PROJECT WORK FOR ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATICS 2010
PAPER WORK 4

Statistics in Our Life

NAME : FARAH HANI BT HASSIM

I/C NUMBER : 930705-01-6434
SCHOOL : SMK TENGKU MAHMUD ISKANDAR

Contents
No Contents Page

1 Acknowledgement

2 Introduction

3 Part 1

4 Part 2

5 Part 3

6 Conclusion

7 Further Exploration

8 References
 Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to say thank my teacher Puan Hjh Zahrah who had gave us some
guides on how to complete this paperwork. Next to my fellow teammates who had held
on each other firmly until we had completed this paperwork. Finally to my parents who
had always encourage me to put in some effort to complete such big task and also
allowing me to visit each other's house to discuss about this paperwork.

While I was conducting this paperwork, I have gained consciousness in many other
things in my life. Completing this paperwork in a team had gave me a chance to know
each other and broaden my view on Mathematics. I now know the correct way to apply
mathematic knowledge in my daily life to solve a lot of problems.

Besides that, I also have learnt to accept other ideas from different people to make out
all the possible results. Then, I know which is the best after those comparison made.
This way, I can save a part of time and materials needed to construct any of the objects.
For an example, a bridge construction. We use the same method to find out all the
things we needed to complete it in the most beautiful and cost saving way.
 Introduction
This project is carried out by every student who taking Additional Mathematic in
their SPM examination. This project carries such aims:-

 Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine

and non-routine problems;
 Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting
and meaningful and hence improve their thinking skills.
 Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are
applied in meaningful ways in solving real-life problems
 Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical
thinking, reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and
expected
 Experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effective
learning.
 Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing,
and to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas
correctly and precisely
 Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through
problem-solving in ways that increase interest and confidence
 Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in
workplace
• Realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-
life problems and hence develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

• Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate,

to cooperate, and to share knowledge in an engaging and healthy
environment

• Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively

• Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to

become more creative and innovative

• Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics

We are expected to submit the project work within three weeks from the first
day the task is being administered to us. Failure to submit the written report
will result in us not receiving certificate.
 History of Statistic
By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic
collection of demographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th century,
the meaning of "statistics" broadened, then including the discipline concerned with
the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed
in government, business, and all the sciences. Electronic computers have
expedited statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop
"computer-intensive" methods.
The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories
of probability and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice. The
relation between statistics and probability theory developed rather late, however.
In the 19th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose initial
results were found in the17th and 18th centuries, particularly in the analysis
of games of chance (gambling). By 1800, astronomy used probability models and
statistical theories, particularly the method of least squares, which was invented
by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and statistics was systematized
and extended by Laplace; following Laplace, probability and statistics have been
in continual development. In the 19th century, social scientists used statistical
reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of experimental
psychology and sociology; physical scientists used statistical reasoning and
probability models to advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical
mechanics. The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with
the development of inductive logic and the scientific method.
Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical
science, like computer science or operations research. Unlike mathematics,
statistics had its origins in public administration and maintains a special concern
with demography and economics. Being concerned with the scientific
method and inductive logic, statistical theory has close association with
the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on learning from data and making
best predictions, statistics has great overlap with the decision
science and microeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics has overlap
with information science and computer science.

How about statistic today?

During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments
for agricultural research, public health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics,
etc.), industrial quality control, and economic and social purposes
(unemployment rate, economy, etc.) necessitated substantial advances in
statistical practices.
Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins. Individuals
and organizations use statistics to understand data and make informed
decisions throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine, business, and
other areas.
Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of mathematics but rather
as a distinct, albeit allied, field. Many universities maintain separate
mathematics and statistics departments. Statistics is also taught in
departments as diverse as psychology, education, and public health.
 Part 1

The prices of goods sold in shops vary from one shop to another. Shoppers tend to
buy goods which are not only reasonably priced but also give value for their
money.

You are required to carry out a survey on four different items based on the
following categories i.e. food, detergent and stationery. The survey should be done
in three different shops.

a) Collect pictures, newspaper cuttings or photos on items that you have

chosen. Design a collage to illustrate the chosen items

Answer:

Food

Self-raising flour
Sugar

Eggs (Grade A)

Butter
Detergent
Stationery
Question
(b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in Table 1. Since items
maybe differently packed, be sure to use consistent measurements for each item
selected so that comparison can be done easily and accurately.

