8 Wind Load

Section:
DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

Page
LOADS & CODES 1 of 16
Revision
ASCE 7: Wind Loads & Date
5 Oct2013
A. GENERAL
A1. Significant Changes between ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 7-10

There have been some significant changes in regard to format and philosophy for wind loads
in the 2010 edition of ASCE 7 as compared to ASCE 7-05. The wind provisions have been
reorganized from a single chapter to a set of chapters (26 through 31). For the most part the
actual content and requirements are unchanged and the organization is somewhat more
logical. The chapters are broken down as follows:
Chapter 26 Wind Loads - General Requirements
Chapter 27 Wind Loads on Buildings MWFRS (Directional Procedure) All Heights
Chapter 28 Wind Loads on Buildings MWFRS (Envelope Procedure) Low-Rise
Chapter 29 Wind Loads on Other Structures and Building Appurtenances MWFRS
Chapter 30 Wind Loads Components and Cladding (C & C)
Chapter 31 Wind Tunnel Procedure
Commentary: Chapters 29 and 31 have little or no impact on our types of buildings. The remaining chapters will
be discussed below.
The philosophical change has two major components. The first change is that wind loads are
now expressed at an ultimate level, similar to seismic loads. The LRFD load factor for wind
load now becomes 1.0 rather than the previous 1.6. The ASD load factor is now 0.6 rather than
the previous 1.0. Wind speeds have been adjusted to reflect that change of reference with the
intent that, on average, no effective change in wind load will be noticed. The second change is
that the concept of importance factor for various risk categories has been eliminated. In place
of an importance factor there are now 3 wind speed maps corresponding to Category 2 -
Normal structures, Category 3 High Occupancy and Category 4 - Essential Facilities
structures, and Category 1 Low Risk structures. (Figures 26.5-1A, B, and C respectively),
i.e., the importance factor is now built into the mapped wind speeds.
A2. Buildings with Common Wall Not Exposed to Wind

When multiple shapes or buildings are tied together, where the common wall areas are not
directly exposed to wind (the contact area shown in Figure 1) they are not subject to any wind
loading (pressure or suction). The same is true whether the buildings are tied together
structurally or with non-structural connections such as nonporous flashing. Wall parts and
partitions within that area, if any, are subject to the code prescribed minimum partition loads,
which are considered live load by code (5 psf for IBC jobs - see DP 1.2.3).
When either of the connected shapes contain large openings in the building envelope, or open
walls, the common wall may experience pressures from direct wind loads or be subject to
interior pressure/suction loading as a partially enclosed building, or when contract specifies
common wall to be designed for wind loads due to planned future removal of one of the
buildings.
When printed, this document becomes uncontrolled. Verify current revision number with controlled, on-line document. Author:
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
Wind Note: This Figure

shows wind from
one direction only,
Leeward to illustrate this
subject. Wind loads
(suction) must be applied in
all directions as
Windward required by ASCE 7
(pressure)
Contact area (no wind loads)

Not exposed to wind.
Figure 1 - Buildings with common wall not exposed to wind
Commentary: This common wall condition should not be confused with the shielding effect (ASCE7 Sec.
27.1.4, 28.1,4, and 30.1.4) which pertains to the situations where parts or a whole structure is shielded from the
wind exposure by detached nearby buildings (i.e.- not connected) and structures, or other terrain features. These
effects are accounted for through the selection of the Surface Roughness Category (Wind Exposure).
A building envelope is defined by ASCE7 Chapter 26 as: Cladding, roofing, exterior walls, glazing, door
assemblies, window assemblies, skylight assemblies, and other components enclosing the building. By this
definition, buildings that have common walls inside the overall building envelope are not considered exterior
walls and therefore need not be designed for pressures/suctions originating from velocity wind pressures from
outside the building envelope. This condition is not considered shielding.
A3. Load Adjustment Due to Secondary Member Continuity

The Standard prescribed MWFRS loading represents an averaged effect on the parts of that
system, already accounting for the location and distribution of short-duration wind loads
throughout all roof and wall planes. When wind load is applied to continuous secondary
members, no further adjustment or increase is applied to MWFRS wind loading, regardless of
one, two, three, or multi-bay condition.
For additional explanation about wind load spatial and time dependency, and the derivation of
wind load pressure coefficients refer to ASCE 7 Commentary, and Appendix 7 of the MBMA
Metal Building System Manual.
A4. Load Reduction for Standing Seam Roofs

