Journal of Hydraulic Research

ISSN: 0022-1686 (Print) 1814-2079 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjhr20

Entry flow in curved pipes: turbulent boundary

layer approach

SK Zeeshan Ali & Subhasish Dey

To cite this article: SK Zeeshan Ali & Subhasish Dey (2015): Entry flow in curved
pipes: turbulent boundary layer approach, Journal of Hydraulic Research, DOI:
10.1080/00221686.2015.1086831

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2015.1086831

Published online: 14 Oct 2015.

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 Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2015.1086831
2015 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research

Research paper

Entry ow in curved pipes: turbulent boundary layer approach

SK ZEESHAN ALI, PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal
721302, India
Email: skzeeshanali@iitkgp.ac.in

SUBHASISH DEY (IAHR Member), Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
Downloaded by [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] at 01:12 20 October 2015

Email: sdey@iitkgp.ac.in (author for correspondence)

ABSTRACT
The development of secondary boundary layer for a steady entry of uid ow in a horizontal curved pipe is analysed using the turbulent boundary
layer approach. Outside the boundary layer (within the central core), the inviscid uid motion is treated by using the Euler and the continuity
equations, whereas inside the boundary layer, the Pohlhausen method is applied, assuming a one-seventh power law of velocity for solving the
integrals of the NavierStokes equations. The growth of the secondary boundary layer is slow with an increase in azimuthal angle, while it is gradual
along the outer pipe-wall with an increase in radial angle and becomes abruptly faster near the separation point. The wall shear stress decreases with
azimuthal angle, whereas it increases with radial angle attaining a peak and then decreases to zero at the separation point along the outer pipe-wall.

Keywords: Boundary layer; hydraulics; pipe ow; steady ow; turbulent ow

1 Introduction Williams, Hubbell, and Fenkell (1902). Grindley and Gibson

When a uid enters a curved pipe placed horizontally, a sec-
ondary ow is set up due to the curvilinearity of streamlines.
Because of the eects of the centrifugal force, an inviscid core
ow is directed outwards, that is away from the centre of cur-
vature of the pipe. To balance the centrifugal force, a pressure
gradient is created in the transverse direction of the pipe cross-
section. The pressure in the vicinity of the pipe-wall decreases
toward the centre of curvature along the periphery. The uid
close to the pipe-wall ows slowly along the periphery in the
inward direction, i.e. toward the centre of pipe curvature. Thus,
it requires a smaller pressure gradient to balance the centrifugal
force as compared with the uid in the central portion. The com-
bination of secondary ow with the main ow results in a twin
helicoidal uid motion at the top and the bottom halves of the
pipe cross-section like a mirror image. Further, as a result of the
eects of curvature, the peak velocity in the axial direction shifts
toward the outer pipe-wall and the ow resistance increases as
the uid ows in a curved pipe (Fig. 1).
The outward shifting of the position of peak axial veloc-
ity from the centreline of a curved pipe was rst detected by
(1908) observed the eects of curvature on the air ow through
a coiled pipe. Eustice (1910, 1911), who experimentally deter-
mined the resistance to uid ow in both straight and curved
pipes, argued that the head loss in a curved pipe is higher than
that of a straight. Further, he observed an increase in resis-
tance to the ow with an increase in curvature. By injecting
dye into a coiled glass tube, he also examined the displacement
eects of the water ow toward the pipe-wall. He concluded
that if uid ows through a curved pipe, it exerts a rubbing
action on the pipe-wall. White (1929) performed experiments
to study the head loss in a curved pipe for laminar uid ow.
He concluded that if the Reynolds number, R ( = 2aW/; where
a is the internal pipe radius, W the area-averaged axial ow
velocity, and the coecient of uid kinematic viscosity) is
less than 80, there is no signicant dierence of ow resis-
tance between straight and curved pipes. But if R > 100, a
curved pipe exhibits a higher resistance than a straight pipe.
He stated that if R > 6000, the ow becomes turbulent and the
ow resistance in a curved pipe becomes 2.9 times that of a
straight pipe. Hawthorne (1951) and Detra (1953), who anal-
ysed the oscillatory secondary circulation of uid arising in a

Received 10 October 2014; accepted 20 August 2015/Currently open for discussion.

ISSN 0022-1686 print/ISSN 1814-2079 online

http://www.tandfonline.com
1
 2 S. Z. Ali and S. Dey Journal of Hydraulic Research (2015)

(a) Z

r (b)

R
O O1

(c) Z
v
(r, , ) Boundary
(R , Z, ) r (u, v, w ) layer
R' (U , V , W ) R
O1 w
O

L a
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(d)
a
Entrance a
Enlarged view

Free stream L
Velocity

O
W

Figure 1 (a) General view of horizontal curved pipe with coordinate system; (b) cross-sectional view to show secondary ow and boundary layer
(enlarged view); (c) elevation view with coordinate system; (d) plan view to show free stream velocity at entrance and axial velocity at =

