Bai giang sé 17 HAM 8S PHAN THUC Cu tric ciia bai gidng nay tuong ty nhw cu tric ciia bai gidng s6 16 (ham sé da thite). §1. BAI TOAN TIEP TUYEN VOI HAM SO PHAN THUC Kién thize co ban xin xem trong tiét | — bai gidng s6 16, Sau day xét cdc dang toan co ban Logi 1: Tiép tuyén tai m6t diém cho truée trén duéng cong. Phuong phap gidi nhu da trinh bay trong loai 1, §1 bai gidng 16. Thi du 1: (Dé thi oe sinh Dai hgc khdi D — 2007) Cho duéng cong y = Xo. x+ Tim diém M € (C) sao cho tiép tuyén tai M cla (C) ct Ox, Oy tai A, B sao cho dign tich tam giée OAB bing - 6 day O 1a géc toa dé. G 2 : Goi ms a | € (©) la diém can tim. Ta 06 y°(x0) = 0 (xo#1) Do dé phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi (C) tai M Ia: 2X9 2 2 2x} : = CC (). Xotl (mr 0) (ny G +1) rs Tit (1) suy ra A =(-x0s 0) va B | 0;—2%0 > (x0 +1) Tac6:Soqg = ZA 0B =4|-x3 |_2x0_| Q). : 1 xo 1 Tir (2) suy ra: Sgap=— (3). 4 (xo+l) 4 Giai (3) ta duge x9= 1 hode xy= c Nhu vay Mi(1; 1) va Ma-35-2) la hai diém can tim trén (C). 303Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoe khéi B- 2006) Cho dudng cong y = =) Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén vi (C) biét x ring tiép tuyén vudng géc véi tiém can xién cia (C). Gidi Dé thdy y = x ~ 1 la tigm e€n xién cua (C) (ban doc ty nghigm Ki). Khi dé tiép tuyén (d) cn tim do vudng géc vdi tigm cén xién nén cé hé s6 goc bang -1. Goi xo la hoanh dé tiép diém, ta co: ey ee XG + 4X9 +3 (xp #2)" 3 Dé dang giai (1) va ta cé: xg =-24 7 Ap dung céng thite y — yo = y’(xo)(x — Xo) ta suy ra c6 hai tiép tuyén cdn tim la: y = -x +2V2-5 vay= -x-2V2-5. Thi du 3: 2 Cho duang cong y = eto. <= Tim diém Me (C) dé tigp tuyén cat Ox, Oy tuong img tai A, B sao cho OAB la tam giac vung can. G Ggi M € (C) la diém cin tim. Dé thay tiép tuyén véi (C) tai M c6 dang: | =) (). Xp-l Bang cach lan lugt cho y =0 (cho x=0) trong (1), ta dé dang suy ra: fe 2xb+2x0-1 9 Ae 0,280 +2%0 =! 1 =x} + 2x +2 Co. Tam giéc OAB vu6ng can khi va chi khi: OA=0B> 0 [28 *2%-1] Pw t2~H= 1) 2) -x? +2x) +2 (% - 1y Giai (2) va thu duge xp = =~ Vay trén (C) cé hai diém can tim la My, Mp véi hoanh 46 tuong ing 1a _2+v6 pe 27s eoThi du 4: Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén véi ae biét tiép tuyén tao véi dudng thing d:y = 2x + 1 mét géc 45°, Goi ay 1a hé 36 géc tia tigp tuyén. Vi tigp tuyén tao véi d mot géc 45° va do d c6 hé 86 géc bang 2, nén ta cd: Goi Xo la hoanh d6 ctia tiép diém, ta 66 ay = y"(Xo) = a >0. (Xo +2) : | oe [s (x42) 3 Lxo=-5 Tit dé ap dung, cong thite y — yo = y’(Xo)(X — Xo) Suy ra c6 hai tiép tuyén can 1 14 timlizy = tx42 vay= tx l4, oo a Chi ¥: Ta da sir dung céng thire quen biét sau: d), d; la hai