Beginning with the 2007 Edition, AISI NASPEC Appendix A Section D6.2.1a permits that
ASCE 7 wind loads used in the uplift load combinations may be multiplied by 0.67 for the roof
perimeter (roof edges = Zone 2, and roof corners = Zone 3). The calculated values after
adjustment for Zone 2 and Zone 3 coefficients are to be not less than the corresponding Zone
1 (Field of Roof) coefficient.
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
Based on stated geometric and testing limitations, this AISI load reduction is permitted for
standard BlueScope 24 ga. or 22 ga. standing seam roof systems, such as MR-24, SSR,
SLRII, VSRII, HWR, and Liberty Loc systems.
Commentary: In VISION the reduction factor is reported combined with the Components and Cladding
coefficients (since the roof interior wind load is not affected by this exception).
This reduction factor is not permitted in conjunction with the Florida Building Code, prior to the 2010.edition.
This factor does not apply to NBC (Canadian) jobs.
A5. PARTITION LOADS

See DP 1.2.3 for the application of partition loads.
B. CHAPTER 26 WIND LOADS GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
This chapter covers those provisions of the Standard that are applicable to all of the various
methods explained in later chapters for both MWFRS and C&C conditions.
B1. Basic Wind Speed, V (Sec. 26.5) (Vult in IBC 2012)

As noted above, the Standard now provides three separate wind maps (Figures 26.5-1A, B,
and C) to be used with the various building risk categories. In all cases there may be local
code amendments that modify the values in the maps to accommodate mountainous terrain,
gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions.
Commentary: IBC 2012 identifies the wind speed from the wind maps as ultimate wind speed, Vult. An additional
wind speed designated as nominal wind speed, Vasd, is defined specifically to cover situations where
components have been designed under the previous wind definitions. Vasd = Vult * 0.6 = 0.775 Vult. Both wind
speeds are to be shown on the Construction Documents.
B2. Wind Directionality Factor, Kd (Sec. 26.6)

Table 26.6-1 in the standard provides a listing of appropriate directionality factors for different
structural configurations. All BlueScope building designs will use Kd = 0.85.
B3. Exposure Category (Sec. 26.7)

This user input parameter is obtained from the Surface Roughness (also defined by this
Standard), and the characteristics of the terrain under consideration.
ASCE 7 estimates that between 60% and 80% of all buildings are located within Exposure
Category B. However, when categories B or D are not confirmed, Wind Exposure Category C
must be selected.
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
The definition for Exposure Category D has been revised with the 2010 edition of the
Standard. In past editions, Exposure D was only considered away from the hurricane
coastline. With the 2010 edition, Exposure D applies for any location adjacent to flat,
unobstructed areas and water surfaces exceeding 5,000 feet in width (see Figure 2 below).
Start
Surface Roughness B or C Surface Roughness D

x 5000 ft Exposure B or C
True
h y x
y 600 ft y 20 h
True True
Shoreline Exposure D
Figure 2 Exposure D verification
Note that ASCE 7 allows for interpolation between exposure categories. Detailed explanation
and equations are given in the ASCE 7 Commentary C27.3.1.
Commentary: The determination to interpolate between exposure categories should be made by the local EOR or
building official and will require a signed document defining the exact wind design to be followed.
The Wind Exposure Category is often related to the similar selection found under snow loads.
Note that any increase in wind exposure category has beneficial effect on the snow
accumulation on the roof (i.e., lower exposure coefficient Ce).
B4. Topographic Factor, Kzt (Sec. 26.8)

Buildings situated at or near the tops of isolated hills, ridges, and escarpments experience
additional wind loads due to the topography. This is an extremely rare localized condition and
requires the builder to properly define the condition to the designer.
Commentary: VISION assumes a topographic factor, Kzt, of 1.0 which is an unconservative assumption where
these conditions exist. The designer is responsible for evaluation of the correct value to use for this factor when
alerted by the builder to the specialized site conditions.
B5. Gust Effect Factor, G (Sec. 26.9)

Rigid buildings are defined as structures with a frequency greater than 1 Hz, i.e., a
fundamental period, T, less than 1 second. The typical BlueScope building will fall well within
this criteria. The gust effect factor for all rigid buildings can be set to 0.85.
Note: The gust effect factor is built into the Envelope Procedure coefficients and internal pressure coefficients
and should not be separately applied.
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
B6. Enclosure Classification (Sec. 26.2 and 26.10)

ASCE 7 provides specific checks for the applicability of the selected enclosure categories.
Use the Design Aid (flow chart) in Figure 3 to verify the enclosure category, or to select one of
the five options used by VISION.
Start
Note that Enclosed is a catch-all
E category for all building exposures!
Does the building have open
walls, apertures or holes in
N the building envelope that will
stay open during wind events?
Y
(Open) Is each wall 100% open? (no wall sheathing
Is there any exterior wall that
is not at least 80% open? N present except for the gable areas) N
Y Y
Does area of openings in the Monoslope or gable roof with slope 45?
N
N windward wall exceed 4 ft2 Y
Ao > 4 ft2
Is 0.25 h/L 1.0 ratio
Y
satisfied?
where: N Roof slope < 5 N
Does area of openings in the h = mean roof height
windward wall (Ao) exceed Y
L = building width ( to ridge)
N sum of all other openings (Aoi)
Y 0.05 h/L 0.25 ? N
more than 10%?
Ao > 1.1 Aoi Y
Y
Is the sum of all other Is space under the roof clear

openings less than 20% of the of obstructions (less than 50%
N surface area of walls & roofs blockage) and will remain
N clear during the design life of
not including windward walls?
Aoi < 0.20 Agi the structure?
Y Y
Enclosed Partially Free Roof Free Roof Open