perfect inviscid uid ow due to nonuniform velocity distribu-
tion at the entrance of a curved pipe, reported that the secondary
motion remains identical if the streamlines are geodesics on
the surfaces of constant total pressure. For R = 2.36 105 ,
Rowe (1970) visualized the secondary ow structure in a 180
curved pipe as well as in an S-bend attached to the end of a
straight pipe. For the 180 curved pipe, he observed that the
secondary ow magnitude increases up to a certain distance
from the pipe entry and then reaches steady state. He explained
the ow mechanism by relating the production of the stream-
wise vorticity to the pressure gradient. However, in case of an
S-bend, due to the secondary ow, a complete interchange of
the slowly moving uid along the near-wall and a rapidly mov-
ing uid at the central core were observed. Using laser Doppler
velocimetry (LDV), Webster and Humphrey (1993) measured
the streamwise and circumferential velocities in fully-developed
ow through a helically coiled pipe for 3800 < R < 10,500. In
another attempt, Webster and Humphrey (1997) reported both
ow visualization and numerical analysis results for the tran-
sitional state between the laminar and turbulent ow regimes.
Hellstrm, Zlatinov, Cao, and Smits (2013) analysed the curva-
ture induced turbulent ow structures in a pipe downstream of a
90 bend using particle image velocimetry (PIV).
Dean (1927, 1928) pioneered a theoretical analysis of fully-
developed laminar ow in curved pipes of innitesimally small
curvature ratio a ( = a/L, where L is the radius of curva-
ture) for small Dean number D ( = Ra0.5 ). He solved the axial
and secondary ow characteristics by applying the perturba-
tion method using a toroidal coordinate system. He studied the
formation of secondary ow as twin vortices developed at the
upper and lower halves of its cross-section. He also reported
that under the same axial pressure gradient, the uid ux in a
curved pipe is smaller than that in a straight pipe. However, the
upper limit of the validity of Deans solution corresponded to
D = 96. Barua (1963) applied KrmnPohlhausens momen-
tum integral method to solve the secondary boundary layer in a
fully-developed laminar ow through a curved pipe for large
values of D. He predicted the separation of boundary layer
from the pipe-wall at a radial angle of 27 from the inner wall.
Based on experimental data on fully-developed turbulent ow
in a curved pipe, Ito (1959) proposed empirical expressions
for the friction factor derived from the one-seventh power law
and the logarithmic law of the velocity distribution. Ito (1969)
also used the momentum integral method to analyse the lam-
inar ow in a curved pipe predicting that the uid from the
inviscid core enters the secondary boundary layer at a radial
angle of 35 from the outer wall. However, his theory did not
indicate any separation of the boundary layer. Yao and Berger
(1975) put forward a theoretical model to analyse the boundary
layer in a curved pipe considering the developing laminar ow
 Journal of Hydraulic Research (2015)
starting from the entry of a curved pipe. Applying the momen-
tum integral method, they solved the boundary layer equations
for a uniform entry ow. They also predicted the separation of
the secondary boundary layer. A review of the studies on the
laminar ow in curved pipes was done by Berger, Talbot, and
Yao (1983). Further, Dey (2002) applied KrmnPohlhausens bation method for D < 1, the asymptotic expansion and the
momentum integral method by assuming a one-seventh power
law of velocity distribution within the boundary layer to deter-
mine the secondary boundary layer thickness and the wall shear
stress for fully-developed turbulent ow in a curved pipe. He
described the physics behind the boundary layer separation
applying the concept of limiting streamline.
Numerical solutions of the governing equations of uid
ow in a curved pipe were successfully obtained by dierent
investigators. McConalogue and Srivastava (1968) extended the
Downloaded by [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] at 01:12 20 October 2015
solution obtained by Dean using Fourier series and solving the
momentum equations numerically for the range 96 < D < 600.
Also, van Dyke (1978) extended Deans solution to a series
of 24 terms that converged for D < 96.8. The laminar friction
factor agreed well with the experimental results over a wide
range of D if a < 0.004. Akiyama and Cheng (1971) presented
a nite dierence solution for a fully-developed laminar ow boundary layer for an entry ow is primarily limited to laminar
in curved pipes using a combination of iterative method and
boundary vorticity method up to a reasonably high value of
D. Greenspen (1973) extended the work of Dean (1927, 1928)
and McConalogue and Srivastava (1968) solving the momen-
tum equations numerically by a nite dierence scheme for
the entire range of D for which the ow is laminar. Austin
and Seader (1973), who pointed out that the Dean number is
the motivating force to govern the toroidal ow, applied the
over-relaxation method to compute the axial velocity and the
transverse pressure distributions for a fully-developed laminar
ow in coiled pipes. They also presented a correlation for the
transverse pressure drop in terms of D. Patankar, Pratap, and
Spalding (1974, 1975) analysed the variations of secondary
velocity distribution and friction factor with the Dean number in
curved pipes for both laminar and turbulent ows using a nite
dierence scheme. Since then many authors have reported nite
dierence solutions (Collins & Dennis, 1975; Dennis, 1980;
Zapryanov & Christov, 1977). Applying Fourier series, Den-
nis and Ng (1982) solved the steady viscous ow through a
curved pipe for 96 < D < 5000. For D < 956, a usual sym-
metrical pair of counter rotating twin vortices was observed, but
for D > 956, a four-vortex secondary ow structure consisting
of two symmetrical vortex pairs was discovered. van de Vosse,
van Steenhoven, Segal, and Janssen (1989) used the standard
Galerkin nite element penalty function to compute the axial
and secondary velocity distributions for steady laminar entry
ow in a 90 curved tube for a = 0.17 and D = 41, 122 and
204. They compared the results with an equivalent experimental
study.
Flow with large values of D was explored by Nippert (1929),
Richter (1930), Tomita (1932), Keulegan and Beij (1937), and
Mori and Nakayama (1965). The development of turbulent
Entry flow in curved pipes 3
ow in a 180 curved pipe was analysed by Sugiyama and
Hitomi (2005) with the aid of a Reynolds stress model. Sig-
gers and Waters (2005), who considered a steady laminar ow
in pipes with nite curvature, studied the eects of both cen-
trifugal and Coriolis forces on the ow. They used the pertur-
Pohlhausen method for large values of D. For intermediate
values of D, a pseudospectral code was used to obtain the solu-
tion. Timit, Jarrahi, Castelain, and Peerhossaini (2009) studied
both numerically and experimentally the pulsating ow in a
twisted curved pipe presenting secondary ow structures for
dierent Reynolds numbers. Machane (2010) applied a numeri-
cal technique to analyse the development of viscous ow under
a variable pressure gradient in a curved duct. Prince, Gu, and
Peterson (2013) presented the impact of a wavy-walled pipe
cross-section on axial and secondary ow structures and the wall
shear stress for ow in a curved pipe at moderate values of D and
small values of a .
This overview reveals that there is an adequate progress in
analysing the ow through curved pipes both experimentally
and mathematically. However, the knowledge on the secondary
ows. The objective of the present study is therefore to present
a theoretical study to analyse the development of both the sec-
ondary boundary layer and the wall shear stress for a turbulent
ow in a curved pipe for a uniformly distributed free stream ow
into a pipe.
2 Mathematical formulation
Due to helicoidal uid motion arising from the curvilinearity,
it is dicult to select a single coordinate system to analyse the
ow entirely. Therefore, two coordinate systems describing ow
phenomena outside and within the secondary boundary layer are
employed herein (Fig. 1).
2.1 Fluid motion outside secondary boundary layer
Away from the pipe-wall, cylindrical polar coordinates (R , Z  ,
) are chosen as shown in Fig. 1 to describe the inviscid ow
outside the secondary boundary layer. The origin O is consid-
ered at the centre of pipe curvature, that is, on the plane of
symmetry. The velocity components (U, V, W) correspond to
(R , Z  , ). In nondimensional form, the continuity equation is:
1 (RU) V
1 W
+ + =0 (1a)
R R Z R
and the Euler equations are:
U
U U
W 2
W p
U + V + = (1b)
R Z R R R
 4 S. Z. Ali and S. Dey Journal of Hydraulic Research (2015)

