Phantastic Physics Phormulae and Phacts Phlyer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

RIGHT TRIANGLE TRIG VECTOR ADDITION (2) FORCES: INCLINED PLANE

Add Forces A and B acting at origin .
SOHCAHTOA
H FN
y
Ff
θ
x Fp
opp y ø
H =x +y
2 2 2
sin θ = =
hyp H
adj x opp y
cos θ = = tan θ = = ø W
hyp H adj x
W = Weight of Block
ANY TRIANGLE TRIG FN = Normal Force
Express all angles in polar form.
A
ΣFx = (cos 30°)(A ) + (cos 240°)(B) Fp = Force parallel to plane
a b c c ΣFy = (sin30° )(A ) + (sin 240°)(B) Ff = Force of friction
= = b
sin A sin B sin C 2 2
R= ΣF x + ΣFy
B C
a θ resultan t = arctan
ΣF y
Ff = µFN Fp = mgsin θ
c = a + b - 2abcos C
2 2
ΣF x

TENSIONS COMPUTING TENSIONS

WEIGHT & 2nd LAW
90°
T = mg + ma T = mg - ma
g = 9.8 m/s2 g = 32 ft/s2 mass
mass T moving
T
moving
upward m downward m
weight (W) = m g T2 150° T1
m 30°
T2 180° 0°
F a F Ff m2 T3
a = net T1 T1 Block
m T2 m1
W=mg supported by
Get Your Mass Moving M1 three cables
Fnet = Fapplied - Ffriction
M2 T1 = m1g - m1a ΣF x + ΣFy = 0
T2 = m2a + 270°
F Ff = µFN If m2 > m1
Fy = F sinθ Ff = µk FN Place a free body diagram
T1=m1g + m1a on a coordinate system and
FN = m2g
M θ FN =W - Fy T2=m2g - m2a express all angles in polar form.
m 2g − m1g
m1 g − Ff
Fx = F cosθ a= a= ΣF x = (cos 30°)(T1 ) + (cos150°)(T2 ) + (cos 270°)(T 3 ) = 0
m1 + m2 m1 + m2 ΣF y = (sin 30°)(T1 ) + (sin150 °)(T 2 ) + (sin 270°)(T 3) = 0

ENERGY IMPULSE & MOMENTUM CIRCULAR MOTION

Totally Elastic Collision
1 m1v1o + m 2v2o = m 1v1f + m 2v2f 1 2π r 1 2π r
Ek mv 2 m PE = 1000 J T v f T
2 KE = 0 J Befor Collision After f T T v
m2
Ep m gh m1
Fc m ac v
h = 10 m
W Fd v 1o v 2o v 1f v 2f
ac
v2
Totally Inelastic Collision ac
W PE = 0 J r r
P m
m1v1o + m 2v2o = v f (m1 + m 2)
t KE =100J
Befor Collision After
m1 m2
KE i PEi KE f PEf 4π 2 r m 4π 2 r
ac Fc
1 2 1 2 v 1o v 2o m1 + m2 T2 T2
m vi m ghi m vf m ghf m v2
2 2 Δp = mΔv J = FΔt FΔt = mΔv Fc
r
Phantastic Physics Phormulae and Phacts Phlyer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2

REFRACTION MEASUREMENT Vector Addition

mega (M) 106 K = C + 273 Consider a + b
i normal normal
n1 ----------- 105 F = 1.8 C + 32
r
----------- 104 C = F - 32
n2 kilo (k) 103 1.8 a b
r i C = K - 273
hecto (h) 102 Connect the tail of b t o the head
n2 > n1 m
deka (da) 101 D= of
v a
n1 sinθ 1 = n2 sinθ 2 Base Unit 100 b
deci (d) 10-1 s
s = a + b
n2 < n 1 r = 90° centi (c) 10-2
n2 Refracted
milli (m) 10-3
not accurate or precise
n a
1 ----------- 10-4 precise and accurate
ØC Reflected
----------- 10-5
The sum of the vectors
precise not accurate
micro (µ) 10-6 points from the tail of a
Error = accepted value - experimental value
n2
sin θc = θ c = critical angle
%Error =
Error
x 100% to the head of b.
n1 accepted value

