Circle Geometry

MQ10 VIC ch 10A Page 359 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 2:31 PM
Circle
geometry
10
Jesse is trying to sail his yacht
solo around the world.
However, the yacht begins to
take on water and so Jesse
radios for help, giving his
coordinates as (26S, 17W). A
military vessel at (30S, 17W)
receives Jesses mayday signal
and heads to the area at a
speed of 30 knots.
Simultaneously, a search
plane is dispatched from the
city of Dakar (14N, 17W) at
a speed of 750 km/h. Will the
military vessel or the plane
reach Jesse first?
In this chapter we will be
studying the circle and circles
that are formed on the surface
of the Earth. We will be able
to solve this problem by using
these circles to calculate the
distance of the plane and the
military vessel from Jesse.
360 Maths Quest 10 for Victoria
Intersecting chords, secants and

tangents
Parts of a circle
Recall the following definitions for various parts of a circle.
Part (name) Description Diagram
Centre The middle point, equidistant from

all points on the circumference. It
is usually shown by a dot and O
labelled O.
Circumference The outside length or the boundary

forming the circle. It is the circles
perimeter. O
Radius A straight line from the centre to

any point on the circumference.
O
Diameter A straight line from one point on

the circumference to another,
passing through the centre. O
Chord A straight line from one point on

the circumference to another.
O
Segment the area of the circle between a

chord and the circumference. The
smaller segment is called the O
minor segment and the larger
segment is the major segment.
O
Chapter 10 Circle geometry 361

Part (name) Description Diagram
Sector An area of a circle enclosed by 2
radii and the circumference.
O
Arc A portion of the circumference.

O
Tangent A straight line that intersects with

(that is, touches) the circumference
at one point only. O
Secant A chord extended beyond the

circumference on one side.
O
Constructing a tangent
There are a number of ways to construct a tangent to a circle. One of the
techniques is outlined below.
1 Draw a circle of radius 5 cm and centre O.
2 Draw a radius.
3 Call the point of intersection of the radius and the circumference, P.
4 Extend this radius through P to the point Q, 5 cm outside the circle.
5 Using O and Q as centres, draw intersecting arcs above and below the line OQ.
6 Draw a straight line joining the points of intersection.
This line is the tangent.
7 Investigate another technique for constructing a tangent O P Q
to a circle.
8 Write a set of instructions for this method of constructing
a tangent.
Intersecting chords
Intersecting chords
Intersecting
chords In the diagram below chords PQ and RS intersect at X. P
1 Measure lengths PX, XQ, RX and XS and complete the
S
table below.
X
R Q
Line segment PX XQ RX XS
Length
2 Calculate the following: PX XQ and RX XS

3 What do you notice about the results in step 2 above?
4 Draw another circle and a pair of intersecting chords and repeat steps 1 to 3
above.
The results of the above activity can be generalised for any circle as follows.
Theorem 1
If the two chords intersect inside a circle, then the point of P
intersection divides each chord into two segments so that the a
d S
product of the lengths of the segments for both chords is the
same. c X b
R
PX XQ = RX XS or a b = c d Q
WORKED Example 1
Find the value of the pronumeral. A
4 5 D
6 X
C m
THINK WRITE
1 Chords AB and CD intersect at X. Point AX XB = CX XD
X divides each chord into two parts so
that the products of the lengths of these
parts are equal. Write this as a
mathematical statement.
2 Identify the lengths of the line AX = 4, XB = m, CX = 6, XD = 5
segments.
3 Substitute the given lengths into the 4m = 6 5
formula and solve for m. 30
m = ------
4
= 7.5

Intersecting secants
Cabri Geo
met
Intersecting secants
ry
Intersecting
secants
In the diagram below, chords CD and AB are extended to form secants CX and AX
respectively. They intersect at X.
C
D
X
B A
Measure lengths AX, XB, CX and XD and calculate the products AX XB and
CX XD. What do you notice?
Your observation from the activity above can be generalised as follows.

Theorem 2
If two secants intersect outside the circle as shown, then the following relationship
is always true: AX XB = CX XD or a b = c d.
C
c
D
d
X b B A
a
WORKED Example 2
Find the value of the pronumeral.
C
y
D
A
6 5
B
7
X
THINK WRITE
1 Secants CX and AX intersect outside CX XD = AX XB
the circle at X. Write the rule
connecting the lengths of CX, XD, AX
and XB.
2 State the length of the required line CX = y + 6 XD = 6
segments. AX = 7 + 5 XB = 7
= 12
3 Substitute the length of the line (y + 6) 6 = 12 7
segments and solve the equation for y. 6y + 36 = 84
6y = 48
y=8
A special case of theorem 2 applies when one of the lines drawn from an external point
is a tangent rather than a secant.
A
Theorem 3 a
If a tangent and a secant intersect as shown, the B
following relationship is always true: b
AX XB = (XT)2 or a b = c2. X c T
WORKED Example 3
Find the value of the pronumeral.
A m
B 4
X
8
T
THINK WRITE
1 Secant AX and tangent TX intersect at AX XB = (XT)2
X. Write the rule connecting the lengths
of AX, XB and XT.
2 State the values of AX, XB and XT. AX = m + 4, XB = 4, XT = 8
3 Substitute the values of AX, XB and (m + 4) 4 = 82
XT into the equation and solve for m. 4m + 16 = 64
4m = 48
m = 12
Intersecting tangents
In the diagram at right, tangents AC and BC intersect at C and AC = BC.
A
Theorem 4
If two tangents meet outside a circle, then the lengths
C
Intersecting from the external point to where they meet the circle
tangents are equal.
B
WORKED Example 4
Find the value of the pronumeral. B
3
C
m
A
THINK WRITE
1 BC and AC are tangents intersecting at AC = BC
C. State the rule that connects the
lengths BC and AC.
2 State the lengths of BC and AC. AC = m, BC = 3
3 Substitute the required lengths into the m=3
equation to find the value of m.

