashover rates implemented in

electromagnetic transient program.

means of electrogeometric model. Switch SI closes in the case
of lightning strikes to ground and the voltage along insulator in
the simulation is induced voltage. And switch SD closes in the
case of direct strokes, then the voltage along insulator is direct
lightning voltage. Switches SB and SF close in the case of back
striking and direct striking, respectively.
IV. PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF LIGHTNING
FLASHOVER RATES
A. Proposed Procedure
The proposed procedure is based on the Monte Carlo method,
which taking into account the random nature of lightning pa-
rameters. The procedure is defined by the following steps, as
shown in Fig. 5.
1) Sufficient number of lightning events N are randomly
generated. The kth event is represented by lightning cur-
rent amplitude Ik , operating voltage and stroke location
respect to the line. The stroke location can be represented
by xk and yk in a coordinate system.
2) The stroked point, including phase conductors, shielding
wires and nearby ground, is determined by means of elec-
trogeometric model adopted by IEEE Working Group [6],
whose striking distance of line rs and ground rg are
rs = 10 I 0.65
; rg = 0.9 rs .
3) Once the point of impact of the stroke has been deter-
mined, overvoltages along the insulator are calculated with
the model described in the former section, and are com-
pared with the insulation level. If the peak voltage exceeds
the insulation level, the flashover number n plus 1.
4) When k = N , the number of annual flashovers per 100 km
of distribution line is obtained as
FD = 0.2ym ax Ng nD /N
(9)
FI = 0.2ym ax Ng nI /N
Fig. 6. Line adopted in the analysis of lighting flashover rates.
B. Validation of the Calculation Procedure
The proposed procedure is applied to a 6-km-long line shown
in Fig. 6 and matched with resistance matrix at both termina-
tions. The tower whose voltage is monitored is equidistant from
the both line ends.
To validate the proposed procedure, the calculation results
are compared with that of procedures described in the IEEE
Guide [6] and in Chowdhuri [7]. The range of the lightning
peak current 1200 kA is divided in intervals of 1 kA, and
the probability Pi of current peak to be within that interval is
calculated from (1).
The maximum distance ym ax for every peak current interval
at which lightning may produce an insulation flashover in the
distribution line is then calculated. This is obtained by solving
the simplified Rusck formula (10) for y, by taking I as the
lower current limit of the interval, and taking Ui as insulation
level [22].
30Ihd v 1
Ui = 1+  (10)
y c
2 (v/c)2
where y is the closest distance between the lightning stroke and
the line (m), v is the return-stroke velocity (m/s), and c is the
velocity of light in free space.
The minimum distance for which lightning will not divert to
the line is calculated from (11). For this, ym in are calculated by
taking the upper limit of the current interval.

ym in = rs2 (rg h)2 . (11)
Finally, the number of insulation flashover per 100 km of
distribution line and per year is obtained as

200
FI = 0.2Ng (yi m ax yi m in )Pi (12)
i=1

FD can be calculated in a similar way. The minimum or critical

where FD and FI are flashover rate of line due to direct strokes
current required for flashover would be [23]
and indirect strokes, respectively [in Flashovers/(100 kmyr)],
and nD and nI are corresponding flashover numbers. Ic = 2IL/Zsurge (13)
672 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 56, NO. 3, JUNE 2014

Fig. 8. Influence of insulation level on lightning flashover rates of distribution

line with different ground conductivity.

and the procedure presented in the IEEE Guide. The results of

FD are shown in curve A and curve B, where a good agreement
can be seen. The FI of two front time tf =1.2, 2.6 s using the
proposed procedure are compared with the IEEE Guide. The
FI of tf =1.2 s coincide with those from the IEEE Guide, and
those of tf =2.6 s is somewhat lower. This is essentially due
to the fact that the Rusck formula only applies to the case of a
fast-front lightning current waveform.
The comparisons of FI in the case of finite ground resistivity
are shown in Fig. 7(b). The results agree reasonably well. The
somewhat higher values obtained by using (12) and (15) are
probably due to the fact that (15) is derived in the case of a step
lightning current waveform.