REFLECTION & REFRACTION

KINEMATICS VARIABLES KINEMATICS EQUATIONS
normal Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
θ1 θ
'
v x = vix + ax t 1
1 n1 x = (vix + vx )t
Air x Component Variable y Component 2
Glas
1 2
x = vix t + at v 2x = v 2ix + 2ax x
n2 x Displacement y 2 x
θ2
ax Acceleration ay 1
v y = viy + ay t y= (v + v y )t
θ1 = the angle of incidence vx Final Velocity vy 2 iy
θ2 = the angle of refraction nthe= speedof
c/v where v is 1
light y = viyt + a yt 2 v 2y = v 2iy + 2ay y
θ1 = the angle of reflection in the medium.
'
v ix Initial v iy 2
Law of reflection: θ 1 = θ1' Velocity
Law of refraction: n1 sinθ 1 = n2 sinθ 2 t Elapsed Time t
Snellʼs
m ft
n = index of refraction of 186,000 mi/s is not only a g = −9.8 g = −32
the medium good idea, itʼs the law.
s2 s2

ROTATIONAL MECHANICS WAVES AND VIBRATIONS SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Moment of Inertia 1
2 1 2 v fλ T f
1
I sphere mr 2 I cyl mr 2 I hoop m r f T
5 2
λ
1 1 1
I hoop mr 2
I rodcg m L I rodend
2
mL 2
v l
2 12 3 T = 2π
θ l g
Torque

