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VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE Aerospace and Ocean Engineering

AND STATE UNIVERSITY Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0203

AOE 4274 COMPUTER-BASED DESIGN OF SHIP STRUCTURES

Project 3 Copying Modules and Balancing on a Wave

Begin with your model from Project 2. Go to File / Save As and save it as LastnameProj3.mdl. The following
instructions assume that the module is called mod1. Set the View Part to be the entire structure (/top).

1. Copy mod1 to obtain a second module and place it at X = 10,000 mm


(a) In the Main Menu, click on Parts and then on Copy.
(b) Click anywhere on module mod1
(c) In the command window (lower left of the screen) enter the copied parts new name: /top/sub1/mod2
and hit Enter
(d) Enter the location of the new part: change {0,0,0} to {10000,0,0} and hit Enter.
(e) The default rotation angles of the new part are {0,0,0} which is correct; hit Enter.

2. Repeat (a) (e) in order to copy mod1 again, calling it mod3, and placing it at X = 20,000

3. Repeat (a) (e) in order to copy mod1 again, calling it mod4, and placing it at X = 30,000

3.5 To fix a temporary copying bug, go to the Main Menu and do the following:
Model -> Integrity Check -> Check and Merge, go to Update and check FE nodes, then click OK.

4. Create an end bulkhead at the Opposite End of module mod4. First set mod4 to be the Current Part and the
View Part. Switch on the Endpoint Display (the icon is a big red dot). Spin the model so that you can see all
of the nodes in the Opposite End. Use the Quick Creation feature (Tutorial Section 15.2) to create six more
quads as the end bulkhead, using one of the existing quads as a master.

5. Use the Quick Creation feature again to create 8 additional beams on the new bulkhead. You can leave them
on the outside.

6. Define load case 1, which will eventually have a sagging wave. Get the Loads Dialog Box, click on Loadcase
to get a 1, and give it the name Sagging Wave. On the General page select Include Structures Mass, Include
Gravity and Floating Structure (this last one is needed before the waterplane can be displayed). Click the
Create button at the bottom.

7. Switch on the display of the waterplane: under View Options, put a check mark in Waterplane, click OK.

8. Set the height of the ocean surface: go to the Job Info Box, Origin and Balancing page, go to the fourth
window Ocean Surface Location - enter 2000 for Yref and click OK. Go back to the Loads Dialog Box and
click on Modify. You should now see the waterplane.

9. Finish defining the Sagging load case. In the Loads Dialog go to the Balance page, select Wave, define the
length as 40,000 mm, amplitude = 2000 mm and phase angle = 0 degrees (crest at the origin). Click on
Modify. You should now see the wave.
10. Define the hogging load case. In the Loads Dialog Box, click on the Loadcase button and select Yes, under
Existing Load Case select 1. Change the default name to Hogging Wave and click OK (which substitutes for
Create). On the Balance page, change the phase angle from 0 degrees to 180 degrees (trough at the origin).
Click the Modify button at the bottom. You should now see the hogging wave.

11. The upwards buoyancy load B can be estimated from the mean stillwater draft of 3 m.
B = 3 4.8 40 rho g
where rho = 1025 kg/m^3 and g = 9.8 N/(kg m^2).
Therefore rho g = 1.E4 N/m^3
Therefore B = 5.76 E6 N.

12. The Modeler can perform a whole variety of Hull Girder calculations, under the Hull option in the Main
Menu. Lets check on the buoyancy force.
Right click in the display window and select Profile View.
In the Main Menu click on Hull -> View Buoyancy.
You get a color display of the buoyancy force at each section, and a table in the Output window (lower left).
Put your cursor at the top border of the Output window so that you get the double-headed arrow and drag the
border upward to expand the table. Use the slider bar at the right to see more of the table. Move down to the
last line, which gives the total buoyancy for the complete ship (both halves). You should get about
11.42 E6 N roughly twice the amount we calculated above (its not exactly twice because under a wave the
vertical pressure disribution is not linear it approaches the hydrostatic pressure exponentially). So the true
buoyancy force for the half model is 11.42/2 = 5.71 E6 N.

13. We need to create some downwards loads, such as structural selfweight and cargo, to offset the buoyancy
force. We get selfweight by selecting that in the General page. To see how much it is, go to the Parts Tree,
right click on /top and at the bottom click on Show Weight. You will get a value of about 139000 kg, which is
a downwards force F1 = 139000 9.8 = 1.36 E6 N.
So we need another downwards force F2 = 5.71 E6 1.36 E6 = 4.35 E6 N
which means we need a mass of 4.35 E6 / 9.8 = 443900 kg.

14. We will get this mass by creating a module group, the same as in Section 13.3 of the Tutorial.
Open the Groups Dialog Box and click on the Module tab. Click the ID button, which gives a 1. Now comes
the shortcut. Click on the "Add Whole Ship" button on the upper right (if it's not visible, widen the Dialog
Box). Then click Create. In the ID window get Group 1 again. Click in the Mass window (far right) and
enter 443900. Click in the Name window and replace the words module group 001 by the word cargo
(keep +all modules+ to signify the extent of this group). Then click Modify.

15. We will now use the Module Group of mass (443900 kg) that we just created. In the Loads Dialog select
Loadcase 1 and then select -> Mass -> Module, click the down-arrow and select cargo+all modules+, then
click Modify.

16. Do the same for Loadcase 2.

17. See what Modeler says about downward weight force in the Hull.
In the Main Menu click on Hull -> View Gross Weight.
Again you get a color display of the weight force at each section, and a table in the Output window. The total
force should be roughly equal and opposite to the total buoyancy force, about -11.42 E6 N.

18. In the calculations of Step 13 we did some roundoff, so the model is not perfectly balanced. The Modeler is
able to balance the ship by calculating the vertical movement (emergence or sinkage) and the trim needed
to achieve equilibrium. In the upper toolbar the button for balancing is an old-fashioned two-pan scale. Click
that and click OK to take the defaults. The Output window will show some of the calculations. Go to the
Loads Dialog (you will still be in Loadcase 2) go to the Balance page, and note that there are now small
values of emergence and trim angle.

19. Do the same balancing operation for Loadcase 1.

20. Now that the ship is balanced, we can ask for other Hull Girder calculations (they would be invalid if it was
not balanced).
In the Main Menu click on Hull -> View Net Force.
Again you get a color display of the net force at each section, and a table in the Output window. The last line
is the total net force, and it should be a small value, about -140,000 N.
In the Main Menu click on Hull -> View Shear Force. The curve should go to zero at the right end.
In the Main Menu click on Hull -> View Bending Moment. The curve should go to zero at both ends.

21. The Bending Moment curve and table (see attached figure) shows that the maximum sagging value is 721 E7
N mm. The final value at the right end (bottom of the table) is only -0.0004 E7, so the curve is effectively
closed, as it should be.

22. Now impose the restraints, as shown in the attached figure. Being a half model it only needs three restraints
two against Y translation (one at each end of the model) and one against X translation (at the midlength of
the model). The figure shows that nodes at endpoint 4 have been chosen.

23. Run the MAESTRO Solver. Select loadcase 1 and then click on Results -> Deform. The exxagerated
picture of the deformed shape shows that there is much more local deformation, especially of the bottom
structure, than there is hull girder type of deformation. This ship is still quite short, only 40 m, and so there
isnt much hull girder bending. We will fix this in the next project.
Restraints

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