V V V
W p and the NavierStokes equations are:

U + V + = (1c)
R Z R Z
W W u v u w u v 2 w 2 cos
W W W U 1 p u + +

U + V + + = (1d) r r 1 + r cos r 1 + r cos
R Z R R R   
p 2a 1 sin
= + +
r R r 1 + r cos
In the above, nondimensional variables are introduced as (R,  
Z) = (R , Z  ) L1 , (U, V,
W) = (U, V, W) W 1 and v v 1 u 1
+ +
p = p/( W 2 ); where p is the intensity of hydrostatic pressure, r r r (1 + r cos ) 2
 
and is the mass density of uid. u w
w cos + (1 + r cos ) (4b)
At the entry, it can be imagined that the pipe is connected to r
a large reservoir from which the uid enters into it ensuring a v v v w v u v w 2 sin
uniformly distributed free-stream velocity at the entry (Fig. 1d). u + + + +
r r 1 + r cos r 1 + r cos
Since the pipe is horizontal, consider that the central core ow  
1 p 2a cos
outside the secondary boundary layer is approximately parallel = + +
r R r 1 + r cos
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to the plane of symmetry, indicating that the uid motion in Z  -  

direction vanishes (Fig. 1b). v v 1 u 1
+ +
Due to the centrifugal eect, the axial velocity in the inviscid r r r (1 + r cos ) 2
 
core follows: v 1 + r cos w
+ w sin (4c)
r r
f
= f1 2
W (2) w
v w
w w (u cos v sin )w
R u + + +
r r 1 + r cos 1 + r cos
 
where f1 and f2 are functions of azimuthal angle . In fact, 1 p 2a 1
f1 denes the average core axial velocity and its development = + +
1 + r cos R r r
with , while f2 represents the bias in axial velocity distribution   
w 1 u 1
toward the outer-wall due to centrifugal eects. Note that f1 f2 w cos +
r 1 + r cos r
indicates the accelerating core ow in the axial direction owing   
to the formation of the boundary layer lament, and a f2 signies 1 w 1 v
+ w sin (4d)
the adjustment of the axial velocity to counteract the centrifugal r 1 + r cos
eect arising from the curvilinear streamlines. Using Eq. (2), U
In Eqs (4a)(4d), the nondimensional variables are introduced
is obtained by integrating Eq. (1a) as:
as r = r /L and (u, v,
w) 1 .
= (u, v, w) W
Applying the boundary layer approximation (neglecting the
f2  f3 higher order terms) (Yao & Berger, 1975), Eqs (4a)(4d) are
= f1 +
U ln R + (3)
R R reduced to:

u 1 v v sin 1 w
where f1 and f2 are the total derivatives of f1 and f2 with respect + + =0 (5a)
r r 1 + r cos 1 + r cos
to , respectively, and f3 is a function of . In the above, f3 /R
p
denes the diminishing pattern of secondary ow with R. =0 (5b)
r
v v v w v w 2 sin
u + + +
2.2 Fluid motion inside secondary boundary layer r r 1 + r cos 1 + r cos
Adjacent to the pipe-wall, toroidal coordinates (r , , ) are cho- 1 p 2a 2 v
= + (5c)
sen as shown in Fig. 1 to analyse the viscous ow within the r R r2
secondary boundary layer. The origin O1 is located at the cen- w
v w
w w
v w sin
u + +
tre of the pipe cross-section. The velocity components (u, v, w) r r 1 + r cos 1 + r cos
correspond to (r , , ). In nondimensional form, the continuity 1 p 2a 2 w
= + (5d)
equation is: 1 + r cos R r2