Answer:

Category Item Price(RM)

Gui Brothers G-Mart Superstore
 1.Self-Raising 4.00 3.70 3.60
Food Flour(1000g)
2.Sugar(1000g) 2.00 1.90 1.80
3.Butter(250g) 4.70 4.50 4.30
4.Eggs(Grade A) 5.90 5.50 5.00
1 dozen
Total Price 16.60 15.60 14.70
1.Soap(3 bars) 3.20 3.00 2.80
Detergent 2.Liquid 4.29 3.90 3.20
dishwasher(1000ml)
3.Clothes 18.90 17.00 16.50
detergent(3kg)
4.Toilet 5.50 5.50 5.50
cleaner(500ml)
Total Price 31.89 29.40 28.00
1.Sharpener 1.50 1.30 1.00
Stationery 2.Pencil 5.00 4.80 4.50
(2B-1 dozen)
3.Pen 1.30 1.20 1.00
4.Eraser 1.30 1.20 1.10
Total Price 9.10 8.50 7.60
Grand Total 57.59 53.50 50.30

Question

(c) Create at least two suitable graphical representations (the use of ICT is

encouraged) to compare and contrast the price of the items chosen.

Answer:
1)

2)
3)
Question
(d) Based on the graphical representation that you have constructed in Part 1(c),
interpret, discuss and draw conclusions. Comments on your findings.

Answer:

Based on the graphical representations that I have constructed in Part 1(c), it is

shown that there are large and small differences among the prices of items in each
category between the shops. In the food category, the smallest price differences
are of those of sugar, while the highest is the price of eggs. Besides food, detergent
also shows a large price difference between its items. Among them is the price of
liquid dishwasher and clothes detergent. On the other hand, stationery item
doesn’t have any obvious price difference. The graph also show that most of the
items that are high priced comes from the Gui Brothers Supermarket, while the
lowest price items come from the Discount Store. The graph 1(d) will show the
conclusion of the difference among the shops based upon the shops grand total.
Graph 1(d)
Question

(e) Identify an item that has a large price difference among the shops.
Calculate the mean and standard deviation of that particular item. Hence, suggest
and discuss possible reasons for the price difference.

Answer:

Liquid dishwasher:
18.9+ 17+16.5
Mean= 3

=17.47

Standard deviation

= √(∑х²)/N – ( х ̃ )²
18.9²+17²+16.5²
=√ 3
- (17.47)²

=0.97

The large price difference of clothes detergent among the shops maybe because of
the standard of the shop. A high standard shop or supermarket, the items sold
intend to be much more expensive than a regular shop or supermarket. Also, the
price difference of the items may also due to the quality of the item present. A
better quality means a higher price.
 Part 2

Every year SMK Tengku Mahmud Iskandar organizes a carnival to raise

funds for the school. This year the school plans to install air conditioners in
the school library. Last year, during the carnival, your class made and sold
butter cakes. Because of the popularity of the butter cakes, your class has
decided to carry out the same project for this year’s carnival.

Question

(a) Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would go to purchase the
ingredients for the butter cakes. State and discuss your reasons for
purchasing from the shop you suggested.

Answer:

The Superstore. This is because the total price of the ingredients from
this shop is the lowest from the three shops.

Question

(b) Complete Table 2 with the prices of the items found in the
shop/supermarket that you have chosen.

Answer:

Ingredient Quantity Price in the year Price in the year

Per cake 2009(RM) 2010(RM)
Self-raising flour 250g 0.90 0.90
Sugar 200g 0.35 0.36
Butter 250g 3.30 4.30
Eggs(Grade A) 5 eggs (300g) 1.25 2.10
 Question

(i) Calculate the price index for each of the ingredients in Table 2 for the
year 2010 based on the year 2009

Answer:

Ingredient Quantity Price in the Price in the Price index for the
Per cake year year year 2010 based on
2009(RM) 2010(RM) the year 2009 (Ι)
Self-raising 250g 0.90 0.90 100
flour
Sugar 200g 0.35 0.36 102.86
Butter 250g 3.30 4.30 130.30
Eggs(Grade 5 eggs 1.25 2.10 168
A) (300g)

1. Self-raising flour
0.9
Ι= 0.9 ×100=100

2. Sugar
0.36
Ι= 0.35 × 100=102.86

3. Butter
4.3
Ι= 3.3 × 100=130.30

4. Eggs(Grade A)
 2.1
Ι= 1.25 ×100=168

Question

(ii) Calculate the composite index for making a butter cake in the year 2010
based on the year 2009. Discuss how you obtained your answers.

Answer:
Weight
To calculate the composite index, weightage is needed (W), Total weight

Ingredients Weightage (W)

Self-raising 250
flour 1
1000=
4
Sugar 200
1
1000=
5
Butter 250
1
1000=
4
Eggs(Grade A) 300
3
1000=
10

1
¿ ¿
1
4 ( 100 ) +¿ ¿
1
Composite index 3
4 ( 130.30 )+¿
10 ( 168 )
5 (102.86 )+ ¿ ¿
1

=128.54
Question

(iii) In the year 2009,the butter cake was sold at RM15.00 each. Suggest a
suitable selling price for the butter cake in the year 2010.Give reasons for
your answer.