Enclosed Clear/Obstructed Clear All Heights
Figure 3 Building Enclosure Category Design Aid
B7. Wind-borne Debris Regions (Sec. 26.10.3)

Wind-borne debris regions consist of the following:
(a) Areas where the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than 140 mph.
(b) Areas within 1 mile of the coastal mean high water line where the basic wind speed
is equal to or greater than 130 mph.
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
The basic wind speed is determined in a slightly different manner for the purpose of this
evaluation than for all other wind applications. Fig. 26.5-1A is used for all Risk Category 2
buildings and for Risk Category 3 buildings that are NOT healthcare facilities. Fig. 26.5-1B is
used for Risk Category 3 healthcare facilities and all Risk Category 4 buildings. Risk Category
1 buildings are not subject to the wind-borne debris region provisions.
B8. Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi (Sec. 26.11)

Table 26.11-1 lists the applicable internal pressure coefficients based upon the enclosure
classification of the building. These coefficients are unchanged from the previous edition.
B9. Minimum Wind Loads (Sec. 27.1.5, 28.4.4, 30.2.2)

Minimum wind load provisions of ASCE 7 are independent of the selected design procedure,
pressure coefficients, or any other factors, or other transient loads (ref. ASCE 7 Figure C27.4-
1).
Minimum wind loads are applied to the MWFRS in the transverse and longitudinal
directions applied separately.
For all buildings the minimum 16 psf wind load is applied as an independent load case (MW
load type) to each side. Sidewall cases include an additional line load which accounts for
the minimum 8 psf wind applied to the vertical projection of the roof plane (above eave).
Components and cladding wind load (MW load type), applied to walls, shall not be less
than a net pressure (16 psf LRFD; 9.6 psf ASD) acting in either direction normal to the
surface.
Commentary: In wind load cases that are combined with other transient loads, wind load coefficients are
derived directly from ASCE7 wind loading procedures and are permitted to be less than 16 psf MW when so
combined.
For roof members the MW load case never governs over other load types or load combinations, therefore
Vision does not run DL + MW load case for roof members.
C. MWFRS WIND DESIGN METHODS
ASCE 7 is the main source of IBC wind load related provisions (IBC 1609) which are used for
the design of BlueScope buildings.
VISION supports both major options1, referring to:

(Envelope Procedure) Low-rise buildings (Chapter 28 Part 1)
o Standard approach for all buildings that satisfy geometrical limits stated under
ASCE 7 Definitions in Section 26.2, specifically mean roof height is less than 60
feet and the mean roof height does not exceed the least horizontal dimension.
1
Either method allows for eave height to be used as a mean roof height when roof slope is less than 10.
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
(Directional Procedure) All Heights Buildings (Chapter 27 Part 1)

o Applied when building geometry exceeds the criteria of low-rise building; This
method is also an optional method for all buildings. (see section C2 below for
details)
Commentary: Note that all open buildings fall under the Directional Procedure by default. The
Envelope Procedure is applicable only to Enclosed and Partially Enclosed buildings.
Commentary: For buildings with multiple parts and/or lean-tos, i.e., more than one shape, VISION checks the
low-rise geometry limits on all listed shapes. As mixing of wind design options is not permitted if one shape
does not fall within the low-rise limits, all shapes will require the same option, i.e., the all heights provisions.
The simplified methods shown in Chapter 27 Part 2 and Chapter 28 Part 2 are restricted to
Simple Diaphragm buildings. The BlueScope standard product does not meet the limitations
cited for this building type and will not be used.
C1. Envelope Procedure Low-Rise Buildings (Chapter 28)

