ACI 349.
1R-91
Reinforced Concrete Design for Thermal Effects
on Nuclear Power Plant Structures
Reported by ACI Committee 349
For a list of Committee members, see p. 30.
This report presents a design-oriented approach for considering thermal
loads on reinforced concrete structures. A simplified method is provided for
estimating reduced thermal moments resulting from cracking of concrete
sections. The method is not applicable to shear walls or for determining
axial forces resulting from thermal restraints. The global effects of temper-
ature, such as expansion, contraction, and thermal restraints are not spe-
cifically addressed. However, they need to be considered as required by
Appendix A of ACI 349. Although the approach is intended to conform to
the general provisions of Appendix A of ACI 349, it is not restricted to
nuclear power plant structures. Two types of structures, frames, and axi-
symmetric shells, are addressed. For frame structures, a rationale is
described for determining the extent of member cracking, which can be
assumed for purposes of obtaining the cracked structure thermal forces
and moments. Stiffness coefficients and carryover factors are presented in
graphical form as a function of the extent of member cracking along its
length and the reinforcement ratio. Fixed-end thermal moments for cracked
members are expressed in terms of these factors for: 1) a temperature gra-
dient across the depth of the member; and 2) end displacements due to a
uniform temperature change along the axes of adjacent members. For the
axisymmetric shells, normalized cracked section thermal moments are pre-
sented in graphical form. These moments are normalized with respect to
the cross section dimensions and the temperature gradient across the sec-
tion. The normalized moments are presented as a function of the internal
axial forces and moments acting on the section and the reinforcement ratio.
Use of the graphical information is illustrated by examples.
Keywords: cracking (fracturing); frames; nuclear power plants; reinforced
concrete; shells (structural forms); structural analysis; structural design;
temperature; thermal gradient; thermal properties; thermal stresses.
CONTENTS
Notation, p. 349.1R-1
Chapter 1Introduction, p. 349.1R-2
Chapter 2Frame structures, p. 349.1R-3
2.1Scope
2.2Section cracking
2.3Member cracking
2.4Cracked member fixed-end moments, stiffness fac-
tors, and carryover factors
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commen-
taries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and
inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of indi-
viduals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations
of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility
for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete
Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles.
The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.
Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents.
If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to
be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory
language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.
349.1R-1
(Reapproved 2000)
2.5Frame design example
Chapter 3Axisymmetric structures, p. 349.1R-17
3.1Scope
3.2|e/d| 0.7 for compressive N and tensile M
3.3General e/d
3.4Design examples
Chapter 4References, p. 349.1R-29
4.1Recommended references
4.2Cited references
NOTATION
General
As = area of tension reinforcement within width b
As = area of compression reinforcement within width b
b = width of rectangular cross section
d = distance from extreme fiber of compression face to
centroid of compression reinforcement
d = distance from extreme fiber of compression face to
centroid of tension reinforcement
e = eccentricity of internal force N on the rectangular
section, measured from the section centerline
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es = modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel
fc = specified compressive strength of concrete
fy = specified yield strength of reinforcing steel
j = ratio of the distance between the centroid of com-
pression and centroid of tension reinforcement to
the depth d
n = modular ratio = Es /Ec
t = thickness of rectangular section
Tm = mean temperature, F
Tb = base (stress-free) temperature, F
T = linear temperature gradient, F
= concrete coefficient of thermal expansion, in./in./F
= Poissons ratio of concrete
= ratio of tension reinforcement = As /bd
= ratio of compression reinforcement = As /bd
Chapter 2Frame structures
a = length of the cracked end of member at
which the stiffness coefficient and carry-
ACI 349.1R-91 (Reapproved 2000) supersedes ACI 349.1R-91 (Reapproved 1996)
and became effective July 1, 1991. In 1991, a number of minor editorial revisions
were made to the report. The year designation of the recommended references of the
standards-producing organizations have been removed so that the current editions
become the referenced editions.
*Prime authors of the thermal effects report.
Copyright 2000, American Concrete Institute.
All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-
tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in
writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
 over factor are determined, in the case of
an end-cracked beam (Fig. 2.4 through
2.7). In the case of an interior-cracked
beam, (Fig. 2.8 through 2.1l), a is the
length of the uncracked end of member at
which the stiffness coefficient and carry-
over factor are determined.
= cracked member carry-over factor from
End A to End B
= cracked member carry-over factor from
End B to End A
= cracked member carry-over factor from the
a end of the member to the opposite end
= modulus of rupture of concrete
= cracked section moment of inertia about
the centroid of the cracked rectangular sec-
tion
= uncracked section moment of inertia (ex-
cluding reinforcement) about the center
line of the rectangular section
= ratio of depth of the triangular com-
pressive stress block to the depth d
= cracked member stiffness at End A
(pinned), with opposite end fixed
= cracked member stiffness at End B
(pinned), with opposite end fixed
= cracked member stiffness at End a
(pinned), with opposite end fixed
= dimensionless stiffness coefficient
= KL/EcIg
= total length of member
= cracked length of member
= cracking moment = bt2fr/6
= cracked member fixed-end moment due to
=
^_T or Tm - Tb, at End a
moment at center line of rectangular cross
section
= axial force at center line of rectangular
cross section
= transverse displacement difference between
ends of cracked member, due to Tm - Tb
acting on adjoining members
Chapter 3 - Axisymmetric structures
fc = final cracked section extreme fiber com-
pressive stress resulting from internal sec-
tion forces M, N, and ^ _T
fCL = cracked section extreme fiber compressive
stress resulting from internal forces M
and N
k = ratio of depth of the triangular com-
pressive stress block to the depth d, r e -
sulting from internal section forces M, N,
and ^_T
kL = ratio of depth of the triangular com-
pressive stress block to the depth d, r e -
sulting from internal section forces M and
N cracked section thermal moments are presented.
M = internal moment at section center line due
to factored mechanical loads, including
factored moment due to Tm - Tb
N = internal axial force at section center line
due to factored mechanical loads, including
factored axial force due to Tm - Tb
iv = final internal moment at section center line
resulting from M and ^ _T
M,r = thermal moment due to ^ _ T, M,= = A?f - M
6, = final cracked section strain at extreme fiber
of compression face = &cL + &T
L CL = cracked section strain at extreme fiber of
compression face resulting from internal
section forces M and N
E CT = cracked section strain at extreme fiber of
compression face resulting from ^ _T
4,. = cracked section curvature change resulting
from internal forces M and N
4T = cracked section curvature change required
to return free thermal curvature aAT/t to 0
4 = final cracked section curvature change =
+1. + 4r
CHAPTER 1--INTRODUCTION
ACI 349, Appendix A, provides general consid-
erations in designing reinforced concrete structures for
nuclear power plants. The Commentary to Appendix
A, Section A.3.3, addresses three approaches that
consider thermal loads in conjunction with all other
nonthermal loads on the structure, termed mechani-
cal loads. One approach is to consider the structure
uncracked under the mechanical loads and cracked
under the thermal loads. The results of two such anal-
yses are combined.
The Commentary to Appendix A also contains a
method of treating temperature distributions across a
cracked section. In this method an equivalent linear
temperature distribution is obtained from the temper-
ature distribution, which can generally be nonlinear.
Then the linear temperature distribution is separated
into a pure gradient ^ _T and into the difference be-
tween the mean and base (stress-free) temperatures
Tm - Tb .
This report offers a specific approach for consid-
ering thermal load effects which is consistent with the
above provisions. The aim herein is to present a de-
signer-oriented approach for determining the reduced
thermal moments which result from cracking of the
concrete structure. Chapter 2 addresses frame struc-
tures, and Chapter 3 deals with axisymmetric struc-
tures. For frame structures, the general criteria are
given in Sections 2.2 (Section Cracking) and 2.3
(Member Cracking). The criteria are then formulated
for the moment distribution method of structural
analysis in Section 2.4. Cracked member fixed-end
moments, stiffness coefficients, and carry-over fac-
tors are derived and presented in graphical form. For
axisymmetric structures an approach is described for
regions away from discontinuities, and graphs of
 DESlGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS
This report is not intended to represent a state-of-
the-art discussion of the methods available to analyze
structures for thermal loads. Rather, the report is in-
tended to propose simplifications that can be made
which will permit a cracking reduction of thermal mo-
ments to be readily achieved for a large class of ther-
mal loads, without resorting to sophisticated and com-
plex solutions. Also, as a result of the report
discussion, the design examples, and graphical presen-
tation of cracked section thermal moments, it is
hoped that a designer will better understand how ther-
mal moments are affected by the presence of other
loads and the resulting concrete cracking.
CHAPTER 2 - FRAME STRUCTURES
2.1 - Scope
The thermal load on the frame is assumed to be
represented by temperatures which vary linearly
through the thicknesses of the members. The linear
temperature distribution for a specific member must
be constant along its length. Each such distribution