Chords and radii
In the diagram at right, chord AB and the radius OC
O Cabri Geo
intersect at X at 90; that is, OXB = 90.
met
ry
OC bisects the chord AB, that is, AX = XB. A X B Chords
C
Theorem 5
If a radius and a chord intersect at right angles then the radius bisects the chord.
The converse is also true:
If a radius bisects a chord, the radius and the chord meet at right angles.
Theorem 6 M P
Chords equal in length are equidistant from the centre. B
C
A
This theorem states that if the chords MN and PR are of D O
equal length, then OD = OC. R
N
WORKED Example 5
Find the values of the pronumerals, G
given that AB = CD. A
m
E
3 B
n
O
2.5
F D
C
H
THINK WRITE
1 Since the radius OG is perpendicular to AE = EB
the chord AB, the radius bisects the
chord.
2 State the lengths of AE and EB. AE = m, EB = 3
3 Substitute the lengths into the equation m=3
to find the value of m.
4 AB and CD are chords of equal length OE = OF
and OE and OF are perpendicular to
these chords. This implies that OE and
OF are equal in length.
5 State the lengths of OE and OF. OE = n; OF = 2.5
6 Substitute the lengths into the equation n = 2.5
to find the value of n.
It is important that we are able to prove these theorems. To prove a theorem is true, we
use previously established theorems. We begin by stating the aim of the proof and use
the given information to establish the result we are aiming for, giving a reason for each
step. If the reason is that the information is given to us we simply write data as the
reason.
We may need to construct new lines in the diagram and you should be aware many
proofs are completed using congruent triangles.
WORKED Example 6
Prove the result that If a radius meets a chord O
at right angles, the radius bisects the chord.
A X B
C
THINK WRITE
1 State the aim. To show OC bisects AB Aim: to show AX = BX.
we need to show AX = BX.
2 Construct lines OA and OB.
3 Two triangles are formed which, if
O
congruent, will show AX = BX.
A X B
C
4 List the measurements in the two OXA = OXB = 90 (data)
triangles that are equal giving a reason OX is a common side.
in each case. OA = OB (radii of the circle)
5 In each right-angled triangle, one side Hence, the triangles are congruent. (RHS
is common and hence equal in length right angle, hypotenuse, side.)
and the hypotenuses are equal since That is, OXA = ~ OXB.
they are the radii of the circle.
Therefore the triangles are congruent.
6 AX and BX are corresponding sides of AX = BX (corresponding sides of congruent
congruent triangles. triangles)
Since AX = BX, radius OC bisects the chord AB
remember
remember
1. P 2. C
D
S
X
X B A
R Q
AX XB = CX XD
PX XQ = RX XS
4. A
3. A
a
B C
b
X c T B
AC = BC
AX XB = (XT)2
6. P
5. M
If OC AB,
B If MN = PR,
O C
AX = XB. A then OC = OD.
D O
A X B R
C N

Intersecting chords, secants
10A and tangents
WORKED 1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following.
Example
1 a b c
C C
A D
m 4 A 6 A m
9 2 4 X
6 X X B
m 9
C 8 D m
B B
D

Example
2 a b c
4 8
2 4
m 4.5
3 n 3
n
7 6

Example
3 a b c
5 12 4
4 y
15
w x
5
WORKED 4 Find the value of the pronumerals in each of the following.

Example
4 a b c
5 x
7 3.1
x 2.5 y
m

Example
5 a b
3.3 x
2.8
O O
x
c d
m
5.6 2.5 2.5 x O
O
6 multiple choice
In which of the following figures is it impossible to find the value of m through
solving a linear equation?
A B C D E
All are
7 7 possible
m
2 2 m
4
5 m m 3 4 2
2
3 1
7 Find the length, ST, in the diagram below.