This option will be addressed first, since it is the predominant design method for BlueScope
buildings. There are only minimal changes between ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 7-10. These are
highlighted below.
C1.1 External Wind Coefficients (Figure 28.4-1)
For the transverse wind load case (Load Case A), the requirement for wind loads on the
endwalls (equal and opposite) has been removed. Endwall members are generally controlled
by endwall wind anyway.
For the longitudinal wind load case (Load Case B), wind loads will exist on all walls
simultaneously. Additional zones 1E and 4E have been created which apply a slightly
increased load on the corner of the sidewall adjacent to the assumed prevailing wind direction.
All other coefficients are identical to previous editions.
C1.2 Roof Overhangs (Sec. 28.4.3)
The positive external pressure on the bottom surface of a windward overhang has been
reduced from 0.8 to 0.7. This coefficient should be combined with the top surface coefficient
determined from Figure 28.4-1.
C1.3 Torsional Load Cases (Figure 28.4-1 Note 5)
In addition to the eight standard cases, two more torsional wind cases may be required. ASCE
7 Figure 28.4-1 shows two required torsional cases, one for transverse loading, and another
for longitudinal loading.
This requirement comes with several exceptions of which the following two will exclude the
majority of BlueScope buildings from this requirement:
One-story buildings with height less than or equal to 30 ft (the exception for eave height
to be used instead of the mean roof height, for roofs with slope 10, applies).
Buildings two stories or less designed with flexible diaphragms.
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
Commentary: Instead of full automation for torsional cases, VISION will show a message when building height
(eave height or mean roof height, depending on the roof slope) exceeds 30 ft and the selected roof type is other
than one of the standard BlueScope metal roofs.
Torsional wind loading is an item on the Designers check list and must be manually entered into Vision if needed.
C2. Directional Procedure All Heights Buildings (Chapter 27)
When the limits of low-rise buildings given in ASCE 7 Section 26.2 are exceeded (this may
happen even for some low buildings), for all open buildings regardless of the building height, or
when user selected, wind loads will be calculated using the provisions for the rigid buildings of
all-heights. This method can be used at any time. Some advantages and disadvantages are
listed below.
(a) The majority of BlueScope buildings have a low structural period with a frequency
greater than 1 Hz (f 1 Hz, i.e., T<1 sec.); therefore, the rigid building
provisions would apply here, as shown in ASCE 7 Section 27.4-1.
(b) For all practical applications, the approximate gust effect factor (=0.85) given in
Section 26.9.1 should be used, which is only a few percent different from the
calculated value.
(c) For transverse loading on MWFRS:
(i) Uplift force depends on the building geometry: Buildings with h/L ratios (height / width)
greater than 0.4, i.e. tall narrow buildings, will generally have less uplift using the low-rise
method. Wider buildings will generally have less uplift using the all heights method.
(ii) Horizontal wind calculated per the low-rise procedure is generally lower; therefore, when
frame lateral deflection is a concern, the low-rise method should be selected.
(d) A distribution of wind loads:
(i) Along the windward wall the wind load distribution is uniform for the low-rise calculation
method. For the all-heights method the wind loading distribution is parabolic, with slightly
higher wind in the higher portions of the building. The parabolic distribution does not apply to
the lowest 15 feet above ground.
Commentary: Vision is using simple rectangular distribution of wind loads, which is conservative,
and the wind pressure qh is based on the building eave height.
(ii) The all-heights method does not use the interior and end zones for either the walls or the
roof.
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
(e) Distribution of wind loads on the MWFRS roofs stepped as follows (transverse
cases):
(i) For the all-heights method when the roof slope is less than 10 (2.12:12), the peak values
are applied at the leading eave, with one or more zones of lower coefficients applied towards
the back of the roof. Transitions are at distances h/2, h, and 2h from the windward edge.
(ii) For the all-heights method when the roof slope is greater than or equal to 10 , the peak values are
applied based upon the two roof slopes with the wind coefficient changing at the ridge. Single slope
roofs will use a constant coefficient for the entire roof depending upon whether the wind direction
defines a windward or leeward roof.
(iii) For the low-rise method, similar rules apply; however there are only two zones. The higher
load zone is the shorter of 2.5 h or the windward half of the roof, and the lower wind zone is
everything else (roof).
Example: The following shows how the all-heights wind cases are applied to BlueScope systems
on a typical gabled building. The Case numbers refer to design cases shown in ASCE 7 Figure
27.4-8:
Given: (H = B = L) > 60 ft; L/B = 1; <10; h/L=1
Case 1 100% Longitudinal (typ. For bracing)

-0.7 -0.7
-1.04 -0.7 -0.7 -1.04

+0.8 -0.5 -0.5 +0.8
RIDGE
-0.7 -0.7
Case 1 100%Transverse (typ. For frames)
RIDGE
+0.8 -0.5
-1.04
1.04 -0.7
-0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7
-0.7 -1.04
-0.5 +0.8
Case 3 75% Long. + 75% Transversal (frame columns w/ reactions from bracing)
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
+0.6 +0.6
-0.78 -0.78
+0.6 -0.38 -0.38 +0.6
-0.53 -0.53
-0.38 -0.38
-0.38 -0.38
-0.53 -0.53
+0.6 -0.38 -0.38 +0.6
-0.78 -0.78
+0.6 +0.6
Commentary: ASCE 7 Figure 27.4-8 Cases 2 & 4 with torsional effects are not automated in
VISION.
For each load case above there will be two cases in VISION due to +/ internal pressure.
D. COMPONENTS AND CLADDING WIND DESIGN METHODS (CHAPTER 30)
Wind coefficient charts are unchanged between ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 7-10. Regardless of
the procedure, Directional or Envelope, used for MWFRS design, all buildings with an h
dimension less than or equal to 60 feet use Figures 30.4-1 through 30.4-6. Buildings with an h
dimension greater than 60 feet use Figure 30.6-1, except for roofs where the roof angle > 10 .
D1. Effective Wind Area (Section 26.2)