V. EFFECT OF INSULATION LEVEL ON LIGHTNING

FLASHOVER RATES
Fig. 7. Indirect flashover rates obtained by using the IEEE Std. 1410 method-
ology and the proposed procedure for (a) ideal ground (b) = 0.01 S/m and For line shown in Fig. 6, Fig. 8 shows the influence of in-
= 0.001 S/m. sulation level on indirect flashover rates with different ground
conductivity. The indirect flashover rates show a strong depen-
where Zsurge is the conductor surge impedance. Then, FD is dence on insulation level. It is obvious that the flashover rate
obtained as decreases with the insulation level and ground conductivity. In
 the case of low ground conductivity, the flashover rate is high.
FD = 0.2Ng yi m in Pi . (14) For a line with insulation level higher than 300 kV above ideal
Ii > Ic
ground, the indirect flashover rate is lower than 1.3. For the
Because (10) is applicable only to the case of ideal conducting same line but with low ground conductivity, it still suffers great
ground, the application of (12) is limited. Paulino [24] proposed number of flashovers, and protection measures should be taken.
an approximate formula to estimate the peak value of lightning- The influence of insulation level on direct flashover rate is
induced voltages considering the soil resistivity. also shown in Fig. 8. Even a direct stroke with peak current
    about 3 kA will cause flashover for insulation level 500 kV,
 v 1/3 1 30Ihd v 1
Ui = 0.85 3 I + 1+  . so there is almost no variation in direct-stroke flashovers with
c y y c 2(v/c)2 insulation level.
(15)
Using (15) instead of (10), the methodology of the IEEE
Guide [6] can be extended to take into account the effects of the VI. EFFECT OF SURGE ARRESTERS ON FLASHOVER RATES
finite earth conductivity. The proposed procedure is applied to the line shown in Fig. 6
Fig. 7(a) shows the comparison between flashover rates in to analyze the effect of arresters on indirect flashover rates.
the case ideal ground obtained by using the proposed procedure In this analysis, the surge arresters are equipped with regular
CHEN AND ZHU: CALCULATION OF LIGHTNING FLASHOVER RATES OF OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION LINES 673

Fig. 9. Indirect flashover rates in the case without and with surge arresters.
(a) Ideal conducting ground and (b) lossy ground (ground conductivity is equal
to 1 mS/m).