Q 5 cm
R 4 cm
S
9 cm T
P
WORKED 8 Prove the result: If a radius bisects a chord, then the radius meets the chord at right
Example
6
angles.
9 Prove the result: Chords of equal length are equidistant from the centre.
10 Prove the converse of the previous result; that is, Chords that are an equal distance
from the centre are equal in length.
Angles in a circle
1 Draw a circle of radius 10 cm.
a Mark 5 points A, B, C, D and E on the circumference as shown below.
E
D
O
C
A B
bJoin points O, E, D and C by straight lines to points A E
and B. D
c Measure AEB, ADB and ACB. Comment on the O
results obtained. C
d Measure AOB. What is the relationship between this
A
angle and the angles discussed in part c above? B
2 Draw a circle and draw a diameter.
a Call the end points of the diameter A and B. Mark a point (other than A or
B) anywhere on the circumference of the circle and call it C.
b Join C to A and B by straight lines.
c Mark 2 other points on the circumference. Call them D and E.
d Draw angles ADB and AEB and measure them. Compare angles ACB, ADB
and AEB and state your conclusion.
History of mathematics
They couldnt do it!
The ancient mathematicians solved a great this problem around 440 BC. Archimedes
number of problems using just a collapsible (around 300 BC) worked on a variety of
compass and an unmarked ruler. They built geometrical problems that reduced to this
their whole study of geometry on these tools specific problem but he was unable to solve it.
and the proofs developed using them. There The problem with this example is that there
were, however, three problems that they is no way to find the exact square root of
couldnt solve. They were: using these tools.
1. the trisection of an angle 3. The doubling of a cube
2. the squaring of a circle This involved creating a cube of double the
3. the doubling of a cube. volume of a given cube using only a collapsible
These problems were studied by the greatest compass and an unmarked ruler. This was
mathematical minds of the time but without known as the Delian problem as it was said to
success. Their importance in history lies with have been created by the Oracle at Delphi.
the fact that they could not be solved and thus This problem was worked on by Archytas
they opened up the possibility of other around 400 BC. He worked with the intersection
mathematical systems to the mathematicians of of a cone, a cylinder and a torus but he could
the time. not do it with just a compass and ruler.
1. The trisection of an angle The problem with this lies in finding the cube
This problem involves trying to divide an angle root of 2 which cannot be done with these tools.
into three equal angles using only a collapsible Proof
compass and an unmarked ruler. Pierre Wantzel (181448) worked on these
Many mathematicians worked on this problems and initially tried to trisect an angle
including Anaxagoras (about 440 BC) while he of 60 and found that to do this it was
was in prison. Pappas (about AD300) worked necessary to construct an answer for the
on it and showed how to do it with a marked equation x3 3x 1 = 0. In 1837 he was able
ruler. The halving of an angle was easily to show that this could not be done and
shown using this equipment. therefore it was not possible to trisect an angle.
Archimedes showed how to do this with a He then went on to show that the other two
marked straight-edge in his book of Lemmas. problems could not be solved.
2. The squaring of a circle
Questions
This problem involved creating a square with
1. If you trisected an angle of 60 what size
the same area as a given circle using only a
would each of the three angles be?
collapsible compass and an unmarked ruler.
2. Why was the doubling of a cube problem
Since we know, and they did at the time, that
known as the Delian problem?
for this we have r 2 = s2, where r is the radius
3. Name a mathematician who tried to solve the
of the circle and s is the side length of a square.
squaring of a circle problem.
Taking the square root of both sides gives us
4. Who showed that these three problems
s = r , which means that the ratio between
could not be solved?
the square side compared to the given (known)
5. In trying to solve these three problems,
radius is proportional to the square root of .
describe what difficulty needed to be
The Hindu mathematicians worked on this
overcome in each case.
problem from about 800 BC to 500 BC and
although they were able to convert rectangles to Research
squares of the same size, they were not able to Use the Internet or library to find out more
do it with a circle. Anaxagoras also worked upon about Pierre Wantzel.
Angles in a circle C
In the diagram at right, chords AC and BC form the angle ACB. We

say that arc AB has subtended angle ACB.
Angles A B
subtended Theorem 7
by the same
All angles that have their vertex on the circumference and are subtended by the
arc
same arc are equal.
b
In the diagram at right, angles a, b and c are all subtended by minor a c
Angles at
arc PQ and, therefore, they are all equal in size; that is, a = b = c.
the centre These angles can also be called angles in the same segment.
P Q
and the
circumference Theorem 8
The angle subtended at the centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended at the
circumference, standing on the same arc. R
Angles at In the diagram at right, angles a and b are both subtended by minor a
the centre arc PQ with angle a having its vertex on the circumference and angle O
and the b
circumference b having its vertex at the centre. This implies that angle b is twice the
proof size of angle a, or that b = 2a. P Q
WORKED Example 7
46 x
Find the values of the pronumerals in the following diagram, giving O
reasons for your answers. y
THINK WRITE
1 Angles x and 46 are angles subtended x = 46 (Angles on the circumference standing
by the same arc and both have their on the same arc are equal.)
vertex on the circumference.
2 Angles y and 46 stand on the same arc. y = 2 46
The 46 angle has its vertex on the = 92 (The angle at the centre is twice the
circumference and y has its vertex at angle at the circumference standing on the same
the centre. The angle at the centre is arc.)
twice the angle at the circumference.
Theorem 9
Angles subtended by the diameter, that is, angles in a semicircle, are right angles.
In the diagram at right, PQ is the diameter. Angles a, b and c are c b
right angles. This theorem is in fact a special case of the previous Q
theorem. POQ is a 180 angle at the centre on the arc PQ while a, P O
b and c are all angles at the circumference standing on the same arc. a
Theorem 10
If a radius is drawn to any point on the circumference and a tangent is drawn at the
same point, then the radius will be perpendicular to the tangent.
Tangents
In the diagram at right, the radius is drawn to a point, P, on the cir- O P
cumference. The tangent to the circle is also drawn at P. The radius
and the tangent meet at right angles; that is, the angle at P = 90.

