Management: is the art and science of preparing, organizing and directing human

efforts applied to control and utilizing the materials of nature for the benefit of men.
The hierarchy of management depends upon the size, complexity and the nature
of organizations, and has three levels of management (top, middle and lower management).
Top Management: is the highest level of management including Directors, Chief
Executive and Head of Divisions.
In which organizational policies through long term are set as a strategic planning.
Middle Management: Are functional managers, such as Production Managers, Finance
Manager, Marketing Manager That they are responsible for implementing the policies of
the top management by identifying, arranging and allocating resources needed.
Lower management: is the lowest level of management including the management
personnel, such as shop floor supervisors and they look after operations and develop
short range.
Functions of Management
1. Planning: selecting objectives and developing policies, programs and procedures for
achieving them .
2. Organizing: analyses the activities required, grouping, assignment of each group and
delegation of authority to achieve the objectives of a project.
3. Staffing: determines the manpower needs and their personnel skills that will be
suitable for specific job requirements and places the right person in the right place.
4. Directing: involves guiding and supervising labors.
5. Controlling: establishes standards of performance, checks results against standards,
analyses performance, ensures the variances, and takes the corrective action.
System Concepts
System: an organized set of component that achieving some common
predetermined objectives and may be applied to describe a productive
organization.
Elements of a System: (inputs, process, output, feedback control),
1. Inputs: may be material, energy, human or simply information such as; raw materials
in the manufacturing process, building materials for
housing construction etc.
2. Process: transforms inputs into the outputs such as;
a machine, a computer, a chemical reaction etc.
3. Outputs: the results of processing the inputs such
as Products, Services, information, etc.
4. Feedback control: is the system function that
compares the actual output of a system with the
desired output and occurs together.
Subsystem: are systems within a larger/complex system composed of same basic elements
of inputs, process, outputs, and feedback-control.
System Environment: the parameters which influence the working of the system, but the
system has a little or no control over them.
Classification of Systems:
1. Natural systems: behave according to the laws of nature and their input-output
relationships are predictable in a scientific sense such as a solar system.
2. Man-made systems: are designed and operated by men such as transportation
systems etc.
3. Open systems: interact either with the environment or with another system and
exchange material, energy and information such as Biological and social systems.
 4. Closed system: does not interact with its environment or another system such as
automated programs.
5. Flexible system: where the structure or design of the system is adjusted to maintain a
useful capability such as delivering systems.
6. Rigid system: as an automated plant.
7. Manual system: it's objective accomplished by men using non-power devices such as
men weaving carpets.
8. Semi-automatic system: human beings interact with machines to accomplish the
objective such as an operator working on a lathe, etc.
9. Automatic system: the systems working is independent of human element such as
automated petroleum refinery.
10. Production systems: are those systems which produce useful products such as
automobiles, televisions, etc.
11. Service systems: are meant to produce services for clients, e.g. hospitals,
schools, banks, etc.

ORGANIZATION: a structured process in which individuals interact for achieving stated

objectives.

The process of organizing consists of:

1. Identifying and grouping: the activities of a project are necessary to attain the objectives.
2. Assigning: the group of activities to individual managers.
3. Providing: them with authority and responsibility for carrying out these activities.
4. Coordinating: the efforts of individual managers so that, there is no wasted effort or
duplication of work, and to ensure that managers do not work for cross purposes.
An Organization Chart: is a graphical model of the formal structure of an organization. The
boxes in the organization chart represent formal organization positions, and the lines between
boxes represent lines of authority among positions.
Types of Organizations
Line Organization: is the oldest and the most common type of organization in which The
line of authority flows vertically from the topmost executive to the lowest supervisory level in
the organization.
Functional Organization: in which the work and the personnel doing the work are organized
on the basis of the type of work or specific activities and All work of the same type are
grouped together and brought under one department managed by an executive.
Line and Staff Organization: The organization structure is a line organization but the staff
officers are engaged to advise the line executives on the performance of their duties.