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4/2/2017 DigitalToAnalogConverter(DAC)

DigitalToAnalogConverter(DAC)

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Digitaltoanalogconverterisusedtoconvertdigitalquantityintoanalogquantity.DACconverter
SHAREBAR producesanoutputcurrentofvoltageproportionaltodigitalquantity(binaryword)appliedtoitsinput.
Todaymicrocomputersarewidelyusedforindustrialcontrol.Theoutputofthemicrocomputerisa
digitalquantity.Inmanyapplicationsthedigitaloutputofthemicrocomputerhastobeconvertedinto
analogquantitywhichisusedforthecontrolofrelay,smallmotor,actuatore.t.c.Incommunication
systemdigitaltransmissionisfasterandconvenientbutthedigitalsignalshavetobeconvertedback
toanalogsignalsatthereceivingterminal.DACconvertersarealsousedasapartofthecircuitryof
severalADCconverters.

Thereareseveralwaysofmakingadigitaltoanalogconverter.Someofthemaregivenasunder.

1.BinaryweightedresistorDAC
2.R2RLaddernetwork
3.SerialDACconverter
4.BCDDAC
5.BipolarDAC

BinaryweightedResistorDAC
AbinaryweightedresistorladderD/Aconverterisshowninfigure1.

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4/2/2017 DigitalToAnalogConverter(DAC)

Itconsistsofthefollowingfourmajorcomponents.

1.nswitchesoneforeachbitappliedtotheinput
2.aweightedresistorladdernetwork,wheretheresistanceareinverselyproportionaltothe
numericalsignificanceofthecorrespondingbinarydigital
3.areferencevoltageVrefand
4.asummingamplifierthataddsthecurrentflowingintheresistivenetworktodevelopasignalthat
isproportionaltothedigitalinput.

Thebehaviorofthecircuitmaybeanalyzedeasilybyusing"Millman'stheorem".Itstatethat"the
voltageappearingatanynodeinaresistivenetworkisequaltothesummationofthecurrent
enteringthenode(assumingthenodevoltageiszero)dividedbythesummationofthe
conductanceconnectedtothemode".

Mathematicallywecanwrite

AssumethattheresistorR1,R2,R3.......Rnarebinaryweightedresistors,thus

R1=R

R2=2R

R3=4R

..............

.............

.............

Rn=(2n1)R

AResistorLadderNetwork,candeliversabinarynumbersaynumberofnbits.
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EachbitcontrolsaswitchsithatisconnectedtoVref.

whenai=1,thenbitisON,andwhenai=0,thenbitisOFF.

ThereferencevoltagesourceVRisconsideredtohavezerointernalimpedance.Theresistorthatare
connectedtotheswitcheshavevaluesuchastomakethecurrentflowproportiontothebinaryweight
oftherespectiveinput.ButtheresistorintheMSBpositionhasthevalueR,thenexthasthevalue2R
etc.TheresistoroftheLSBhavethevalueof
(2n1)R.

Thecurrentflowinginthesummingamplifieris

Multiplyinganddividingby(2)n1R

AboverelationshowsthatoutputvoltageoftheD/Aconverterisproportionaltoanumberrepresented
bytheswitchthatareconnectedtoVRi.e.ai=1

Maximumcurrentwillflowwhenallaicoefficientare1,i.e.

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Whenallthebitsofdigitalwordhavevalueof1,thentheoutputcurrentofD/Aconverteristermedthe
fullscaleoutputcurrentandisanimportantdesignparameter.

Ontheotherhand,ifallswitchesareopeni.e.allaicoefficientsarezero,thentheoutputvoltage
(current)iszero.
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4/2/2017 DigitalToAnalogConverter(DAC)

ThemaximumoutputvoltageVo=RiIdependsonthefeedbackresistorRf.As,theoperational

amplifierisoperatedinthenegativefeedbackmodeforthepurposeofsummingsothatitperformsas
anexcellentcurrenttovoltageconverter.