WORKED Example 8
z
Find the values of the pronumerals in the following diagram, giving a s
reason for your answer.
O
THINK WRITE
1 Angle z is subtended by the diameter. z = 90
Use an appropriate theorem to state the (Angles in a semicircle are right angles.)
value of z.
2 Angle s is formed by a tangent and a s = 90 (The tangent and the radius drawn to the
radius, drawn to the point of contact. point of contact meet at right angles.)
Apply the corresponding theorem to
find the value of s.
Theorem 11
The angle formed by two tangents meeting at an external
point is bisected by a straight line joining the centre of
R
the circle to that external point.
In the diagram at right, the line OS bisects RST, formed by O b a S
b a
the two tangents. That is, RSO = TSO = a. Moreover, the
straight line OS also bisects ROT, formed by two radii.
That is, ROS = SOT = b. T
WORKED Example 9 A
r
Given that BA and BC are tangents to the circle, find the values
of the pronumerals in the following diagram. Give reasons for O 68 t
u B
q
your answers.
s
THINK WRITE C
1 Angles r and s are angles formed by the s = r = 90 (The angle between the radius and
tangent and the radius, drawn to the the tangent through the point of contact is a
same point on the circle. State their size. right angle.)
2 In the triangle ABO, two angles are ABO: t + 90 + 68 = 180 (angle sum of a
already known and so angle t can be triangle)
found using our knowledge of the sum t + 158 = 180
of angles in a triangle. t = 22
3 ABC is formed by the two tangents ABO = CBO (The angle formed by two
so the line BO, joining the vertex B tangents is bisected by the line joining its vertex
with the centre of the circle, bisects this to the centre of the circle.)
angle. This means that angles t and u ABO = t = 22, CBO = u
are equal. u = 22
4 The line BO also bisects AOC, which AOB = COB (The angle at the centre
means that angles q and 68 are equal. formed by the radii is bisected by the line from
the centre to an external point.)
AOB = 68, COB = q
q = 68
remember
remember
1. Angles with their vertices on the circumference, subtended by the same arc, are
equal.
2. An angle with its vertex at the centre of the circle is twice the size of an angle
subtended by the same arc, but with the vertex at the circumference.
3. Angles subtended by the diameter are right angles.
4. A tangent and a radius, drawn to the same point on a circle, meet at a 90
angle.
5. An angle formed by two tangents is bisected by the line joining the vertex of
that angle to the centre of the circle.
10B Angles in a circle

WORKED 1 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of the following, giving reasons for your
Example
10.1 7
answers.
HEET
a 30 b c
SkillS
P Q
x S
32
x 25 y R x
A B
d e f A
x
30
40 y 80
O x
x B
A B
B
g h i
x 28
O 50 O A
42 x x O
A
y
B
WORKED 2 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of the following figures, giving reasons for
Example
8
your answers.
a b c
t m n
u

s
r
d e f
38 x
O
x 75 O
x
y

WORKED 3 Given that AB and DB are tangents, find the value of the pronumerals in each of the
Example
following, giving reasons for your answers.
9
a A b A
x r
y
O 70 w B B 40 t O

z s
D D
c A d
O
y

20
O z x B A s 70 x y B
e D
rz
D
20
f A
y z B 15 x z
A x D yO
O
B
4 multiple choice
In the diagram below, which angle is subtended by the same arc as APB?
D A APC
P B BPC
C ABP
A
D ADB
C E BAD
B
5 multiple choice
Referring to the diagram below, which of the statements is true?
B C
A AED = 2ABD
B AED = ACD
F
E C ABF = ABD
O D ABD = ACD
A D E ABF = 90
6 Values are suggested for the pronumerals in the diagram below. AB is a tangent to a
circle and O is the centre. In each case give reasons to justify suggested values.
A a s = t = 45
B rs b r = 45
25
t c u = 65
C m uO d m = 25
D n e n = 45
F
7 Set out below is the proof of the result: The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the
angle at the circumference standing on the same arc.
R
a
O
b
P Q
Copy and complete the following to show that POQ = 2 PRQ.
Construct a diameter through R. Let the opposite end of the diameter be S.
x R y
Let ORP = x and ORQ = y.
OR = OP ( )
OPR = x ( )
O
SOP = 2x (exterior angle equals )
OR = OQ ( )
P Q
S OQR = ( )
SOQ = ( )
Now PRQ = and POQ = .
Therefore POQ = 2 PRQ.
8 Prove that the segments formed by drawing tangents from an external point to a circle
are equal in length.
9 Prove that an angle formed by two tangents is bisected by the line joining the vertex
of that angle to the centre of the circle.
10 Use the figure drawn below to prove that angles subtended by the same arc are equal.
SHE
ET 10.1
Work
R S
O
P Q
QUEST
S
M AT H
GE
1 A clock has a minute hand that is 6 cm

EN
long. What is the distance travelled by the

CH L tip of the minute hand in one day?
AL
2 A golf ball is packed into a cubical box

so that it just fits. What percentage of
the box is unfilled?
3 You have six sections of fencing, each
3 m long. What is the largest area that
you can enclose using all six sections?