τ Fd d F v vo
v = speed of sound
v o = vel. of observer
Translational Equilibrium f fo v s = velocity of source T
v vs v=0
F up F down f o = actual frequency U = max
f = perceived KE = 0
Rotational Equilibrium v o is (+) if observer moves toward source v=0 mgsinθ mg mgcosθ
U = max v = max
τ c w τ ccw v o is (-) if observer moves away from source
KE = 0 U = min
v s is (+) if source moves toward observer
Angular Momentum I 1 ω1 I 2 ω2 KE = max
L mvr L Iω conservation v s is (-) if source moves away from observer equilibrium position
Phantastic Physics Phormulae and Phacts Phlyer !
Mechanics
1. Weight (force of gravity) decreases as you move away from
the earth by distance squared.
2. Mass and inertia are the same thing.
3. Constant velocity and zero velocity means the net force is
zero and acceleration is zero.
4. Weight (in newtons) is mass x acceleration (w = mg).
Mass is not weight!
5.Velocity, displacement [s], momentum, force and acceleration
are vectors.
6. Speed, distance [d], time, and energy (joules) are scalar
quantities.
7. The slope of the velocity-time graph is acceleration.
8. At zero (0) degrees two vectors have a resultant equal to
their sum. At 180 degrees two vectors have a resultant equal to
their difference. From the difference to the sum is the total
range of possible resultants.
9. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration vectors are
toward the center of the circle- while the velocity vector is
tangent to the circle.
10. An unbalanced force (object not in equilibrium) must produce
acceleration.
11. The slope of the distance-tine graph is velocity.
12. The equilibrant force is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the resultant vector.
13. Momentum is conserved in all collision systems.
14. Magnitude is a term use to state how large a vector quantity
is.
Magnetism
1. The direction of a magnetic field is defined by the direction a
compass needle points.
2. Magnetic fields point from the north to the south outside the
magnet and south to north inside the magnet.
3. Magnetic flux is measured in webers.
4. Left hands are for negative charges and right hands are for
positive charges.
5. The first hand rule deals with the B-field around a current
bearing wire, the third hand rule looks at the force on charges
moving in a B-field, and the second hand rule is redundant.
6. Solenoids are stronger with more current or more wire turns
or adding a soft iron core.
By making things absolutely clear,
people will become confused.
Geometric Optics
1. Real images are always inverted.
2. Virtual images are always upright.
3. Diverging lens (concave) produce only small virtual
images.
4. Light rays bend away from the normal as they gain speed
and a longer wavelength by entering a slower (n) medium
{frequency remains constant}.
5. The focal length of a converging lens (convex) is shorter
with a higher (n) value lens or if blue light replaces red.
2nd Law of Location: You always find
something in the last place you look.
! !
Energy
1. Mechanical energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic
energy.
2 .Units:
a = [m/sec 2]
F = [kg•m/sec 2] (newton)
work = pe= ke = [kg•m 2/sec 2] (joule)
3. An ev is an energy unit equal to 1.6 x 10 -19 joules
4. Gravitational potential energy increases as height increases.
5. Kinetic energy changes only if velocity changes.
6. Mechanical energy (pe + ke) does not change for a free
falling mass or a swinging pendulum. (when ignoring air
friction)
7. The units for power are [joules/sec] or the rate of change
of energy.
Checkoutʼs Axiom:The other line
will always move faster.
Wave Phenomena
1. Sound waves are longitudinal and mechanical.
2. Light slows down, bends toward the normal and has a shorter
wavelength when it enters a higher (n) value medium.
3. All angles in wave theory problems are measured to the normal.
4. Blue light has more energy. A shorter wavelength and a higher frequency
than red light (remember- ROYGBIV).
5. The electromagnetic spectrum (radio, infrared, visible.
Ultraviolet x-ray and gamma) are listed lowest energy to highest.
6. A prism produces a rainbow from white light by dispersion (red bends the
least because it slows the least).
7. Light wave are transverse (they can be polarized).
8. The speed of all types of electromagnetic waves is 3.0 x 108 m/sec in a
vacuum.
9. The amplitude of a sound wave determines its energy.
10. Constructive interference occurs when two waves are zero (0) degrees
out of phase or a whole number of wavelengths (360 degrees.) out of
phase.
11. At the critical angle a wave will be refracted to 90 degrees.
Modern Physics
1. The particle behavior of light is proven by the photoelectric
effect.
2. A photon is a particle of light {wave packet}.
3. Large objects have very short wavelengths when moving and
thus can not be observed behaving as a wave. (DeBroglie
Waves)
4. All electromagnetic waves originate from accelerating charged
particles.
5. The frequency of a light wave determines its energy (E = hf).
6. The lowest energy state of a atom is called the ground state.
7. Increasing light frequency increases the kinetic energy of the
emitted photo-electrons.
8. As the threshold frequency increase for a photo-cell (photo
emissive material) the work function also increases.
9. Increasing light intensity increases the number of emitted
photo-electrons but not their KE.
! ! ! ! ! 3
Electricity
1. A coulomb is charge, an amp is current [coulomb/sec] and a
volt is potential difference [joule/coulomb].
2. Short fat cold wires make the best conductors.
3. Electrons and protons have equal amounts of charge
(1.6 x 10-19 coulombs each).
4. Adding a resistor in parallel decreases the total resistance of
a circuit.
5. Adding a resistor in series increases the total resistance of a
circuit.
6. All resistors in series have equal current (I).
7. All resistors in parallel have equal voltage (V).
8. If two charged spheres touch each other add the charges
and divide by two to find the final charge on each sphere.
9. Insulators contain no free electrons.
10. Ionized gases conduct electric current using positive ions,
negative ions and electrons.
11. Electric fields all point in the direction of the force on a
positive test charge.
12. Electric fields between two parallel plates are uniform in
strength except at the edges.
13. Millikan determined the charge on a single electron using his
famous oil-drop experiment.
14. All charge changes result from the movement of electrons
not protons (an object becomes positive by losing electrons)
Interchangeable parts ...wonʼt.
Wave Phenomena con’t:
12. According to the Doppler effect a wave source moving toward you
will generate waves with a shorter wavelength and higher frequency.
13. Double slit diffraction works because of diffraction and interference.
14. Single slit diffraction produces a much wider central maximum than
double slit.
15. Diffuse reflection occurs from dull surfaces while regular reflection
occurs from mirror type surfaces.
16. As the frequency of a wave increases its energy increases and its
wavelength decreases.
17. Transverse wave particles vibrate back and forth perpendicular to
the wave direction.
18. Wave behavior is proven by diffraction, interference and the
polarization of light.
19. Shorter waves with higher frequencies have shorter periods.
20. Radiowaves are electromagnetic and travel at the speed of
light (c).
21. Monochromatic light has one frequency.
22. Coherent light waves are all in phase.
Nuclear Physics
1. Alpha particles are the same as helium nuclei and have
the symbol . α
2. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons
(2 for alpha)
3. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen
4. The number of nucleons is equal to protons + neutrons
(4 for alpha)
5. Only charged particles can be accelerated in a particle
accelerator such as a cyclotron or Van Der Graaf generator.
6. Natural radiation is alpha, beta, and gamma (high energy
x-rays)
7. A loss of a beta particle results in an increase in atomic
number.
8. All nuclei weigh less than their parts. This mass defect is
converted into binding energy. (E=mc2)
Phantastic Physics Phormulae and Phacts Phlyer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4
MIRROR SIGN CONVENTIONS
m1 UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
Focal Length (f)
m2
f is + for a concave mirror
f is - for a convex mirror F F Gm1 m 2
F =
Object Distance (d o ) r2
do is + if the object is in front of the mirror (real object)
do is - if the object is behind the mirror (virtual object) r
Image Distance (d i ) This is Newton's Law of Gravity (or more formaly Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation). It was
discovered by Newton in 1665 (327 before 1992) when he was only 23 years old. It states that any two
di is + if the image is in front of the mirror (real image) point masses attract one another with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses
di is - if the image is behind the mirror (virtual image) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This equation is exact only for
point masses or sperical masses of uniform density. It's also exact for spherical masses of non-uniform
Magnification (m) density if the density of the spherical mass varies as a function of radius only. If the density of the
spherical mass varies as a function of lattitude or longitude (or both) then this equation does not apply
m is + for an image that is upright with respect to the
object exactly. The constant of proportionality, G, which is called the Universal Gravitational Constant, was
m is - for an image that is inverted with respect to the found by experiment to be equal to 6.6732E-11 NT-M2/KG2. The determination of this constant, first done
object by the English physicist Henry Cavendish in 1797, is known as "the Cavendish experiment" and is also
called "weighing the Earth".

SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT PARALLEL CAPACITORS

R1

C1
R3 R2 R1
R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3 R2

C2
1 1 1 1
R3 = + +
Adding a resistor in series increases the total
R T R 1 R2 R3
resistance of a circuit. Adding a resistor in parallel decreases C3
the total resistance of a circuit.
All resistors in series have equal current (I).
All resistors in parallel have equal C T = C 1 + C 2 + C 3 + ......
V
it = voltage (V).
RT

Nuclear Physics cont: DOPPLER EFFECT [SOUND]

9. Isotopes have different neutron numbers and atomic
masses but the same number of protons (atomic numbers). Sour ce Obser v e r
v +v
fo = fs v vo
10. Geiger counters, photographic plates, cloud and bubble
chambers are all used to detect or observe radiation. - s
11. Rutherford discovered the positive nucleus using his vs vo
famous gold-foil experiment. s
12. Fusion requires that hydrogen be combined to make
helium.

13. Fission requires that a neutron causes uranium to be split

into middle size atoms and produce extra neutrons.
fo = frequency heard by observer
14. Radioactive half-lives can not be changed by heat or
pressure. f = frequency of wave generated by source
v = speed of sound in medium
15. One AMU of mass is equal to 931 meV of energy v o = velocity of observer (+ if moving toward source)
(E = mc 2).
( - if moving away from source)
16. Nuclear forces are strong and short ranged.
v s = velocity of source (+ if moving toward observer
( - if moving away from observer)
Phantastic Physics Phormulae and Phacts Phlyer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5

CAPACITANCE COULOMBʼS LAW CURRENT

q1
- + q q q
- + 2
- + + +
- + + + + F F - Wire
---
- + + ++++ - -
- + + -
-
+
+ + q
- +
q
r i=
k q1 q 2 t
C = F =
V
The capacitance of a capacitor is defined r 2 Electric current is the flow of charge
as the amount of charge on either of its through a solid, liquid, gas, or vacuum. It
k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C 2 is the amount of charge passing a certain
two plates divided by the magnitude of
the potential difference (voltage) cross section divided by the time it takes
Unlike : Att rac t
between the two plates. The SI unit of to pass. The SI unit of current is the
capacitance is the coulomb/volt. It has - + Ampere. An ampere is the rate of charge
been given the name farad, in honor of flow equal to one coulomb per second.
Li ke : Repe ll
Michael Faraday, the 19th century
English experimentalist. + +

ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH OHMʼS LAW RESONANCE

16 V V
I =
Va Vb
R
E
C
L
d 2a V
F
E= 2 Ω
q
The strength of an electric force field Ohm discovered that the electric current 1
is determined by measuring the through a wire (the rate of charge flow) is
directly proportional to the difference in electric
f=
force on a test charge placed in the
potential between the ends of the wire and
2π LC
field. The quantity 'Electric Field inversely proportional to the resistance of the
Strength' is thus 'Force/Charge'. The wire through which the charge flows. The This formula gives the resonace
unit of measurement is the electrical resistance of a wire depends on its frequency of an LC circuit
Newton/Coulomb in the MKS system length, cross-sectional area, and the type of
of units. material (usually metal) of which it is made.