Advantages
Asonlyoneresistorisusedperitintheresistornetwork,thusitisaneconomicalD/Aconverter.

Disadvantages/Limitations
1.Resistorsusedinthenetworkhaveawiderangeofvalues,soitisverydifficulttoensurethe
absoluteaccuracyandstabilityofalltheresistors.
2.Itisverydifficulttomatchthetemperaturecoefficientsofalltheresistors.Thisfactorisspecially
importantinD/Aconvertersoperationoverawidetemperaturerange.
3.Whennissolarge,theresistancecorrespondingtoLBScanassumealargevalue,whichmay
becomparablewiththeinputresistanceoftheamplifier.Thisleadstoerroneousresults.
4.Astheswitchesrepresentfiniteimpedancethatareconnectedinserieswiththeweighted
resistorsandtheirmagnitudesandvariationshavetobetakenintoaccountinaD/Aconverter
design.

R2RLadderNetwork
IncaseofweightedresistorDACrequiresawiderangeofresistancevaluesandswitchesforeachbit
positionifhighaccuracyconversionisrequired.AdigitaltoanalogconverterwithanR2Rladder
networkasshowninfigure2eliminatesthesecomplicationsattheexpenseofanadditionalresistor
foreachbit.

TheoperationofR2RladderDACiseasilyexplainedconsideringtheweightsofthedifferentbitsone
atatime.Thiscanbefollowedbysuperpositiontoconstructanalogoutputcorrespondinganydigital
inputword.LetonlytheMSBisturnedONinthefirstcase,andallotherbitsareOFF,asimplified
equivalentcircuitcanbedrawnasshowninfigure3.

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4/2/2017 DigitalToAnalogConverter(DAC)

Figure3:EquivalentCircuitforR2Rladdernetwork,whenMSBisONandallotherareOFF

TheequivalentcircuitwithonlyswitchSn2connectedtothereferencevoltageisshowninfigure4.

Byusingprincipleofsuperpositionallcontributionsaresummedupandtheresultantoutputis

Vo=VR[an12n1+an22n2+.............a12(n1)+ao2n]

Vo=VR2n[an12n1+an22n2+.............a12+1+ao2o]

Notethataidependsonwhetherthitheswitchisat0oratVR.ThustheoutputoftheDACis
proportionaltothesumoftheweightsrepresentedbythoseeswitchesthatareconnectedtoVRand
theratioofresistorsintheR2Rladdernetwork.

Fromthiscircuit,voltageatmode(n1)isgivenby

Vn1=VR(R/3R)(3R)=VR/3

Astheinputterminaloftheoperationalamplifierisatvirtualground.IfthefeedbackresistorRfforthe
operationalamplifieristakenas3R,thecorrespondingoutputvoltagedutotheMSBaloneis

Vo=(VR/3)(3R/2R)

=VR/2

LetnextswitchSn2atVRwithallotherswitchesatzero.Here,thecurrentatnode(n2)divide
equallytotherightandtotheleftresultinginavoltageatnode(n2)

Vn2=VR/3

Thisvoltageisattenuatedbyafactorof2atnode(n1),as

Vn1=Vn2(R/2R)=VR/6

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4/2/2017 DigitalToAnalogConverter(DAC)

Outputvoltageduetonoden2attheoperationalamplifieris

Vo=(VR/6)(3R/2R)

=VR/4

Advantages
1.OnlytwovaluesofresistorsareusedRand2R.
2.TheactualvalueusedforRisrelativelylessimportantaslongasextremelylargevalues,where
straycapacitanceenterthepicture,arenotemploysonlyratioofresistorvaluesiscritical.
3.R2Rladdernetworkareavailableinmonolithicchips,.Thesearelasertrimmedtobewithin
0.01%ofthedesiredratios.
4.ThestaircasevoltageismorelikelytobemonotonicastheeffectoftheMSBresistorisnotmany
timesgraterthanthatforLSBresistor.

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