How much of the land on Earth was covered with
during the last
The value of the lettered
angles and lengths gives the
Hint: Pythagoras puzzle answer code.
theorem will come in
handy.
5m 42
Bm E
16 m 12 78
m A
Im
D
15 m
58
K
T 25 m
208 7m Nm
126 m
Hm
38
R C
150
P
S 60 m
48 m U
34 Om
50 m
W
86
Y
105 51 48 39 13 48 71 58 34 48 105 39 15
28 24 51 71 105 51 90 68 28 105 17 63 28 28 43 50 13 48
Quadrilaterals in circles
1 Construct a circle of radius 10 cm.
2 Mark points A, B, C and D on different points on the circumference.
3 Join points A and B, B and C, C and D and A and D by straight lines to
construct a quadrilateral. B
4 Accurately measure the interior angles at points A, B, C and D. A
5 Repeat steps 14 for another circle.
6 What is the relationship between C
a ABC and ADC? D
b BAD and BCD?
7 In each circle, extend AD to form an exterior angle at A and measure the exterior
angle. What is the relationship between this exterior angle at A and BCD?
Cyclic quadrilaterals
A cyclic quadrilateral has all four vertices on the circumference of a circle; that is,
the quadrilateral is inscribed in the circle.
Cyclic
quadrilaterals 1 B
In the diagram at right points A, B, C and D lie on the circumfer- A
ence and, hence, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
C
It can also be said that points A, B, C and D are concyclic; that is,
the circle passes through all the points. D
Cyclic
quadrilaterals 2 Theorem 12
proof The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary (add to 180).
The converse is also true:
If opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then the quadrilateral is
cyclic.
WORKED Example 10 Q
P 120 75
Find the values of the pronumerals in the following diagram.
Give reasons for your answers. y R
x
THINK WRITE S
1 PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral, so its PQR + RSP = 180 (the opposite angles of
opposite angles are supplementary. First a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.)
find the value of x by considering a pair PQR = 75, RSP = x
of opposite angles PQR and x + 75 = 180
RSP and forming an equation to solve. x = 105
2 Find the value of y by considering the SPQ + QRS = 180
other pair of opposite angles (SPQ SPQ = 120, QRS = y
and QRS). y + 120 = 180
y = 60

Theorem 13
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior Q
opposite angle. P
b
T a
In the diagram at right, QRS = SPT = a. a R
Cabri Geo
Proof: QPS + QRS = 180 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
met
S
ry
QPS + SPT = 180 (adjacent angles on a straight line). Exterior
angles of
Therefore SPT = QRS. cyclic
quadrilaterals
WORKED Example 11 A
50
Find the value of the pronumerals in the following diagram.
D y B
100
THINK WRITE C x
1 ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. The x = DAB, DAB = 50
exterior angle, x, is equal to its interior So x = 50.
opposite angle, DAB.
2 The exterior angle, 100, is equal to its ADC = 100, ADC = y
interior opposite angle, ADC. So y = 100.
remember
remember
1. A cyclic quadrilateral has all four of its vertices on the circumference of a
circle.
2. Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
3. The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite
angle.
10C Cyclic quadrilaterals
WORKED 1 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of the following.

Example
10 a b c n
95
m
92 65
y 155
x
d x e f y
135
O O
50 x y 85
x
WORKED 2 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of the following.

Example
11 a b y c
80 x x 75
y
85 115 x
110
d e f
120 130
x
x
150 120
y
n m
3 multiple choice
Which of the following correctly states the relationship between x, y and z in the dia-
gram shown?
A x = y and x = 2z
x
B x = 2y and y + z = 180
O C z = 2x and y = 2z
z
D x + y = 180 and z = 2x
y E x + y = 180 and y + z = 180
4 multiple choice
q r
t p s
a Which of the following statements is always true for the diagram shown?
A r=t B r=p C r=q D r=s E r=p+t
b Which of the following statements is not correct for the diagram shown?
A r + p = 180 B q + s = 180 C t + p = 180 D r + s = 180 E t = r
5 The steps below show you how to set out the proof that the opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral are equal.
A B a Find the size of DOB.

x
b Find the size of the reflex angle DOB.
O
c Find the size of BCD.
C d Find DAB + BCD.
me
E ti D
GAM
Circle
geometry 6 Prove that the exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite
001 angle.
MQ10 VIC ch 10 Page 379 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 3:34 PM
1
Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following.
B
1 2 3
b cm
a A c
6 cm 5 cm D 9 cm
4 cm
2 cm 3 cm
1.5 cm C
X 5 cm
f
4 5 6
28
e 260
d
7 cm
7 8 9 i
g
O
52 79
h
10
j
85
QUEST
S
M AT H
GE
1 Each cube in the set of four cubes shown at

BE
A B
EN
right is exactly alike. Copy and complete the C D

E
L net for one of these cubes to show how each F

CH E
AL side is lettered.
2 Ten coins are placed as shown in
Figure 1. How can you move exactly
A
three coins to form a triangle like that

shown in Figure 2?
Figure 1 Figure 2
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10
Great circles
Work that we have done previously on arc lengths enables us to calculate lengths and
distances on the Earths surface. This is done by drawing circles on the surface of the
Earth and making appropriate calculations.
The Earth can be approximated by a sphere with a radius of about 6400 km. It
rotates about a straight line obtained by joining the north and south poles, as shown.
Equator
A great circle is the largest circle that can be formed on the Earths surface. The
centre and radius of a great circle are the same as those of the Earth. The most com-
monly known great circle is the equator.
N
Meridian of
longitude
S
N
Other great circles pass through the north and south poles.
Greenwich meridian
These are called the meridians of longitude.

