SECTION 24 PILING

SECTION 24: PILING

2400 - GENERAL

2400.01 DESCRIPTION

This work shall consist of furnishing and boring for or driving foundation piles or retaining walls piles (secant)
for structures in conformance with the details shown on the Drawings and as specified in these Specifications
and the Contract Documents.

This Section specifies materials and workmanship for the manufacture, installation and testing of piling works.
The type and size of piles to be used shall be as indicated on the Drawings.

The Contractor shall submit for prior approval a detailed Method Statement that describes all means, methods
and techniques to be adopted for construction and installation of the bored or driven piles. The Method
Statement shall include details of equipment to be used, method of excavation, slurries to be used, method of
concrete placement quality control, testing and report procedures, work program, and any other information
required by the Engineer.

The Contractor shall engage an experienced installer who has specialized in installing bored or driven piles (as
per the design Drawings) similar to those required for each specific project. The Contractor shall assign a
competent site supervisor to be in charge of pile construction and installation. The Contractor may execute the
work by himself, provided he submits documentary evidence to prove that he has the experience and capability
of installing bored or driven piles required as per the design Drawings and similar work, carried out
successfully, in the past.

The Contractor shall submit one week prior to commencement of piling works his Quality Plan for the Works.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control documentation shall be made available on request.

The Contractor shall inform the Engineer each day of the work program for the following day and shall give
adequate notice of any intention to work outside normal working hours, at weekends and official holidays.

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, not later than noon of the next working day after the pile was
installed, a comprehensive daily piling records. Any unexpected driving or boring conditions shall be noted in
the records.

The Contractor shall protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements and other facilities, on or adjacent to the
Project site, from damage caused by settlement, lateral movement, vibration, and other hazards created by bored
or driven pile operations. The Contractor shall submit his plans for making surveys and monitoring movements
or vibration before the commencement of the piling works.

The Contractor shall carry out the piling work in such a manner and at such times to minimize noise and
disturbance to the general public. If, during execution of the work, damage is likely to be caused to utilities or
adjacent structures, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer proposals for the repair or avoidance of such
damage.

On completion of piling works, the Contractor shall deliver a schedule of installed piles giving a listing of toe
levels.

2400.01.1 Standards and Codes

The following standards and codes in their latest edition shall be particularly applied to works covered by this
Specification concerning the piling and testing of piles:

a. Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel: ASTM A36M.

b. Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles: ASTM A252
c. Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel Plates: ASTM A283M
d. Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel: ASTM
A572M
e. Standard Specification for Portland Cement: ASTM C150
f. Standard Specification for Aggregates for Masonry Grout: ASTM C404

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g. Standard Specification for Round Timber Piles: ASTM D25

h. American Welding Society Standard: AWS D1.1
i. American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard: API RP 13B Recommended Practice Standard Procedure
for Testing Drilling Fluids
j. Construction Industry Research and Information Association - CIRIA Guide to the Construction of
Reinforced Concrete in Arabian Peninsula
k. Non-destructive, Sonic or Low-Strain Integrity Testing: ASTM D5882.
l. Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Tensile Load: ASTM D 3689.
m. Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load: ASTM D 1143.
n. Specification for the Construction of Drilled Piers: ACI 336.1

2400.02 DEFINITIONS

Bored pile: a pile formed with or without a pile casing by excavating or boring a hole in the ground and filling
with plain or reinforced concrete.

Secant pile: a pile which is designed to support soil and function as part of retaining structure.

Shaft diameter: diameter of the part of the pile between the pile head and the pile base shall be:

a. for bored piles constructed with casings, equal to the inner diameter of the casing.
b. for bored piles constructed without casing, equal to the maximum diameter of the boring tool.

Compression pile: a pile which is designed to resist an axial force such as would cause it to penetrate further into
the ground

Tension pile: a pile which is designed to resist an axial force such as would cause it to be extracted from the
ground.

Non-production pile: a pile that will not be incorporated in the Final Works.

Production pile: a pile designed to be incorporated in the foundation works of the structure.

Indicator pile: a non-production pile constructed and tested before the commencement of the main piling works
for the purpose of establishing the suitability of the chosen type of pile and for establishing the required founding
level, and to demonstrate the Contractors construction methods, equipment, standards of workmanship, and
tolerances.

Test pile: a pile to which loads are applied to determine the resistance deformation characteristics of the pile and
the surrounding ground.

Static pile test: a loading test where a pile is subjected to chosen axial and/or lateral forces at the pile head for the
analysis of its capacity

Maintained load test: a static load test in which a test pile has loads applied in incremental stages, each of which
is held constant either for a defined period of time or until pile motion has virtually ceased or has reached a
prescribed limit

Integrity test: a test carried out on an installed pile for the verification of soundness of materials and of the pile
geometry

Sonic test: an integrity test of a pile where a series of sonic waves is passed between a transmitter and a receiver
through the concrete of a pile and where the characteristics of the received waves are measured and used to infer
continuity and section variations of the pile shaft

Sonic coring: a sonic integrity test of pile concrete carried out from core drillings in a pile shaft or from a
preplaced tube system

Stabilizing fluid: water mixed with clay, bentonite or other material for the support of the excavation walls and
the base in unstable ground

Boring fluid/mud: a suspension composed of water and bentonite, polymers or clay with or without cement and
other additions, for stabilizing of bore hole walls and for flushing

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Bentonite: a naturally occurring or manufactured sodium or calcium montmorillonite clay.

2400.03 MATERIALS

Piles shall consist of timber piles, precast prestressed or cast-in place concrete piles, steel piles or piles of such
other materials as may be shown on the Drawings or required by the Contract Documents.

When the Drawings or Specifications permit the use of more than one type of pile, the same type of pile shall be
used for all piles within each individual footing, unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer.

Concrete mixes, mixing and curing procedures shall be as specified in the relevant Clauses of Section 5
(Concrete Works) of these Specifications. Concrete mixes for use in piles shall be capable of maintaining a
slump of 200 mm for 2 hours after placement. Concrete mixes shall be designed to resist aggressive soils and
ground water if encountered in compliance with the requirements of the Construction Industry Research and
Information Association CIRIA Guide to the Construction of Reinforced Concrete in the Arabian Peninsula.

Sand-Cement Grout shall consist of Portland cement manufactured according to ASTM C 150, Type I; and clean
natural sand complying with ASTM C 404. Unless otherwise indicated, mix at ratio of 1 part cement to 2-1/2
parts sand, by volume, with sufficient potable water to permit flow during placement.

Slurry shall consist of pulverized sodium bentonite, pulverized attapulgite, or polymers, mixed with potable
water to form a stable colloidal suspension; complying with ACI 336.1, and the values indicated for density,
apparent viscosity (in centipoise), gel strength (in N/sq.m.), sand content, and pH.

Steel Pipe Casings shall comply with the requirements of ASTM A 283M, Grade C; or ASTM A 36M carbon-
steel plate, with vertical joints full-penetration welded according to AWS D1.1.

Welds for fabricating steel piles and connecting steel pile lengths shall be as specified in the relevant Clauses of
Section 5 (Concrete Works) and Section 12 (Metal Works) of these Specifications.