can be separated into a gradient ^ _T and into a tem-
perature change with respect to a base (stress-free)
temperature Tm - Tb.
Frame structures are characterized by their ability
to undergo significant flexural deformation under
these thermal loads. They are distinguished from the
axisymmetric structures discussed in Chapter 3 by the
ability of their structural members to undergo rota-
tion, such that the free thermal curvature change of
aAT/f is not completely restrained. The thermal mo-
ments in the members are proportional to the degree
of restraint. In addition to frames per se, slabs and
walls may fall into this category.
The rotational feature above is of course automati-
cally considered in a structural analysis using un-
cracked member properties. However, an additional
reduction of the member thermal moments can occur
if member cracking is taken into account. Sections 2.2
and 2.3 of this chapter describe criteria for the crack-
ing reduction of member thermal moments. These cri-
teria can be used as the basis for an analysis of the
structure under thermal loads, regardless of the
method of analysis selected. In Section 2.4, these cri-
teria are applied to the moment distribution analysis
method.
There are frame and slab structures which can be
adequately idealized as frames of sufficient geometric
simplicity to lend themselves to moment distribution.
Even if an entire frame or slab structure does not per-
mit a simple idealization, substructures can be isolated
to study the effects of thermal loads. Often with
todays use of large scale computer programs for the
analysis of complex structures, a feel for the rea-
sonableness of the results is attainable only through
less complex analyses applied to substructures. The
moment distribution method for thermal loads is ap-
plicable for this work. This design approach uses
cracked member stiffness coefficients and carry-over
349.1R-3
factors. These depend on the extent of member crack-
ing along its length due to mechanical loads, as dis-
cussed in Section 2.3.
2.2 - Section cracking
Simplifying assumptions are made below for the
purpose of obtaining the cracked section thermal mo-
ments and the section (cracked and uncracked) stiff-
nesses. The fixed-end moments, stiffness coefficients,
and carry-over factors of Section 2.4 are based on
these assumptions:
1. Concrete compression stress is taken to be lin-
early proportional to strain over the member cross
section.
2. For an uncracked section, the moment of inertia
is Ig, where Ig is based on the gross concrete dimen-
sions and the reinforcement is excluded.
For a cracked section, the moment of inertia is Icr,
where Icr is referenced to the centroidal axis of the
cracked section. In the formulation of Icr, the com-
pression reinforcement is excluded and the tension re-
inforcement is taken to be located at the tension face;
i.e., d = t is used.
3. The axial force on the section due to mechanical
and thermal loads is assumed to be small relative to
the moment (e/d >, 0.5). Consequently, the extent of
section cracking is taken as that which occurs for a
pure moment acting on the section.
The first assumption is strictly valid only if the ex-
treme fiber concrete compressive stress due to com-
bined mechanical and thermal loads does not exceed
0.5f'c. At this stress, the corresponding concrete strain
is in the neighborhood of 0.0005 in./in. For extreme
fiber concrete compressive strains greater than 0.0005
in./in. but less than 0.001 in./in., the differences are
insignificant between a cracked section thermal mo-
ment based on the linear assumption adopted herein
versus a nonlinear concrete stress-strain relationship
such as that described in References 2 and 3. Con-
sequently, cracked member thermal moments given by
Eq. (2-3) and (2-4) are sufficiently accurate for con-
crete strains not exceeding 0.001 in./in.
For concrete strains greater than 0.001 in./in., the
equations identified above will result in cracked mem-
ber thermal moments which are greater than those
based on the nonlinear theory. In this regard, the
thermal moments are conservative. However, they are
still reduced from their uncracked values. This crack-
ing reduction of thermal moments can be substantial,
as seen in Fig. 3.2 which also incorporates Assump-
tion 1.
Formulation of the thermal moments based on a
linear concrete stress-strain relationship allows the
thermal moments to be expressed simply by the equa-
tions in Chapter 2 or by the normalized thermal mo-
ment graphs of Chapter 3. Such simplicity is desirable
in a designer-oriented approach.
Regarding Icr, in Assumption 2, the assumptions for
the compression and tension reinforcement result in
the simple expression of (6jk2)Ig for Icr, if the axial
load is small as specified in Assumption 3. The use of
(6jk2)Ig will overestimate the cracked section moment
of inertia of sections, for which e/d >, 0.5, either with
or without compression reinforcement. For a member
with only tension reinforcement typically located at d
= 0.90t, the actual cracked section moment of inertia
is overestimated by 35 percent, regardless of the
amount of reinforcement. For a member with equal
amounts of compression and tension reinforcement,
located at d = 0.1d and d = 0.9t, its actual cracked
section moment of inertia is also overestimated. The
overestimation will vary from 35 percent at the lower
reinforcement ratio (Q n =Qn = 0.02) down to 15
percent at the higher values ( Q n = gn = 0.12).
The use of (6jk2)Ig for cracked sections and the
use of Ig for uncracked sections are further discussed
relative to member cracking in Section 2.3.
Regarding the third assumption, the magnitude of
the thermal moment depends on the extent of section
cracking as reflected by Icr. Icr depends on the axial
force N and moment M. The relationship of Icr/Ig ver-
sus e/d, where e = M/N, is shown in Fig. 2.1. The
eccentricity e is referred to the section center line. In
Fig. 2.1 it is seen that for e/d 3 1, Icr is practically
the same as that corresponding to pure bending. For
e/d 2 0.5, the associated Icr is within 10 percent of its
pure bending value. Most nonprestressed frame prob-
lems are in the e/d Z 0.5 category. Consequently, for
these problems it is accurate within 10 percent to use
the pure bending value of (6jk2)Ig for Icr. This is the
basis of Assumption 3.
2.3 - Member cracking
Ideally, a sophisticated analysis of a frame or slab
structure subjected to both mechanical and thermal
loads might consider concrete cracking and the re-
sulting changes in member properties at many stages
of the load application. Such an analysis would con-
sider the sequential application of the loads, and
cracking would be based on the modulus of rupture
of the concrete fr . The loads would be applied in-
crementally to the structure. After each load in-
crement, the section properties would be revised for
those portions of the members which exhibit extreme
fiber tensile stresses in excess of fr. The properties of
the members for a given load increment would reflect
the member cracking that had occurred under the sum
of all preceding load increments. In such an analysis,
the thermal moments would be a result of member
cracking occurring not only for mechanical loads, but
also for thermal loads.
The type of analysis summarized above is consistent
with the approach in Item 2 of Section A.3.3 of the
Commentary to Appendix A. An approximate analy-
sis, but one which is generally conservative for the
thermal loads, is suggested in Item 3 of Section A.3.3
as an alternative. This alternate analysis considers the
structure to be uncracked under the mechanical loads
and to be cracked under the thermal loads. The re-
sults of an analysis of the uncracked structure under
mechanical loads are combined with the results of an
analysis of the cracked structure under the thermal
loads. A simplified method of analysis is discussed be-
low which will yield cracked member thermal mo-
ments that are conservative for most practical prob-
lems.
The extent of cracking which the members expe-
rience under the total mechanical load (including the
specified load factors) forms the basis for the cracked
structure used for the thermal load analysis. Cracking
will occur wherever the mechanical load moments ex-
ceed the cracking moment Mcr. The addition of ther-
mal moments which are the same sign as mechanical
moments will increase the extent of cracking along the
member length. Recognizing this, in many cases it is
conservative for design to consider the member to be
cracked wherever tensile stresses are produced by the
mechanical loads if these stresses would be increased
by the thermal loads. Any increase in the cracked
length due to the addition of the thermal loads is con-
servatively ignored, and an iterative solution is not re-
quired. However, the addition of thermal moments
which are of opposite sign to the mechanical moments
that exceed Mcr may result in a final section which is
uncracked. Therefore, for simplicity, the member is
considered to be uncracked for the thermal load anal-
ysis wherever along its length the mechanical moments
and thermal moments are of opposite sign.
Two types of cracked members will result: (1) end-
cracked, and (2) interior-cracked. The first type oc-
curs for cases where mechanical and thermal moments
are of like sign at the member ends. The second type
occurs where these moments are of like sign at the in-
terior of the member. Stiffness coefficients, carry-over
factors, and fixed-end thermal moments are developed
for these two types of members in Section 2.4. A
comprehensive design example is presented in Section
2.5.
The above simplification of considering the member
to be uncracked wherever the mechanical and thermal
moments are of opposite sign is conservative due to
the fact that the initial portion of a thermal load,
such as ^ _T, will actually act on a section which may
be cracked under the mechanical loads. Consequently,
the fixed-end moment due to this part of ^ _T will be
that due to a member completely cracked along its
length. Once the cracks close, the balance of ^ _T will
act on an uncracked section. Consideration of this
two-phase aspect makes the problem more complex.
The conservative approach adopted herein removes
this complexity. However, some of the conservatism is
reduced by the use of Ig for the uncracked section
(Assumption 2) rather than its actual uncracked sec-
tion stiffness, which would include reinforcement and
is substantially greater than Ig for Qn 2 0.06.
The fixed-end moments depend not only on the
cracked length LT but also on the location of the
cracked length a along the member. This can be seen
from a comparison of the results for an end-cracked
member and an interior-cracked member for the same
 DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS 349.1R-5

