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3-01/
408.3R-01
Richard N. White
Chairman
David P. Gustafson Leroy A. Lutz
Roberto T. Leon Jack P. Moehle
Non-ITG-2 voting members:
Jacob S. Grossman S. Ali Mirza
John C. McDermott
This standard was created to help designers take advantage of the Keywords: bar ribs; bond; development length; high relative rib area;
improved bond characteristics of high relative rib area deformed reinforce- reinforcing bars; splice length.
ment. This type of reinforcement can be produced by increasing rib height,
decreasing rib spacing, or employing a combination of the two.
This standard is intended to be a more efficient means of providing a
CONTENTS
development and splice length expression for the high relative rib area bars
than altering the current ACI 318-99 Chapter 12 provisions to accommo- 1.0Notation, p. 408.3-2
date bars that are not yet in commercial production.
408.3-1
408.3-2 ACI STANDARD AND COMMENTARY
Commentary, p. 408.3-3 Use of X-patterns and diamond patterns for ribs is not per-
mitted;
Appendix ARecommended supplement to ASTM A 3.1.3 The rib spacing is at least 0.44 of the nominal di-
615/A 615M for high relative rib area bars, p. 408.3-6 ameter db of the reinforcing bar;
3.1.4 The average rib width is less than or equal to one-
1.0Notation
third of the average rib spacing.
As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, in.2 3.1.5 The bar size does not exceed No. 11.
Atr = total cross-sectional area of all transverse rein-
forcement that is within the spacing s and crosses 4.0Development of high relative rib area
the potential plane of splitting through the rein- reinforcing bars in tension
forcement being developed, in.2 4.1Development length ld, in terms of diameter db for
c = cmin + 0.5 db , in. bars in tension shall be determined from 4.2, but ld shall not
cb = cover of reinforcement being developed, mea- be less than 12 in.
sured to tension face of member, in. 4.2The development length of high relative rib area re-
cmax = maximum value of cs or cb , in. inforcing bars in tension ld divided by the bar diameter db
cmin = minimum value of cs or cb, in. shall be taken as
cs = minimum value of csi + 0.25 in. or cso, in.
csi = one-half of average spacing between bars or splices 14
l ( f y fc 1900 )
in a single layer, in. ----d- = -----------------------------------------------------------
- (4.1)
cso = side cover of reinforcing bars, in. db c + K tr
72 ---------------------
CR = relative rib factor as defined by Eq. (4.4) d
b
db = nominal bar diameter, in.
f c = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi in which the term (c + Ktr)/db shall not be taken greater than 4.
f c1/4 = fourth root of f c , expressed in psi units
fct = average splitting tensile strength of lightweight The value of f c 1/4 shall not exceed 11.0.
aggregate concrete, psi The value of fy shall not exceed 80 ksi.
fy = yield strength of reinforcement being spliced or The variable shall be taken as 1.0 or evaluated as
developed, psi
Ktr = transverse reinforcement index for high relative
c max
rib area bars as defined by Eq. (4.3) = 0.1 ----------
- + 0.9 1.25 (4.2)
ld = development length, in. c min
ls = splice length, in.
n = number of bars being developed or spliced along The variable Ktr shall be evaluated as
plane of splitting
Rr = relative rib area, ratio of projected rib area normal A tr
to bar axis to product of nominal bar perimeter K tr = C R ( 0.72d b + 0.28 ) ------
- (4.3)
sn
and average center-to-center rib spacing
s = maximum center-to-center spacing of transverse
where
reinforcement within ld or ls, in.
= reinforcement location factor; see 4.3
= coating factor; see 4.3 C R = 44 + 330 ( R r 0.10 ) (4.4)
= lightweight aggregate concrete factor; see 4.3
= factor reflecting benefit of large cover/spacing with
perpendicular to controlling cover/spacing as de-
fined by Eq. (4.2) 0.10 R r 0.14
2.0Definition
High Relative Rib Area BarsDeformed reinforcing bars Alternatively, it shall be permitted to take Ktr = 0.
with a relative rib area Rr equal to 0.10 or larger. 4.3The factors used in the expressions for development
of high relative rib area bars in tension are as follows:
3.0Scope = reinforcement location factor
3.1Evaluation of splice and development lengths of Horizontal reinforcement so placed that more
coated and uncoated reinforcing bars in tension having a than 12 in. of fresh concrete is cast in the
high relative rib area, provided that: member below the development length
3.1.1 The relative rib area is at least 0.10, but no larger or splice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3
than 0.14; Other reinforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
3.1.2 The ribs are at an angle of 45 to 65 degrees inclu- = coating factor
sive with respect to the axis of the bar. Ribs shall not cross. All epoxy-coated bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2
SPLICE AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS IN TENSION 408.3-3
Fig. R2.0Definition of Rr .