2400.04 DETERMINATION OF LENGTH

Foundation piles of any material shall be of such length as is required to develop the specified bearing value, to
obtain the specified penetration and to extend into the cap or footing block as shown on the Drawings, or
specified in the Contract Documents.

For driven piles, the Contractor shall furnish piles of sufficient length to obtain both the specified tip elevation
and design load shown on the Drawings or specified in the Contract Documents. For cast-in-place concrete
piles, the Contractor shall construct piles of such length to develop the compression nominal resistance and to
obtain the specified tip elevation shown on the Drawings or specified in the Contract Documents.

At the Contractor's option, the Contractor may conduct, at his own expenses, additional foundation
investigation, including installing and axial load testing additional non-production indicator piling. The
Engineer shall approve locations of additional foundation testing. The Contractor shall notify the Engineer at
least 5 working days prior to beginning additional foundation investigation.

Additional foundation investigation shall be completed prior to requesting revised specified pile tip elevations
or modification to the installation methods specified herein.

Modification to the specified installation methods and specified pile tip elevation will not be considered at
locations where lateral load demands control design pile tip elevations or when the Drawings state that specified
pile tip elevation shall not be revised.

The pile structural capacity design is based on the nominal strength as defined in AASHTO. The nominal
resistance of the pile, as shown on the Drawings, is the design capacity required to resist the factored axial load
demands.

2400.05 INDICATOR PILE

The Contractor shall construct indicator piles of diameter and depth and at location indicated or if not indicated,
as directed by the Engineer, of same diameter and depth as production piles indicated for the Project, located at
least 3 diameters clear of production piles.

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The Contractor shall install casing or use bentonite slurry and excavate, all as required for production piles. The
Contractor shall also install steel reinforcement, fill with concrete, remove temporary casings, if applicable, and
terminate indicator pile as instructed by the Engineer or indicated on Drawings, all using the same type of
equipment that is to be used for the installation of production piles.

When the Engineer determines that an indicator pile does not meet requirements, the Contractor shall excavate
for and cast another until indicator pile is accepted.

Indicator compression pile load testing shall conform to the requirements in ASTM Designation: D 1143.

Indicator tension pile load testing shall conform to the requirements in ASTM Designation: D 3689.

Upon completion of pile load testing, the head of indicator piles which are not to be incorporated in the
foundation works shall be cut away, down to 1.5 meters below the cut-off level, and then backfilled using
suitable material approved by the Engineer.

2400.06 DRIVING EQUIPMENT

Driven piles shall be installed with impact hammers that are approved in writing by the Engineer. Impact
hammers shall be steam, hydraulic, air or diesel hammers. Impact hammers shall develop sufficient energy to
drive the piles at a penetration rate of not less than 3 mm per blow at the specified bearing value.

Vibratory hammers shall not be used for installation of piles, unless otherwise shown on the Drawings or
specified in the Contract Documents.

Hammers with an external combustion engine that are not single action shall have a transducer that records ram
velocity.

Double acting diesel hammers with internal combustion engines shall have a transducer that records bounce
chamber pressure.

For hammers with no visual way of observing the ram stroke, a printed readout showing hammer energy during
driving operation shall be provided to the Engineer by the Contractor.

Steam or air hammers shall be furnished with boiler or air capacity at least equal to that specified by the
manufacturers of the hammers to be used. The boiler or air compressor shall be equipped with an accurate
pressure gauge at all times. The valve mechanism and other parts of steam, air or diesel hammers shall be
maintained in first class condition so that the length of stroke and number of blows per minute for which the
hammer is designed will be obtained. Inefficient steam, air or diesel hammers shall not be used.

When necessary to obtain the specified penetration and when authorized by the Engineer, the Contractor may
supply and operate one or more water jets and pumps, or furnish the necessary drilling apparatus and drill holes
not greater than the least dimension of the pile to the proper depth and drive the piles therein. Jets shall not be
used at locations where the stability of embankments or other improvements would be endangered. In addition,
for steel piles or steel shells, when necessary to obtain the specified penetration or to prevent damage to the pile
during driving, the Contractor shall provide special driving tips or heavier pile sections or take other measures
as approved by the Engineer.

2400.07 PREBORED HOLES

Piles, to be driven through embankment constructed by the Contractor, shall be driven in holes prebored or
spudded through the embankment when the depth of new embankment at the pile location is in excess of 1.5 m.
The hole shall have a diameter of not less than the greatest dimension of the pile cross section plus 150 mm.
After driving the pile, the space around the pile shall be filled to ground surface with dry sand or pea gravel.

Material resulting from preboring holes shall be disposed of at a location to be approved by the Engineer.

2400.08 DRIVING

The Engineer shall be given 24 hours notice of commencement of the driving of the first pile.

The Contractor shall provide all necessary facilities to enable the Engineer to check driving resistances, sets and
temporary compression.

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The driving procedure shall be such as to avoid damage to the piles, and driving records shall be made for every
pile. This record shall contain the weight and fall of the hammer or ram and the number of blows for each
0.25m of penetration. If an unexpected change in driving characteristics is noted, the Contractor shall inform the
Engineer without delay.

Driving of each pile shall be continuous until the depth or set, as required by the design, has been reached and
driving equipment that damages the piles shall not be used.

Piles shall be clearly marked with their number and overall length near the pile head using white paint. In
addition, each pile shall be marked at intervals of 250mm along the top 3m of its length before being driven.

Driving heads or driving blocks which hold the pile in position directly under the hammer during driving shall
be used. At all stages during driving and until incorporation in the superstructure, piles shall be adequately
supported and restrained by means of leaders, trestles, temporary support or other guide arrangements to
maintain the position and alignment and to prevent buckling.

In marine works, lengths which remain unsupported after driving shall be adequately restrained until
incorporated into the permanent works. These constraint arrangements shall be such that no significant damage
occurs to piles or their coatings.

Piles shall be driven in an approved sequence to minimize the detrimental effects of heave and lateral
displacement of the ground. The sequence and method of piling including preboring (if necessary) shall limit
uplift and lateral movement so that the final position of each pile is within the specified tolerances. At all times
the deflections of each pile from its axis as formed shall not be such as to cause damage or impair durability of
the piles or any structures or services.

The maximum permitted uplift of each pile due to any one pile driven within a pile centre to centre radius of
eight pile diameters is 3mm unless it can be demonstrated that uplift exceeding this amount does not affect the
ability of the pile to meet the Projects requirements. When a pile has risen as a result of adjacent piles being
driven, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer proposals for correcting this and its avoidance in subsequent
work.

2400.08.1 Driving of Timber Piles

Timber piles shall be fresh-headed and square and when permitted by the Engineer, the heads of the piles may
be protected by means of heavy steel or wrought iron rings. During driving operations timber piling shall be
restrained from lateral movement at intervals not to exceed 6 m over the length between the driving head and
the ground surface. During driving operations, the timber pile shall be kept moving by continuous operation of
the hammer..

The hammer blow shall be in line with the pile axis and the impact surfaces shall be flat and at right angles to
the pile and hammer axis.