Equation (5b) suggests that the intensity of pressure is con-

1 (ru) u cos 1 v v sin stant across the thin boundary layer as the uid motion inside
+ +
r r 1 + r cos r 1 + r cos it is toroidal in nature. To determine the pressure gradients in
1 w Eqs (5c) and (5d), the inviscid solution at the extremity of the
+ =0 (4a)
1 + r cos boundary layer is sought. Since the secondary ow within the
 Journal of Hydraulic Research (2015) Entry flow in curved pipes 5

 a  a
boundary layer is negligible as compared to the axial ow, Eqs 1 (v w)
2 sin
u w|
r=a
r=a
+ dr v wdr

(5c) and (5d) at the extremity (edge) of the secondary boundary a a 1 + a cos a
layer become:  a
1 w

+ w dr
1 + a cos a
1 p w 20 sin  a
= 1 w
0
r 1 + a cos
(6a) w 0 dr = + | (9b)
1 + a cos a
1 p w 0 w
0
= (6b)
1 + r cos 1 + a cos where + | = | /( W 2 ), + | = | /( W
2 ), | = (v/r ),
that is the wall shear stress in -direction, and | = (w/r ),
where w 0 is the value of w at the extremity of the boundary that is the wall shear stress in -direction. As is very thin, the
layer, that is, the junction between the inviscid and the viscous secondary ow velocity components u and v at r = a are
ow regions. Further due to the thin boundary layer thickness small compared to the axial velocity component w 0 . Moreover,
, the variation of radius vector r within the boundary layer is u , v and w vanish at the pipe-wall (r = a ) due to the no-slip con-
dition. Hence, the rst terms on the left hand side of Eqs (9a) and
Downloaded by [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] at 01:12 20 October 2015

neglected. With this concept, Eqs (6a) and (6b) are substituted
into Eqs (5c) and (5d) to yield: (9b) are:

u v|
r=a
r=a
=0 (10a)
v v v w v (w 2
20 ) sin
w
u + + + u w|
r=a
= w 0 u |r=a (10b)
r a 1 + a cos 1 + a cos r=a

2a 2 v
= (7a) The term u at r = a is obtained by integrating Eq. (5a) as:
R r2
w
v w w w
w 0 w
0  
u + + 1 va
sin a
r a 1 + a cos 1 + a cos u |r=a = dr vdr

v w sin 2a 2 w a a 1 + a cos a
= (7b)  a
1 + a cos R r2 1 w
+ dr (11)
1 + a cos a
2.3 Momentum integrals for secondary boundary layer
Inserting Eqs (10a), (10b) and (11) into Eqs (9a) and (9b)
Integrating Eqs (7a) and (7b) within the boundary layer yields: yields:

 a  a
 a   1 v 2 sin
v v v w v dr v 2 dr
u + + dr a
a 1 +
a cos
a
a r a 1 + a cos  a
 a 1
sin 2a v + (w v)dr

+ (w 2 w 20 )dr = (8a) 1 + a cos a
1 + a cos a R r r=a  a
 a   sin
w v w w w (w 2 w 2 )dr = + | (12a)
u + + dr 1 + a cos a 0
a r a 1 + a cos   a
 a 1 a 2 sin
w 0 w 0 (w v)dr
w vdr

dr a a 1 + a cos a
a 1 + a cos  a  a
 a 1 w 2 1 w 0
sin 2a w + dr w 0 dr
v wdr
= (8b) 1 + a cos a 1 + a cos a
1 + a cos a R r r=a
  a
1 a v sin
w 0 dr vdr

a a 1 + a cos a
where = /L. Using Eq. (5a), the above integral equations take  a 
the form: 1 w
+ dr = + | (12b)
1 + a cos a
 a  a
2 v sin
u v|
r=a
r=a
+ v dr (v 2 + w 20 w 2 )dr 2.4 Application of Pohlhausens method
a a 1 + a cos a
 a
1 (w
v)
To evaluate the integrals in Eqs (12a) and (12b), it is required to
+ dr = + | (9a)
1 + a cos a assume suitable velocity distributions within the boundary layer
 6 S. Z. Ali and S. Dey Journal of Hydraulic Research (2015)

1 0.875w 0 0.278
(w 0 ) + (w 20 )
1 + a cos 1 + a cos

w 0 sin
0.8
1
0.375w 0
( w 0 ) = + | (14b)
a 1 + a cos
0.6

The determination of wall shear stresses + | and + | from the

0.4 gradients of v and w is not feasible, because the velocity gradient
for the one-seventh power law at the wall ( 0) tends to
0.2 innity. Hence, the empirical expression for wall shear given
by Blasius was used, as was applied by Weber (1956) and Dey
0
and Bose (1994) to solve the turbulent boundary layer equations.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 It is:
0.875
(2 + 1)
+ = 0.0225w 1.75
0 (2a)0.25 (15)
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Figure 2 Distributions of ( ) and ( ) within secondary boundary

(R)
0.25

layer
The wall shear stress + is resolved into the - and -directions
to obtain the wall shear stress components as:

satisfying the boundary conditions. For a turbulent boundary v

+ | = lim +
layer, it is traditional to assume a one-seventh power law of the 0 (v 2 + w 2 )0.5
velocity distribution. Nikuradse (Schlichting, 1979) observed  0.25
a
that the one-seventh power law of velocity distribution, which = 0.02676w 1.75
0 ( + 1)
2 0.375
(16a)