Fig. R4.2.1Histogram of test/prediction ratio for all uncoated high Rr bars (No. 5, 8, and 11
bars).
Fig. R4.2.2Histogram of test/prediction ratio for all coated high Rr bars (No. 5, 8, and 11
bars).
Table R4.2.1Database size for bottom-cast ommended supplement to ASTM A 615 due to possible
uncoated bars presence of rounded corners on the ribs. The reinforcing bars
No. of specimens used in the experimental studies (Darwin and Graham 1993;
Bar pattern f c < 6000 psi f c 6000 psi Darwin et al. 1996a; Zuo and Darwin 1998) leading up to
Conventional 207 54 this standard were either machined or special rolled; both bar
High Rr 68 25 types had ribs with flat upper faces. Therefore, the support-
ing research results are based on the actual width of the upper
face.
requirements imposed by the Recommended Supplement to
ASTM A 615/A 615M for High Relative Area Bars that is ap- Reinforcing bars with X and diamond deformation patterns
pended to this document. With modifications to the section are excluded from this standard because their bond properties
reference numbers, this supplement can be adapted for use are markedly lower than bars with parallel ribs. Earlier bond
with the ASTM A 706/A 706M specification for low-alloy strength tests on X pattern No. 6 and 11 epoxy-coated bars
steel reinforcing bars. (Treece and Jirsa 1989) gave the lowest bond strengths re-
R3.1A high relative rib area bar is defined as a rein- ported in the literature, even though the bars had relative rib
forcing bar with Rr greater than or equal to 0.10, as conven- areas of 0.099 and 0.110, respectively. These bond values
tionally deformed reinforcement has relative rib areas of were significantly lower than values measured on epoxy-
0.06 to 0.085. Based on available experimental results, the coated bars with parallel ribs and lower relative rib areas.
use of these provisions is limited to reinforcing bars with a Also, X pattern bars are not allowed in the Canadian Code
maximum Rr = 0.14. Furthermore, consistent with the small- (CSA 1992) because Canadian bond pullout tests on X pat-
est spacing used in tests, the rib spacing sr shall not be less tern bars gave significantly lower strengths than did parallel
than 44% of the nominal bar diameter, as indicated in 3.1.3. rib bars. In addition to the bond strength issue, the NCHRP
A lower limit on width of the concrete between ribs is indi- study (Helgason et al. 1976) indicated that X pattern bars
rectly prescribed in 3.1.4 to avoid having a reduction in bond have lower fatigue life than bars with other types of deforma-
capacity due to a local shear failure of the concrete between tion patterns; three unpublished studies done in the 1970s by
the ribs. The variables in 3.1.4 are illustrated in Fig. R3.1. John McDermott corroborate this finding.
For calculating the average rib width, the width at 0.75 of the The bamboo pattern for ribs (ribs oriented at 90 degrees to the
rib height, as illustrated in Fig. R3.1, was chosen in the rec- bar axis) are also excluded by the angle restrictions adopted in
SPLICE AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS IN TENSION 408.3-5
this standard because of problems associated with the bending establishes the maximum allowable stress range as a function of
of conventionally deformed bars with this rib orientation. r/h and the minimum stress. As with conventional bars, that ex-
No. 11 bars were the largest high relative rib area bars used pression should be applied when fatigue is of concern.
in the experimental program forming the basis for these new High relative rib area bars have thus far exhibited no prob-
provisions. Thus, these provisions are not intended to be used lems when subjected to standard bend tests at the producing
for No. 14 and No. 18 reinforcing bars. mills or in fabrication tests in the research used to develop this
R4.2Equation (4.1) represents the beneficial effect of the standard.
high relative rib reinforcing bars as well as the influence of oth- No modifier factors are included in this standard for bundled
er pertinent variables (Darwin and Graham 1993; Darwin et al. bars in tension. Although no testing has been conducted for high
1996a,b). Equation (4.1) was derived by statistical analysis of relative rib area bars in bundles, there is no reason to believe that
experimental data and does not represent a mechanistic model the length modifiers for bundled bars in 12.4 of ACI 318-99 are
for bond behavior. Thus, it should not be extended to cases oth- not just as appropriate for use with high relative rib area bars as
er than those explicitly covered in these provisions. The rela- with the conventionally deformed reinforcing bars.