dudng thang cé hé sé goc lan lurgt la k), k2. Khi dé néu goi a la géc gitta d, va dy thi Ta 6 ay = —3 bj loai, con ay tana = (di nhién khong xét khi dy 1 2). Thi du $: Cho duong cong y = —** + ©) va M [a mt diém bat ki trén (C). Goil giao diém ctia hai tigi in. Tigpt a tai M cat hai tigm can tai A, B. 1/ Ching minh M [a trung diém cia AB 2/ Ching minh tiép tuyén tai M khong di qua I. . Ap dung céng thire viét phurong trinh tiép tuyén ta cd phuong trinh tiép tuyén vi (C) tai diém M la: yo tg (x xp) B24 ay (x03) 1/ Ro rang x =3 vay = Iugt 1a tigm cain ce va tigm céin ngang ciia (C). Goi A, B tuong mg Ia giao diém ciia tiép tuyén (1) voi tiém cn dimg va tiém can 2, ).0- (2x9 -3:3) ngang. Khi dé dé thay A= [2 + x 305__ Tir db: xq + Xp = 2xy = 2xm. Mat khdc A, M, B thing hang, nén M [a trung diém cia AB. 2/ Dé thay 1(3; 3). Thay x =3 vao vé phai ca (1) ta c6 3- A Xo) 3x9 +1 _ = M082 03 Wei Va #3, fe eo : Diéu dé chimg a I khéng nam trén tiép tuyén (1) => dpem. Loai 2: Tiép tuyén di qua mot diém cho truéce trén dudng cong: Phuong phap giai nh phuong phép sir dung 46i véi loai 2, §1, bai gidng 16. Thi dul: VP= Cho duramg cong (C):y = | va diém AG; 4). Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén véi (C) biét rang tiép tuyén di qua A. Gi Tiép tuyén voi C di qua A c6 dang: y = k(x — 6) + 4 (vi x = 6 khéng thé la tiép 7 tuyén cia (C)). Ta c6: y' = <—A843 (x-2) Goi xp la hoanh dé tiép diém, ta cd hé sau: x} - 2X9 +1 ee) (1) x9 — 4x9 +3 Me @ (x0 -2) Thay (2) vao (1) rdi rdt gon (dé ¥ ring can c6 diéu kign xo # 2), ta di dén: 2x0? = 6Xy= 0 <> Xo= 0 hoc xo= 3. + Khi xo=0, thik 3 . Tiép tuyén lay 3 x 3 + Khi xo= 3 =k = 7 Tiép tuyén li y = Thi du 2: MS (C). Tim cdc dim M trén dudng thing y = 2x+1, sao cho tir M Choy Vé durge mot tiép fe dén (C). Giai Goi ne 2a +1) la diém can tim. Duong thang di qua M va la tiép tuyén cua (C) e6 dang: y = k(x- a) +20 +1. Goi xo 13 hoanh 6 tiép diém, ta c6 hé sau: Xo+3 _k(xp-a)+2a+1 (1) Xg-l ~4 ——— =k. a (x0 - iy 2 Voi digu kién xo# 1, thay (2) vao (1) ri rit gon, ta cd: 306ax,’ — 2xo(a +2) + 3a +2 = 0 (3) Bai todn tré thanh tim a dé (3) c6 dang mot nghiém khée 1. =Néu a=0, thi (3) c6 dang 4x9 +2 = 0. x9= > ~Néu a # 0, thi (3) 66 duy nhdt nghiém va nghiém nay khde 1 khi: A'=0 : {2 +a4+2=0 a5 o —el a+24q a=2 Néu #0 thi (3) c6 hai nghiém phan biét trong 46 c6 m6t nghiém bang | khi A'>0 -a7? +a4+2>0 Xo =11a mot nghiém cia 2a-2=0 Tom lai Mi(0;1), Mo(—1; -1), Ms(1;3), M,(2;5) la bén diém can tim. Thi du 3: eal. Cho dudng cong ya txtley, Tim trén true Oy cée dim o6 thé ké xl dén (C) hai tiép tuyén vudng géc voi nhat G Gia str M(0;a) la diém can tim. Tiép tuyén voi (C) ké tir M c6 dang: y = kx+a (1) Goi Xo 1a hoanh d6 tiép diém, c6 hé sau: v3 2x0 4X04 Lh a (1) Xo +1 2xp + 4x9 (xo +1)? @) Thay (2) vao (1) (véi didu kign xo 4-1) r6i rit gon, ta c6 (at 1x0? + 2(a— 1)xot a (3). Bai toan tré thanh: Tim a dé (3) c6 hai nghigm phan biét t,, t, 4-1 thoa man didu kign 20? +4, 203 + 4ty : (4). (ty) +1)? (ty +1) Tacé (4) A(t) + Btyty (t; +t) + 16tyt oO. [tits +(t +t) +1] ee a a +1 a+l a+ 6a-6=0 oa=-34V15 ©) (Chi y ring khi théa man (6) thi a+! # 0, va A’2(a-1)>0) Vay trén doan Oy c6 hai diém edn tim M,(0;-3+ vI5) va M,(0;-3- vis). 2(1 Thay t, +t, = 307§2. CUC TRI CUA HAM PHAN THUC P(x V6i lép ham phan thie y = (s) ta ludn sir dung hai két qua sau: Q(x) 1/ V6i lop ham y = aes (a4 0, a° £0) c6 cye dai, cye tiéu khi va chi axt khi phuong trinh y’ = 0 cé hai nghigm phan biét khdc ae a P(x) Q(x) Xét cdc thidy sau: Thi du 1: (Be thi tuyén sinh Dai hoe khéi A -2007) x?42(m+l)x+m? 4m P(x) _ P'(xo) 2/ Gia sir y = : 3 0) Qo) 6 cyte tri tai x = xo khi dé ta c6: y(xy) = Cho ham sé. y = (Cy). Tim m dé ham s6 c6 eye x+2 dai, cue tiéu cing voi géc toa dé O tao thanh tam gidc vudng tai O. Duong cong (C,,) c6 cyc tri khi va chi khi phuong trinh 2 vi - 4 : : ar : Ae : 1X +4x=m" +4 _9 (1) 06 hai nghiém phan biét khac ~2. Didu nay xy (x+2) A'>0 259 ra khi va chi khi: : lm?" cs m40Q). 4-8-m?+440 |m? 40 Khi théa man (2), (Cn) 66 eve tri tai hai digm A(-2-m; -2); B(-2 + m; 4m-2). Vi thé OAB Ia tam gidc vudng khi: OA?+ OB?= AB? & (2 + m)'+ 4 + (m—2)'+ (4m — 2)°= (2m) + (4my om'+ 8m-8=0 0. Lic dé ta cé bang bién thién sau: x 1 ~<0 a 0 m y’ + 0 = a Nhu thé m>0, him sé c6 cue tigu tai diém A( geen ) : vm Dé thay A: y = mx <> mx-y=0 Ia tiém cn xién ctia (Cy). Tir do: Jeol mts & m’-2m+1=0 om=1 vm?+1 V2 R6 rang m= 1 thoa man didéu kign m> 0 nén [a gia trj cdn tim cua m. Thi du 4: 0 a(A.d)= Te <> = Cho ham sé y = **™* (Cy). Tim m dé ham sé c6 cye dai, cye tigu va khoang cach gitta ching bang 10. : Giai Taco [ee Lap luan nhu cac thi dy trén ta thay (Cy) c6 cye tri (I-x)" khi va chi khi m>-1 @. Khi thoa man (1) thi (Cu) dat cuc tri tai x1, X2, 6 day x) va x2 la pai nghiém cua phuong trinh: -x’+2x+m=0 Ap dyng céng thitc tinh gid tri cue dai va cyc tiéu voi ham phan ie tacé: = y(x1) = 2x) + m; y2= y(X2) = 2x2 + m. 309Tacé: AB = 10. (x) x1)" + (y2— yi)" = 100 > (x2— x1)? = 20 (+ XQ)" = 4X = 20 (3). Ap dung dinh li Viet ta c6 x + x2 = 2; xix: Thay vao (3) ta duge 4m + 4=20 © R6 rang (4) théa man (1), nén m= 4 la Thi du 5: a - 4). tri duy nat cn tim cua m, 2 eee I - Chote 6 Rem tin (Ca x=m tigu nam vé cuing mét phia cia tryuc Ox. x? —2mx -(m? +1) (x-m)" Lam nhu cdc thi dy trén, suy ra (Cy) c6 cure dai, cue tiéu voi moi m. Khi dé (C,) dat cuc tr) tai x), x2, trong dé x, x; lA cdc nghiém cia x?