0.8

0.7

0.6

F
b
a-0
t
4 0.5 lllllllllllilt
Ill III I III III
%
z
E
s
.-5
t 0.4
s:
ii
c5
0
-r,

f 0.3
(5
-
0
0
._
6
aL

0.2

For e/d + 00,

I I

1 _____. t,
Icr
--= 6jk2
I kl
0.1

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Tension Reinforcement, pn

Fig. 2. 1 - Effect of axial force on cracked section moment of inertia (No compression reinforcement)
349.1 R-6 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
value of Lr. The method discussed in Section 2.4 ac-
counts for this. This approach is more applicable for
the determination of the thermal moments than the
use of an effective moment of inertia for the entire
member length. The concept of a single effective mo-
ment of inertia for purposes of member deflection cal-
culation has resulted in Eq. (9-4) of ACI 349-76. This
equation is empirically based and, as such, accounts
for (1) partially cracked sections along the member,
and (2) the existence of uncracked sections occurring
between flexural cracks. These two characteristics are
indirectly provided for (to an unknown extent) by the
use of (6jk2)1,, which overestimates the cracked sec-
tion moment of inertia by the amount described pre-
viously.
2.4 - Cracked member fixed-end moments,
stiffness coefficients, and carry-over factors
The thermal moments due to the linear temperature
gradient /_\T, and those resulting from the expansion
or contraction of the axis of the member T,,, - Tb, are
considered separately. For each type of thermal load,
fixed-end moments, stiffness coefficients, and carry-
over factors were obtained for two types of cracked
members: (1) end-cracked, and (2) interior-cracked.
The first type applies for cases where mechanical and
thermal loads produce moments of like sign at mem-
ber ends. The second type applies for cases where me-
chanical and thermal loads produce moments of like
sign in the interior of the member.
These factors are presented for the case of an end-
cracked member in Fig. 2.2.
h4* =
(2-1)
M, =
Although shown only for a member cracked at the
ends, the above expressions for MA and MR also ap-
ply to a member cracked in its interior.
In the above:
aATL/2t = the angle change of the member
ends with the rotational restraints
removed
K.4 = the stiffness of the member at A
with B fixed (4EJ,/L for uncracked
member)
KS = the stiffness of the member at B
with A fixed (4EJ,/L for the un-
cracked member)
co,, = the carry-over factor from A to B
(/z for uncracked member)
co,, = the carry-over factor from B to A
(/z for uncracked member)
The expressions for K and CO can be derived from
moment-area principles. Also, K can be expressed as:
K = -E+ k, (2-2)
MA
LT-a 1
I
L - LT I; a
C- -1
Fig. 2.2 - /_\ T fixed-end moments - Member cracked
at ends by mechanical loads
.
I - ,
Fig. 2.3 - T, - T, fixed-end moment - Member
cracked at ends by mechanical loads
where k, is the dimensionless stiffness coefficient
which is a function of LJL and a/LT. Likewise, CO
can be expressed as a function of LJL and a/L T .
Fig. 2.4 through 2.7 show k, and CO for selected
values of LJL and a/LT which should cover most
practical problems. In these figures, k, is given at the
end which is cracked a distance a, and CO is the
carry-over factor from this end to the opposite end.
Intermediate values of k, and CO can be determined
by linear interpolation of these curves.
For a member cracked a distance Lr in its interior,
k, and CO are determined from Fig. 2.8 through 2.11.
k, is the stiffness coefficient at the end which is un-
cracked a distance a. CO is the carry-over factor from
this end to the opposite end.
Based on the above discussion, the /_\ T fixed-end
moment at the a end of the member can be expressed
as:
MFE =
_ks(1-CO) (2-3)
12 2
For the purpose of determining the mean temper-
ature effects, it is necessary to develop the T, - Tb
fixed-end moment, which is shown in Fig. 2.3 for a
member cracked at its ends.
The T,,, - Tb fixed-end moment at the end cracked a
distance a is:
E&A
M,. = L2 k(l + CO)
where k, and CO are same as that defined above. The
displacement A is produced by T,,, - Tb acting on an
adjacent member. The comprehensive design example
of Section 2.5 illustrates this.
 0.8

0.7

0.6

$
"0 0.5
IL
P
9 0.4

:
" 0.3

0.2

0.1

t-
LF? d-i!i
i ?-+-
i i 1-t i i i j I
d'

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Tension Reinforcement, pn

Fig. 2.4 - End-cracked beam, ks and CO for LT = 0.1L

 0.8

0.7

0.6

g
i 0.5
IL
E
y 0.4

s
0.3

0.2

0.1

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Tension Reinforcement, pn

Fig. 2.5 - End-cracked beam, ks and CO for LT= 0.2L

 0.8

8 0.7

5
g 0.6
LL

5
0 0.5
2.
b
v
0.4
FEFI CRACKED ZONES,

0.3

0.2

iiI ! II

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.1

Tension Reinforcement, pn

Fig.2.4 - End-cracked beam, ks and CO for LT =

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Tension Reinforcement, pn

Fig. 2.7 - End-cracked beam, ks and CO for LT = 0.6L

 0.8

0.7

tttHtt i i i i i tttth
0.6
8
.
p 0.5

rt+i--t I III. I
Ihl. 1
I 1IIIII

I I I 1 I

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Tension Reinforcement, pn

Fig. 2.8 - Interior-cracked beam, ks and CO for LT = 0.1L

349.1R-12
1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

g
g 0.6
IL

E
9 0.5
f
6
v 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Tension Reinforcement, pn

Fig. 2.9 - Interior-cracked beam, ks and CO for LT = 0.2L

 349.1R--13

0.9

0.8

0.7
s
.
5
t 0.6
lE
ii
& 0.5
k
&
0.4

0.3

0.2 +-i-i--c ! ! : f 4 f f : ! ! !

0.1

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Tension Reinforcement, pn

Fig. 2.10 - Inferior-cracked beam, ks and CO for LT = 0.4L

 0.8

s 0.7
:I 1. I I I i 1 II 11 I I ill1 I I! I
ulll, llllllllllllllll~
L
e 0.6
IE
F
y 0.5
L.
'0
"0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Al?
.
5
._U
._
r
0
s 2

s:0
-._c
s
1

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Tension Reinforcement, p

Fig. 2.11- Interior-cracked beam, ks and CO for LT = 0.6L

 DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS 349.1R-15

TOUTS~DE = SOOF 137.4

W D + L = 1086 LB/FT

--- MECHANICAL LOADS

- MECHANICAL AND THERMAL

_ T = &lOoF, T, - Tb = WF, UNCRACKED FRAME

l^

Fig. 2.12 - Uncracked frame moments (ft-kips)

2.5 - Frame design example AB: -52.3

Given the continuous frame shown in Fig. 2.12 with BA: -76.0
all members 1 ft wide x 2 ft thick and 3-in. cover on BC: +76.0
the reinforcement. The load combination to be con- CB: -46.0
sidered is U = D + L + To + Ess. CD: +46.0
The mechanical loading consists of: DC: +7.5
These are shown in Fig. 2.12.
WD = 406 lb/ft The maximum mechanical load moment of 76 ft-
WL = 680 lb/ft kips is less than the section capacity of 141.1 ft-kips.
Therefore, the frame is adequate for mechanical
on member BC and a lateral load of 3750 lb at Joint loads.
C due to Ess.
The thermal loading To consists of 130 F interior _ T = 80 F and Tm - Tb = 20 F)
Thermal loads (^
and 50 F exterior on all members. The base temper-
ature Tb is taken as 70 F. For this condition, Tm - Tb The ^_T = 80 F having hot interior and cold exte-
= + 20 F and ^_ T = 80 F (hot interior, cold exterior). rior is expected to produce thermal stresses which are
The material properties are f, = 3000 psi and Ec = tensile on the exterior faces of all members. These
3.12 x 106 psi; fy = 60,000 psi and Es = 29 x 106 psi; stresses will add to the existing exterior face tensile
and o( = 5 x 10-6 in./in./deg F. Also, n = Es/Ec = stresses due to the mechanical loads. Hence, the LT
9.3. and a values are arrived at from the mechanical load
The reinforcement in the frame consists of 2-#8 moment diagram in Fig. 2.12.
bars at each face in all members. This results in Q =
1.58/(12 x 21) = 0.0063 and qn = 9.3 (0.0063) = LT/L a/LT
0.059. The section capacity is Mu = KuF = (320) -Member- End
x (12)(21)2/12,000 = 141.1 ft-kips. AB A 11.8/20 = 0.59 0
AB B 0.59 1
BC B (5.3 + 3.4)/30 = 0.29 5.3/8.7 = 0.61
Mechanical loads BC C 0.29 3.4/8.7 = 0.39
An analysis of the uncracked frame results in the CD C 17.2/20 = 0.86 1
member moments (ft-kips) below. Moments acting _CD D
- - 0.86 0
counterclockwise on a member are denoted as posi-
tive. These values were obtained by moment distribu- All members are the end-cracked type. Fig. 2.5
tion, and moments due to Ess include the effect of through 2.7 are used to obtain the coefficients ks and
frame sidesway. CO, which are shown in Table 2.5.1.
349.1R-16 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