R
is a substitution of the logarithmic law for smooth turbulent
ow, has a good agreement over a wide range of Reynolds num- w
+ | = lim +
bers 4 103 < R < 106 . The velocity distributions ensuring the 0 (v 2 + w 2 )0.5
boundary conditions, such as at r = a , v = w = 0 and at r = a  0.25
a
v = 0 and w = w 0 , are expressed in functional forms:
, = 0.02676w 1.75
0 (
2
+ 1) 0.375
(16b)

R

w Substituting Eqs (16a) and (16b) into Eqs (14a) and (14b) and
( ) = = 1/7 (13a)
w 0 rearranging yield:
v
( ) = = ( 1/7 ) (13b) 
w 0 0.178 w 20 0.178w 20 0.178w 20 sin
+
a a 1 + a cos

0.31 w 20 0.22 sin w 20
and is an adjusting factor for secondary
where = (a r)/, +
1 + a cos 1 + a cos
ow. The above equations that were used by Ito (1959) and Dey
0.178w 20 0.31w 20
(2002) are applicable to turbulent boundary layer. Note that the + +
()
()
ow (in this case) appears in a curved pipe as twin helicoidal a 1 + a cos
motion, which is resolved to axial and secondary components.  1.5 0.25
0.375 a
Thus, the secondary ow although it is feeble (low Reynolds = 0.02676w 0 ( + 1)
1.75 2
(17a)

D
number) must be turbulent. Figure 2 shows the variations of  
0.245 w 0 0.245w 0 sin 0.065w 0
( ) and ( ).
()
a 1 + a cos a
Inserting Eqs (13a) and (13b) into Eqs (12a) and (12b) and
performing integrations yield: 0.597w 0 d 0.319 w 0

1 + a cos d 1 + a cos
  1.5 0.25
1 2 2 2 w 20 sin w 20 sin
0.375 a
( w 0 ) = 0.02676w 0 ( + 1)
0.75 2
0.178 0.22 (17b)
a 1 + a cos 1 + a cos
D
0.311
+ (w 20 ) = + | (14a) where is the average value of at any cross-section. Note that
1 + a cos
 since is solely a function of , the partial derivative /
is
1 2 w 20 sin
replaced by the total derivative d/d , as indicated in Eq. (17b).
0.311 (w 0 )
2
a 1 + a cos Combining Eqs (17a) and (17b) yields:
 Journal of Hydraulic Research (2015) Entry flow in curved pipes 7


0.111 w 0 0.067w 0 sin 0.178w 0 in the upper and lower portions of the pipe are mirror images
+ +
a 1 + a cos a of each other. The integral form of the continuity equation of
0.62w 0 w 0 0.22 sin w 0 secondary ow is written as:
+
1 + a cos 1 + a cos   a
 1
0.243w 0 0.597w 0 d
a cos Ud vdr

+ +
() 0 a 1 + a cos
a 1 + a cos d   a
0.319 w 0 0.31w 0 a wrdrd
=0 (25)
+ + =0
() (18) 0 a
1 + a cos 1 + a cos
where the rst term on the left-hand side of Eq. (25) describes
Using the toroidal coordinates, w 0 is determined from Eq. (2) as: the inviscid secondary uid ux entering the radial section
within = 0 to , the second term characterizes the secondary
f2
w 0 = f1 (19) viscous uid ux through the radial section = , and the third
1 + a cos
term corresponds to the change in uid ux along the axial
direction. Thus, Eq. (25) produces:
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3 Continuity of axial flow

[f1 (1 + a cos ) f2 ] + a 8)(f
[7a(15 1 f2 )]
The integral form of continuity equation of the axial ow is
given by: 2.67a sin [f1 (1 + a cos ) + f2 ln(1 + a cos ) + f3 ] = 0
  a   a (26)
=2
Q
wrddr 2 w 0 (1 )addr (20)
0 0 0 a
5 Solution methodology
where Q = Q/(WL 2 ), and Q is the volumetric uid ux. The
rst term on the right-hand side of Eq. (20) represents the invis- The solution of Eqs (17a) and (17b) for the secondary boundary
cid uid ux and the second term the defect in the ux due to layer thickness and the wall shear stress is obtained by determin-
the secondary boundary layer. It is important to mention that the ing the unknown functions f1 , f2 and f3 for the inviscid core ow.
determination of average ow velocity W is dicult due to the Owing to the formation of boundary layer, the accelerating axial
separation of secondary boundary layer. Therefore, is approxi- velocity in the inviscid region is of the order of 1 + O(). Thus,
mated by its mean value around the periphery of the pipe-wall. from Eq. (2), one gets f1 f2 = O(D0.2 ) as is of the order of
Thus, from Eq. (20), Q is: O(D0.2 ) for turbulent boundary layer. Moreover, from Eq. (26),
  one obtains f1 , f2 and f3 to be of the order of O(D0.2 ). Hence,