2400.08.2 Driving of Precast Prestressed Concrete Piles

The heads of concrete piles or shells shall be protected from direct impact of the hammer by a cushion driving
block. The cushion shall be maintained in good condition during the entire driving operation. The cushion
driving block shall be so arranged that any reinforcing bars projecting above the piles will not be displaced or
injured in driving.

Precast prestressed concrete piles shall not be driven until the concrete cubes have achieved the specified
characteristic strength and the pile has attained the strength to resist driving stresses, whichever is the greater.

Piles shall be driven to the position and line indicated on the Drawings. Piles materially out of line will be
rejected. Rejected piles which interfere with the work shall be removed. Other rejected piles may either be
removed or cut off and abandoned in place.

If repairs are needed during driving to the head of a pile, it shall be cut off square at sound concrete, and loose
material removed by wire brushing, followed by washing with water. If the pile is to be subjected to further
driving, the head shall be replaced by concrete of an approved Class.

Piles shall be lengthened, if required, by stripping off concrete from the reinforcement and lapping or coupling

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additional steel in place. Laps shall be at least 40 x bar diameter. Couplers shall be approved by the Engineer.

Repaired or lengthened piles shall not be driven until the added concrete has reached the specified characteristic
strength of the concrete of the pile.

2400.08.3 Driving of Steel Piles

Do not start pile-driving operations until earthwork fills have been completed and/or excavations have reached
the platform level indicated on Drawings.

Sheet piles shall be pitched and supported as a panel before driving and securely interlocked. Piles shall not
overlap each other and no pile in a panel shall be more than 1m in advance of another.

During driving, if approved, piles shall be lengthened by full penetration butt welding. Lengthening sections
shall be of the same rolling. Longitudinal and spiral seam welding of cylindrical piles shall be staggered.

Sheet piles previously driven shall not be used in the permanent Works unless approved by the Engineer.

2400.09 SET OF THE PILE

Piles to be load tested shall be driven to the specified tip elevation.

Driven production piles shall penetrate at least to the specified tip elevation as shown on Drawings, unless
otherwise permitted in writing by the Engineer in the event of refusal.

The set and temporary compression shall be measured and recorded for each pile at the completion of driving,
unless otherwise stated in the Particular Specifications or on the Drawings.

The final set of the pile shall be recorded either as the penetration in millimeters per 10 blows or as the number
of blows required to produce a penetration of 25mm.

When a final set is being measured, the following requirements shall be met:

i. The exposed part of the pile shall be in good condition without damage or distortion
ii. The dolly and packing, if any, shall be in sound condition,
iii. The hammer blow shall be in line with the pile axis and the impact surfaces shall be flat and at right angles
to the pile and hammer axis,
iv. The hammer shall be in good condition and operating correctly,
v. The temporary compression of the pile shall be recorded,

2400.10 CUT-OFF AND EXTENSION

2400.10.1 Timber Piles

After driving, the timber piles shall be cut off square to sound timber to within 5mm of the levels shown on the
Drawings and the cut surface shall be heavily coated with preservative if and as specified for the initial
treatment

Timber piles which are to be capped shall be accurately cut off so that true bearing is obtained on every pile
without the use of shims. Piles inaccurately cut off shall be replaced. Splicing of timber piles will not be
permitted, except by written permission of the Engineer. Timber piles under concrete footings shall be cut off at
the designated elevations and anchor devices shall be installed as shown on the Drawings.

2400.10.2 Precast Prestressed / Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles

When the driving of a concrete pile has satisfied the Specification requirements, the concrete of the head of the
pile shall be cut off at the level specified, reinforced bars projecting above this level shall be also as specified
and anchored to the structure or pile cap as shown on the Drawings. If not indicated, the concrete pile shall be
anchored to the structure by 100mm. Care shall be taken to avoid shattering or otherwise damaging the rest of
the pile. Any cracked or defective concrete shall cut away and the pile repaired in a manner to provide a full and
sound section to cut-off level.

In the event that the concrete sound section is found below the cut-off level, pile anchor dowels shall be
installed in holes drilled from the top surface of the concrete sound section.

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When pile anchor dowels are used, the dowels shall be anchored in cast or drilled holes in the concrete pile with
neat cement paste. If holes are to be drilled, they shall be drilled by methods that will not damage the concrete,
reinforcement or prestressing steel. The diameter of the holes shall be the minimum consistent with placing the
neat cement paste and dowel. The holes shall be free of dust and other deleterious material when the neat
cement paste is placed. Sufficient paste shall be placed in the holes before the dowels are inserted so that no
voids remain after the dowels are inserted. The dowels shall be left undisturbed until the paste has hardened.
The cost associated with the drilling of holes, cleaning, placing the neat cement, procurement and installation of
anchor dowels shall be borne by the Contractor

When concrete pile extensions are constructed on driven or cast-in-place concrete piles, the piles shall be cut off
and extended with a reinforced concrete extension in conformance with the details shown on the Drawings.

The work of cutting off precast prestressed concrete piles shall be performed in such a manner as to avoid
spalling or damaging the pile below cut-off level. In case of damage, the pile shall be replaced or repaired, to
the satisfaction of the Engineer, by the Contractor at the Contractor's expense.

2400.10.3 Steel Piles

If pile heads are to be encased in concrete, the steel piles shall be cut off at the designated elevations, protective
coating shall be removed from the surface of the pile heads and anchor devices shall be installed as shown on
the Drawings.

If steel structure is to be welded to piles, the piles shall be cut square and to within 5mm of the levels specified.

All cut off lengths of piling shall become the property of the Contractor and shall be disposed of outside the
worksite at a location approved by the Engineer.

2400.11 TOLERANCES

Vertical piles shall be constructed to remain within the following tolerances

i. Maximum Variation from Location: Not more than 75mm from the design center location, in any direction
at the pile head.
ii. Out-of-Plumb (Verticality): 1in 75 deviation or not more than 1.5 percent of pile length, whichever is less
iii. Concrete Cut-Off Elevation: plus 25mm or minus 75mm from elevation indicated
iv. Bottom Area of Pile: Not less than 100 percent of pile area required
v. Shaft Diameter for Bored Pile: Not less than 100 percent or more than 110 percent of shaft diameter
indicated.
vi. For steel piles and proprietary rolled sections, the deviation from straightness shall not exceed 1/1000 of the
length of the section. Cylindrical steel piles shall not deviate from straightness by more than 1/600 for the
length up to 10m and 1/1000 for lengths greater than 10m.
vii. The allowable Out-of Plumb deviation for raked piles shall be 1 in 25.
viii. No tolerance is allowed for shortening in the pile length or in the toe elevation.

2401 - TIMBER PILES

2401.01 DESCRIPTION

Timber piles shall be provided in one piece unless otherwise specified. During the execution of the piling works
any changes to the supplied lengths shall be made known to the Engineer.

Timber piles shall conform to the requirements in ASTM Designation: D 25 for piles except as follows:

Butt and tip diameters shall be as specified in the following table:

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Pile Length Butt Diameter Tip Diameter

Minimum
(m) (mm)
Minimum Maximum
(mm) (mm)
Under 12 300 500 200
12 to 16 300 500 175
16 to 23 325 500 175
23 to 27 325 500 150
27 and Over 325 500 125
Butt diameters are measured approximately one meter from butt.