spacing along the line. The surge arresters are modeled with the
IEEE model [25].
Fig. 9(a) and (b) shows the influence of surge arresters and of
the spacing d between two adjacent surge arresters, for the case
of ideal conducting ground and = 0.001 S/m. The results show
Fig. 10. Lightning-induced overvoltages of the line shown in Fig. 6 (a) without
that a significant improvement of lightning performance can be surge arresters and (b) with surge arresters equipped with d = 600 m.
obtained by reducing the spacing between surge arresters. In
the case of ideal conducting ground and IL = 150 kV, flashover
flashover, as shown in Fig. 10(a). The voltage of other points
rates for d = 200 m, 400 m, 600 m reduce about 75.2 %, 95.2 %,
reduces to about 0 in short time. Results of voltages with surge
99.6 %, respectively, compared to those of without arrester. For a
arresters are shown in Fig. 10(b). The voltages at points with
line with low-insulation level about 150 kV above high conduc-
arresters are suppressed to the residual voltage. The negative
tivity ground or with high-insulation level about 300 kV above
traveling wave reflected from the arresters arrives at the middle
low conductivity ground, the spacing d is best less than 400 m.
point before the voltage reaches 300 kV, and the peak voltage is
But for a line with low-insulation level above low conductivity
reduced to about 250 kV.
ground, it is better to reduce the spacing to 200 m.
For most direct strokes, the time of overvoltages rise to peak
Fig. 10 shows the reducing effect of arresters with d = 600 m
value is so short that the negative traveling wave reflected from
on induced voltages, for the line shown in Fig. 6 with insulation
the closest arresters cannot arrives the unprotected tower before
level 300 kV. In the analysis, lightning peak current is 80 kA,
it. Unless surge arresters are equipped at all towers, the direct
and stroke location is equidistant to the two arresters with a per-
flashover rate cannot be dramatically diminished.
pendicular distance 70 m to the line. The induced voltages are
measured at several points (including the two points, where ar-
VII. CONCLUSION
resters are equipped) between two adjacent arresters. In the case
without arresters, the voltage of middle point reaches 300 kV This paper has presented a procedure for evaluation of
(insulation level of the line) at 4.5 s and causes the insulator lightning performance of overhead distribution lines based on
674 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 56, NO. 3, JUNE 2014
electromagnetic transient program capabilities. Both the direct
and indirect lightning flashover rates can be calculated with the
adopted procedure. The lightning-induced voltage is calculated
with the model based on an equivalent circuit derived from
Agrawal et al. formula.
Influence of insulation level on indirect flashover rate with
different ground conductivity is analyzed by using the proposed
procedure. The indirect flashover rates show a strong depen-
dence on insulation level. And the insulation level should be
more than 300 kV to effectively reduce indirect flashovers.
The improvement of surge arresters on lightning performance
is also analyzed. A significant improvement of lightning perfor-
mance can be obtained by reducing the spacing between surge
arresters. For a line with low-insulation level about 150 kV
above high conductivity ground or with high-insulation level
about 300 kV above low conductivity ground, the spacing be-
tween arresters is best less than 400 m. But for a line with
low-insulation level above low conductivity ground, it is better
to reduce the spacing to 200 m.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Paolone, C. A. Nucci, E. Petrache, and F. Rachidi, Mitigation of
lightning-induced overvoltages in medium voltage distribution lines by
means of periodical grounding of shielding wires and of surge arresters:
Modeling and experimental validation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19,
no. 1, pp. 423431, Jan. 2004.
[2] C. A. Nucci, F. Rachidi, M. V. Ianoz, and C. Mazzetti, Lightning-induced
voltages on overhead lines, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 35,
no. 1, pp. 7586, Feb. 1993.
[3] A. Borghetti, C. A. Nucci, and M. Paolone, An improved procedure for
the assessment of overhead line indirect lightning performance and its
comparison with the IEEE Std. 1410 method, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 684692, Jan 2007.
[4] K. Michishita, M. Ishii, and Y. Hongo, Flashover rate of distribution line
due to indirect negative lightning return strokes, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 472479, Jan. 2009.
[5] M. Paolone, F. Rachidi, A. Borghetti, and C. A. Nucci, Lightning electro-
magnetic field coupling to overhead lines: Theory, numerical simulations,
and experimental validation, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 51,
no. 3, pp. 532547, Aug. 2009.
[6] IEEE Guide for improving the lightning performance of electric power
overhead distribution lines, IEEE Std 14102010 (Revision of IEEE Std
14102004), 2011, pp. 173.
