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A. GENERAL
A1. References
Materials outlined in this document are supplemented by the following references:
Table 1
Limit State / Design Consideration References
General about bracing
Braced Bays (VISION) DP 5.1
Torsion Bracing Limits
AISC 341 (Seismic Provisions) DP 1.5
Horizontal load transfer (roof and floor diaphragms, collectors) DP 5.3
Diaphragm condition (flexibility) DP 5.3.1
Lateral-force resisting systems (longitudinal) DP 5.4
Frame types used by BlueScope Buildings (transverse) DP 2.1
Endpost-to-purlin strut load transfer DP 3.16.1
All lateral (transverse and longitudinal) loads are ultimately resisted by the building foundation.
To reach the foundation, the load must be able to follow a defined structural load path from its
point of origin. These paths must be complete and adequately designed to ensure strength
and stiffness of the building system.
Primary load-path elements of metal building systems are:
horizontal load distribution system
lateral-force resisting system
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Allen Harrold
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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 5.2
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Load Paths & Date
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beam and end posts into a rigid frame causing minor axis bending in the endwall
columns.
Note: The first interior frame and the transfer braces must incorporate a second-order analysis
including all leaning columns in order to assure lateral stability. See DP 2.4 (Sec.-Order Effects)
Shear Wall
(Endwall cladding
often provides
Braced Frame sufficient lateral
(May be required if endwall resistance)
cladding is not sufficient)
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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 5.2
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Roof Diaphragm
using rod braces
Applied
Wind
Loads
Shear Wall
In the building longitudinal direction loads are applied similar to the transverse loads except
that the loads are applied along the strut lines rather than to the frames.
Since the building analysis model normally consists of a series of interconnected 2-D (planar) models, the
loads applied in the longitudinal direction are resolved to roof and wall planes, which means that loads
enter the analysis model along the discrete points along the strut lines.
Whenever the lateral load is delivered to the roof diaphragm either at the top of each endpost
(wind, see Figure 2) or directly along the strut lines (seismic), the load follows the path through
roof bracing system down the plane of the roof to the eave where the forces accumulate. From
this location the eave strut acts as a collector to deliver the accumulated roof diaphragm forces
into the sidewall bracing and finally the foundation.
When diaphragms are not flexible additional effects may have to be required for seismic
design. See Roof Diaphragm section of DP for more details (ref. in Table 1).
Commentary: VISION does not automatically include the weight of sidewalls in the Effective Seismic Weight, for
the building longitudinal direction.
For common metal walls, that weight is negligible. The available diaphragm strength of such walls is more than
adequate, which is not utilized by VISION.
For other wall types: concrete or masonry, stud walls or similar, user is responsible to manually add or adjust the
corresponding seismic forces.
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Allen Harrold
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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 5.2
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Strut roof purlins resist the endpost top reactions and carry this load back to the roof bracing
rods. Since rods act in tension only, the purlin struts and diagonals behave as a horizontal
Pratt truss with redundant diagonals. The roof diaphragm forces accumulate from the ridge to
the eave. The eave force, for this example, is transferred to the foundation by a braced frame
consisting of the sidewall diagonal bracing, eave strut, and frame columns.
Pratt truss with
Tension redundant diagonals
Cantilever diagonal
truss
Purlin
P1 P2 struts P2 P1
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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 5.2
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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 5.2
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When printed, this document becomes uncontrolled. Verify current revision number with controlled, on-line document. Author:
Allen Harrold