The width of checks in untreated timber piles shall not exceed 10 mm. The width of checks in treated timber
piles shall not exceed 10 mm after treatment or 13 mm immediately before driving.

2401.02 INSPECTION

The timber shall be new and free from defects, decay, large, loose or dead knots, undue shakes or excessive sap
on more than one edge which may affect the strength or durability of piles.

The timber shall be free from rot, pests, fungal or pest attack and from defects not permitted for its grade.

The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of the delivery of timber piles to the Site or to the place of
preservative treatment, and provide all labor and material to enable the Engineer to inspect each piece on all
faces and to measure it at the time of unloading and immediately prior to driving.

Treated timber piles will be inspected by the Engineer after treatment.

2401.03 REQUIREMENTS

When preservative treatment of timber piles is required by the Drawings or specified in the Contract
Documents, the treatment shall be creosote and shall conform to AASHTO.

Commercially treated piles from stock may be used for test piles.

Untreated and treated timber piles shall be of Douglas fir or Southern Pine timber and shall be clean peeled.

The natural moisture content of any untreated timber foundation pile when delivered to the worksite shall be not
less than 18 percent at 50-mm depth.

Treated timber piles shall be driven within 6 months after treatment.

The natural moisture content of any timber pile to be treated shall be not less than 18 percent at 50 mm depth
immediately prior to treatment. Inspection prior to treatment shall be by an established inspecting agency.
Inspection reports shall be submitted with each individual shipment, and each pile shall be stamped with the
date of inspection.

The timber shall be protected from the sun and rain by means of appropriate covering which will allows free
circulation of air.

Timber piling shall be protected with steel straps placed at not more than 3-m centers along the pile. Five
additional straps shall be placed on each pile; one each at 75 mm, 150 mm, 300 mm from the tip, and 2 within
600 mm of the butt.

Steel strapping shall be approximately 40 mm wide, 0.75-mm in nominal thickness and shall be fabricated from
cold-rolled heat-treated high tensile strapping. Strapping shall develop a tensile strength of at least 22 kN.
Straps shall be held in place with clips which are secured by crimping twice in the clip length with a notch-type
sealer. The clip shall be approximately 65 mm long and fabricated from 0.75-mm thick steel. The clip joint shall

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develop at least 75 percent of the strap tensile strength. Straps shall encircle the pile once and shall be tensioned
as tight as possible either by hand operated or pneumatic tensioning tools.

All holes, cuts or daps in treated piles shall be treated with 2 applications of wood preservative conforming to
AASHTO.

2401.04 TREATMENT OF TIMBER PILE HEADS

The heads of all treated timber piles which are not embedded in concrete shall be treated by one of the following
methods, after the piles have been driven and cut off to the proper elevation:

- An application of wood preservative conforming to the AASHTO specifications shall first be applied to the
head of the pile and a protective cap shall then be built up by applying alternate layers of loosely woven
fabric and hot asphalt or tar similar to membrane waterproofing, using 3 layers of asphalt or tar and 2 layers
of fabric. The fabric shall measure at least 150 mm more in each direction than the diameter of the pile and
shall be turned down over the pile and the edges secured by binding with 2 turns of No. 10 galvanized wire.
The fabric shall be wired in advance of the application of the final layer of asphalt or tar which shall extend
down over the wiring.
- The sawed surface shall be covered with 3 applications of a hot mixture of 60 percent creosote and 40
percent roofing pitch, or thoroughly brush coated with 3 applications of hot creosote and covered with hot
roofing pitch. A covering of 3.50-mm nominal thickness galvanized steel sheet shall be placed over the
coating and bent down over the sides of each pile to shed water.

The method to be used shall be at the option of the Contractor, unless otherwise provided on the Drawings or in
the Contract Documents.

The treatment of pile heads encased in concrete will not be required.

2401.05 PILE SHOES

The material and dimensions of the pile shoes shall be as shown on the Drawings.

The shoes shall be attached to the pile by steel straps fixed, spiked, screwed or bolted to the timber. The shoes
shall be coaxial with the pile and firmly bedded to it.

2402 - PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES

2402.01 DESCRIPTION

Precast prestressed concrete piles shall be constructed in conformance with the provisions in Section 5 -
(Concrete Works) and Section 11 (Prestressed Concrete Works) of these Specifications.

When requested, the Contractor shall submit 2 sets of working drawings to the Engineer at the worksite for the
Engineer's use in administering the Contract. The drawings shall show the pile dimensions, materials,
prestressing methods, tendon arrangement and working stresses, including any addition or rearrangement of
reinforcement from that shown on the Drawings.

Precast prestressed concrete piling will be inspected at the fabrication site. The Contractor shall notify the
Engineer when materials have been delivered to the fabrication site and shall give the Engineer at least 10 days
notice after delivery before commencing the fabrication of the precast prestressed concrete piling. Materials to
be used shall be made available to the Engineer so they can be examined. The Engineer shall have free access at
all times to any portion of the fabrication site where the material is stored or where work on the material is
being performed.

Concrete for precast prestressed concrete piles shall be placed in smooth mortar-tight forms, so supported as to
prevent appreciable deformation or settlement during placing or curing. Unformed surfaces shall be finished to a
smooth surface. When removed from the form, the pile shall present true, smooth, even surfaces free from
honeycombs and voids and shall be so straight that a line stretched from butt to tip on any face will not be more
than 25 mm from the face of the pile at any point.

When lifting anchors are used in precast prestressed concrete piles, the anchors shall be not less than 25 mm

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clear from the reinforcement or prestressing steel in the pile.

Lifting anchors used in precast prestressed concrete piles shall be removed to a depth of at least 25 mm below
the surface of the concrete and the resulting hole shall be filled with an approved cementitious repair mortar
adhesive in accordance with the manufacturers instructions before the piles are delivered to the job site.

The records of testing of the concrete and steel used in the piles shall be submitted.

2402.02 ORDERING OF PILES

The Contractor shall ensure that the piles to be incorporated into the permanent Works are available at the
worksite in time.

2402.03 HANDLING

When raising or transporting precast prestressed concrete piles, the Contractor shall provide slings or other
equipment to avoid any appreciable bending of the pile or cracking of the concrete. Piles materially damaged in
handling or driving shall be replaced by the Contractor at the Contractor's expense. Precast prestressed concrete
piles shall be so handled at all times as to avoid breaking or chipping the edges.

2402.04 PILE TOES

Pile toes shall be constructed so as to ensure that damage is not caused to the pile during installation.

2402.05 PILE JOINTS

Precast prestressed concrete piles shall be provided in one piece unless otherwise specified.

A jointed pile shall be capable of withstanding the same driving stresses as a single unjointed pile of the same
cross-sectional dimensions and materials. The centroid of the pile joint shall lie within 5mm of the true axis of
the pile element.

The welding of a joint to main reinforcement in lieu of a lapped connection with projecting bars affixed to the
joint shall not be permitted.

2403 - CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES

2403.01 DESCRIPTIONS

Cast-in-place concrete piles shall consist of one of the following:

- Bored holes filled with concrete.

- Steel shells driven permanently and filled with concrete

The diameter of a pile shall not be less than the specified diameter.