= a 2 (f1 f2 ) 1
Q (21) it follows that is of the order of O(D0.2 ). Thus, the following
4a functional relationships apply:
At the entrance: g1 ( )
f1 f2 = 1 + (27a)
= a 2
Q (22) D0.2
Combining Eqs (21) and (22), the resulting equation becomes: g2 ( )
f2 = (27b)
a
4a(f1 f2 1)
= (23) g3 ( )
(f1 f2 ) f3 = 0.2 (27c)
D
Dierentiating Eq. (23) with respect to yields:
where g 1 , g 2 and g 3 are unknown functions, and = /D0.2 . The
d 4a(f1 f2 ) boundary conditions are written as g 1 (0) = g 2 (0) = g 3 (0) = 0
= (24) and g1 (0) = g2 (0) = 0. Here, g1 and g2 are the total derivatives
d (f1 f2 )2
of g1 and g2 with respect to , respectively. Substituting Eqs
4 Continuity of secondary flow (27a)(27c) into Eqs (23), (24) and (26):
g1
Due to the secondary inviscid uid owing away from the cen- = 4a (28a)
D0.2
tre of curvature, that is, from inner-wall to outer-wall of the
d g1
pipe, the secondary boundary layer is imagined to perform a thin = 4a 0.4 (28b)
chamber accepting uid from the inviscid core within 90
d D
90 and distributing it within 90 270 (Fig. 1b). a g3 g2
= 2.67 sin (28c)
Therefore, inside the secondary boundary layer, the uid ow D (1 + a cos + g2 cos )
0.2
 8 S. Z. Ali and S. Dey Journal of Hydraulic Research (2015)

Substituting Eqs (19) and (27a)(28c) into Eqs (17b) and (18) At = /2, Eq. (28c) becomes:
and neglecting D0.4 and smaller order terms result in:
2.67
/2 =
|/2 | (ag3 g2 ) (34)
 D0.2
0.654 sin (ag3 g2 ) g2 sin
1 + a cos + g2 cos a (1 + a cos )2 Since the variation of secondary boundary layer along the
 
sin g2 cos periphery is gradual except for the vicinity of the point of sepa-
+ 1+
1 + a cos 1 + a cos ration, Yao and Berger (1975) and Dey (2002) reported that the
  average boundary layer thickness is approximated as | /2
0.174 g2 cos (cos + a + g2 )(ag3 g2 )
+ 1+ at = /2. Combining Eqs (28a) and (34):
a 1 + a cos (1 + a cos + g2 cos )2
 0.25 (ag3 g2 )
0.375 0.25 (1 + a cos + g2 cos )a1.5 |/2 = 0.67 (35)
= 0.021( + 1)
2
a g1
sin (ag3 g2 )
 
g2 cos 0.75 Then, from Eqs (33a), (33b) and (35), the resulting equations
1+ (29a)
1 + a cos are:
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0.111g2 sin 0.067 sin 0.178
+ (ag3 g2 )(g2 + a )0.5 = 1.927a1.5 g1 (36a)
a (1 + a cos ) 2 1 + a cos a
  (ag3 g2 )1.25 (g2 + a ) 1.5
= 0.026(g2 + 2.67a) a
0.375 1.5
(36b)
0.22 sin g2 cos 0.243
1+
(1 + a cos ) 1 + a cos a
  In a curved pipe, the friction factor f is obtained from:
g2 cos cos + a + g2
1+ =0
1 + a cos (1 + a cos + g2 cos ) sin f = 4a(1 + ) (37)
(29b)
where  = dp/d , and is the correction of friction factor due
For small a , Eq. (26) suggests that the toroidal uid ux to curved pipe. White (1929) showed that is a weak func-
attains its maximum value at = 90 and 90 (or 270), that tion of a in turbulent ow. In this study, we consider = 0.4
is, at the uppermost and the lowermost portions of the pipe as an approximate average value for the range a = 0.20.05.
cross-section. Since the secondary boundary layer acts as a The pressure gradient along a curved pipe can be obtained by
chamber receiving uid from = 90 to 90 and releasing it inserting Eqs (2) and (3) into Eq. (1d) as:
from = 90 to 270, v reaches its maximum at = 90 (and
270). Further, v is proportional to U at
0 , that is the value of U f1 f2 f 1 f3 f1 f  f2 f  f2 f 
= ln R + 2 1 + 22 (38)

r = a . Thus: R R R R R

The area-averaged pressure gradient (symbol remains same) is
(U 0 ) =0 (30)
determined by integrating Eq. (38) over the pipe cross-section.
=/2
Thus:
0 from Eq. (3) into Eq. (30):
Substituting the expression for U   a
2
= rdrd (39)
a 2 0 0
a (f3 f2 )
= |/2 (31) Substituting Eq. (38) into Eq. (39) and applying Eqs (27a)
/2 f 1  f3
(27c):

Inserting Eqs (27a)(27c) into Eq. (31) yields: 1  g2 

= 1+ (ag3 g2 ) (40)
a D0.2 (1 a 2 )0.5 a

= a|/2 (32)
/2 Using Eqs (37) and (40), the friction factor is:

4
Further, substituting = /2 into Eqs (29a) and (29b) and using f = (g2 + a )(ag3 g2 ) (41)
a D (1 a 2 )0.5
0.2
Eq. (32):
Equation (36b) is combined with Eq. (41) to obtain:
(ag3 g2 )1.25 (g2 + a ) = 0.025a1.375 (|/2 )0.25 [(|/2 )2 + 1]0.375
a (g2 + 2.67a)1.5 (1 + )5 (1 a 2 )2.5 Df 5 (g2 + a ) = 0
(33a)
(42)
 0.5
a As the uid enters the pipe, the pressure gradient rises sharply
|/2 = 1.291 (33b)
g2 + a within a short axial distance that is required to develop the
 Journal of Hydraulic Research (2015) Entry flow in curved pipes 9