When calculating wind pressure coefficients for components and cladding, ASCE 7 uses the
Effective Wind Area, instead of the Wind Tributary Area. The Effective Wind Area is defined
as the span multiplied by an effective width that need not be less than one-third the span
length. However, the tributary area must be used in the calculation of wind coefficients for the
cladding fasteners (screws and clips)!
Example: GCp for a girt in a 25-foot bay will use Aeff = Span2 / 3 = 25 (25/3) = 208.3 ft2.
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
D2. Coefficient Nuances

D2.1 Wall coefficients for roof slopes less than or equal to 10
Wall external coefficients shown in Figure 30.4-1 may be reduced by 10% when the roof slope
is less than or equal to 10 per Note 5. Note that the internal pressure coefficient is not
reduced.
D2.2 Monoslope roofs less than or equal to 3
Monoslope roofs less than or equal to 3 are to use the gable roof coefficients shown in Figure
30.4-2A.
D2.3 Overhang coefficients
Overhang coefficients in the Figures include an allowance for both the underside and topside
pressures. These values are not combined with any other values as was the case for the
MWFRS evaluation.
E. PARAPETS
E1. Main Wind Force-Resisting System

The combined net pressure on the parapet (front and back) is determined per ASCE 7 Section
27.4.5 or 28.4.2, where Combined refers to the sum of external and internal pressure
coefficients.
Figure 1 explains the application of the combined coefficients.
WIND
GCpn=+1.5 GCpn=-1.0 GCpn=+1.5 GCpn=-1.0
WINDWARD
TWO PARAPET LEEWARD
PARAPETS PARAPET
ONLY
ONLY
Note: For wind blowing in the opposite direction ( ) the above coefficients would be reversed.
Figure 1 Application of parapet loads on MWFRS
E2. Components and Cladding

The design wind pressure on the components and cladding elements of parapets is applied
per ASCE 7 Section 30.9. These provisions rely on the standard set of coefficients, for the
adjacent roofs and walls.
Two load cases, shown in Figure 2, must be considered:
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
Load Case A combines the applicable positive wall pressure to the front surface of the
parapet with the negative edge or corner zone2 roof pressure to the back surface.
Load Case B combines the applicable positive wall pressure to the back of the parapet
surface with the applicable negative wall pressure to the front surface.
Case A: WIND Case B: WIND

Roof Suction (-)
ASCE 7 Fig. 30.4-2A thru Wall Pressure (+)
PARAPET
PARAPET
Fig. 30.4-6 or Fig. 30.6-1 ASCE 7 Fig. 30.4-1

or Fig. 30.6-1
Wall Pressure (+) Wall Suction (-)

ASCE 7 Fig. 30.4-1 ASCE 7 Fig. 30.4-1
or Fig. 30.6-1 ROOF
or Fig. 30.6-1
WALL
WALL
Figure 2 Load cases for parapet C&C loading
The applicable external pressure coefficients are taken from the existing ASCE 7 figures for
components and cladding in walls or roofs (ASCE 7 Figures 30.4-1 through 30.4-6 and 30.6-1).
Edge and corner zones shall be arranged as shown in those figures.
The same is true for the internal pressure coefficient, which is tabulated in ASCE 7 Table
26.11-1. When the parapet cavities connect to the internal space of the building, both load
cases should be evaluated under positive and negative internal pressure. However, in most
cases, the BlueScope parapet is remote to the building; therefore, the internal pressure and
suction can be ignored as it will have no effect on the design of the parapet cladding.
Main parapet structural members and parapet girts that resist wind loads from both front and
back surfaces must be designed for the sum of those front and back side pressures. On the
other hand, the design of parapet panels and panel fasteners is based on wind loads applied
to one surface only, since standard parapets always use sheeting on both external surfaces.
2
Roof pressure reduction per Note 5 in ASCE 7 Figure 30.4-2A (or Note 7 in Figure 30.6-1) is available for
qualifying parapets. The same roof suction load would apply to the back side of the parapet (loading case A).
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
Case A: WIND Case B: WIND
MANSARD
MANSARD
Roof Suction (-) Wall Pressure (+)
ROOF ROOF
Wall Pressure (+)
Wall Suction (-)
WALL
WALL
WALL
Figure 3 Load cases for mansard C&C loading
These provisions apply equally to parapets, mansards, facades and similar roof and wall sub-
structures.
F. OPEN BUILDINGS
Open Buildings are defined as buildings having each wall at least 80% open.
F1. Free Roofs