The boring of holes shall conform to the provisions in these Specifications.

Concrete filling for cast-in-place concrete piles is designated by compressive strength and shall have a
minimum 28-day compressive strength as indicated on the Drawings. Concrete and Reinforcement shall
conform to the provisions in Section 5, (Concrete Works) of these Specifications.

Cast-in-place concrete piles shall be constructed so that the excavation methods and the concrete placement
procedures shall provide for placing the concrete against undisturbed material in a dry or dewatered hole.

The concrete filling for cast-in-place concrete piles shall be dense and homogeneous.

The concrete shall be placed as detailed under Clauses 2403.02.4 and 2403.03.4 below.

After placing concrete, the temporarily exposed surfaces of the cast-in-place concrete piles shall be cured in
conformance with the provisions of Clause 504.06 Curing of Section 5 (Concrete Works) of these
specifications.

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2403.02 BORED HOLES FILLED WITH CONCRETE

2403.02.1 Execution.

Depending on the subsurface conditions, boring of pile holes can be executed by one of the following three
methods:

1. Dry excavation method: where sufficiently stable soil or rock conditions are prevailing, which allows
stability of the side walls without the use of any stabilizing means.

2. Excavation with slurry stabilizing fluid: where cohesionless/friable/collapsible or any unstable soil/rock
conditions are encountered during excavation that would hinder the boring process and disturb the shape
and alignment of the pile. The presence of groundwater, would also necessitate the use of slurry stabilizing
fluid.

3. Excavation with temporary casing: This method can be used for the same conditions of those described for
the slurry stabilizing fluid method. The option to use the full-depth temporary casing or the slurry
stabilizing fluid method is left to the Contractor depending on the pile depth and on his favorite practice, as
well as the feasibility of each method for the specific case, environmental regulations restrictions and other
justifications that he may provide in his method statement.

A short length of temporary steel casings (1.5 3m) shall be furnished for all piles that are being executed
either by Dry Excavation or by the Excavation with Slurry Methods and shall be placed tight in the pile
holes to maintain the stability of the upper part of the pile borehole during excavation by controlling water or to
prevent quick soil conditions or caving of the hole.

Piles shall be bored in an order and in such a manner that no significant damage is sustained by previously
formed piles.

Care shall be taken during excavation to prevent disturbing the foundation material surrounding the pile.
Equipment or methods used for excavating holes shall not cause quick soil conditions or cause scouring or
caving of the hole.

After excavation is begun, the pile shall be constructed expeditiously in order to prevent deterioration of the
surrounding foundation material from air slaking or from the presence of water.

The pile shall be bored to the depth shown on Drawings or beyond as deemed necessary and only after
obtaining the Engineers approval. No tolerance is allowed for shortening in the pile length or in the toe
elevation. Any over excavation beyond the required pile depth shall be filled with the same concrete mix and
concrete class of that used within the designated pile length, but after cleaning and inspecting the base of the
shaft, as specified under Clause 2403.02.2 below. Cleaning and concrete filling of any unauthorized over
excavation shall be done at the Contractor own expenses.

Excavation with slurry stabilizing fluid:

Where boring takes place through unstable water-bearing strata, a slurry stabilizing fluid shall be used in
conjunction with the short length temporary casing to maintain the stability of the excavation and the sidewall
of the boreholes until concrete has been placed.

When bored holes are to be stabilized with slurry stabilizing fluid, the slurry shall be maintained a minimum of
1.5m above ground-water level and above unstable soil strata to prevent caving or sloughing of hole. Excess
slurry head is to be related to performance of on-going dewatering and to allow for fluctuations in depressed
water levels.

Each batch of freshly prepared or reconstituted slurry shall be sampled and tested. Test results of samples and
from excavation shall reflect the amount of contamination with saline ground water.

At least one sample from the base and one sample from the top of each hole shall be tested immediately prior to
placing steel and concrete. The Engineer may subsequently vary frequency of sampling and testing when a
working pattern has been established.

Tests and Compliance as per Table 2403.02.1: Values measured at 20 degrees Celsius.

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Test Method and Apparatus

complying with the American
Samples from
Petroleum Institute (API) Sample as supplied
Property excavation prior to
Recommended Practice for Field to excavation:
placing concrete:
Testing of Water-Based Drilling
Fluids API RP 13B-1:
Density Mud balance Less than 1.10 g/ml Less than 1.15 g/ml
Less than
Fluid loss Less than 30 mil
Low temperature test fluid loss 40 mil
(30 min. test) (0.762mm)
(1.016mm)
Viscosity Marsh Cone 30 to 40 seconds Less than 60
Fann viscometer
Plastic viscosity Less than 10 cP Less than 20 cP
(material passing sieve No. 200)
Shear strength
Fann viscometer 4 to 25 N/m2 4 to 25 N/m2
(10 min. gel strength)
Sand content Sand screen set Less than 1% Less than 3%
PH Electrical pH meter range 7 to 14 9.5 to 10.8 9.5 to 11.7

TABLE 2403.02.1: Tests and Compliance of Slurry.

Bored pile shaft shall be excavated and completely concreted on same day or the shaft shall be re-drilled,
cleaned, re-circulated, de-sanded, or slurry replaced.

Excavation with temporary casing:

Temporary casing shall be watertight and of sufficient strength to withstand the loads from installation,
removal, lateral concrete pressures and earth pressures. The casing shall be non-corrugated and the surfaces
shall be smooth, free from distortion, clean, free from hardened concrete and shall be uniform section
throughout their length.

The Contractor shall check the casing position for each pile during and immediately after placing of the casing.
Any checks by the Engineer shall not relieve the Contractor of his responsibility.

The casing shall be removed while the concrete is being placed. In a dewatered hole the concrete in the casing
shall be maintained at a level at least 1.5 m above the bottom of the casing or at a level above the bottom of the
casing adequate to prevent displacement of the concrete by material from outside the casing, whichever is
greater. Casing may be vibrated or hammered when required to assist in removal of the casing from the hole, to
prevent lifting of the reinforcement and to prevent concrete contamination. The withdrawal of casings shall not
leave voids or cause contamination of the concrete with soil or other materials.

2403.02.2 Cleanliness of Pile Bases and Inspection

On completion of boring, deteriorated foundation material, including material that has softened, swollen or
degraded, shall be removed from the bottom of the hole and disposed of using appropriate methods, which shall
be designed to clean while at the same time minimizing ground disturbance below the pile bases. The
Contractor shall provide facilities required by the Engineer to facilitate inspection of the pile base.

Where used, slurry stabilizing fluid shall be maintained at such levels throughout and following the cleaning
operation that stability of the pile hole is preserved.

Each pile bore which does not contain standing water or slurry stabilizing fluid shall be inspected from the
ground surface prior to concrete being placed in it to ensure the base is adequately clean and that the shaft is
stable and within the specified tolerances, Adequate means of lighting, measuring tapes and a means of
measuring verticality shall be used.

2403.02.3 Reinforcement

The number of joints in longitudinal steel bars shall be kept to a minimum. Joints in steels reinforcement shall
be such that the full strength of each bar is effective across the joint and shall be made so that there is no
detrimental displacement of the reinforcement during the construction of the pile.