Table 2.5.1 - Cracked frame coefficients and thermal moments on members

Distributed
thermal
Thermal FEMs, ft-kips Distributed moments &
thermal mechanical
Member End L*/L a/Lt k co kJL DF
^_FEM
T- 80
1
T,-T.-u)
FEM
Total
FEM
moments,*
ft-kips
moments,
ft-kips
I
AB 0.59 0 0.41 0.17 1.0 +60.1 -4.79 +55.31 +36.0 - 16.3
AB 0.59 :z 0.70 0.10 0.56 - 17.97 -3.39 -21.36 -39.9 -115.9
BC 0.29 k6, 2'40 0.43 0.08 +41.7 +41.7 +39.9 +115.9
0.29 0.39 2:65 0.38 0.088 it: -49.2 : -49.2 -37.0 -83.0
:cD 0.86 0.57 0.095 0:52 +24.5 +3.72 +28.2 +37.0 +83.0
CD
-0.86 - ii i:; 0.47 0.120 1.0 -37.9 +4.38 -33.5 -33.2 -25.7
*Corrected for sidesway
DF, = (k,,E,I,,/L,) + Zk,.E,I,,/L,

The expressions from Section 2.4 for fixed-end Shear stiffness at C = s [ksC(l + COc)
moment (FEM) are evaluated below.
ks
_T FEM = E,aA Tbt 2 j-
(1) ^ (1 - CO) + k,D(l + CWI
l2
_ (3.12 x 10*)(5 x 10-)(80)(12)(24)2 = $ (6.48)
12

x+ (1 - CO)
= $+0(1.57) + 2.38(1.47)]

^_T FEM = 59.9k, (1 - CO)/2 ft-kips

Sum of shear stiffness at B and C = ++ (14.67)

(2) Tm - Tb FEM = $+ (A)&)(1 + CO) Ag = 0.036 in. (6.48/14.67) = 0.036 x 0.44

= 0.016 in.

= (3.12 x io6)(24)3 (b)(k )