1.6 of the parameters. However, g2 is obtained from dierentiation

of Eq. (42). After determining g 2 and g2 , one obtains g 1 and
g 3 from Eqs (36a) and (36b), respectively. Once g 1 , g 2 and
1.2
g 3 are known, Eq. (29a) is numerically solved to determine
for a given and subsequently using the known , so that the
boundary layer thickness follows from Eq. (28c). The nondi-
f/fc

0.8
mensional boundary layer thickness is expressed in another
form as:
 
0.4 +
= = (46)
a a

0
After determining + , the wall shear stress + results from
Eq. (15).
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

6 Results
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Figure 3 Variation of f / fc with / c

A numerical experiment was performed for R = 30,800 (tur-
secondary ow and then gradually decreases to attain the bulent ow), / c = 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 and a = 0.20, 0.10
fully-developed state (Yakhot & Orszag, 1993). Therefore, the and 0.05. The variations of nondimensional secondary boundary
variation of the friction factor is assumed in composite form as: layer thickness + and wall shear stress + with radial angles
for dierent / c and a are shown in Figs 4 and 5, respec-
   tively. It is apparent that the variation of + is gradual with the
f 1/

= (43a) distance from the pipe entry and increases with an increase in
fc c c
  / c (Fig. 4). However, at a certain cross-section, + gradually
  
f l increases with up to 90, but it grows at a faster rate
> = exp  1 (43b)
fc c c just before reaching the point of separation, as clearly shown in
the insets in Fig. 4. The thickening of secondary boundary layer
where c is the angle from the entrance required to attain a fully- leading to a separation is attributed to the increase in positive
developed ow, fc is the friction factor for fully-developed ow, pressure gradient p/ that causes a decelerated ow within
and , , ,  and l are constants. In this study, possible values
of the constants , , ,  and l are taken as 0.05, 2, 5, 0.1 and (a)
0.3
1
5, respectively, for the numerical experiment. Fig. 3 shows the 0.2
0.8 0.1
variation of f / fc with / c . The ratio f / fc rises sharply along the
0.6 0
initial developing stage of secondary ow attaining a peak at 100 110 120
0.4
/ c = 0.05 and then gradually recessing to a constant value at
0.2
/ c = 1.
The friction factor for fully-developed turbulent ow in a 0
0.3
curved pipe given by Ito (1959) is used in this study. It is: (b) 1
0.2
  0.8 0.1
0.304
fc = a0.5
0.029 + 0.25 (44) 0.6 0
R a 0.5 0.4
90 100 110

0.2
The experimental data for a turbulent ow reported by Barbin
0
and Jones (1963) revealed that for a hydraulically smooth pipe
0.3
ow, the pressure gradient attains its fully-developed state at a (c) 1
0.2
distance of 15 times pipe diameter from the entry. Therefore: 0.8 0.1
0.6 0
c = 30a (45) 0.4
80 90 100

0.2
Here, it is relevant to mention that Eq. (42) is not valid as 0
0, indicating a failure of the solution close to the entry. Equa- 0 45 90 135
tions (43a) and (43b) are substituted into Eq. (42) to obtain an
implicit equation of g 2 which is amenable to the solution by Figure 4 Variation of + with for dierent values of / c (0.2, 0.3,
the Muller method (Conte & de Boor, 1987) for specic values 0.5 and 1 from bottom to top lines) and a (a) 0.20, (b) 0.10, (c) 0.05
 10 S. Z. Ali and S. Dey
(a) 0.015
0.01
0.005
(b) 0.024
0.016
0.008
0
(c)
Downloaded by [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] at 01:12 20 October 2015
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 45 90 135
Figure 5 Variation of + with for dierent values of / c (0.2, 0.3,
0.5 and 1 from top to bottom lines) and a (a) 0.20; (b) 0.10; (c) 0.05
the boundary layer. Thus, the ow cannot advance too far in the
region of p/ > 0 due to insucient kinetic energy that the
ow possesses. As a result, the boundary layer is deected from
the pipe-wall and separated. Another important observation is
that for a given / c , the point of separation is delayed as a
increases. On the other hand, the wall shear stress + attains the
peak value close to the entry and then reduces with / c (Fig. 5).
At a certain cross-section, + increases with to reach its peak
value and then decreases to zero at the point of separation. Also,
for a given / c , + increases with a decrease in a .
7 Discussion
To discuss the results further, the secondary ow eld at an
azimuthal section / c = 0.5 and a = 0.20 for the upper half
of the pipe cross-section is depicted in Fig. 6. The velocity vec-
tors are normalized by W and the radial distance r by a. Note
that the integral equation of the boundary layer is only applica-
ble to the extent where the separation point occurs (Dey, 2014,
section 2.6.1.1). Thus, the calculation of ow within the sepa-
rated boundary layer was not feasible, as it is apparent in Fig. 6.
The variation of secondary boundary layer thickness with is
also shown in order to have a clear picture of the secondary ow
eld within the secondary boundary layer and the core zones.
The concentration of the secondary ow (within the boundary
layer) along the periphery of the outer pipe-wall is evident. It is
apparent that the secondary ow within the secondary boundary
Journal of Hydraulic Research (2015)
Figure 6 Secondary ow eld at an azimuthal section / c = 0.5 and
and the
a = 0.20. The secondary velocity vectors are normalized by W
radial distance by a
layer grows with the radial angle, attaining a maximum near the
summit of the pipe-wall and thereafter a separated ow occurs
toward the inner pipe-wall. The secondary ow in the core zone
is parallel to the horizontal diameter. On the other hand, the ow
within the secondary boundary layer on the outer-wall is fed by
the core ow, which is in turn fed by the ow from the sec-
ondary boundary layer on the inner-wall. Thus, a swirl ow is
established on either side of the horizontal diameter as a mirror
image.
In view of the approximations adopted in the analysis, this
eort, at least, fulls the purpose of clearly describing the char-
acteristics of secondary turbulent boundary layer ow for the
entry ow in curved pipes.
8 Conclusions
The secondary boundary layer thickness and the wall shear
stress for a developing ow in a horizontal curved pipe have
been theoretically analysed using the turbulent boundary layer
approach. The computational results of the secondary boundary
layer thickness and the wall shear stress at dierent azimuthal
sections are presented in graphical form for a ow Reynolds
number of 30,800 and dierent curvature ratios.
The secondary boundary layer thickness along the curvilinear
distance from the pipe entrance is found to increase gradually
(Fig. 4). Along the periphery of the pipe-wall, the boundary
layer thickness also increases gradually with an increase in
radial angle, but at a faster rate near the point of separation of the
secondary boundary layer. However, the separation is delayed
with an increase in curvature ratio.
The wall shear stress reduces along the curvilinear distance
from the pipe entrance (Fig. 5). However, along the outer pipe-
wall, it increases with the radial angle attaining its peak value
and then decreases leading to a minimum at the point of sepa-
ration of secondary boundary layer. The wall shear stress also
increases with a decrease in curvature ratio.
The major outcome is the concentration of the secondary
ow along the periphery of the outer pipe-wall leading to a ow
separation toward the inner pipe-wall (Fig. 6). The developed
theory is capable of capturing this important phenomenon quite
clearly.
 Journal of Hydraulic Research (2015) Entry flow in curved pipes 11