The prime meridian passes through Greenwich in London
and is called the Greenwich meridian.
S

Greenwich Mean Time
1 Locate the Greenwich meridian
(prime meridian) on a map.
2 What is Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT)?
3 What time is it in Melbourne when it
is 12 noon GMT?
4 What line runs from the north pole to
the south pole on the opposite side of
the globe to the Greenwich meridian?
5 What is the significance of this line?
6 Why is this line not straight?
If a great circle passes through any two

points on the Earths surface, then the
shortest distance between the two points
is the distance measured along the great
circle.
Longitude and latitude
The meridians are used to measure longi-
tude, while circles parallel to the equator
are used to measure the latitude.
The position of a point on the Earths
surface is given by:
1. its longitude, which is written as an
angle east or west of the prime mer-
idian; and
2. its latitude, which is written as an
angle north or south of the equator.
N Latitude The distance between any two points on a

great circle can be calculated using the for-
mula for arc length.
Meridian sector angle
of Arc length = ---------------------------- circumference
longitude 360

S or l = ----------- 2 r
360
The radius that needs to be substituted into the formula l
is the radius of the Earth (6400 km) and the angle is
obtained by taking either:

1. the difference between the longitudes of the two points r
if they are on the equator, or
2. the difference between the latitudes of the two points if
they are on the same meridian.
WORKED Example 12
Find the distance (to the nearest km) between the following pair of points located on the equator:
12E and 40W.
THINK WRITE
N
1 Draw a diagram. Show the prime
meridian and the equator. Both points
are located on the equator with point
12E being 12 to the right and point O 12
40W being 40 to the left of the prime 40
meridian.
S
2 Calculate the size of the sector angle, . = 40 + 12 = 52

3 Write the formula for finding the arc l = ----------- 2r
length. 360
4 State the values of and r. = 52, r = 6400
52
5 Substitute into the formula and l = ----------- 2 6400
evaluate. 360
= 5808.456
6 Write your answer, rounding to the The distance between the two points is
nearest kilometre. 5808 km.
WORKED Example 13
Find the distance (to the nearest km) between two points on the same meridian with
latitudes 20N and 36S.
THINK WRITE N
1 Draw a diagram. Show the meridian
and the equator. The point 20N is 20
up and the point 36S is 36 down the 20
O
meridian, if measured from the equator.
36
S
2 Calculate the size of the angle = 20 + 36 = 56
subtended by the arc.

3 Write the formula for the arc length. l = ----------- 2r
360
4 State the values of and r. = 56, r = 6400
Substitute the values of and r into the 56
5 l = ----------- 2 6400
formula and evaluate. 360
= 6255.260
6 Write your answer, rounding to the The distance between the points is
nearest kilometre. 6255 km.

It is common to use nautical miles (NM) to express the arc N
length of a great circle, where 1 NM is the arc length for
1
a ------ (or 1 minute) angle subtended at the centre of the
60
Earth. This implies that the arc subtending a 1 angle with O 1
the vertex at the centre of the Earth is 60 NM in length.
On the other hand, using the formula developed previ-
60 NM
ously for the 1 angle and 6400 km radius, the length of
arc is given by:
1 S
l = ----------- 2 6400
360
= 111.6 km.
Therefore 60 NM is approximately equal to 111.6 km.
The length of arc on the great circle, subtending an angle of 1 with the vertex at
the centre of the Earth, is equal to 60 NM or 111.6 km.
This knowledge allows us to find the length of arc on the great circle directly (that is,
without using the arc length formula) if the angle that the arc subtends at the centre of
the Earth is given.
WORKED Example 14
Find the length of the arc on the great circle subtending the angle of 68 at the centre of
the Earth.
THINK WRITE
For an angle of 1, the arc length is approximately Arc length = 68 111.6 km
111.6 km. So to find the length of arc subtending a = 7588.8 km
68 angle, multiply 68 by 111.6 km.
remember
remember
1. The Earth can be approximated by a sphere with a radius of 6400 km.
2. An example of a great circle is the equator.
3. Meridians of longitude, passing through the north and south poles, form other
great circles.
4. The latitude of a point is its angle to the north or south of the equator.
5. The longitude of a point is its angle to the east or west of the Greenwich
meridian (prime meridian).
6. The distance between two points on a great circle can be found by using the arc

length formula: l = ----------- 2r, where is the angle subtended by the arc with the
360
vertex at the centre of the Earth and r is the radius of the Earth (approx. 6400 km).
7. The length of arc subtending a 1 angle with the vertex at the centre of the
Earth is approximately 111.6 km or 60 NM.
8. The distance (in km) between two points on a great circle can also be found by
using the formula: l = 111.6 where is the angle formed at the centre of
the Earth.
10D Great circles
HEET
10.2 WORKED 1 Find the distance (to the nearest km) between each of the following pairs of points
Example
SkillS
12
located on the equator.
a 70E and 56W b 130E and 160W
c 46W and 63E d 27W and 142E
WORKED 2 Find the distance (to the nearest km) between two points on the same meridian with
d Example
hca the following latitudes.
13
Mat
a 15N and 17S b 80N and 20S

Arc
length c 50N and 16S d 72N and 26S
WORKED 3 Find the length of the arcs on a great circle subtending the following angles at the
Example
14
centre of the Earth.
a 72 b 15 c 12 d 88
4 Calculate the distance between the following points on the Earths surface as shown in
the diagram below.
N
a P and T
b P and Q P
c Q and R 30
Q
d Q and T 40
R O
T
20
5 multiple choice
The length of the equator is (use r = 6400 km):
A 10 048 km B 20 096 km C 40 212 km
D 12 800 km E Unable to be determined
6 multiple choice
All points on the equator have a latitude of:
A 0 B 45 C 90 D 180 E none of those
7 Ravensthorpe (34S) and Nullagine (22S) are two towns on the same meridian in
Western Australia. What is the distance between the two towns?
me
E ti
GAM
Circle
geometry
002