AC = 0.036 in. (8.19/14.67) = 0.036 x 0.56
(20 x 12)2 s = 0.020 in.
x (1 + CO) To demonstrate the effect of cracking on the ther-
Tm - Tb FEM = 62.4 (A)(k,)(l + CO) ft-kips mal moments, the fixed-end thermal moments for the
uncracked frame are obtained from the final expres-
_ = total unrestrained change of length of
(3) ^ sions in (1) and (2) using ks = 4, CO = 1/2, and
member BC = a(T,,, - T,)L ^_ = (%)o(T, - Tb)L, L being the length of Member
^_= (5 x 10-6)(20)(30 x 12) BC. A moment distribution is performed, and the
resulting distributed moments are added to the
^_ = 0.036 in. mechanical moments. The combined moments are
shown in Fig. 2.12 for purpose of comparison with
Distribute 0.036 in. to Ends B and C of Members the cracked frame moments.
AB and CD, respectively, in inverse proportion to The fixed-end thermal moments for the cracked
the shear stiffness at these ends. _B and
frame are obtained using the above values for ^
AC and by referring to Table 2.5.1 for ks and CO.
Shear stiffness at B = $+ [k&l + COA) These fixed-end moments and the resulting
distributed thermal moments are given in Table
2.5.1. The distributed thermal moments include the
+ ks,(l + COdI effect of sidesway, which occurs because the frame is
unsymmetrically cracked.
Combined loads
=- $ [3.4(1.41) + 2.00(1.70)]
The final frame moments are shown in Table 2.5.1
and Fig. 2.13. These can be compared with Fig. 2.12
= s(8.19) to see the effect of the cracking reduction of thermal
moments.
 b 61.6
\
\
b\
16.3
---M E C H A N I C A L (UNCRACKED
MECHANICAL AND THERMAL*
^_T = 8 0 o F , Tm - Tb, = 20 F,
o
l CRACKED FRAME
Fig. 2.13 - Final frame moments (ft-kips)
Although not shown, the member axial forces were
evaluated to confirm that section cracking still cor-
responds to the pure bending condition of Assump-
tion 3. Recall that e/d must be at least 0.5 for this
condition. For Members AB and CD, the axial forces
result primarily from the mechanical loads and are
compressive. For Member BC, the axial force is com-
pressive and includes the compression due to the
20 F increase on the member.
CHAPTER 3 - AXISYMMETRIC STRUCTURES
3.1 - Scope
Axisymmetric structures include shells of revolution
such as shield buildings or, depending on the particu-
lar geometry, primary and secondary shield walls. In
the structural analysis, the structure is considered to
be uncracked for all mechanical loads and for part of
the thermal loads. The thermal load is assumed to be
represented by a temperature which is distributed lin-
early through the wall of the structure. The linear
temperature distribution is separated into a gradient AT
and into a uniform temperature change Tm - Tb.
Generally, for most axisymmetric structures, a uni-
form temperature change (Tm - Tb) produces signifi-
cant internal section forces (moment included) only at
the externally restrained boundaries of the structure
where free thermal growth is prevented, or in regions
where Tm - Tb varies fairly rapidly along the struc-
ture. The magnitude and extent of these discontinuity
forces depend on the specific geometry of the structure
and on the external restraint provided. If cracking oc-
52.3 25.7
F R A M E )
curs in this region, a prediction of the cracking reduc-
tion of the discontinuity forces is attainable through a
re-analysis using cracked section structural properties.
A discussion of such an analysis is not within the
scope of the present report. Therefore, forces re-
sulting from an analysis for the Tm - Tb part of the
thermal load are considered to be included with corre-
sponding factored mechanical forces. These combined
axial forces and moments are denoted as N and M.
The gradient ^ _T produces internal section forces
(moment included) at externally restrained boundaries
and, also, away from these discontinuities. At dis-
continuities, the most significant internal force is usu-
ally the moment, primarily resulting from the internal
restraint rather than the external boundary restraint.
Away from discontinuities, the only significant forces
due to ^_ T are thermal moments caused by the internal
restraint provided by the axisymmetric geometry of
the structure. The cracking reduction of thermal mo-
ments which result from internal restraint is the sub-
ject of this chapter.
Due to the axisymmetric geometry of the subject
structures, the free thermal curvature change aAT/t is
fully restrained. This restraint produces a correspond-
ing thermal moment whose magnitude depends on the
extent of cracking the section experiences. This in turn
depends on ^ _ T, the other section forces N and M, and
the section properties. With the ratio M/N denoted as
e, referenced to the section center line, and the dis-
tance from the concrete compression face to the ten-
sion reinforcement denoted as d, two cases of e/d are
identified in Sections 3.2 and 3.3.
349.1R-18 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE
The results in Sections 3.2 and 3.3 include the effect
of compression reinforcement. For this reinforcement,
a modular ratio of 2n is used for purposes of sim-
plifying the determination of the cracked section ther-
mal moment. Although not all the loads which com-
prise the section forces N and M will necessarily be
long-term, the selection of 2n for compression re-
inforcement is consistent with design practice.
The results in Sections 3.2 and 3.3 are based on a
linear stress-strain relationship for the compressive
concrete. The basis of this assumption was discussed
in Section 2.2. From this discussion, the cracked sec-
tion thermal moments can be considered to represent
upper-bound values when compared with those which
would result from a nonlinear stress-strain concrete
relationship. Nevertheless, the thermal moments
herein do offer a reduction from their uncracked val-
ues. The extent of this reduction is shown in Fig. 3.2
and Fig. 3.4 through 3.9.
3.2 - le/c/l 2 0.7 for compressive N and ten-
sile N
For this range of e/d, a parametric study based on
the results of Section 3.3 indicates that the cracked
thermal moment MAT is not strongly influenced by the
axial force as expressed by the ratio N/(bdE,aAT). A
practical range of N/(bdE,aAT) from 0 to 2300 was
used in this study. Therefore, for ranges of e/d and