TRANSFORMER B NEAR A STRAIGHT WIRE

Prim a ry B
Secon dary
W indi ng W indi ng I r

wire
AC Lo a d

1 = primary µ0 I Tm
I ro n 2 = secondary B= µ0 = 4π x 10 -7
N = turns 2πr A
I = current
V = voltage µ0 = permeability of free space
V 1 N1 I1 N2
= V1 I 1 = V 2 I 2 =
V 2 N2 I2 N1 This equation gives the magnitude
of the magnetic field at a distance r
from a straight wire.
Phantastic Physics Phormulae and Phacts Phlyer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6

ORBITAL RADIUS OF A SOLENOID B

CHARGED PARTICLE SERIES CAPACITORS
IN A MAGNETIC FIELD L
x x x x x x x x
B B B 1 1 1 1
x x x x x x x x = + + + .....
v CT C1 C2 C3
x x x x x x x x
+ I
x x x x xF x q x
x x x x x x x x
B
B =μ 0N I
B
x x x x x x x x
L
B is into the page C1 C2 C3
This equation gives the magnetic field
r = mv strength at the center of a long solenoid.
qB
F would point to the right for a
negative charge

TORQUE KEPLER”S LAWS ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

Top The trip from 1
A to B takes as
ω = ω i + αt θ = (ω i + ω )t
F A 2
t Fsi n Ø long as the trip
. r Ø 1 2
Sun from C to D. D θ = ω it + αt ω = ω i2 + 2αθ
2

a 2
Top planet focus focus θ = Displacement
4π 2 a3 C
Torque (t)is the product of the length of the lever B T2 = ω = final velocity
arm and the component of the force causing the GM t = time
a = semimajor axis α = acceleration
torque that is perpendicular to the lever arm.
1. Planets revolve the sun in elliptical
t = r F sin Ø orbits ω i = initial velocity
2. The segment joining the planet and
Side the Sun sweeps out equal areas in UNITS
equal radians
t
r
radians
Fsi n Ø
time intervals ω= α=
3. T2 is proportional to a3 s s2
M = mass of Sun Nm2
Side G = 6.67 x 10 -11 2 θ = radians t=s
axis
kg 1 rev = 2π radians
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION SIMPLE MACHINES
a=-max a=0 a=max P E =max P E= 0 P E= m a x f F

A A A A
x=-A x=0 x=A x=-A x =0 x=A
Hydraulic Press
1
SHM-Acc. (a) a =- k x SHM-PE PE = k x2 f F
m 2 =
a A
v=0 v = - m a x v=max v=0
T

F f

A A A A
x=-A x= 0 x=A
R r
x = -A x= 0 x=A
SHM-Velocity FR =f r
m k 2 2
SHM-Per. (T) T = 2 π v =
k m (A - x ) FORCE on a
Phantastic Physics Phormulae and Phacts Phlyer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7
BRAGG EQUATION IRRADIANCE
incident r a y

I = P
50 W a t t s
reflected rays
A
Ø Ø

d 5 m2
2d sin Ø plane o f atoms 10 W/ m 2
Irradiance is power per unit area.
Irradiance is also called radiant flux
density. The more power per unit
area the greater the irradiance.
50 W a t t s

1 m2
50 W /m 2

Size of Image
CONVEX LENSES Object Image Image Image Orientation
Case#
refracted rays Position Position Type Relative to Relative to
parallel intersection gives
image location on Object Size Object
object f
f principal Infinite
image
I Beyond 2Fʼ
At F Real Reduced Inverted

Finite Between
m = - di II Beyond 2Fʼ F & 2F
Real Reduced Inverted
do 1 1 1
+ = Same size
m = hi do di f Converging III At 2Fʼ At 2F Real
as object
Inverted
Lenses
ho Between
do is + if the object is in front of the lens
IV 2Fʼ & Fʼ
Beyond 2F Real Enlarged Inverted
do is - if the object is in back of the lens
di is + if the image is in back of the lens V At Fʼ No Image No Image No Image No Image
di is - if the image is in front of the lens
Between Same side
f is + for a converging lens VI Fʼ & O as object
Virtual Enlarged Erect
(sometimes called a convex or positive lens)
f is - for a diverging lens
Diverging Anywhere in Same side
(sometimes called a concave or negative lens)
Lenses
All Front as object
Virtual Reduced Erect

CONCAVE MIRRORS Size of Image

Object Image Image Image Orientation
Case#
Position Position Type Relative to Relative to
Object Size Object
C F A Infinite Reduced to
I Beyond C
At F Real
a point at F
Inverted

Finite Between
II Beyond C C&F
Real Reduced Inverted

Same size
Concave III At C At C Real
as object
Inverted
CONVEX MIRRORS Mirrors
Between
IV C&F
Beyond C Real Enlarged Inverted