tive rib area Rr would be fixed at a specified value for the R4.3The presence of the higher ribs, and specifically ribs
reinforcement being used. with a larger relative rib area, and the elimination of rib patterns
Table R4.2.1 indicates the size of the database used in de- with poor bond properties produces a beneficial effect on the
veloping the provisions in 4.2 for high relative rib area bars bond of epoxy-coated bars (Choi et al. 1991). The epoxy coat-
in normal- and high-strength concrete, as well as the current ing thickness has less impact on the bearing area with high rib
size of the database for conventionally deformed bars. bars. The resulting reduced bearing stress decreases the differ-
Fig. R4.2.1 summarizes the development length test re- ence between the behavior of uncoated and coated reinforcing
sults for the uncoated high Rr bars using a histogram of test/ bars, which leads to use of a 1.2 factor for all situations.
prediction ratio. A similar histogram of the test results for The use of high ribs has little effect on the ratio of the embed-
coated high Rr bars is given in Fig. R4.2.2. ment length for top-cast bars to the embedment length for bot-
Use of the fourth root of the concrete strength is limited to tom-cast bars. With this information, it was felt there was no
11.0 because testing at strengths in excess of 14,000 psi is basis for changing the 1.3 top bar factor.
very limited. The yield strength is limited to 80 ksi inasmuch R5.0Analyses of test data (Orangun, Jirsa, and Breen
as the maximum bar stress in tests was 81 ksi. 1977; Darwin et al. 1996b) have concluded that the splice length
The upper limit on the confinement parameter (c + Ktr)/db and the development length can be predicted by the same ex-
of 4 is specified because higher values of the parameter corre- pression when conditions are the same. Therefore, there is tech-
spond to pullout failures, which occur at lengths correspond- nically no need to have Class B splices. However, Class B
ing to Eq. (4.1) with the confinement parameter at a value of splices have been retained for consistency with current practice.
4. No specific limit is placed on the concrete or the trans- In this document, Class A splices can be used in all situations
verse reinforcement terms in the parameter. except those with high stress [that is, not meeting 5.2.2(a)], little
The Ktr parameter includes the influence of the high relative or no staggering of splices and little or no confinement from
rib properties as well as the amount of transverse reinforce- transverse reinforcement where Class B splices are indicated.
ment confining the developing bar. The yield strength of the With adequate transverse reinforcement, there is a more predict-
transverse reinforcement is not present in the Ktr parameter able and a more ductile failure mode that permits the use of
because it has been found that the transverse reinforcement Class A splice lengths.
seldom reaches the yield value when confining the develop- R5.3This restriction is identical to Section 12.14.2.1 in
ing bar. ACI 318-99 for tension lap splices of conventionally deformed
The parameter typically reflects the benefit of wide spacing reinforcing bars.
when the cover to the tension face c b dictates the value of c. It
can, however, also reflect the benefit of large cover when COMMENTARY REFERENCES
AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, 1996, Standard Specifi-
close spacing dictates the value of c. cations for Highway Bridges, 16th Edition, American Association of State
Evaluations of crack width and crack spacing outside the Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 676 pp.
splice region have indicated no measurable difference be- ASTM A 615/A 615M-94, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain
Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, American Society for Testing
tween conventional and high relative rib area bars. As com- Materials, West Conshohocken, Pa.
pared with conventionally deformed bars, coated high ASTM A 706/A 706M-92b, Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel
relative rib area bars typically produce fewer cracks with Deformed Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, American Society for Testing
larger crack width than uncoated bars. Materials, West Conshohocken, Pa.
Choi, O. C.; Hadje-Ghaffari, H.; Darwin, D.; and McCabe, S., 1991, Bond
Studies at PCA (Helgason et al. 1976) established that the of Epoxy-Coated Reinforcement: Bar Parameters, ACI Materials Journal, V.
principal geometric variable in the fatigue life of reinforcing 88, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 207-217.
bars is the ratio of the radius at the base of a deformation r to CSA, 1992, Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, (CAN/CSA-
its height h. The absolute values of rib height and rib spacing G30.18-M92), Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale (Toronto), Ontario,
18 pp.
were not found to be critical parameters. The results of the
Darwin, D., and Graham, E. K., 1993, Effect of Deformation Height
work by Helgason et al. (1976) are incorporated in the and Spacing on Bond Strength of Reinforcing Bars, ACI Structural
AASHTO Bridge Specifications (1996) in an expression that Journal, V. 90, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 646-657.