If all walls are fully open (100%), and the building conforms to one of the geometries shown in
ASCE 7 Figure 27.4-4 through 27.4-7, the building becomes a free roof structure. Note that
ASCE 7 is silent about other, non-free-roof open buildings.
Limits of applicability: ASCE 7 free roof provisions apply only to buildings that satisfy one of
the following rules:
0.25 h/L 1.0 where h refers to the building mean roof height (there is no eave
height option for low pitched roofs and L is the horizontal dimension perpendicular to
the ridge for all wind directions as defined in ASCE 7 Figure 27.4-7.
0.05 h/L < 0.25 when roof slope is less than 5 use the values shown in Figure
27.4-7.
Buildings that do not meet either of these limitations will be designed by VISION using the
approach defined in Section F2 below.
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
Free roof structures with sheeted gables are also covered under the same provisions of ASCE
7 Section 27.4.3, as long as the roof slope does not exceed 5. The Code treats fascia panels
as inverted parapets, where the contribution of loads on the fascia to the MWFRS are
calculated using Section 27.4.5 with qp equal to qh. The wall coefficients for the components
and cladding condition should be based on Section 30.9 with the exception that Load Case B
should be used for both the windward and leeward fascias. See Section E2 for more
information.
Commentary: Load Case A utilizes the roof wind uplift coefficient in lieu of the leeward wall coefficient. Since a
fascia panel in this connotation is below the roof surface, the use of the roof uplift value is inappropriate. It could
be argued that the roof wind pressure coefficient should be used instead, but it will generally be less than the wall
wind suction coefficient anyway so would not control.
ASCE 7 selection of free roof wind coefficients is depended on the air flow under the roof.
There are two options:
(a) Clear wind flow the space under the roof is clear by ASCE7 definition (less than
50% blockage).
(b) Obstructed wind flow if the building does not qualify as clear. Vision will run
BOTH sets of coefficients, for both clear and obstructed conditions as separate load
cases since both cases are expected during the lifetime of the structure. This option
often yields larger wind loads.
Commentary:
1) VISION neither checks nor reports when the h/L ratio is out of range wind enclosure is users responsibility!
2) For the obstructed wind flow VISION uses a consolidated set of coefficients for simplicity (longitudinal
MWFRS and C&C, which represents the envelope of all applicable ASCE 7 wind loads). See Table 1 and
Table 2 for consolidated coefficients used by VISION.
3) VISION coefficient reporting is consistent, regardless of a design method or wind enclosure option; therefore,
the reported coefficient is always a product G*Cp where G is the gust factor (0.85 for open buildings).
4) Free Roofs are only defined in the All Heights method. In VISION, the selection of the All Heights Wind
method is not required for proper application.
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
Table 1 MWFRS coefficients for longitudinal wind cases (ASCE 7 Figure 27.4-7)
Horizontal Distance Wind Flow CLEAR OBSTRUCTED / CLEAR*
Roof Angle
from Windward Edge Load Case CN CN
A (W5>) -0.8 -1.2
h
B (<W6) 0.8 0.8
All Shapes
A (W5>) -0.6 -0.9
> h, 2h
B (<W6) 0.5 0.5
45
A (W5>) -0.3 -0.6
>2h
B (<W6) 0.3 0.3
* Red color indicates consolidated coefficients
Table 2 Free roof coefficients for Components and Cladding