V At F No Image No Image No Image No Image

A F C
i Between Behind
O VI F&A Mirror
Virtual Enlarged Erect

Convex Anywhere in Behind

All Virtual Reduced Erect
Mirrors Front Mirror
Phantastic Physics Phormulae and Phacts Phlyer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 8

ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS GAS LAWS ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

(BUOYANT FORCE)
Charles Law (constant volume)
sp < 1
P1 P2 B = dVg
r
= sp=1
r T1 T2
sp = 1
Boyle’s Law (constant temperature) sp >1
sphere ring
I = 2/5 mr2 I = mr2
P1 V1 = P2 V2
PRESSURE in a LIQUID
Ideal Gas Law Po P = P o +d gh
l
r PV = nRT
Combined Gas Law h
P1V1T 2 = Ph
disk rod
I = 1/2 mr2 I = 1/12 ml2 T is in Kelvins 1 = old
2 = new

PROJECTILE MOTION Physics Price List

Answers to Physics Problems......$1.00
Ground to Ground
Y Answers requiring thought.......... $3.00
2 Answers, correct.......................$5.00
vy [v sin θ ]
H= o Words of wisdom............... .......Free
2g Absolute Truths..............not available
Dumb looks........................Still Free

vx  π’s r round
vy v 2v sinθ
o v x = vo cos ø T= o Conservation of Filth:
g
v y = vo sin ø
Inorder for something to
ø vx become clean, something else
X vo2 sin[2θ ] must become dirty.
vx is constant tup = tdown R=
g ∆L = k L ∆T T1 T2
a y = constant
vy = 0 at max height g = -32 ft/s2 g = -9.8 m/s2 L ∆L
Linear Ex pans io n

18

A=πr 2 r
13 14 15 16 17
C=πd Sph er e

C=2πr V = 4 πr 3
3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
r

V = π r 2h
h

m
1N = 1kg
s2 A = 1/2bh
cm
1Dyne = 1g 2
s
-b ± b 2 - 4ac
x =
2a
Phantastic Physics Phormulae and Phacts Phlyer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9
Mechanics! ! ! Symbols Electricity & Magnetism! Symbols

v(avg) = s/t! ! ! a = acceleration F = kq1q2/r2! ! ! ! B = flux density

vf = vi + at! ! ! r = dist. between centers E = F/q!! ! ! ! F = force
s = 1/2 ( vo + vf) t!
! F = force V = W/q! ! ! ! k = electrostatic constant
s = vot + 1/2 at2!!
! g = accelertion due to gravity E = V/d!! ! ! ! V = electric potential difference
vf2 = vi2 + 2as! !! G = universal gravitation constant I = q/t! ! ! ! ! E = electric field! ! !
F = ma!! ! ! J = impulse
w = mg!! ! ! m = mass V = IR! ! ! ! ! q = charge
F = (Gm1m2)/r2! ! ! p = momentum P = VI = I2R = V2/R! ! !
p = mv! ! ! ! s = displacement W = Pt = VIt = I2Rt! ! !
J = Ft! ! ! ! t = time F = qVB! ! ! !
Ft = mv!! ! ! v = velocity V = Blv!! ! ! ! v = velocity
T=mg ± ma! ! ! T = tension F = BIl! ! ! ! ! l - length of conductor
Fk = µkFN! ! ! w = weight ! ! ! !
Fs = µsFN! ! ! h = height Series Circuits! !
Fnet = Fapplied- Ffriction!
! Fc = centripetal force ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! FN = normal force It = I1 = I2 = I3 =.....! ! ! I = current! !
Energy ! ! ! Fk = force of kinetic friction Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 +..…! ! ! R = resistance
! ! ! ! Fs = force of static friction Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + ..…!! ! V = electric potential difference
W = Fscosø! ! ! µk = coefficient of kinetic friction
P = W/t = Fs/t = Fv!
! µs = coefficient of static friction Parallel Circuits
PE = mgh! ! ! k = spring constant
KE = 1/2 mv2! ! ! PE = potential energy It = I1 + I2 + I3 +.....
F = kx! ! ! ! KE = kinetic energy Vt = V1 = V2 = V3 = ....
PEs = 1/2 kx2! ! ! P = power 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ....
! ! ! ! PEs = PE stored in spring
Internal Energy ! ! W = work Transformers! ! ! Ip = current in primary coil
! ! ! ! x = change in spring length ! ! ! ! ! Is = current in secondary coil
Q = mc∆T! ! ! c = specific heat Np/Ns = Vp/Vs! ! ! ! Np = # of turns of primary coil
Qf = mHf! ! ! Hf = heat of fusion VpIp = VsIs! ! ! ! Ns = # of turns of secondary coil
Qv = mHv! ! ! Hv = heat of vaporization ! ! ! ! ! Vp = voltage of primary
! ! ! ! Q = amount of heat ! ! ! ! ! Vs = voltage of secondary
! ! ! ! ∆T = change in temperature
Modern Physics! !