N/bdE,aAT specified herein, MbT can be calculated
from the neutral axis location corresponding to N = 0.
The le/dl lower limit of 0.70 is conservative for ten-
sile N and higher QII values. Actual le/d lower limits
for tensile N are given in Fig. 3.3. As long as the ac-
tual le/dl value for tensile N exceeds this lower limit
curve, the thermal moments given in this section are
applicable.
For doubly reinforced rectangular sections, the
cracked section neutral axis is kd. For N = 0:
k = v(2qn + Qn) + 2[2Qn (d//d) + on]
- (2&n + Qn) (3-1)
in which Q ' =A,il6d, Q = AJbd, and n = Es/E,.
Also, d is the distance from the concrete compres-
sion face to the compression reinforcement As'. A
modular ratio of 2n is used for the compression rein-
forcement.
The corresponding thermal moment for a section
in which t =( l.l)d is:
aATbd2
MAT = E.1 {-0.152k J + 1.818Qn[(d/d)
- k](d/d) + 0.909Qn(l - k)} (3-2)
The expression for M,, given by Eq. (3-2) is ob-
tained from the results of Section 3.2 in the follow-
ing manner. For sections in which le/dj 2 0.7, the
location of the neutral axis does not change under
the application of ^_ T, and this results in kL.= k.
This substitution for kL is made in Eq. (3-7) and Eq.
(3-9). The resulting expression for fc given by Eq.
(3-7) is used in Eq. (3-11). Then Mbf is obtained by
subtraction of Eq. (3-9) from Eq. (3-11).
For singly reinforced rectangular sections and
N = 0,
k = \/ (on) + 2Qn - Qn (3-3)
and the corresponding thermal moment is
E,aA Tbd J(jk )
MbT = (3-4)
2t(l - v)
where j = 1 - k/3.
Eq. (3-2) for f&r for a doubly reinforced section
reduces to Mbf for a singly reinforced section (Eq.
[3-4]), with the substitution of (l.l)d for t in Eq.
(3-4) and 0 for Qn in Eq. (3-2). In addition, the
substitution of k 2/2 for Qn (1 - k) in Eq. (3-2) must
be made.
The thermal moments given by Eq. (3-2) and (3-4)
are presented in Fig. 3.2 for the special case:
t = (l.l)d for both sections and gn = gn a n d
d/d = 0.10 for the doubly reinforced section. For
values of Q less than Q, linear interpolation between
the two curves should yield sufficiently accurate
results. From Fig. 3.2, it is seen that the cracked sec-
tion thermal moment is substantially reduced from its
uncracked value.
The thermal moment Mhr occurs at the center line
of the section. MdT should be multiplied by its code
specified load factor before it is added to the mo-
ment M.
3.3 - General e/d
Depending on e/d, the extent of section cracking
and the thermal moment may be significantly af-
fected by the actual values of N and M. A theory
for the investigation of a doubly reinforced rec-
tangular section is presented below. The axisymmetric
effect increases the section thermal moment due to
^_T by an amount l/(1 - v). Although this effect is
not shown in the derivations below, it is included in
the final results, Fig. 3.2 and 3.4 through 3.9.
It is assumed for the section that the final cur-
vature change 0 is equal to the curvature change due
to N and M, 4,., plus the curvature change required
to return the free thermal curvature 4T to 0. oL and
Or are additive when the cold face of the section cor-
responds to the tension face under M. Therefore,
4 = 4L + 4T (3-5)
The curvatures before and after the application of
4T are shown in Fig. 3.1.
In Fig. 3.1:
E cL = concrete strain at compression face due to
N and M
 DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS
Fig. 3.1 - Section under M, N, ^
L CT = concrete strain is compression face due to
^_ T
cc = total concrete strain
kLd = neutral axis location on section due to N
and M
kd = neutral axis location on section due to N,
M, and ^_T
The thermal curvature change +T is
97 = aA T/t
where ^_T is always taken as positive.
Using this and cc = +kd and c,,. = +,.kLd in Eq.
(3-5) gives
E,/kd = &k,.d + aAT/t
For the case where the concrete stress is a linear
function of strain, Eq. (3-6) becomes
f,/(E,kd) = f,,./(E,k,.d) + aAT/t
or
f, = (f,,./(E,k,.d) + aAT/t] E,kd
To maintain equilibrium of the section both before
_ T, the following condi-
and after the application of ^
tions occur:
Before ^_T
1. The internal axial force N is equal to the resul-
tant of the stresses produced by N and M.
N = 1//2f,,.bk,.d + 2~nbdf,,[(k,. - d/d)/k,.]
+ gnbdf,,.[(kL - I)/kLl
2. The internal moment M is equal to the internal
moment of the stresses (about the section center line)
produced by N and M.
M = /zfCLbk,.d(t/2 - k,.d/3) + 2QnbdfCL
x [(kL - d/d)/kJ [(t/2) - d] + Qnbdf,,_
x [(1 - k,.)/k,,l[d - (t/2)]
_T
After ^_ T
1. The internal axial force N is equal to the resul-
_ T.
tant of the stresses produced by N, M, and ^
N = %f,bkd + 2Qnbdf,[(k - d/d)/k]
+ Qnbdf,[(k - 1)/k] (3-10)
2. There exists an internal center line moment m
of the stresses produced by N, M, and ^_ T.
IW = %f,bkd[(t/2) - (kd/3)] + 2qnbdf,
x [(k - d/d)/k] [(t/2) - d] + Qnbdf,
x [(l - k)/k] [d - (t/2)] (3-l1)
(3-6)
3. The internal thermal moment M,, at the section
center line is equal to M - M.
In Eq. (3-8) through (3-11) the tension and com-
pression reinforcement have been expressed as
Q = A,/bd and Q = A,Ybd, respectively. A modular
ratio of 2n has been used for the compression rein-
(3-7) forcement. Also, the reinforcement stresses have been
expressed in terms of the concrete stress.
From Eq. (3-8), fcL can be expressed in terms of N,
kL, and the section properties. Use of this in
Eq. (3-7) allows fc to be written in terms of N, kL,
k, E,aAT, and the section properties. Substitution of
this expression for fc into Eq. (3-10) results in a
quadratic equation in k which is solved in terms of
the section properties, kL, and the quantity
N/bdE,aAT. However, by dividing Eq. (3-9) by Eq.
(3-8), kL can be written in terms of the section prop-
(3-8) erties and e, where e = M/N. Thus, k is deter-
mined for a specified section e and N/bdE,aAT. The
above results also allow Mdf to be determined from
these specified quantities.
The equilibrium equations, appearing as Eq. (3-8)
through (3-ll), are based on a triangular concrete
stress distribution. The two extremes of the stress
distribution are at kL = 0.10 and kL = 1.0. The
range 1.0 2 k,. 2 0.10 should cover many practical
(3-9) situations not involving prestressed sections. For kL
 0.06