— 2mx -(m? + 1)=0 qd) Cire dai, cuc tigu nm vé cing mét phia cia truc Ox, néu nhu: Yy(X1)- Y(x2) > 0 <> [2x1 + (m + 1][2x2+ (m + IPO <> 4X)X2+ 2(m + 1X) + x) + (m+ 1)>0. (2). Tacé: y'= Ap dung dinh li Viet, ta c6 x) + x»= 2m; xix2=—-m?=1. 2 m>-3+2 V3 Thay vao (2) va cd m?+6m-3>0<> |" N5 : m<-3-2V3. Nhén xét: a ‘ 1/ Néu doi hoi eure dai, cye tiéu nim vé hai phia céia tryc tung thi diéu kign la x1<0 16. Giii . 2x? —4mx + 2m Taco y'= Se (x-m) Dé thay (Cy) c6 cy tri tai x1, x2 Khi m1 (). Khi d6 (Cx) dat owe tr tai xi,x2, 6 day x, x2 1a hai nghigm eda phuong trinh x-2mx+m = 0. (2) 310Ta c6: |y(x,)~y(xz)[>16 <> [4x, -3-4xq +3]>16 <> |x, —x9] >4 > (K)— 2) P16 > (x) + x2)? — Axx 16 @) Ap dung dinh li Viet voi (2), ta c6 x;+x2 = 2m; x)x2 =m. . m0 <> 4 m>1+Vi7. C R6 rang (4) thoa man (1), nén 1a cdc gid tri can tim cia m. §3. BAI TOAN VE SU TUONG GIAO CUA DO TH] HAM PHAN THUC Phuong phap giai nhw phuong phdp da sir dung trong tiét §3 — bai giang 16. Xét cdc thi dy sau: : Thi dy 1 (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi A — 2004) 243x-3 2(x=1) tai hai diém A, B sao cho AB = 1. Cho dudng cong y (C,,). Tim m dé dudng thing y = m cat (C) Giai Trude hét tim diéu kign dé y = m va (C) cat nhau tai hai diém phan biét. Dieu nay xay ra khi phuong trinh =x? +3x-3 ————~ = m (1) cé hai nghiém phan biét # 1. Ta thay 2(x=1) a o ae ie +(2m-3)x+3-2m =0 x#l. Vay dé y = m va (C,,) cat nhau tai hai diém phan biét ta can c6 3 = cae m>— | Q) f(I)=140 m<->. 2 Khi théa man (2), y = m va (Cy) edit nhau tai A, B cé hoanh 46 tuong tng la Xi, X2, 5 day x,, Xp ki hai nghiém cia phuong trinh: x? +(2m—3)x +3 —2m=0. (3) Vi A, B nam trén dudng thing y = m, nén AB = 1 < |x, -x4[=1 <> Q2— m1) = 1 (X1 + 2) = 4xX2= 1 145 om —m-1=0 om= (4) Dé thay (4) théoa man (2), nén la cdc gid tri cdn tim cia m.Chi y: Ta c6 bai toan hoan toan tuong ty (Dé thi Dai hoc khdi B~2009) Tim m dé dung thing y =—x + m va duéng cong y= *—! eft nhaw tai hai diém phan bigt A, B sao cho AB = 4. Giai hoan toan tuong ty. Dap sé m = 42V6 . Thi dy 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi A -2003) mx?+x+m Cho dudng cong y = ae (Cy). Tim m dé (C,,) c&t truc hoanh tai hai = diém phan biét cé hoanh d6 duong. (Cw) cat true hoanh tai hai diém phan biét cé hoanh 46 durong khi va chi khi phuong trinh: mx? +x+m =0 _ xel c6 hai nghiém phan bigt. Digu nay xy ra khi va chi khi A=1-4m? >0 P=1>0 e| @-s0 2 m 2m+140 Chi y: Bai toan tuong ty (Dé thi tayén sinh dai hoc khéi D — 2003) c6 dang sau. 22x44 Tim m dé dudng thing y.= mx + 2 — 2m cit dé thiy = tai hai diém phan biét : Voi [6 giai hodn toan tuong tu, ta c6 dap sé: m>1. Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi D — 2009) 2 ee Tim m dé duong thing y = -2x + m cét dudng cong y = *—**=! (6) tai hai x diém phan biét A, B sao cho trung diém cia AB nam trén truc tung. i Dudng cong (C,,) va dudng thing da cho cét nhau tai hai diém phan biét A, B 2 eet digu kign cn va di 14 phuong trinh :-2x + m= <%=! (4) x phai c6 hai nghigm phan bigt. Do khi x= 0, thix?+x+140nén (1) > x(-2x + m) =x? + x — Leo 3x74 (1 mx — 1 = 0 (2) Gi <0, nén vi moi m thi (2) luén cé hai nghiém phan biét. trung diém I cia A, B nim trén truc tung can c6 x; = 0. Ta c6: Xy+Xp 2 9 & x70 oo *ATXB 9 =00 omel. 312Thi du 4: Cho dung cong y= 3 (C) va dudng thing dy: y = 2mx — m. Tim m —_ 8 (C) va (dy) cét nhau tai hai diém phan bigt thude hai nhanh khée nhau eéta (C). ae _ Tanhén thay x = 2 la tigm cn dig cita (C) va (C) gdm hai nhanh, mdi nhénh nam vé mét phia cla durong thang : Vi thé (C) va (d,,) cét nhau tai hai diém phan bigt thugc hai nhanh khde nhau cita (C) khi va chi khi phwrong trinh 2x? -3x “x-2 c6 hai nghiém phan biét x;, x7 sao cho x) <2 < xz Vi x = 2 khong phai la nghiém ctia 2x”~ 3x, nén (1) © 2x? — 3x = (x —2)(2mx — m) <= 2(m — 1x" + (3 — Sm)x + 2m = 0 Q) Bai toan tro thanh: Tim m dé (2) c6 hai nghiém x,, x2 sao cho x)<209 417m? -22m+9>0 (x) -2)(x;-2) <0 XiXp—2(xy +g) +4<0 ml ° a. om>l,. m__ 5m-3 10 _im-1 oo m-1 Vay m> I la cae gid trj can tim cha tham sé m. Thi dy 5: Tim m dé cho dudng thang dy: 2x + m cat dé thi (C) y=-x+3+ oo tai hai : i x-l diém phan bigt A, B sao cho AB 6 dé dai nho nhat G Tac: 2x+m=-x+3+ x#l (2) 3x7 +(m-6)x-m=0. (3) Do A =m’ + 36> 0 va VT (3) 4.0 khi x= 1 Vm, nén véi moi m, dy va (C) edt nhau tai hai diém phan x; +m) va B(x2; 2x2+ m). Ta c6 AB?= (xp— x1)? + (2xp— 2x1)?= 5[(X) + x2)? — Axxo] = 2(36+m?) (4) Tir (4) suy ra AB nho nhat khi m = 0. 313§4. BAI TOAN TIEM CAN VOI HAM PHAN THUC Trong myc nay can lu y hai diéu sau day: 1/ Néu ham phan thite khéng cd tham 86 thi viée xde dinh cdc dudng tiém can cia cac ham so nay 1a don gian, vi ta da biét rd quy tac cach xac dinh cdc dudng tigm can cia né (xem sdch gido khoa Giai tich 12). 2/ Néu ham phan thite c6 tham so, thi dy: mx? +2x-1 A ,X72 thi trude hét phai xem ching cé thoa man diéu kign tir sé va mau sé co phai la khong c6 nhan tir chung hay khéng, RGi sau dé moi xem dén img voi cdc gid tr) 46 thi phan thie c6 dang gi, tir dé xdc dinh dudng tiém can cia ching theo cdc quy tac da hoc. . Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi A - 2008) mx? + (3m? = 2)x-2 hay y= 2x- y= X— Cho dudng cong y = 5 x+3m Tim m dé géc gitta hai dudng tigm cAn bang 45°. Vidt Iai (C) durdi dang: y= mx -2+ 9M=2 : x+3m Tir (1) suy ra can xét cdc kha nang sau: ay — Néu m= ; khi do tir (1) e6 y = gx-2 véi x # 1. Truong hgp nay (C) khéng c6 tig edn. um# ; hi dé tir (1) suy ra: + (C) c6 tiém can dig x =-3m + (C) c6 tiém cfin xién y = mx-2 (khi m = 0, thi cé tigm cn ngang y = -2) Doan thang x = om vudng gdc voi truc hoanh, nén y = mx~2 tao vdi ti¢m can dig mét géc 45° khi va chi khi nd tao voi chiéu duong ciia truc hoanh mét : m= tan 45° goc bing 45° hodc 135°, tie la khi an jeom=sl. =tanl35 Thi dy 2: . . 2x? -3x+m oe . Cho dudng cong y==~—**"(,,), Tim cde tigm cfm ctia (Cy) Khim x-m thay ddi. Viét lai (C,,) dudi dang: y = 2x +2m—-3+ Ta cé 2m? + 2m-3 =0 < m=O hode m= 1. Vi thé tir(1) suy ra: 3141/Néu m = 0, thi y = 2x ~ 3 voi x #0 (Co) khéng c6 tiém cén. 2/ Néu m= 1, thi y=2x— 1, voix #1 (C)) khéng c6 tigm can. 3/ Néu m #0, m # I, thi (C,,) c6 tiém can dimg x = m va tiém can xién y=2x+2m—3. Thi dy 3: 2x? +mx—2 : AP eee ta Cho y sa 7 (Cy). Tim m dé tiém can xién ctla (Cy) tao voi hé truc toa dé mot tam gide cé dign tich bing 4. G Ta 06: (Cm): y = axrm424 (1). = Vay tir (1) suy ra (Cy) 6 tigm can xién y = 2x + m +2 khi m 40. Tiém can xién nay cét truc hoanh tai al elle 0) va truc tung tai (0; m+2). Vi thé: _-m—2 =2 Soas =4<2 LOA.OB=4 Sen ese : 2 m=-6. Thi du 4: a a 2 Cho dudng cong y = ——————_ (C). Tim diém M € (C) sao cho khoang x= cach tir M dén giao diém hai oe tigm can 1a nho nhat. G Dé thay x = | va y = x+3 tong tmg la tiém cén dimg va tigm can xién, do dé 1(1;4) l giao diém cia hai duéng tigm céin. viém M(x: xsd) (C) nén x MI= (x1 a(x-t+ VV 2 pot ba2, volte xl x t Tir do tacd MI 2V2+ . Vay MI nhén gid tri nh nhét= ¥2+2V2 <> 212 t ex let esx att ee NG VE Vi thé trén (C) c6 hai diém can tim v6i hoanh dé x = 1+ 315BAI TAP TU GIAI Bail: Choy = E2820), Tim M €(C) sao cho tiép tuyén tai M vudng géc véi = dudéng thang qua M va tam déi xtmg cia (C). Dap $6: My, Mz € (C) véi hoanh dé tuong tng x;= 1+ YB vaxy=1- $8. Bai 2: Cho duéng cong y tuyén vdi (C), biét ring Dip sé: y oe l vay =-18x +1, =-x4l Bai 3: Cho y = 2 Ching mi minh rang trén én duong inte y=7c6 bin! diém sao cho tir mdi diém trén dé, 06 thé ké dén (C) hai tiép tuyén lip véi nhau géc 45°. Bai 4: ri +X+m - oe oe : eae . ’ ke Cho 2 (Cy). Tim m dé ham s6 ¢6 hai cue tri nam vé hai phia déi xt x* +2mx +2 Cho y =—— (Cu). Tim m dé (Cn) 66 cye tri va khoang cach tir hai x+l diém eye trj dén dong thing x + y + 2 = 0 la bang nhau, Dap sé: m= Nie Bai 6: 2 ax +] Tim m dé dudng thang (d,,): y = mx + 2 - m cat dd thi (C): y= 5 xX+ tai hai diém phan biét thuge cing mot nhanh cia (C). Dap sé: m< 5 vam# I. Bai 7: Cho y=™ ! (c,). Tim m 8 (Cy) c6 tigm cn xién va khoang Ne x ach tir A(~4: ym]) dén né la tn nha, Dap sé: m= +1. 316