Wo = hfo! ! ! ! Wo = work function

Solids, Liquids, Gases Ephoton = hf! ! ! ! c = speed of light in vacuum
KEmax = hf - Wo!! ! ! f = frequency
D = m/v!! ! ! D = density p = h/λ




fo = threshold frequency
P = F/A!! ! ! P = pressure F = force Ephoton = Ei - Ef! ! ! ! h = Planckʼs constant
stress = F/A! ! ! A = cross sectional area ! ! ! ! ! p = momentum
strain = ∆L/L! ! ! ∆L = change in length ! ! ! ! ! λ = wavelength
Y = FL/A∆L! ! ! L = original length ! ! ! ! ! KE = kinetic energy
Ph = Dgh! ! ! Y = Youngʼs modulus ! ! !
Fb = DgV! ! ! Ph = hydrostatic pressure T1/2 = 0.693/λ



N = atoms remaining after time t
F1/A1 = F2/A2! ! ! Fb = buoyant force
N = Noe-λt! ! ! ! No = original number of atoms
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1! ! V = volume
! ! ! ! ! λ = decay constant
∆L = αL∆T! ! ! T = temperature
∆V = βV∆T! ! ! ∆V = change in volume ! ! ! ! ! t = time
PV = nRT! ! ! α = coefficient of linear expansion
! ! ! ! β = coefficient of volume expansion Nuclear Energy ! !
! ! ! ! R = gas constant ! ! ! !
E = mc2! ! ! ! m = mass
Waves and Optics! ! ! ! ! ! E = energy
! ! ! !
T = 1/f! ! ! ! c = speed of light in a vacuum!
v = fλ



d = distance between slits Circular/Periodic Motion!
n = c/v! ! ! ! f = frequency ! ! ! !
sinøc = 1/n! ! ! L = distance from slit to screen ac = v2/r! ! ! ! r = radius
n1sinø1 = n2sinø2! ! n = index of refraction Fc = mv2/r! ! ! ! Fc = centripetal force
n1v1 = n2v2! ! ! T = period v = 2πr/T! ! ! ! v = velocity
λ/d = x/L! ! ! v = speed T = 2π (l/g)1/2 [pendulum]! ! ac = centripetal acceleration! !
1/do + 1/di = 1/f!! ! x = distance from center to 1st max g = GM/d2! ! ! ! T = period
M = hi/ho = - di/do! ! λ = wavelength of light vescape=[2GME/re]1/2! ! ! ME = mass of Earth
! ! ! ! di = image distance Tsatellite = 2π[(r3/GME)]1/2! ! rE = radius of earth
! ! ! ! do = object distance
! ! ! ! f = focal length
! ! ! ! M = magnification
! ! ! ! hi = image height
! ! ! ! ho = object height
! ! ! ! øc = critical angle
Phantastic Physics Phormulae and Phacts Phlyer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 10
Fundamental Constants Useful Physical Data

