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CHAPTER 3
Introduction
er 3
Voltage Ranges
42803 Chapte
Symmetrical
S l and
dAAsymmetricall Faultl C
Currents
Equivalent System Impedance
Short Circuit Analysis in Three-phase Systems
Short Circuit Analysis in Single-phase Systems
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er 3
systems is mainly caused by cables,
cables
T bl 12 A Voltage
Table V lt d
drop
Lighting Other uses
i. Low voltage installation supplied
directly from a public low voltage 3% 5%
distribution system
ii. Low voltage installation supplied
6% 8%
from private LV supply 4
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er 3
VD(R)
VSEND
VREC jXSIA
IARA
IA
Approximation method:
er 3
= phase
h angle
l off line
l current
If VA = system voltage,
Vdrop
%Vdrop = 100%
VA
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er 3
a 415V,
415V three-phase feeder,
feeder 85ft in length,
length
0.035
RL = 85 = 0.002975
1000
0.049
XL = 85 = 0.004165
1000
= cos 1(0.85) = 31.79
Vdrop = 350 A [0.002975 cos((31.79) 0.004165 sin(( 31.79)] = 1.65V
BEX 4
1.65V
%Vdrop = 100% = 0.69%
239.6V
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er 3
tabulated (mV/A/m) z I b l
Vdrop = volts
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1.95 120 27
Vdrop = V = 6.32V
er 3
1000
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current flowing from the source to the load
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length
single-phase branch circuit 135ft in length,
42803 Chapte
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1.2/1000ft,
1 2/1000ft reactance = 0.050/1000ft.
0 050/1000ft
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is
using approximation method is,
42803 Chapte
In percentage,
Vdrop
BEX 4
%Vdrop = 100%
VLS
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reflected to the low-voltage side are given by,
by
%R TR = %ZTR cos
%X TR = %ZTR sin
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115kVA
115kVA, 3300-415Y V
V, three-phase
42803 Chapte
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= tan-1 (1.8)
(1 8) = 60
60.95
95
115kVA
42803 Chapte
Voltage drop,
Vdrop = 160 A [0.02905 cos(34.92) 0.05242 sin( 34.92)] = 8.61V
8.61V
%Vdrop = 100% = 2.07%
415V
415V
BEX 4
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large motor starting.
starting
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i
impedance
d and
d (b) the
th constant
t t currentt
representations.
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er 3
worst case). The locked rotor kVA during
locked-rotor
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Locked-rotor R and X,
er 3
1 110.25kW
42803 Chapte
R= = 0.1913
3 438.232
1 295.1kVAr
X = = 0.5122
3 438.232
0.1913 + j 0.5122
VM = 2400 = 230.620.24V
0.1913 + j 0.5122 + 0.01 + j 0.02
Voltage drop,
240V 230.62V
%Vdrop = 100% = 3.91%
240V 24
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er 3
IM = 438.23-69.51
438 23 69 51
25
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panel for the system below.
below The total load is
40A
Transformer:
42803 Chapte
1 (1.8%)(240V ) 2
RTR = = 0.03456
100 30kVA
1 (1.5%)(240V ) 2
X TR = = 0.0288
100 30kVA
BEX 4
C bl
Cable/Wire:
0.13
RL = 2 (120 ft ) = 0.0312
1000
0.042
X L = 2 (120 ft ) = 0.0101
1000
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er 3
of each segment or portion of the system.
system
Step
3 Determine the load current
magnitude and phase angle.
8kVA
I= = 33.33 A cos 1 (0.85) = 33.33 31.79 A
240V
29
Transformer:
Vdrop 33.33 A [0.03456 cos(31.79) 0.0288 sin( 31.79)] = 1.48V
1.48V
%Vdrop = 100% = 0.62%
240V
BEX 4
Cable/Wire:
Vdrop 33.33 A [0.0312 cos(31.79) 0.0101 sin( 31.79)] = 1.06V
1.06V
%Vdrop = 100% = 0.44%
240V
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starting at the source to the point of
31
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Transformer TR1
800kVA
6600 1000V
R = 1.5%, X = 5%
er 3
30ft two 400 kcmil copper/phase, steel conduit
400A
250A
150A
SP
100A 20kVA, 0.85 lagging PF
33
Transformer (TR1):
42803 Chapte
1 (1.5%)(1000V ) 2
RTR1 = = 0.01875
100 800kVA
1 (5%)(1000V ) 2
X TR1 = = 0.0625
100 800kVA
BEX 4
C bl (400
Cable 00 kcmil):
k l
0.035
RL = (30 ft ) = 0.00105
1000
0.049
XL = (30 ft ) = 0.00147
1000
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er 3
1 .3
Transformer (TR2):
1 (3.5%)(415V ) 2
RTR 2 = = 0.1507
100 40kVA
1 (4%)(415V ) 2
X TR 2 = = 0.1722
100 40kVA
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2 .0
42803 Chapte
RL = (12 ft ) = 0.024
1000
0.054
XL = (12 ft ) = 0.000648
1000
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Step
3 Determine the load current
er 3
magnitude and phase angle.
angle
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segment of the circuit
circuit, starting at source
source.
39
Transformer (TR2):
Vdrop 27.82 A [0.1507 cos(31.79) 0.1722 sin(31.79)] = 6.09V
BEX 4
6.09V
%Vdrop = 100% = 1.47%
415V
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er 3
BEX 42803 Chapte
Vdrop 27.82 A [0.024 cos(31.79) 0.000648 sin( 31.79)] = 0.58V
0.58V
%Vdrop = 100% = 0.24%
239.6V
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interest
starting at the source to the point of interest.