Pitched R o o f s (ASCE 7 Figure 30.8-2)
CLEAR Wind Flow OBSTRUCTED / CLEAR*
Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 1
A B A B A B Pitch Aeff A B A B A B
2.4 -3.3 1.8 -1.7 1.2 -1.1 a2 2.4 -3.6 1.8 -1.8 1.2 -1.2
2 2
1.8 -1.7 1.8 -1.7 1.2 -1.1 0 a < Aeff 4a 1.8 -1.8 1.8 -1.8 1.2 -1.2
2
1.2 -1.1 1.2 -1.1 1.2 -1.1 > 4a 1.2 -1.2 1.2 -1.2 1.2 -1.2
2
2.2 -3.6 1.7 -1.8 1.1 -1.2 a 2.2 -5.1 1.7 -2.6 1.1 -1.7
2 2
1.7 -1.8 1.7 -1.8 1.1 -1.2 7.5 a < Aeff 4a 1.7 -2.6 1.7 -2.6 1.1 -1.7
2
1.1 -1.2 1.1 -1.2 1.1 -1.2 > 4a 1.1 -1.7 1.1 -1.7 1.1 -1.7
2
2.2 -2.2 1.7 -1.7 1.1 -1.1 a 2.2 -3.2 1.7 -2.4 1.1 -1.6
1.7 -1.7 1.7 -1.7 1.1 -1.1 15 a < Aeff 4a2
2
1.7 -2.4 1.7 -2.4 1.1 -1.6
2
1.1 -1.1 1.1 -1.1 1.1 -1.1 > 4a 1.1 -1.6 1.1 -1.6 1.1 -1.6
2
2.6 -1.8 2 -1.4 1.3 -0.9 a 2.6 -2.4 2 -1.8 1.3 -1.2
2 2
2 -1.4 2 -1.4 1.3 -0.9 30 a < Aeff 4a 2 -1.8 2 -1.8 1.3 -1.2
2
1.3 -0.9 1.3 -0.9 1.3 -0.9 > 4a 1.3 -1.2 1.3 -1.2 1.3 -1.2
2
2.2 -1.6 1.7 -1.2 1.1 -0.8 a 2.2 -2.4 1.7 -1.8 1.1 -1.2
2 2
1.7 -1.2 1.7 -1.2 1.1 -0.8 45 a < Aeff 4a 1.7 -1.8 1.7 -1.8 1.1 -1.2
2
1.1 -0.8 1.1 -0.8 1.1 -0.8 > 4a 1.1 -1.2 1.1 -1.2 1.1 -1.2
Monoslope R o o f s (ASCE 7 Figure 30.8-1)

CLEAR Wind Flow OBSTRUCTED / CLEAR*
Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 1
A B A B A B Pitch Aeff A B A B A B
2
2.4 -3.3 1.8 -1.7 1.2 -1.1 a 2.4 -3.6 1.8 -1.8 1.2 -1.2
2 2
1.8 -1.7 1.8 -1.7 1.2 -1.1 0 a < Aeff 4a 1.8 -1.8 1.8 -1.8 1.2 -1.2
2
1.2 -1.1 1.2 -1.1 1.2 -1.1 > 4a 1.2 -1.2 1.2 -1.2 1.2 -1.2
2
3.2 -4.2 2.4 -2.1 1.6 -1.4 a 3.2 -5.1 2.4 -2.6 1.6 -1.7
2 2
2.4 -2.1 2.4 -2.1 1.6 -1.4 7.5 a < Aeff 4a 2.4 -2.6 2.4 -2.6 1.6 -1.7
2
1.6 -1.4 1.6 -1.4 1.6 -1.4 > 4a 1.6 -1.7 1.6 -1.7 1.6 -1.7
2
3.6 -3.8 2.7 -2.9 1.8 -1.9 a 3.6 -4.2 2.7 -3.2 1.8 -2.1
2 2
2.7 -2.9 2.7 -2.9 1.8 -1.9 15 a < Aeff 4a 2.7 -3.2 2.7 -3.2 1.8 -2.1
2
1.8 -1.9 1.8 -1.9 1.8 -1.9 > 4a 1.8 -2.1 1.8 -2.1 1.8 -2.1
2
5.2 -5 3.9 -3.8 2.6 -2.5 a 5.2 -5 3.9 -3.8 2.6 -2.5
2 2
3.9 -3.8 3.9 -3.8 2.6 -2.5 30 a < Aeff 4a 3.9 -3.8 3.9 -3.8 2.6 -2.5
2
2.6 -2.5 2.6 -2.5 2.6 -2.5 > 4a 2.6 -2.5 2.6 -2.5 2.6 -2.5
2
5.2 -4.6 3.9 -3.5 2.6 -2.3 a 5.2 -4.6 3.9 -3.5 2.6 -2.3
2 2
3.9 -3.5 3.9 -3.5 2.6 -2.3 45 a < Aeff 4a 3.9 -3.5 3.9 -3.5 2.6 -2.3
2
2.6 -2.3 2.6 -2.3 2.6 -2.3 > 4a 2.6 -2.3 2.6 -2.3 2.6 -2.3
* Red color indicates consolidated coefficients
Igor Marinovic
Section:

Page
Revision
5 Oct2013
At eave canopies attached to free roofs receive the same wind loads (coefficients) as the roof
plane to which they are attached.
With either free roof option, the minimum wind as defined in Section B8 is the only requirement
for the building bracing system.
F2. Open All Heights (Not a Free Roof)