Earth Gravity! ! ! ! 9.8 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2

Quantity ! ! Symbol! Value
Atm. Pres (sea level)! ! ! 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.70 lb/in2
Density of air (STP)! ! ! 1.29 kg/m3
Avogadroʼs number! ! NA! ! 6.02 x 1023 Speed of sound in air (20°C)! ! 343 m/s
Electron Charge! ! e! ! 1.6 x 10-19
Planckʼs Constant! ! h! ! 6.63 x 10-34 J s Water
Mass of electron! ! me! ! 9.1 x 10-31 kg ! Density (4°C)! ! ! 1.000 x 103 kg/m3
Mass of neutron! ! mn! ! 1.67 x 10-27 kg ! Hf! ! ! ! 3.35 x 105 J/kg
Mass of proton! ! ! mp! ! 1.67 x 10-27 kg ! Hv! ! ! ! 2.26 x 106 J/kg
Speed of light (vacuum)! c! ! 3 x 108 m/s ! c! ! ! ! 4186 J/kg °C
Universal Gravitational! ! G! ! 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2 Earth
Universal Gas Constant! R! ! 8.314 J/mol K ! Mass! ! ! ! 5.98 x 1024 kg
Electrostatic Constant! ! k! ! 9.0 x 109 N m2/C2 ! Radius (eq)! ! ! 6.38 x 106 m
! Earth-Sun Dist! ! ! 1.50 x 1011 m
Some Useful Conversion Factors ! Moon
! Mass! ! ! ! 7.35 x 1022 kg
Length! ! ! ! Work and Energy ! Radius!! ! ! 1.74 x 106 m
! Earth-Moon Dist! ! 3.85 x 108 m
1 in = 2.54 cm! ! ! ! 1 J = 0.7376 ft lb = 107 ergs Sun
1 ft = 0.3048 m!! ! ! 1 kcal = 4186 J ! Mass! ! ! ! 1.99 x 1030 kg
1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km! ! 1 Btu = 1055 J ! Radius!! ! ! 6.96 x 108 m
1 m = 3.281 ft! ! ! ! 1 kWh = 3.60 x 106 J
1 km = 0.6214 mi! ! ! 1 ev = 1.602 x 10-19 J
1 angstrom = 1 x 10-10 m Basic Mathematical Formulae

Area of circle = πr2

Mass!! ! ! ! Power
Area of rectangle =l x w
Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd
1 slug = 14.59 kg! ! ! 1 hp = 550 ft lb/s = 745.7 W
Surface area of a sphere = 4πr2
1 kg = 1000 g = 6.852 x 10-2 slug! 1 W = 1 J/s = 0.7376 ft lb/s
Volume of a sphere = 4/3 πr3
1 amu (u) = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
Pythagorean Theorem: h2 = ho2 + ha2
1 kg = 2.205 lb! ! !
Sine of an angle: sin ø = ho/h
Cosine of an angle: cos ø = ha/h
Time! ! ! ! ! Pressure Tangent of an angle: tan ø = ho/ha
Law of cosines: c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos ø
1 day = 24 h = 1440 min = ! 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 1.013 bar Law of sines: a/sin A =b/sin B = c/sin C
4
8.64 x 10 s! ! ! = 14.7 lb/in2 = 760 Torr = 760 mm Hg
1 yr = 365.24 days =3.156 x 107 s! ! ! ! Quadratic Formula:
If ax2 + bx + c = 0, then *
Speed! ! ! ! Volume
Vectors Components
1 mi/hr = 1.609 km/hr = 1.476 ft/s =! 1 L = 10-3 m3 = 1000 cm3 = ! !
0.4470 m/s! ! ! ! ! 0.0353 ft3
Vectorx = (Vector) cos ø! ø = angle between vector an x-axis
! ! ! 1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3 = 7.481 US gal!
Vectory = (Vector) sin ø
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
1 km/hr = 0.6214 mi/hr = 0.2778 m/s! 1 US gal = 3.785 x 10-3 m3 = SI Base Units
= 0.9113 ft/s! ! ! ! 0.1337 ft3
Quantity! Unit! ! Abbr.! ! Apparatus
Force!! ! ! ! Angle
length! ! meter! ! m! ! ruler
1 lb = 4.448 N! ! ! ! 1 radian = 57.30° mass! ! kilogram! kg! ! balance
1 N = 105 dynes = 0.2248 lb! ! 1° = 0.01745 radian time! ! second!! s! ! stopwatch
amount of
Prefixes Denoting Multiples of Ten substance! mole! ! mol! ! ............
temperature! kelvin! ! K! ! thermometer
Prefix! ! ! Symbol! ! Factor electric current! ampere!! A! ! ammeter
Tera! ! ! T! ! ! 1012 luminous
Giga! ! ! G! ! ! 109 intensity! candela! cd! ! light meter
Mega! ! ! M! ! ! 106
Kilo! ! ! k! ! ! 103
Hecto! ! ! h! ! ! 102 Vector Resolution
y Rt. Triangle Trig.
Deka! ! ! da! ! ! 101 A2 + B2 = C2
Deci! ! ! d! ! ! 10-1 A C sin ø = A/C
Centi! ! ! c! ! ! 10-2 A
x cos ø B/C
Milli! ! ! m! ! ! 10-3
Micro! ! ! µ! ! ! 10-6
Ax = A cos ø ø tan ø = A/B
Ay = A sin ø B
Nano! ! ! n! ! ! 10-9
Pico! ! ! p! ! ! 10-12!