Where reinforcement is made up into cages, they shall be sufficiently rigid to enable them to be handled, placed

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and concreted without damage.

Reinforcement shall be maintained in its correct position during concreting of the pile.

Unless otherwise specified, reinforcement shall extend to the base of the pile.

Spacers shall be designed and manufactured using durable materials which shall not lead to corrosion of the
reinforcement.

Details of the means by which the Contractor plans to ensure the correct cover to and position of the
reinforcement shall be submitted by the Contractor prior to commencement of the piling works.

After placing reinforcement and prior to placing concrete in the bored hole, if caving occurs or deteriorated
foundation material accumulates on the bottom of the hole, as determined by the Engineer, the reinforcement
shall be removed and the bottom of the bored hole cleaned.

Portions of the holes may be enlarged, backfilled with slurry cement backfill, concrete or other material, and
rebored to the specified diameter to control caving. Backfill material at enlarged piles shall be chemically
compatible with concrete and steel, shall be boreable and shall have the necessary strength required for the
conditions.

Bore cuttings and material resulting from placing concrete in piles shall be disposed of at a location approved
by the Engineer.

The reinforcement shall be placed and secured symmetrically about the axis of the pile and shall be securely
blocked to clear the sides of the hole.

Migratory Corrosive Inhibitor (MCI-2005) is to be added to all concrete used in reinforced concrete piles in
order to give a protection cover to the reinforcement. The material shall be incorporated in the concrete in strict
accordance with the manufacturers instructions.

2403.02.4 Placing Concrete

Before placing concrete, measures shall be taken to ensure there is no accumulation of silt or other material at
the base of the boring.

A. Placing Concrete in Dry Boring

The method of placing shall be as to ensure that the concrete in its final position is dense and homogeneous.
Concrete shall be introduced into the pile via a hopper and suitable length of rigid delivery tube to ensure that
the concrete falls vertically and centrally down the shaft without segregation.

The pile heads shall be cast to a level above the specified cut-off so that, after trimming, a sound concrete
connection with the pile can be made.

After each pile has been cast, any empty hole remaining shall be carefully backfilled as soon as possible with
appropriate materials.

B. Placing Concrete under Water, in Temporary Casing or Slurry Stabilizing Fluid

The Contractor shall ensure that heavily contaminated slurry stabilizing fluid, which could impair the free flow
of concrete from the tremie pipe, has not accumulated in the bottom of the hole.

A sample of slurry stabilizing fluid shall be taken from the bottom of the boring using an appropriate device
and tested. If tests show the fluid does not comply with the limits stated (Table 2403.02.1), the fluid shall be
wholly or partly replaced as appropriate before concrete is placed.

The concrete shall be placed without interruption. Records shall be kept of the workability of the approved mix.
Under water or in slurry stabilizing fluid, the concrete shall be placed only by tremie. The tremie pipe shall be
clean and watertight throughout and not less than 200mm internal diameter. Concreting shall start only after the
tremie reaches the bottom of the pile shaft. Then, concreting will proceed with the end of tremie pipe kept
immersed in the concrete for minimum depth of 2m. Method shall be used to prevent concrete segregation.

The pile heads shall be cast to a level above the specified cut-off so that, after trimming to remove all debris and

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contaminated concrete, a sound concrete connection with the pile can be made

Temporary casings shall be extracted while the concrete within them remains sufficiently workable to ensure that
the concrete is not lifted.

After each pile has been cast, any empty hole remaining shall be carefully backfilled as soon as possible with
appropriate materials

2403.02.5 Concrete Pile Head Cut-off and Waterproofing

Independent of the method adopted for cutting off the pile head (i.e. whether by means of hydraulic pile-breaker
machine, light jackhammer or other approved means), the concrete of the head of the pile shall be cut-off to the
level specified on Drawings or instructed by the Engineer. Reinforcing bars projecting above this level shall be
as specified. Care shall be taken to avoid shattering or otherwise damaging the rest of the pile. Any cracked or
defective concrete shall be cut away and the pile repaired to provide a full and sound section to cut-off level.

The pile head waterproofing details (wherever applicable) shall be as shown on the Drawings.

2403.03 STEEL SHELLS DRIVEN PERMANENTLY AND FILLED WITH CONCRETE

2403.03.1 Execution

Steel shells with cylindrical section shall be of sufficient strength and rigidity to permit driving, and to prevent
distortion caused by soil pressures or the driving of adjacent piles until filled with concrete. The shells shall also
be sufficiently watertight to exclude water during the placing of concrete.

The steel shells shall be installed as follow:

i. Install steel shells as excavation proceeds, to maintain sidewall stability

ii. Fabricate bottom edge of lowest shell section with a cutting shoe capable of penetrating the sub-formation
and achieving a water seal
iii. Connect shell sections by continuous penetration welds to form watertight, continuous shell
iv. Remove and replace, or repair, shells that have been damaged during installation and that could impair
strength of efficiency of driven piles
v. Fill annular void between shell and shaft wall with sand-cement grout
vi. Corrugated shells formed from zinc-coated steel sheet may be delivered in sections or panels of convenient
length, and field connected according to manufacturers written instructions.

2403.03.2 Inspection

After being driven and prior to placing reinforcement and concrete therein, the steel shells shall be examined for
collapse or reduced diameter at any point.

If the pile hole does not contain standing water, the Contractor shall provide the Engineer with all required
facilities including suitable means of lighting to facilitate inspection of the entire length of the shells and the
pile base. Loose soil and debris accumulated at the base of the pile shall be removed.

Water which cannot be sealed or water flowing from the base of the pile shall be maintained in the pile hole.

2403.03.3 Reinforcement

The number of joints in longitudinal steel bars shall be kept to a minimum. Joints in steels reinforcement shall
be such that the full strength of each bar is effective across the joint and shall be made so that there is no
detrimental displacement of the reinforcement during the construction of the pile.

Where reinforcement is made up into cages, they shall be sufficiently rigid to enable them to be handled, placed
and concreted without damage.

Reinforcement shall be maintained in its correct position during concreting of the pile.

Unless otherwise specified, reinforcement shall extend to the base of the pile.

Spacers shall be designed and manufactured using durable materials which shall not lead to corrosion of the
reinforcement.

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Details of the means by which the Contractor plans to ensure the correct cover to and position of the
reinforcement shall be submitted by the Contractor prior to commencement of the piling works.

After placing reinforcement and prior to placing concrete in the steel shell, if deteriorated foundation material
accumulates on the bottom of the steel shell, as determined by the Engineer, the reinforcement shall be removed
and the bottom of the steel shell cleaned.

The reinforcement shall be placed and secured symmetrically about the axis of the pile and shall be securely
blocked to clear the sides of the steel shell.

Migratory Corrosive Inhibitor (MCI-2005) is to be added to all concrete used in reinforced concrete piles in
order to give a protection cover to the reinforcement. The material shall be incorporated in the concrete in strict
accordance with the manufacturers instructions.

2403.03.4 Placing Concrete

Before placing concrete, measures shall be taken to ensure there is no accumulation of silt or other material at
the base of the piles steel shell.