[7] P. Chowdhuri, Estimation of flashover rates of overhead power distribu-
tion lines by lightning strokes to nearby ground, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 19821989, Jul. 1989.
[8] F. Heidler, J. M. Cvetic, and B. V. Stanic, Calculation of lightning current
parameters, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 399404, Apr.
1999.
[9] J. G. Anderson, Lightning performance of transmission lines, in Trans-
mission Line Reference Book. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Electric Power Re-
search Inst., 1981, ch. 12.
[10] M. Darveniza, A practical extension of Ruscks formula for maximum
lightning-induced voltages that accounts for ground resistivity, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 605612, Jan. 2007.
[11] R. Thottappillil, Computation of electromagnetic fields from lightning
discharge, in The Lightning Flash: Physical and Engineering Aspects,
V. Cooray, Ed. London, U.K.: IEE, 2008.
[12] M. J. Master and M. A. Uman, Transient electric and magnetic fields
associated with establishing a finite electrostatic dipole, Amer. J. Phys.,
vol. 51, pp. 118126, 1983.
[13] M. Rubinstein, An approximate formula for the calculation of the hori-
zontal electric field from lightning at close, intermediate, and long range,
IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 531535, Aug.
1996.
[14] V. Cooray, Some considerations on the CoorayRubinstein formulation
used in deriving the horizontal electric field of lightning return strokes over
finitely conducting ground, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 44,
no. 4, pp. 560566, Nov. 2002.
[15] F. Delfino, P. Girdinio, R. Procopio, M. Rossi, and F. Rachidi, Time-
domain implementation of CoorayRubinstein formula via convolution
integral and rational approximation, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.,
vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 755763, Aug. 2011.
[16] A. K. Agrawal, H. J. Price, and S. H. Gurbaxani, Transient response of
multiconductor transmission lines excited by a nonuniform electromag-
netic field, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 119
129, May 1980.
[17] H. K. Hidalen, Analytical formulation of lightning-induced voltages
on multi-conductor overhead lines above lossy ground[J], IEEE Trans.
Electromagn. Compat., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 92100, Mar. 2003.
[18] X. Liu, X. Cui, and L. Qi, Calculation of lightning-induced overvoltages
on overhead lines based on DEPACT macromodel using circuit simulation
software, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 837849,
Aug. 2012.
[19] C. A. Nucci and F. Rachidi, Interaction of electromagnetic fields gen-
erated by lightning with overhead electrical networks, in The Lightning
Flash, V. Cooray, Ed. London, U.K.: IEE Press, 2008, ch. 8, pp. 425478.
[20] Modeling guidelines for fast front transients, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 493506, Jan. 1996.
[21] A. Ametani and T. Kawamura, A method of a lightning surge analysis
recommended in Japan using EMTP, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20,
no. 2, pp. 867875, Apr. 2005.
[22] S. Rusck, Induced lightning overvoltages on power transmission lines
with special reference to the overvoltage protection of low voltage net-
works, Trans. Roy. Inst. Technol., vol. 120, pp. 1118, Jan. 1958.
[23] IEEE Working Group on Estimating the Lightning Performance of Trans-
mission Lines, Estimating lightning performance of transmission lines
II-updates to analytical models, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 8, no. 3,
pp. 12541267, Jul. 1993.
[24] J. O. S. Paulino, C. F. Barbosa, C. I. J. S. Lopes, and W. C. Boaventura,
An approximate formula for the peak value of lightning-induced voltages
in overhead lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 843851,
Apr. 2010.
[25] IEEE Working Group 3.4.11, Modeling of metal oxide surge ar-
resters[J],IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 302309, Jan. 1992.
Jiming Chen was born in Dongying, China, in 1970.
He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical
engineering from the Shandong University of Tech-
nology, Jinan, China, in 1992 and 2000, respectively,
and the Ph.D. degree in mechanical design and theory
from the China University of Petroleum, Qingdao,
China, in 2011.
He is currently an Associate Professor of the De-
partment of Electrical Engineering in China Uni-
versity of Petroleum. His current research interests
include electromagnetic compatibility in power sys-
tems, electromagnetic transient calculation, and power system analysis and
control.
Mingxiao Zhu was born in Rizhao, China, on De-
cember 13, 1988. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.
degrees in electrical engineering from the China Uni-
versity of Petroleum, Qingdao, China, in 2010 and
2013, respectively. Currently, he is working toward
the Ph.D. degree in the School of Electrical Engineer-
ing, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China.
His research interests include discharge phenom-
ena and correlation insulation deterioration induced
by partial discharge.