Answer:

On 2009,RM 15.00
ϰ
On 2010, price= 15 ×100=128.54 %

ϰ × 100=128.54 × 15

1928.1
ϰ=
100

ϰ =19.30

Thus, the suitable price for the butter cake for the year 2010 is RM19.30.The

increase in price is also suitable because of the rise in the price of the ingredients.

Question

(c)(i) Find out from reliable sources how to determine suitable capacity of air
conditioner to be installed based on the volume/size of a room.

Answer:

For common usage, air conditioner is rated according to horse power (1HP),
which is approximately 700W to 1000W of electrical power. It is suitable for a
room size 1000ft³ which is around 27m³ of volume.
Question

(ii) Work in groups to estimate the volume of your school library. Explain how
you arrive at your answer. Hence, determine the number of air conditioners with
the appropriate capacity required for your library.

Answer:

By using a measuring tape, the dimension for the library is:

Height=3.6m

Width=9.17m

Length=20.12m

Volume of the room=3.6×9.17×20.12

=664.20m³

1 unit of air conditioner is for 27m ³

664.20
For 664.20m³ = 27

=24.6

That means our school library needs 25 unit of air conditioner.

Question

(iii) If your class intends to sponsor one air conditioner for the school library,
how many butter cakes must your class sell in order to buy the air conditioner?

Answer:

1 unit of 1HP air conditioner=RM700

Cost for a cake =0.9+0.36+4.3+2.1 =7.66

Selling price =RM19.30

Profit =19.30-7.66

=RM11.64

Number of cakes to buy 1 unit of air conditioner =

700
11.64
= 60.13 = 60 cakes
 Part 3
As a committee member for the carnival, you are required to prepare an estimated
budget to organize this year’s carnival. The committee has to take into the
consideration the increase in expenditure from the previous year due to inflation.
The price of food, transportation and tents has increased by 15%. The cost of
games, prizes and decorations remains the same, whereas the cost of
miscellaneous items has increase by 30%.

Question,

a) Complete Table 3 based on the information given above.

Answer,

Expenditure Amount in 2009 Amount in 2010

(RM) (RM)
Food 1200.00 1380.00
Games 500.00 500.00
Transportation 300.00 345.00
Decorations 200.00 200.00
Prizes 600.00 600.00
Tents 800.00 920.00
Miscellaneous 400.00 520.00

Table 3
Question

b) Calculate the composite index for the estimated budget of the carnival in the
year 2010 based on the year 2009. Comment on your answer.

Solution.

Expenditure Amount in Amount in Price Index, I Weightage,

2009 2010 P1 W
I= P 0 ×100 %
(RM) (RM)
Food 1200.00 1380.00 115 12
Games 500.00 500.00 100 5
Transportation 300.00 345.00 115 3
Decorations 200.00 200.00 100 2
Prizes 600.00 600.00 100 6
Tents 800.00 920.00 115 8
Miscellaneous 400.00 520.00 130 4

Composite Index
∑ IiWi
Ī = ∑W

115 ( 12 )+ 100 ( 5 )+115 ( 3 ) +100 (2 )+100 ( 6 )+115 ( 8 ) +130( 4)

=
(12+5+3+2+ 6+8+ 4)
 4465
= 40 =111.625

The total price for the year 2010 increase by 11.625%. This is because some price
in the year 2009 increased in the year 2010.

Question.

c) The change in the composite index for the estimate budget for the carnival
from the year 2009 to the year 2010 is the same as the change from the year
2010 to the year 2011. Determine the composite index of the budget for the
year 2011 based on the year 2009.

Solution.

Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010

=111.625

Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011

=111.625
Ī 2011 ×100 = Ī 2010 × Ī 2011
2009 2009 2010

Ī 2011 1
2009
=111.625×111.625× 100

Ī 2011 =¿124.60
2009
 Further Exploration
Index numbers are being used in many different daily situations, for example
air pollution index, stock market index, gold index and property index.

Obtain information from the internet or other reliable sources on the importance
of two different types of index number of your choice. Elaborate the use and the
importance of these index numbers in daily life.

Air Pollution Index

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter,

or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living
organisms, or damages the natural environment into the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential
to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution
has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the
Earth's ecosystems.