Notation pipes. International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer, 14,

16591675.
a = internal radius of pipe (m) Austin, L. R., & Seader, J. D. (1973). Fully developed viscous
a = curvature ratio [ = a/L] () ow in coiled circular pipes. AIChE Journal, 19, 8594.
D = Dean number [ = Ra0.5 ] () Barbin, A. R., & Jones, J. B. (1963). Turbulent ow in the inlet
f = friction factor () region of a smooth pipe. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 85,
fc = friction factor for fully-developed ow () 2933.
L = radius of curvature (m) Barua, S. N. (1963). On secondary ow in stationary curved
p = pressure (N m2 ) pipes. Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathe-
p = p/ W 2 () matics, 16, 6177.
Q = volumetric uid ux (m3 s1 ) Berger, S. A., Talbot, L., & Yao, L. S. (1983). Flow in curved
Q = Q/WL 2 () pipes. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 15, 461512.

R = R /L () Collins, W. M., & Dennis, S. C. R. (1975). The steady motion
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r = r /L () Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 28, 133156.
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r , , = toroidal coordinates Conte, S. D., & de Boor, C. (1987). Elementary numerical

R = Reynolds number ( = 2aW/) () analysis: an algorithmic approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
U, V, W = velocity components corresponding to (R , Z  , ) Dean, W. R. (1927). Note on the motion of uid in a curved pipe.
(m s1 ) Philosophical Magazine, 4, 208223.
V,
U, W = (U, V, W) W 1 () Dean, W. R. (1928). The stream-line motion of uid in a curved
u, v, w = velocity components corresponding to (r , , ) pipe. Philosophical Magazine, 5, 673695.
(m s1 ) Dennis, S. C. R. (1980). Calculation of the steady ow through
u , v,
w = (u, v, w) W 1 () a curved tube using a new nite dierence method. Journal
u 0 , v0 , w 0 = u , v,
w at extremity of boundary layer, respec- of Fluid Mechanics, 99, 449467.
tively () Dennis, S. C. R., & Ng, M. (1982). Dual solutions for steady
W = area-averaged axial ow velocity (m s1 ) laminar ow through a curved tube. Quarterly Journal of
Z = Z  /L () Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 35, 305324.
= correction of friction factor () Detra, R. W. (1953). The secondary ow in curved pipes.
= secondary boundary layer thickness (m) Report Number 20, Aerodynamic Institute, The Swiss Federal
= /L () Institute of Technology, Zurich.
= average value of (m) Dey, S. (2002). Secondary boundary layer and wall shear for
+ = /a () fully developed ow in curved pipes. Proceedings of the

= adjusting factor for secondary ow () Royal Society of London A, 458, 283294.
( ) = v/(

w 0 ) () Dey, S. (2014). Fluvial hydrodynamics: Hydrodynamic and
 =
dp/d () sediment transport phenomena. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
= D0.2 () Dey, S., & Bose, S. K. (1994). Bed shear in equilibrium scour
c = angle from pipe entrance to attain fully devel- around a circular cylinder embedded in a loose bed. Applied
oped ow () Mathematical Modelling, 18, 265273.
= mass density of uid (kg m3 ) Eustice, J. (1910). Flow of water in curved pipes. Proceedings
| = wall shear stress in -direction (N m2 ) of the Royal Society of London A, 84, 107118.
| = wall shear stress in -direction (N m2 ) Eustice, J. (1911). Experiments on stream-line motion in curved
+ | = | /( W 2 ) () pipes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, 85, 119
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+ = normalized total wall shear stress () Greenspen, A. D. (1973). Secondary ow in a curved tube.
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