8 Quito in Ecuador and Macapa in Brazil are on the equator. Macapa has a longitude of
51 W and Quitos longitude is 78W. Find the distance between Quito and Macapa.
9 Cardwell and Innisfail are towns 279 km apart in Queensland. They both lie on the
same meridian (146E). What is the angle between the latitudes of the two towns?
10 The distance between Yarrawonga in Victoria and Griffith in New South Wales is
189.8 km. They lie on the same meridian. If Yarrawonga lies on a latitude 36S, find SHE
ET 10.2
Work
the latitude of Griffith.
SOS!
At the beginning of this chapter we considered the search and rescue mission for
solo sailor Jesse who has sent a mayday message. Jesses coordinates are (26S,
17W) and a military vessel heads towards him from coordinates (30S, 17W) at
a speed of 30 knots. Simultaneously, a search plane takes off from Dakar (14N,
17W) at a speed of 750 km/h.
1 Calculate the distance of the military vessel from Jesses yacht, in nautical
miles.
2 Speed on water is usually measured in knots. A speed of 1 knot is equal to 1
nautical mile per hour. Calculate the length of time that it would take for the
military vessel to reach Jesse.
3 Calculate the distance of the search plane from Jesses yacht, in nautical miles.
4 Calculate the distance of the search plane from Jesses yacht, in kilometres. Use
this answer to find the length of time that it will take for the plane to reach Jesse.
5 Will the military vessel or the plane reach Jesse first? What is the difference in
time taken to reach Jesse?
6 Jesses yacht will sink in 5 hours, at which time he will need to launch his life
raft. Find:
a the speed at which the military vessel would need to travel (in knots) to
reach Jesse in this time
b the speed at which the plane would need to travel to reach Jesse in this time.
Eratosthenes calculates the diameter

of the Earth!
In 230 BC, Eratosthenes calculated the size of the Earth. How precise was his
measurement?
He knew that during the summer solstice, at noon, the sun shone directly into a
well at Syene (now Aswan). At the same time in Alexandria, Egypt, approximately
787 km due north of Syene, he found that the angle of inclination of the suns rays
was about 7.2. With these measurements he calculated the diameter and
circumference of the Earth.
7.2 Suns rays
Alexandria km
787
Syene
r
Earths surface
Centre
of Earth
Since light rays travel parallel to each other, Eratosthenes used pairs of equal
7.2 787
alternate angles and the proportion --------- = --------- to find C, the circumference of the
360 C
Earth.
1 Explain how Eratosthenes found the angle at the centre of the Earth, subtended
by the arc formed from Syene to Alexandria, using the angle of inclination of
7.2.
7.2 787
2 Explain what the numbers and symbols mean in the proportion --------- = --------- .
360 C
Can you see how Eratosthenes arrived at this?
3 Use the proportion given above to calculate the measurement for the
circumference of the Earth that Eratosthenes would have obtained.
4 Use your answer to step 3 to calculate the diameter of the Earth.
Lets try to calculate the radius of the Earth using Eratosthenes measurements but
a different method.
5 Use the formula for arc length and the original measurements given to calculate
the radius of the Earth (to the nearest km).
6 Hence, calculate the diameter and circumference of the Earth.
7 Compare the results you have obtained so far. What do you notice about the two
methods you have used?
8 The Earths average radius is usually accepted as 6380 km. Compare this result
with that obtained by Eratosthenes. What is the percentage error in
Eratosthenes result?
2
Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following, giving a reason for your
answer.
1 2 3
l m
O
50
k
6 cm 8 cm
4 5 6
6 cm n p
31
4 cm 68
O
In each of the following questions take the radius of the Earth to be 6400 km.
7 Find the distance (to the nearest km) between two points on the equator with
longitude 46W and 84W.
8 Find the distance (to the nearest km) between Stockholm (60N, 18E) and Budapest
(47N, 18E)
9 Find the angle subtended at the centre of the Earth between two points on the same
meridian with latitudes 45S and 13N.
10 Find the distance between the two points in question 9, correct to the nearest 100
kilometres.
QUEST
S
M AT H
GE
1 The diameter of the circle shown is 10 cm. What is the area of the
square ABCD?
EN
CH L A B
AL
D C
2 Imagine a wire tied tightly around the equator of the Earth.

a If a second wire also circles the Earth at the equator but is 1 m above
the ground, how much longer is the second wire than the first?
b How high above the ground should a wire be placed above the
equator so that it is twice as long as the original wire?
Locus
Locus of a A locus (plural loci) is a set of points that satisfies some condition. It can be considered
point as the path created by a moving point. An equation in terms of ordered pairs (or coordi-
equidistant
from 2 given nates) (x, y) can be used to describe a locus.
points
WORKED Example 15
Equation Find the equation of the locus of P(x, y) given that P is equidistant from R(1, 2) and
of the S(3, 2).
locus of a
point THINK WRITE
equidistant
1 Draw a diagram to show points S and y
from 2
given R and the moving point P. 2 R(1, 2)
points
1
x
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
2 P(x, y)
S(3, 2)
2 Since point P is equidistant from
points R and S (PR = PS), the distance
formula can be used to derive the
equation.
3 Write the formula for the distance d= ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
between two points.
4 Identify (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) for S and For S and P: (x1, y1) = (3, 2)
P. (x2, y2) = (x, y)
5 Substitute the known information into dPS = ( x 3 )2 + ( y + 2 )2

the formula.
6 Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the points For R and P: (x1, y1) = (1, 2)
R and P. (x2, y2) = (x, y)
dPR = ( x 1 )2 + ( y 2 )2
7 As PS = PR, equate the two As PS = PR

expressions.
( x 3 )2 + ( y + 2 )2 = ( x 1 )2 + ( y 2 )2
8 Simplify by first squaring both sides. ( x 3 )2 + ( y + 2 )2 = ( x 1 )2 + ( y 2 )2
9 Expand both sides. x2 6x + 9 + y2 + 4y + 4