The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution Index (API)

or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is a number used by government agencies to
characterize the quality of the air at a given location. As the AQI increases, an
increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly
severe adverse health effects. To compute the AQI requires an air pollutant
concentration from a monitor or model. The function used to convert from air
pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant, and is different in different
countries. Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range is
assigned a descriptor and a color code. Standardized public health advisories are
associated with each AQI range. An agency might also encourage members of the
public to take public transportation or work from home when AQI levels are high.
Limitations of the AQI

Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries

monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulphur dioxide, carbon
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality indices for these
pollutants.

Causes of Poor Air Quality

The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air emissions by fresh air.
Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone or temperature inversion, or other
lack of winds lets air pollution remain in a local area.

Indices by location

South Korea
The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the Comprehensice Air-quality
Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air quality based on health risk of air
pollution. The index aims to help the public easily understand air quality level and
protect the health of people from air pollution. - The CAI has values of 0 through
500, which are divided into six categories. The higher the CAI value, the greater
the level of air pollution. - Of values of the five air pollutants, the highest is the
CAI value.
CAI Description Health Implications

A level that will not impact patients suffering from

0-50 Good
diseases related to air pollution.

51- A level which may have a meager impact on patients in

Moderate
100 case of chronic exposure.

101- Unhealthy for A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and
150 sensitive groups members of sensitive groups.

A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and

151- members of sensitive groups (children, aged or weak
Unhealthy
250 people), and also cause the general public unpleasant
feelings.

251- A level which may have a serious impact on patients and

Very unhealthy
350 members of sensitive groups in case of acute exposure.

A level which may need to take emergency measures for

351-
Hazardous patients and members of sensitive groups and have
500
harmful impacts on the general public.
Malaysia
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index. Four of
the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide
and sulfur dioxide) are reported in  PM10 particulate matter is reported in μg/m³.
Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above 500, a state of
emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-
essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area
closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and
industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector.
Stock Market Index

A comparison of three major U.S. stock indices: the NASDAQ Composite, Dow

Jones Industrial Average, and S&P 500. All three have the same height at March
2007. Notice the large dot-com spike on the NASDAQ, a result of the large
number of tech. companies on that index.
A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of the stock market.
Many indices are cited by news or financial services firms and are used
as benchmarks, to measure the performance of portfolios such as mutual funds.
Types of indices

Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A 'world' or 'global' stock
market index includes (typically large) companies without regard for where they
are domiciled or traded. Two examples are MSCI World and S&P Global 100.
A national index represents the performance of the stock market of a given nation
—and by proxy, reflects investor sentiment on the state of its economy. The most
regularly quoted market indices are national indices composed of the stocks of
large companies listed on a nation's largest stock exchanges, such as the
American S&P 500, the Japanese Nikkei 225, and the British FTSE 100.
The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The Dow Jones Total
Stock Market Index, as its name implies, represents the stocks of nearly every
publicly traded company in the United States, including all U.S. stocks traded on
the New York Stock Exchange (but not ADRs) and most traded on
the NASDAQ and American Stock Exchange. Russell Investment Group added to
the family of indices by launching the Russell Global Index.
More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors of the
market. The Morgan Stanley Biotech Index, for example, consists of
36 American firms in the biotechnology industry. Other indices may track
companies of a certain size, a certain type of management, or even more
specialized criteria — one index published by Linux Weekly News tracks stocks of
companies that sell products and services based on the Linux operating
environment.

Index versions

Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions.[1] These versions can
differ based on how the index components are weighted and on how dividends are
accounted for. For example, there are three versions of the S&P 500 index: price
return, which only considers the price of the components, total return, which
accounts for dividend reinvestment, and net total return, which accounts for
dividend reinvestment after the deduction of a withholding tax. As another
example, the Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire 5000 indices have five versions each:
full capitalization total return, full capitalization price, float-adjusted total return,
float-adjusted price, and equal weight. The difference between the full
capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how index
components are weighted.

Uses and importance of air pollution index and stock market index

As everyone can see, the air pollution index is use by the government to
measure the air quality index and to detect any pollutants in our country’s air.
This is to ensure the air is clean and safe for us to inhale. Besides that, an early
warning can be given to us if the air pollution is to high for us to get out of our
homes. This warning is given based upon readings and interpretations of the air
pollution index.
As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business entrepreneurs. This type
of index is used to determine the outcome of a stock market and also the
conclusion of a stock market. The stock market index is important because a
country’s economical state sometimes depend on it.

Conclusion
After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs and some
problem solving, I saw that the usage of statistics is important in daily life. It
is not just widely used in markets but also in interpreting the condition of the
surrounding like the air or the water. Especially in conducting an air-
pollution survey. In conclusion, statistics is a daily life nessecities. Without it,
surveys can’t be conducted, the stock market can’t be interpret and many
more. So, we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of
statistics.