e = M/N
n = Es/Ec

cE* 0.04

s
5
E
er
f
0.03

btr) MAP = 0.101

Uncracked:
0.02 bdE,cyAT l

(Based on gross concrete section)

0.08 0.10 0.12

Tension Reinforcement, pn

Fig. 3.2 - Cracked section thermal moment for le/d 1 3 0.70

0.80
N (positive as shown)

Pbd
e = M/N
_ Ic

- . .A_. . ._L--- . . -
CUseFigures 3.4 thru 3.9 I. : : 1 I ! : i 1 I I I I III I I II 11 I I

Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilr I II il;.:iili
i-iiIiTii P- . .I ! I I
jii:iiiiijijiii

0.06
Reinforcement, pn

Fig. 3.3 - e/d limits

349.1R-22 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE
 DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS

c
f C

d d

lN3WOW lVWkl3Hl
h M-1)
249.1R-24 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

Y
3
E
8
DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS

0
ci
349.1R-26 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

IVX) 3 CPQ
INMOW lVVVL13Hl
? (n-1)
DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS 349.1R-27

s
0

INMOW lVWL13Hl
h &I
349.1R-28 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT

outside this range, i.e., the entire section being under
tension ( kL 2 0.10) or compression (kL 2 1.0), a sim-
ilar set of equilibrium equations based on a rec-
tangular stress distribution would be required.
Special Case:
Since t/d = 1.1 and d /d = 0.10, use Fig. 3 . 2 .
However, since Q f Q, interpolate between the two
curves.
From Fig. 3.2 for Qn = 0.050, read (1 - Y)&/
(bd E,aA T) as:

Q = Q, t/d = 1.1, and d/d = 0.10 0.0303 for Q = 0

For this case, cracked section thermal moments 0.0320 for Q = Q

were calculated for a gn range of 0.02 to 0.12 and
Interpolate for Q = 0.0046
N/6dE,aAT ranging within 2300. For the case of
compressive N, Fig. 3.4 through 3.9 apply. Alter-
(1 - u)MdT/(bd E,aAT) = 0.0303 + (0.0320
natively, for compressive N, and e/d 2 0.7, Fig. 3.2
may be used with reasonable accuracy. For the case - 0.0303)(0.0045/0.0069)
of tensile N, only Fig. 3.2 applies.
= 0.0314
As discussed above, the thermal moments are valid
only for 1.0 2 k, 2 0.10. Associated with these (1- v)M*, = 0.0314(12)(32.7)2(4 x 106)
limits are e/d values which are indicated in Fig. 3.3.
x (5.5 x 10e6)(80) = 709,118 in.-lb
Also presented in Fig. 3.4 through 3.9 are the un-
cracked thermal moments based on both gross sec- MbT = 73.9 ft-kips
tion (neglecting reinforcement) and actual section
(including concrete and reinforcement). It is seen that Check using equations
the cracked section thermal moments are always less
than the uncracked thermal moments obtained for k N=O = f(2Qfl + Qn) + 2[2Qn(d/d) + Qn]
the actual section. However, for the combination of
- (2Q'n + QIJ)
higher gn values and lower e/d values, the cracked
section thermal moments exceed the uncracked ther- = [(2 x 0.033 + 0.050)2 + 2(2 + 0.033
mal moments based on a gross concrete section. This x 0.10 + 0.050)]1/2 - (2 x 0.033 + 0.050)
is due to the fact that the increase in section flexural
stiffness (EI) due to inclusion of the reinforcement is = 0.239
greater than the loss of section flexural stiffness that
results from the relatively minor cracking associated (1 - u)MdT/(bd EaAT) = -0. 152k3
with the low e/d value. The net effect is to give a
+ 1.818 Qn(d/d - k)
larger actual cracked section stiffness than that ob-
tained for the gross uncracked concrete section alone. x (d/d) + 0.909Qn(l - k )
If the designer finds these cracked section thermal
= -0.1 52(0.239)3
moments to be unacceptably high, a potential reduc-
tion may be available through the use of an ap- + 1.818(0.034)
proach incorporating a nonlinear representation of
x (0.1 - 0.239)(0.10)
the concrete stress-strain behavior. Such an approach
is described in References 1 and 2. + 0.909(0.050)
x (1- 0.239)
3.4 - Design examples
= -0.0317
Example 1 - Compressive N and le/dl > 0.70, Q
=o M,, = 73.9(0.0317/0.0314) = 74.6 ft-kips = 73.9 ft-
kips, OK
b = 12 in., t = 36 in., d = 32.7 in., d = 3.3 in.,
As = 2 in.2, As - 3 in.2, Es = 29 x 106 psi, Ec = 4 Concrete and rebar stresses are calculated from a
x 106 psi, v = 0.2, N = 50 kips compression, M = cracked section investigation with N = 50 kips com-
_ T = 80 F
100 ft-kips, ^ pression and M = 173.9 ft-kips at section center line

n = Es/Ec = 29/4 = 7.25, e = M/N = 100/50 = 2
ft = 24 in., Q = 2/12 x 36 = 0.0046, Qn =
0.0046 x 7.25 = 0.033, Q = 3/12 x 36 = 0.0069, Qfl
= 0.0069 x 7.25 = 0.050
Cracked thermal moment M,,
e/d ratio: e/d = 24/32.7 = 0.733 > 0.70; therefore,
use Section 3.2 results.
Example 2 - Tensile N and le/dl > 0.70, Q = Q
6 = 12 in., t = 36 in., d = 32.7 in., d = 3.3 in.,
A s = As = 3.0 in.2, Es - 2 9 x 106 psi, Ec = 4 x
106 psi, v = 0.2, N = 50 kips tension, M = 100 ft-
kips, ^_T = 80 F
n = 7.25, e = 100/-50 = -2 ft = -24 in., Q =Q
= 0.0069, Q n = Qn = 0.050
 DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS 349.1R-29