A. Placing Concrete in Dry Piles Steel Shell

The method of placing shall be as to ensure that the concrete in its final position is dense and homogeneous.
Concrete shall be introduced into the pile via a hopper and suitable length of rigid delivery tube to ensure that
the concrete falls vertically and centrally down the shaft without segregation.

The pile heads shall be cast to a level above the specified cut-off so that, after trimming, a sound concrete
connection with the pile can be made.

After each pile has been cast, any empty hole remaining shall be carefully backfilled as soon as possible with
appropriate materials.

B. Placing concrete under water

The concrete shall be placed without interruption. Records shall be kept of the workability of the approved mix.
Under water, the concrete shall be placed only by tremie. The tremie pipe shall be clean and watertight
throughout and not less than 200mm internal diameter. Concreting shall start only after the tremie reaches the
bottom of the pile shaft. Then, concreting will proceed with the end of tremie pipe kept immersed in the concrete
for minimum depth of 2m. Method shall be used to prevent concrete segregation.

The pile heads shall be cast to a level above the specified cut-off so that, after trimming to remove all debris and
contaminated concrete, a sound concrete connection with the pile can be made

After each pile has been cast, any empty hole remaining shall be carefully backfilled as soon as possible with
appropriate materials.

2403.03.5 Concrete Pile Head Cut-off and Waterproofing

Independent of the method adopted for cutting off the pile head (i.e. whether by means of hydraulic pile-breaker
machine, light jackhammer or other approved means), the concrete of the head of the pile shall be cut-off to the
level specified on Drawings or instructed by the Engineer. Reinforcing bars projecting above this level shall be
as specified. Care shall be taken to avoid shattering or otherwise damaging the rest of the pile. Any cracked or
defective concrete shall be cut away and the pile repaired to provide a full and sound section to cut-off level.

The pile head waterproofing details (wherever applicable) shall be as shown on the Drawings

2404 - STEEL PILES

2404.01 DESCRIPTION

Steel piles shall include structural shape piles and pipe piles.

Structural shape steel piles shall be of the rolled section shown on the Drawings or of the section specified in

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the Contract Documents and shall be structural steel conforming to the requirements in ASTM Designation: A
36/A 36M, or at the option of the Contractor, structural steel conforming to the requirements in ASTM
Designation: A 572/A 572M.

Steel pipe piles shall conform to the following requirements:

i. Steel pipe piles less than 360 mm in diameter shall conform to the requirements in ASTM Designation: A
252, Grade 2 or 3.
ii. Steel pipe piles 360 mm and greater in diameter shall conform to the requirements in ASTM Designation:
A 252, Grade 3.
iii. Steel pipe piles shall be of the nominal diameter and nominal wall thickness shown on the Drawings or
specified in the Contract Documents.
iv. The carbon equivalency (CE) of steel for steel pipe piles, as defined in AWS D 1.1, Section XI5.1, shall not
exceed 0.45.
v. The sulfur content of steel for steel pipe piles shall not exceed 0.05 percent.
vi. Seams in steel pipe piles shall be complete penetration welds and shall conform to the requirements in
AWS D1.1 and amendments to AWS D1.1 in these Specifications and the Contract Documents.
Incomplete penetration welds and defective welds of steel pipe piles shall be repaired or restored to achieve
complete joint penetration groove welds.

Steel piles shall not be joined by welded lap splicing.

The manufacturer or fabricator of steel piles shall furnish a Certificate of Compliance stating that the piles being
supplied conform to these Specifications and to the Contract Documents. The Certificate of Compliance shall
include test reports for tensile, chemical, and any specified nondestructive tests. Samples for testing shall be
taken from the base metal, steel, coil or from the manufactured or fabricated piles.

2404.02 SPLICING

Steel pile splices shall conform to the requirements in AWS D 1.1 and the Contract Documents. Structural
shape steel piling splices shall be complete joint penetration groove welds. Steel pipe pile splices that are made
at a permanent manufacture or fabrication facility, and that are made prior to furnishing the Certificate of
Compliance, shall be complete penetration welds. Steel pipe pile splices that are made in the field shall be
complete joint penetration groove welds.

When lengths of piles are to be butt-spliced on site, adequate facilities shall be provided for supporting and
aligning them prior to welding such that the specified straightness criterion can be achieved.

Ends of steel pipe piling to be spliced that have been damaged during driving shall be removed to a sound and
uniform section conforming to the tolerances for diameter, edge alignment and roundness required to meet the
steel pile splice welding requirements. Pipe ends shall be field cut using automated guided cutting equipment.
Manual flame cutting shall not be used.

2404.03 ORDERING OF PILES

The Contractor shall ensure that the piles to be incorporated into the permanent Works are available at the
worksite in time.

2404.04 WELDING

Only qualified welders shall be employed on the works. Proof of welders proficiency shall be made available
to the Engineer on request.

The Contractor shall submit full details of the welding procedures and electrodes, with drawings and schedules
as may be necessary.

Weld tests shall be performed by radiographic or ultrasonic methods as specified.

All work associated with welding shall be protected from the weather so that the quality of work meets the
Contracts requirements.

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2404.05 COATING

If steel piles are to be pre-coated, the preparation of surfaces and the application of the coating shall be carried
out by experienced specialist labor having experience in the preparation of the surface and the application of the
coating specified. All work associated with surface preparation and coating shall be undertaken inside a
waterproof structure.

No coating shall be applied when the humidity could have an adverse effect on the coat.

The nominal thickness of the finished coating and if necessary of each coat shall be as specified. The average
coat or finished coating thickness shall be equal to or greater than the nominal thickness. Where more than one
coat is applied to a surface, each coat shall be, if possible, of a different color from the previous coat.

The finished coating shall be generally smooth, of dense and uniform texture and free from sharp protuberance
or pin-hole. Excessive sags, dimpling or curtaining shall be retreated.

2404.06 MARKING, HANDLING AND STORAGE

Piles shall be clearly marked in white paint with their number and overall length. In addition, each pile shall be
marked at intervals of 250mm along the top of 3m of its length before being driven.

All piles within a stack shall be in groups of the same length and on appropriate supports. All operations such as
handling, transporting and pitching of piles shall be carried out in a manner such that no significant damage
occurs to piles and their coatings

2405 - MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

2405.01 Method of Measurement and Basis of Payment

Setting up at each pile shall be measured by number.

Piles shall be measured in linear meters of actual length placed in the Permanent Works. The measured length
shall be from the tip to the underside of the foundation, plus the penetration into the foundation specified on the
Drawings.

Indicator piles that are constructed for the purpose of carrying out preliminary load tests shall be measured in
linear meters of actual length, ordered and tested.

Payment shall be made at the rate included in the Bills of Quantities, which rate shall include full compensation
for supplying and installing piles and for materials, labor, equipment, tools, records and other items necessary
for the proper completion of the work.

2405.02 Items in the Bill of Quantities

PAY ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

2405.1 Setting up at each pile nr

2405.2 Piling (type) (length) (size) m
2405.3 Indicator piles (type) (length) (size) m

2406 - PILE TESTING

2406.01 GENERAL

The Contractor shall submit Method Statement for each type of testing specified and provide details of specific
techniques and processes proposed to be adopted for testing. The Method Statement shall include details of
equipment and instrumentation, quality control and report procedures, work program, and any other information
or special data required by the Engineer.

