Policy Brief

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UN-Water 2011
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1 Hydrologists typically assess water deficiency by looking at the populationwater equation. One index, first proposed by Falkenmark and Lindh (1976),
defines water stress as occurring when annual water supplies drop below 1,700 cubic metres per person in a given area. When annual water supplies
drop below 1,000 cubic metres per person the population faces water scarcity, and below 500 cubic metres per person, absolute scarcity (25).
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2 Good Agricultural Practices are practices that address environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes, and result in safe and
quality food and non-food agricultural products (32).
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$QQH[$6XPPDU\RI3RVVLEOH,QWHUYHQWLRQVE\6FDOH
Education & Technology/
Policy/law/governance Financial/economic Data/monitoring
capacity-building infrastructure

International Develop water Require policies Establish polluter Promote best Monitor key water quality and
management that take integrated pays and beneficiary practices ecosystem indicators to track
capacity through approaches to water pays principles and support effectiveness of legal and other
formal education management capacity-building measures
programmes that Avoid inappropriate initiatives for the
focus on training Regulate drinking-water subsidies for water deployment and Evaluate water quality in
future water and quality and quantity infrastructure and implementation concert with ecosystems in
sanitation experts, services of sustainable order to identify minimum
Focus on pollution ecosystem water needs
decision-makers, prevention Provide appropriate infrastructure
planners and the market incentives and technologies Build national capacity to
public Establish enforceable for efficient use collect, manage and analyse
water quality standards Support the
Conduct awareness- and allocation, research and water quality information
that protect human and while protecting the
building campaigns ecosystem health development Evaluate the links between
for the general interests of the poor of adapted
and those without water quality and water
public and Change building technologies, quantity
policymakers codes and planning access to markets considering the
processes to consider national context for Fund and publish research
non-structural water scaling up that addresses the time series
treatment options statistics needed to establish
(e.g. low-impact baselines, seasonality and
development, source trends
water protection)
Improve monitoring
Promote comprehensive technology, such as measuring
approach to water- water quality in real time and
related legislation across expanding the number and
different areas of law types of indicators that are
(waste management, monitored
chemical safety, etc.)
Promote low-cost, rapid and
Promote access to reliable field sampling tools
information, public and technologies
participation and
access to justice in
environmental matters

National Develop water Require policies Establish polluter Promote best Monitor key water quality and
management that take integrated pays and beneficiary practices ecosystem indicators to track
capacity through approaches to water pays principles and support effectiveness of legal and other
formal education management capacity-building measures
programmes that Avoid inappropriate initiatives for the
focus on training Regulate drinking-water subsidies for water deployment and Evaluate water quality in
future water and quality and quantity infrastructure and implementation concert with ecosystems in
sanitation experts, services of sustainable order to identify minimum
Focus on pollution ecosystem water needs
decision-makers, prevention Provide appropriate infrastructure and
planners and the market incentives technologies Build national capacity to
public Establish enforceable for efficient use collect, manage and analyse
water quality standards Support the
Conduct awareness- and allocation, research and water quality information
that protect human and while protecting the
building campaigns ecosystem health development Evaluate the links between
for the general interests of the poor of adapted
and those without water quality and water
public and Change building technologies, quantity
policymakers codes and planning access to markets considering the
processes to consider national context for Fund and publish research
non-structural water scaling up that addresses the time series
treatment options statistics needed to establish
(e.g. low-impact baselines, seasonality and
development, source trends
water protection)
Improve monitoring
Promote comprehensive technology, such as measuring
approach to water- water quality in real time and
related legislation across expanding the number and
different areas of law types of indicators that are
(waste management, monitored
chemical safety, etc.)
Promote low-cost, rapid and
Promote access to reliable field sampling tools
information, public and technologies
participation and
access to justice in
environmental matters
12 $QQH[$6XPPDU\RI3RVVLEOH,QWHUYHQWLRQVE\6FDOH

Education & Technology/

Policy/law/governance Financial/economic Data/monitoring
capacity-building infrastructure

Watershed Strategic level for Create watershed-based Apply effective Invest in Build regional capacity to
raising awareness planning units that pricing systems that infrastructure collect, manage and analyse
on the impacts of integrate information, permit sufficient and appropriate water quality information
individuals on water identify sources of cost recovery to technologies
quality pollution and focus on support capital, to remediate
reducing those source operation and pollution and
Develop training inputs maintenance restore watershed
campaigns for costs, informed functions
practitioners and Develop water by sustainable
provide technical quality goals and development
assistance for corresponding principles
the effective parameters for each
implementation water body, including Incentivize water
of best practices establishing minimal use efficiency
to address water flow requirements for
pollution dilution Ensure that applied
solutions provide
Promote access to ecosystem services
information, public for local societies
participation and
access to justice in
environmental matters

Household/ Connect individual Amend city and Encourage Consider Carry out and analyse
community and community community codes to investments decentralized household/ community surveys,
behaviour to water allow innovative storm treatment possibly in conjunction with
quality impacts, and water treatment options technologies participatory processes
build capacity to
make improvements Promote access to
in sanitation / information, public
wastewater and participation and
drinking-water access to justice in
treatment environmental matters

Source: adapted from: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Clearing the Waters: A Focus on Water Quality
Solutions. UNEP, Nairobi, 2010.
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