408.3-6 ACI STANDARD AND COMMENTARY
Darwin, D.; Tholen, M. L.; Idun, E. K.; and Zuo, J., 1996a, Splice gaps = sum of the gaps between ends of deformations
Strength of High Relative Rib Area Reinforcing Bars, ACI Structural as defined in Section 7.4, plus the width of any
Journal, V. 93, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 95-107. continuous longitudinal lines used to represent
Darwin, D.; Zuo, J.; Tholen, M. L.; and Idun, E. K., 1996b, Develop- the grade of the bar, multiplied by the ratio of
ment Length Criteria for Conventional and High Relative Area Reinforc- the height of the line to hr, in. or mm
ing Bars, ACI Structural Journal, V. 93, No. 3, May-June, pp. 347-359. p = nominal perimeter of the bar, in. [Table 1(a)] or
Helgason, T.; Hanson, J. M.; Somes, N. F.; Corely, W. G.; and Hognes- mm [Table 1(b)]
tad, E., 1976, Fatigue Strength of High Yield Reinforcing Bars,
NCHRP Report No. 164, Transportation Research Board, Washington,
D.C., 90 pp. S.2.3The average height of deformations shall be deter-
Orangun, C. O.; Jirsa, J. O.; and Breen, J. E., 1977, Re-Evaluation of Test mined from measurements made on not less than two typical
Data on Development Length and Splices, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 74, deformations on each side of the bar. Determinations shall be
No. 3, Mar., pp. 114-122. based on five measurements per deformation, one at the cen-
Treece, R. A., and Jirsa, J. O., 1989, Bond Strength of Epoxy-Coated Rein-
forcing Bars, ACI Materials Journal, V. 86, No. 2. Mar.-Apr., pp. 167-184.
ter of the overall length, two at the ends of the overall length,
Zuo, J., and Darwin, D., 1998, Bond Strength of High Relative Rib Area and two located halfway between the center and the ends. The
Reinforcing Bars, SM Report No. 46, University of Kansas Center for measurements at the ends of the overall length shall be aver-
Research, Inc., Lawrence, Kans., Jan., 350 pp. aged to obtain a single value and that value shall be combined
with the other three measurements to obtain the average rib
CODES CITED IN STANDARD height hr. Deformation height shall be measured using a
ACI Committee 318, 1999. Building Code Requirements for Structural depth gage with a knife edge support that spans not more than
Concrete (ACI 318-99) and Commentary (318R-99), American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 391 pp. two adjacent ribs. Alternatively, it shall be permitted to use a
knife edge that spans more than two adjacent ribs, in which
APPENDIX ARECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENT case the average rib height shall be multiplied by 0.95 prior
TO ASTM A 615/A 615M FOR HIGH RELATIVE RIB to use in Eq. (S-1).
AREA BARS S.2.4The average rib width shall be determined from
The following supplementary requirements shall apply measurements made on not less than two typical deformations
only when specified in the purchase order or contract. on each side of the bar. Determinations shall be based on three
measurements per deformation, one at the center and one at
S.1Requirements for deformations each end. The measurements shall be taken at three-quarters of
S.1.1The deformations on high relative rib area bars the rib height at each location. The average of the measure-
shall meet all requirements in Section 7. ments at the ends shall be averaged with the center measure-
S.1.2In addition, the relative rib area (as defined in ment to obtain a value for the one side of the deformation.
S.2.1) shall meet the requirements and limitations of 3.1 of Note S.2A knife edge is required to allow measurements
the standard.1 to be made at the ends of the overall length of deformations,
usually adjacent to a longitudinal rib. The calculation of hr
S.2Relative rib area is based on a knife edge that spans only two ribs because
S.2.1The relative rib area Rr is defined in 2.0 and R2.0 measurements made with a longer knife edge result in unre-
of the provisional standard. alistically high average rib heights and an overestimate of
1. The value of Rr should be specified by the purchaser. the relative rib area for some bars. When a longer knife edge
S.2.2For bars that meet the requirements of S.2.1, it is used, hr shall be reduced by 5%.
shall be permitted to calculate Rr using Eq. (S-1).
S.3Type of steel
S.3.1All bars produced to these supplementary require-
h gaps
R r = ----r 1 -------------------- (S-1)
ments shall be identified by the letter H, in place of the letter S
sr p specified in 20.3.3, indicating that the bar was produced to meet
both the specification and these supplementary requirements.
where S.4References
hr = average height of deformations (measured 1. ACI Committee 408, 2001, Splice and Development Length of High
Relative Rib Area Reinforcing Bars in Tension (ACI 408.3-01) and Com-
according to S.2.3), in. or mm mentary (408.3R-01), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
sr = average spacing of deformations, in. or mm Mich., 6 pp.