The Method Statement shall include details of loading and unloading as well as arrangement of reaction frame,

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reaction piles or anchors. Due consideration shall be given to the effect of diameters of piles, socket length, type
of bedrock, strain measurement in steel reinforcement and effect of dewatering. The structural analysis data
shall be signed and sealed by the qualified professional engineer responsible for their preparation.

The Contractor shall submit daily work progress reports, identifying individual piles and type of testing carried
out.

For non-destructive integrity testing, the Contractor shall qualify and engage an experienced independent testing
agency, acceptable to the Engineer, who has specialized in non-destructive testing of bored or driven piles
similar to that required for each specific Project.

Loading tests on indicator piles shall be completed before the production piles for that structure or specified
control location are bored, cast, cut to length or driven.

Load test piles shall be installed with the same type of equipment that is to be used for installation of foundation
piles.

The Contractor may use additional cement or may use Type III cement in the concrete for the anchor piles. The
cost associated with such use will be borne by the Contractor.

The Contractor shall furnish labor, materials, tools, equipment, and incidentals as required to complete the pile
load testing

2406.02 EXECUTION

2406.02.1 Preparation

The Contractor shall protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements, and other facilities from damage caused
by settlement, lateral movement, vibration, and other hazards created by bored or driven pile testing operations.

2406.02.2 Static-Load Testing

Static-load tests will be used to verify and confirm design load capacity of piles. Each pile diameter shall be
tested as shown on the Drawings. The Contractor shall verify the feasibility of testing the loads corresponding
to each pile diameter shown on the Drawings. The pile load tests shall not be carried out until all shrinkage of
the concrete is complete. The reinforcement in the rock socket shall be strain-gauged to provide confirmation of
the tensile force reaching the socket.

a. Dynamic formulas will not be permitted in place of load tests to determine bearing values of the piles.
b. Perform and complete testing, and obtain approval of pile test before proceeding with installation of
permanent working piles in the Works.
c. Select the pile to be tested based on the results of pile integrity tests and pile construction records subject to
the approval of the Engineer.
d. The same piles that will be tested in working compression loading should be among the selected piles for
the working load test in tension.

The Contractor shall arrange and perform the static-load tests on piles as and when directed in the field.

The Contractor shall provide pile reaction frame, equipment and instrumentation with sufficient reaction
capacity to perform tension tests and compression tests. On completion of testing, the Contractor shall remove
testing structure, equipment and instrumentation.

The contractor shall notify the Engineer at least 48 hours in advance of performing tests and shall provide
facilities to enable the Engineer to observe and check testing.

The test loads shall be applied by jacking against beams or equivalent reaction system. Center to center spacing
of vertical reaction piles from a test pile shall be not less than 5 times the diameter of the test pile or the reaction
piles or 2.5 m whichever is the greater.

The maximum loads to be applied in maintained load test shall be as follows:

a. For indicator piles in tension or compression load test, the Contractor shall apply test loads up to 2.5 times
working load. The Contractor shall perform at least two indicator pile tension load tests and two indicator

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SECTION 24 PILING

pile compression load tests per type of piles, or as specified on the Drawings and in the Contract
Documents.
b. For production piles in tension or compression load test, the Contractor shall apply test loads up to 1.5
times working load.

In the event of a pile continuing to displace under constant load before the maximum test load has been reached,
take readings at 15 minute intervals for a period of one hour while the load is being maintained. Unload the pile
in approximately 4 to 6 equal decrements at 15 minute intervals and allow recovering for 3 hours. Take one set
of displacements readings after each decrement of load and a further set of readings at the end of the recovery
period.

2406.02.3 Non-destructive, Low-Strain Integrity Testing

Non-destructive, integrity testing by sonic logging is to be performed on all piles, or as specified on the
Drawings and in the Contract Documents, recorded, interpreted and reported by an approved experienced
independent testing agency that has specialized in non-destructive testing of piles similar to that required for
each specific Project. The Contractor shall submit proposed test result and report formats to the Engineer for
approval before starting integrity testing.

The Contractor shall provide all available details of the ground conditions, pile dimensions and construction
method to the testing agency before the commencement of integrity testing, in order to facilitate interpretation
of test results.

The Contractor shall allow a minimum of seven days to elapse after casting before performing integrity testing
on a pile.

The Contractor shall perform low-strain integrity testing according to ASTM D5882 by the stress wave method,
seismic method or other method approved by the Engineer, based on the measurement of the axial shaft point
mobility at the pile head.

Where the method of testing requires the positioning of sensing equipment on the pile head, the Contractor shall
break down the pile head to expose sound clean concrete, free from water, laitance, loose, overspill or blinding
concrete, and readily accessible for the purpose of testing.

All piles shall be subjected to Integrity Testing.

2406.03 TEST RECORDS

The Contractor shall maintain accurate test records for each pile, compiled and attested to by a qualified
professional engineer, and submit to the Engineer at the conclusion of each pile test, pile number and date of
testing; pile dimensions; type and method of pile testing and test results.

2406.03.1 Static load tests

The Contractor shall prepare static load test results in the form of tabulated field observations, including the
Time vs. Displacement curves; Time vs. Load curves; Load vs. Displacement curves; Displacement vs. log time
for each stage.

The Engineer will review test results and determine if a pile is acceptable, taking into account the acceptable
total and differential displacements of the superstructure, the foundation geometry, the pile type and the soil
conditions, etc. Test piles that show materially different displacement characteristics compared to indicator test
piles will not be accepted.

2406.03.2 Non-destructive integrity testing

The Contractor shall submit preliminary test results to the Engineer within 24 hours of carrying out the tests.

The Contractor shall submit test reports to the Engineer within 10 days of the completion of each phase of
testing.

Test reports should contain test results and conclusions, together with a summary of the method of
interpretation including all assumptions, calibrations, corrections, algorithms and derivations used in the
analyses. Where results are presented in a graphical form, the same scales are to be used consistently throughout

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the report and the units on all scales clearly marked.

If any anomaly in acoustic signal test results indicates a possible defect in a pile, report such anomalies to the
Engineer immediately. The Contractor shall demonstrate to the Engineer that the pile is satisfactory for its
intended use or carry out remedial works to the Engineers satisfaction.

The Contractor shall grout the sonic logging tubes only after piles have been demonstrated to the Engineers
satisfaction, to be satisfactory.

2406.04 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

2406.04.1 Method of Measurement and Basis of Payment

Pile loading tests shall be measured per number.

Pile integrity tests shall be measured per number.

Payment shall be made for the completed work of Pile Testing at the rate included in the Bills of Quantities
which rate shall include the full compensation for setting up, carrying out, reporting and for labor, equipment,
tools, materials and other item necessary for the proper completion of the work.

2406.04.2 Items in the Bill of Quantities

PAY ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

2406.1 Static load testing of indicator piles

(type) (length) (size) nr
2406.2 Static load testing of production piles
(type) (length) (size) nr
2406.3 Non-destructive Integrity Test (type) nr

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