Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yogendra Singh
Professor, Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee
1. INTRODUCTION
Man has been building shelters for time immemorial. He has observed his buildings
being washed away by floods and landslides and razed down by earthquakes and
fire. He has learnt lessons from these calamities and developed methods to
safeguard his construction.
V
? Lack of Knowledge
on Earthquake
Demand and Building
Capacity
(a) (b)
Demand Reduced
S Based on Inelastic
Capacityof building
V Elastic Forces
Reduced for
Design by R
Performance Point
Inelastic
V des
Response
Level
displacement u m to the
Useful Limit of
Displacement
yield displacement u y .
Larger is the capacity of
um= uy
the building to deform
after yielding, without
O uy Displacement um collapse, larger is the
ductility of the building.
Fig. 6 Typical load-displacement curve for a building
This ductility is very
important in loss of energy
under cyclic loading, such as
earthquake loading. The Bilinear representation
effective damping ratio of capacity spectrum
depends on the ratio of the
Spectral Acceleration
Capacity spectrum
energy dissipated due to
ap
hysteresis, ED in each cycle
Kinitial Keffective
and the total strain energy Eso.
Fig. 7 shows the two energies
ay
as the areas under load ED Eso
deformation curves. The
effective damping results is
reduction of effective
earthquake forces on the dY dp
Spectral Displacement
building.
Fig. 7 Energy dissipation due to ductility resulting
in effective damping
FE
FE
Seismic Force
m
R 2
(R+1)
Seismic Force
m
Y
Y 2
Elastic Elastic
Ductile
FY FY
Ductile
Y m Y m
Displacement Displacement
Wall system
Structural system in which both vertical and lateral loads are mainly resisted by
vertical structural walls, either coupled or uncoupled, whose shear resistance at the
building base exceeds 65% of the total shear resistance of the whole structural
system. In this definition, the fraction of shear resistance is considered as the fraction
of shear forces in the seismic design situation. If most of the total shear resistance of
the walls included in the system is provided by coupled walls, the system may be
considered as a coupled wall system.
Frame system
Structural system in which both the vertical and lateral loads are mainly resisted by
spatial frames whose shear resistance at the building base exceeds 65% of the total
shear resistance of the whole structural system.
Dual system
Structural system in which support for the vertical loads is mainly provided by a
spatial frame and resistance to lateral loads is contributed to in part by the frame
system and in part by structural walls, coupled or uncoupled.
Table 2. Basic value of the behaviour factor, qo, for systems regular in elevation
STRUCTURAL TYPE DCM DCH
Frame system, dual system, coupled wall system 3.0u/1 4.5u/1
Uncoupled wall system 3.0 4.0u/1
Torsionally flexible system 2.0 3.0
Inverted pendulum system 1.5 2.0
For buildings which are not regular in elevation, the value of qo should be reduced
by 20%. 1 and u are defined as follows:
1 is the value by which the horizontal seismic design action is multiplied in
order to first reach the flexural resistance in any member in the structure,
while all other design actions remain constant;
u is the value by which the horizontal seismic design action is multiplied, in
orderto form plastic hinges in a number of sections sufficient for the
development of overall structural instability, while all other design actions
remain constant. The factor u may be obtained from a nonlinear static
(pushover) global analysis, as shown in Fig. 9.
When the multiplication factor u/1 has not been evaluated through an explicit
calculation, for buildings which are regular in plan the following approximate
values of u/1 may be used.
a) Frames or frame-equivalent dual systems.
One-storey buildings: u/1 =1.1;
multistorey, one-bay frames: u/1 =1.2;
multistorey, multi-bay frames or frame-equivalent dual structures:
u/1 =1.3.
Vb
uF
1F
roof
Fig. 9 Typical Capacity Curve Obtained from Pushover Analysis and Definition of 1 and u
For buildings which are not regular in plan the approximate value of u/1 that may
be used when calculations are not performed for its evaluation are equal to the
average of (a) 1.0 and of (b) the value given above. Values of u/1 higher than those
given above may be used, provided that they are confirmed through a nonlinear
static (pushover) global analysis. The maximum value of u/1 that may be used in
the design is equal to 1.5, even when the analysis results in higher values. The value
of qo given for inverted pendulum systems may be increased, if it can be shown that
a correspondingly higher energy dissipation is ensured in the critical region of the
structure.
The factor kw reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with walls
shall be taken as follows:
(i) 1.00, for frame and frame equivalent dual systems
(ii) (1+ o)/3 1.0, but not less than 0.5, for wall, wall - equivalent and torsionally
flexible systems where o is the prevailing aspect ratio of the walls of the
structural system.
Fracture
f'cc members are sufficiently
ductile in bending action
only, but not in axial and
f'c Unconfined shear action. Therefore,
concrete
we have to ensure that
Ec Assumed for
cover concrete
RC members should yield
Escc
fi in flexure and not in axial
Et Eco 2Eco Esp Ecc Ecu or shear action. This can
Compressive Strain, Ec
be ensured by designing
the RC members in such a
Fig. 10 Behaviour of Confined and Unconfined Concrete
way that their shear and
axial load capacity is higher than their capacity in flexure. This concept is called
Capacity Design and it can be understood by the following analogy.
PO PO
' Pi ' Pi
1
+ 1
2
21 PE (n+ 2)
2 (n+1)
1 l 2 l
n l+ 2 u l
Fig. 11, shows a chain, which has one ductile link, while all other links are brittle.
This chain is subjected to load P at the ends, as shows in the Fig. Now, the question
is, whether the failure of chain will be brittle or ductile? This can be answered, if we
know whether the ductile link is going to fail first or a brittle link. If the capacity of
all brittle links is higher than the ductile link, the failure of the chain will be ductile,
otherwise it will be brittle. This concept is used in making a building to behave in a
REFERENCES
1. ATC 40, 1996, Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Applied
Technology Council, California.
2. Eurocode-8. 2004. BS EN 1998-1: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance-
Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings. Brussels, Belgium,
European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
3. IS 13920-1993, Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
Seismic Forces Code of Practice, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
4. IS 1893-2002, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1 General
Provisions and Buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
5. IS 4326-1993, Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of buildings Code of
practice, Bureau of India Standards, New Delhi.
6. IS 456-2000, Plain and Reinforce Concrete Code of Practice, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
7. Key, David, 1988, Earthquake Design Practice for Buildings, Thomas Telford,
London.
8. Paulay T., and Priestley, M.J.N., 1992, Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and
Masonry Buildings, John Wiley & sons, Inc., New York.
9. Penelis, George G., and Kappos, Andreas J., 1997, Earthquake Resistant Concrete
Structures, E & FN Spon.