MWFRS loads for open buildings are calculated as follows:
In the transverse direction ( to ridge) the wind loads are applied along the frame rafters
using the all heights roof coefficients per ASCE 7 Figure 27.4-1. For Open buildings the
internal pressure coefficients GCpi = 0.0. Similarly, if any portion of the sidewall is sheathed
the all heights wall coefficients will be used with zero internal pressure and the loads
applied along the sheathed portions of the affected members only.
In the longitudinal direction (|| to ridge), ASCE 7 provides limited criteria for the application
of wind loads on MWFRS. The use of the minimum wind load defined in Section B8 is
adequate for all cases.
Note about MBMA bare frame wind loads not used by BBNA and VISION:
For wind pressures on the bare frames, or on clad surfaces on the endwalls, the 2010 Supplement to the 2006
MBMA MBS Manual recommends the method developed by researchers at the University of Western Ontario in
2008. Based on wind tunnel studies on multiple building configurations, the researchers developed a procedure
for assessing drag wind loads on multiple bay open structures, taking into consideration wind azimuth, frame
span, solidity ratio and number of frames.
The 2010 method is more accurate and less conservative than the method shown in the 2006 MBMA Manual (or
earlier editions) the older method was not applicable for design of steel frames in buildings with any roofing
attached. It is expected that the new method will become part of the ASCE 7 wind loads, after the 2010 Edition.
Document and Revision History

REV. # DATE NAME DESCRIPTION
0 10/01/2009 Igor Marinovic Original document
Revised or added commentaries about: all heights winds, torsional load cases, MBMA open building wind
1 07/01/2010 Igor Marinovic
loads, about load reduction for standing seam roofs, and about partition loads. Other minor corrections.
Added section about building exposure categories
Igor Marinovic Added section about shielding and buildings with common wall not exposed to wind.
2 10/15/2010
Skip Hyder Expanded section on Open buildings to show the level of automation in VISION
Updated sections on Minimum wind loads
3 01/2012 Al Harrold Update for ASCE7-10 provisions.
4 6/01/2012 Al Harrold Correct statement regarding minimum wind loads for components and cladding.
4.1 01/03/2013 Igor Marinovic Updated 2nd commentary in section C.
4.2 01/14/2013 Igor Marinovic Figure 3 typo corrected.
4.3 04/01/2013 Igor Marinovic Figure 3 (flow chart) added option for low slope roofs under 5.
Revised Section B9 Minimum Wind Loads to clarify that MW is a separate LC and is not combined with any
5 Oct 2013 S.Hyder
other transient loads in LCs. Use W in code specified LCs.
Igor Marinovic

8 Wind Load

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

8 Wind Load

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Section:

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

A1. Significant Changes between ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 7-10

A2. Buildings with Common Wall Not Exposed to Wind

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

Wind Note: This Figure

Contact area (no wind loads)

A3. Load Adjustment Due to Secondary Member Continuity

A4. Load Reduction for Standing Seam Roofs

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

This factor does not apply to NBC (Canadian) jobs.

A5. PARTITION LOADS

B. CHAPTER 26 WIND LOADS GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

B1. Basic Wind Speed, V (Sec. 26.5) (Vult in IBC 2012)

B2. Wind Directionality Factor, Kd (Sec. 26.6)

B3. Exposure Category (Sec. 26.7)

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

Surface Roughness B or C Surface Roughness D

Figure 2 Exposure D verification

B4. Topographic Factor, Kzt (Sec. 26.8)

B5. Gust Effect Factor, G (Sec. 26.9)

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

B6. Enclosure Classification (Sec. 26.2 and 26.10)

Is the sum of all other Is space under the roof clear

Enclosed Partially Free Roof Free Roof Open

Figure 3 Building Enclosure Category Design Aid

B7. Wind-borne Debris Regions (Sec. 26.10.3)

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

B8. Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi (Sec. 26.11)

B9. Minimum Wind Loads (Sec. 27.1.5, 28.4.4, 30.2.2)

C. MWFRS WIND DESIGN METHODS

VISION supports both major options1, referring to:

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

(Directional Procedure) All Heights Buildings (Chapter 27 Part 1)

C1. Envelope Procedure Low-Rise Buildings (Chapter 28)

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

C2. Directional Procedure All Heights Buildings (Chapter 27)

(c) For transverse loading on MWFRS:

(d) A distribution of wind loads:

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

Given: (H = B = L) > 60 ft; L/B = 1; <10; h/L=1

Case 1 100% Longitudinal (typ. For bracing)

-1.04 -0.7 -0.7 -1.04

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

D. COMPONENTS AND CLADDING WIND DESIGN METHODS (CHAPTER 30)

D1. Effective Wind Area (Section 26.2)

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

D2. Coefficient Nuances

E1. Main Wind Force-Resisting System

Figure 1 explains the application of the combined coefficients.

GCpn=+1.5 GCpn=-1.0 GCpn=+1.5 GCpn=-1.0

Figure 1 Application of parapet loads on MWFRS

E2. Components and Cladding

Two load cases, shown in Figure 2, must be considered:

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

Case A: WIND Case B: WIND

Fig. 30.4-6 or Fig. 30.6-1 ASCE 7 Fig. 30.4-1

Wall Pressure (+) Wall Suction (-)

Figure 2 Load cases for parapet C&C loading

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 1.4.5

Case A: WIND Case B: WIND

Wall Suction (-)

F1. Free Roofs