42803 Chapte
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BEX 42803 Chapte
Types of
current
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full load current and flows only in the normal
thousands of amperes.
The maximum value is limited by the maximum
short-circuit current available on the system at
the fault point.
Short-circuit current may y be further classified
BEX 4
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er 3
which flows outside the normal circuit path.
path
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very quickly.
Supply transformers - Transformer impedances
will also limit the amount of short-circuit
current from the utility generators.
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BEX 42803 Chapte
Synchronous Generator
Induction Motor
Synchronous Motor
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er 3
42803 Chapte
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used to describe the symmetry of the short-
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the pure AC component inside its sinusoidal
42803 Chapte
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the maximum peak instantaneous fault current
Symmetrical
y short circuit current
53
er 3
jXL i(t)
R
42803 Chapte
t=0s
+
Vm sin(t + ) Fault
-
[
i (t ) = 2 I rms sin(t Z ) + sin( Z ) e (R / X ) t ]
Vm X
I rms = Z = tan 1
2 ZS ZS = R2 + X 2
R
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BEX 42803 Chapte
I rms ,1 2 = ( rms half - cycle factor) I rms
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0 4 + j1.5
substation bus is 0.4 j1 5 ohms per phase.
phase
42803 Chapte
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12.47 kV
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determine by interpolation from table,
table
59
must be established.
Common system impedances equivalent
system, transformers, cables, etc.
All impedances placed before transformer
g side.
need to be reflected to its low voltage
BEX 4
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a balanced set of short circuit current,
current the rms
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Equivalent system
3-phase SC MVA = 65MVA@3.3kV, X/R = 3
Transformer TR1
750kVA
3300 1100V
Z = 5.75%, X/R = 5
er 3
50ft three 400 kcmil copper/phase, steel conduit
F1 1000A
400A
250A
400A
250A F2
63
(3300V ) 2
Z sys = = 0.1675
65MVA
Impedance angle,
= tan 1 (3) = 71.57
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er 3
the low voltage side of TR1,
TR1
%R and %X of TR1,
TR1
= tan 1 (5) = 78.69
% RTR1 = 5.75% cos(78.69) = 1.13%
% X TR1 = 5.75% sin(78.69) = 5.64%
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1 (1.13%)(1100V ) 2
RTR1 = = 0.01823
100 750kVA
1 (5.64%)(1100V ) 2
X TR1 = = 0.09099
100 750kVA
1 0.035
Rc = 50 ft = 0.00058
3 1000 R = 0.035 / 1000 ft
1 0.049 X = 0.049 / 1000 ft
Xc = 50 ft = 0.00082
3 1000
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er 3
Equivalent system :00.005883 j0.01766
005883 + j0 01766
67
F1
F1,
42803 Chapte
635.09V
I RMS = = 5,660 A
0.1122
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Half-cycle factor,
er 3
= (1.263
(1 263 1.191) (4.42
1 191) x (4 42 4.0)
4 0) + 1.191
1 191
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0.063
42803 Chapte
Rc = 10 ft = 0.00063
1000 R = 0.063 / 1000 ft
0.051 X = 0.051 / 1000 ft
Xc = 10 ft = 0.00051
1000
side of TR2,
TR2
2
415V
Rc = 0.00063 = 0.00009
1100V
2
415V
Xc = 0.00051 = 0.00007
1100V
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%R and %X of TR2,
er 3
= tan
t 1 (1.5) = 56.31
71
0.054
42803 Chapte
Rc = 10 ft = 0.00054
1000 R = 0.054 / 1000 ft
0.052 X = 0.052 / 1000 ft
Xc = 10 ft = 0.00052
1000
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er 3
Equivalent up to F1 : 0.00353
0 00353 + j0
j0.01558
01558
[X / R ]sys = 1.87
73
F2
F2,
42803 Chapte
239.6V
I RMS = = 4,172 A
0.05743
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Half-cycle factor,
er 3
= (1.042
(1 042 1.002) (1.87
1 002) x (1 87 1.0)
1 0) + 1.002
1 002
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240V
is line-to-ground fault across 240V.
42803 Chapte
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er 3
asymmetrical,
asymmetrical and peak short circuit current
77
Equivalent system
Three-phase: MVA = 65MVA@6.6kV, X/R = 3
Single-phase: ILG = 2kA, X/R = 2.4
er 3
50kVA
42803 Chapte
6600 415V
R = 1.9%
X = 2.2%
240V
Service
100ft #4/0 AWG AL,
Steel conduit
BEX 4
240V
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er 3
BEX 42803 Chapte
6600V / 3
6600V
Z sys ,1 = = 1.9053
2000 A
= tan 1 (2.4) = 67.4
Rsys ,1 = 1.9053 cos(67.4) = 0.7322
X sys ,1 = 1.9053 sin(67.4) = 1.7590
R fl i system R and
Reflecting d X to the
h 2240V,
0
2
240V
,1 = 0.7322 = 0.002905
'
Rsys
6600V / 3
2
240V
X '
sys ,1 = 1.7590 = 0.006978
6600V / 3
79
side
side,
42803 Chapte
1 (1.9%)(415V ) 2
RTR = = 0.06544
100 50kVA
1 (2.2%)(415V ) 2
X TR = = 0.07578
100 50kVA
BEX 4
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0.1
81
Totall : 0.244715
02 + j0.047838
0 0 838
Z total = 0.2493
X / R ratio = 0.2
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er 3
240V
42