MQT Concrete and rebar stress are calculated from a

cracked section investigation with N = 100 kips
e/d = -24/32.7 = - 0 . 7 3 3 , le/dl = 0.733 > 0.7;
compression and M = 195.3 ft-kips at section center
therefore, use Fig. 3.2.
line.
From Fig. 3.2 with in = 0.050 and Q = Q curve, Example 4 - Tensile N and /e/d1 < 0.70

(1 - v)M,,/(bd *EaAT) = 0.032 Same as Example 3 except N = 60 kips tension

MAr = (1.25)( 12)(32.7)(4)(5.5)(80)(0.032) e = 100 ft-kips/(-60 kips) = -1.67 ft = -20 in.,

= 75.3 ft-kips e/d = -20/32.7 = -0.612 or le/dl = 0.612

MdT = 75.3 ft-kips
Concrete and rebar stresses are calculated from a
cracked section investigation with N = 50 kips ten-
sion and M = 175.3 ft-kips at section center line
Example 3 - Compressive N and je/dl < 0.70
Same section as Example 2
From Fig. 3.3 for en = 0.05, the lower limit on
le/dl is 0.575 for the tensile N case. Since 0.612 >
0.575, use Fig. 3.2.
From Fig. 3.2, with Qn = 0.05, read (1 - v)MJ
(bd *E,aAT) = 0.032
KT = 0.032(1.25)( 12)(32.7)(4)(5.5)(80)
= 75.3 ft-kips

MbT = 75.3 ft-kips

N ==100 kips compression, M =-100 ft-kips,
^_T = 80 F, Concrete and rebar stresses are calculated from a
cracked section investigation with N = 60 kips ten-
100 ft-kips = 1 ft, sion and M = 175.3 ft-kips at section center line.
e= = 12 in.
100 kips

e/d = 12/32.7 = 0.367 < 0.70; therefore, dont use

Fig. 3.2. CHAPTER 4-REFERENCES

From Fig. 3.3 for en = 0.05, read lower limit on

le/d as 0.25. Since 0.367 > 0.25, use Fig. 3.5 and 4.1-Recommended references
3.6. The document of the standards-producing organi-
zation referred to in this document is listed below
N/(bdE,aA T) = 100,000/(12 x 32.7 x 4 x lo6 with its serial designation.

x 5.5 x 1O-6 x 80) = 0.145 American Concrete Institute

349 Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety Related
For N/(bdE,aAT) = 0.145 and e/d = 0.367, find Concrete Structures and Commentary
Mhz. By interpolation between e/ds:

w = 0.04 (Fig. 3.5) @ e/d = 0.367; 0.035 4.2-Cited references

by interpolation 1. Gurfinkel, G., "Thermal Effects in Walls of Nuclear
Containments-Elastic and Inelastic Behavior, Proceed-
Qn = 0.06 (Fig. 3.6) @ e/d = 0.367; 0.046 ings, First International Conference on Structural
by interpolation Mechanics in Reactor Technology (Berlin, 1971), Commis-
For en = 0.05, (1 - v)M*J bd *E,aA T sion of the European Communities, Brussels, 1972, V. 5-J,
= ti(O.035 + 0.046) = 0.0405 pp. 277-297.
2. Kohli, T., and Gurbuz, O., Optimum Design of
Reinforced Concrete for Nuclear Containments, Including
J%T = 0.0405(1.25)(12)(32.7)(4)(5.5)(80) Thermal Effects, Proceedings, Second ASCE Specialty
= 95.3 ft-kips Conference on Structural Design of Nuclear Plant Facil-
ities (New Orleans, 1975), American Society of Civil En-
gineers, New York, 1976, V. 1-B. pp. 1292-1319.
Mdf = 95.3 ft-kips
 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT

CONVERSION FACTORS - U.S. CUSTOMARY

TO SI (METRIC)
To convert from to multiply by
in. mm 25.4
ft m 0.3048
sq in. sq cm 6.451
kip newton (N) 4448
psi MPa 0.0069
in.-lb m-N 0.1129
Ib/ft kg/m 1.4882
ft-kip m-N 1355.8
deg Fahrenheit (F) deg Celsius (C) tc = (tp - 32)1.8

This report was submitted to letter ballot of the committee,

which consists of 33 members; ballot results were 28 affirma-
tive, 2 negative, and 3 not returned.

ACI COMMITTEE 349

Concrete Nuclear Structures

Richard S. Orr James R. Crane

Chairman Secretary

Omesh B. Abhat Alan M. Ebner Richard J. Netzel

Hans Ashar James F. Fulton* Dragos A. Nuta
Ted M. Brown Dwaine A. Godfrey Duke Oakes
Edwin G. Burdette Gunnar A. Harstead Julius V. Rotz
Oral Buyukozturk Robert P. Kennedy Subir K. Sen
R. W. Cannon* John C. King Hemant H. Shah
King-Yuen Chu Ronald A. Lang Robert E. Shewmaker
James F. Costello Kenneth Y. Lee Eric C. Smith
Vijay K. Datta Romuald E. Lipinski Lee Stern
Thomas J. Duffy Thou-Han Liu Richard H. Toland
Frederick L. Moreadith

Consulting Members:
M. Bender Myle J. Holley, Jr. Chester P. Siess
Harold S. Davis Morris Schupack
---
*Prime authors of the thermal effects

Committee members voting on the 1992 revisions:

John K. McCall Marvin A. Cones

Chairman Secretary

Omesh B. Abhat W. Bryant Frye T.H. Liu Robert E. Shewmaker

Hans G. Ashar Dwaine A. Godfrey Timothy L. Moore Chen P. Tam
Ted M. Brown Herman L. Graves III Frederick L. Moreadith Richard M. Toland
Robert W. Cannon Gunnar A. Harstead Dragos A. Nuta Donald T. Ward
Ronald A. Cook Charles J. Hookham Richard S. Orr Albert Y.C. Wong
Thomas J. Duffy Richard E. Klingner Julius V. Rotz Charles A. Zalesiak