= x2 2x + 1 + y2 4y + 4
10 Move all terms to the left and simplify x2 6x + 9 + y2 + 4y + 4 x2 + 2x 1 y2
to get the equation of the locus of + 4y 4 = 0
P(x, y). 8y 4x + 8 = 0
2y x + 2 = 0
(or 2y = x 2, so y = 1--2- x 1)

WORKED Example 16
Find the equation of the locus of a point P(x, y) such that P is 5 units from the y-axis.
THINK WRITE
1 Draw a diagram. The locus of point P is y
represented by 2 straight lines passing
through 5 and 5 on the x-axis. Any
point on either of the two lines is 5
x
units from the y-axis. 5 5
2 The equation of the vertical line The equations are:

crossing the x-axis at a is x = a. So state x = 5 and x = 5.
the equations of the two lines in
question.
A set of points equidistant from a given point (the centre) represents a circle. Cabri Geo
met
The equation of a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius, r, is:
ry
Locus of a
x2 + y2 = r2. point
The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and radius, r, is: equidistant
from a
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2. given point
WORKED Example 17
Find the equation of each of the following loci:
a a set of points 5 units away from (0, 0)
b a set of points 3 units away from the point (3, 2).
THINK WRITE
a 1 The required set of points is a circle a x2 + y2 = r2
of radius 5 units and centre (0, 0).
Write the equation of a circle.
2 State the value of r. r=5
3 Substitute 5 for r into the equation x2 + y2 = 52
and simplify. x2 + y2 = 25
b 1 The required set of points is a circle b (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2

of radius 3 units and centre (3, 2).
Write the equation of a circle with
the centre at (h, k).
2 State the values of h, k and r. h = 3, k = 2, r = 3
3 Substitute the values of h, k and r (x 3)2 + (y 2)2 = 32
into the equation of a circle and (x 3)2 + (y 2)2 = 9
simplify. (There is no need to expand
the brackets.)
Graphics Calculator tip! Graphing

circles
The circle equation is more difficult to enter into a graphics calculator than most equa-
tions because it is not in the form y = . . . We can, however, graph a circle using the
calculators DRAW function.
Suppose that we want to draw the graph of x2 + y2 = 16. This is a circle with its
centre at (0, 0) and a radius of 4 units.
1. Press 2nd [DRAW] and select 9:Circle(:.
2. Enter the coordinates of the centre and the radius, separated by commas.
3. Press ENTER and the circle will be drawn. It may be, however, that the circle
appears elliptical rather than perfectly round. This is because of the scale used by the
graphics calculator.
This can be fixed using the ZOOM function.

4. Press ZOOM and select 5: Zsquare. This will readjust the display with an equal
scale on each axis. Draw the circle again. The circle should now appear round.
5. Use the DRAW function to graph the circles:

(a) x2 + y2 = 36
(b) (x 5)2 + (y 2)2 = 9
(c) x2 + (y + 2)2 = 49

remember
remember
1. A locus is a set of points (a path of a moving point) which satisfies some
condition.
2. The distance between two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by
d = ( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 ) .
3. The equation of a circle with the centre at (0, 0) and radius, r, is given by:
x2 + y2 = r2.
4. The equation of a circle with radius, r, and centre at (h, k) is given by:
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2.
10E Locus HEET

10.3
SkillS
WORKED 1 Find the equation of the locus of point P(x, y) given that P is equidistant from R and S,
Example
15
where: 10.4
a R is (3, 4) and S is (4, 5) HEET
SkillS
b R is (1, 2) and S is (3, 1)
c R is (2, 3) and S is (2, 3).
WORKED 2 Find the equation of the locus of a point P(x, y) such that: Cabri Geo
Example
met
a P is 4 units from the y-axis
ry
16
b P is 2 units from the x-axis Equation of
the locus of
c P is 10 units from the line x = 1. a point
equidistant
WORKED 3 Find the equation of each of the following loci. from 2 given
Example
17a a A set of points 3 units away from (0, 0) points
b A set of points 7 units away from (0, 0)
c A set of points 1 unit away from (0, 0) Cabri Geo
met
ry
WORKED 4 Find the equation of each of the following loci. Locus of a
Example
17b a A set of points 3 units away from the point (2, 1) point
equidistant
b A set of points 6 units away from the point (3, 2) from a given
c A set of points 4 units away from the point (3, 1) point
Math
5 multiple choice
cad
The centre of a circle with the equation x2 + (y + 2)2 = 14 is at: Locus

A (0, 0) B (2, 0) C (0, 2) D (0, 2) E (2, 0)
6 multiple choice
The radius of the circle with the equation given in question 5 is:
A 0 B 14 C 2 D 14 E 7
7 A point moves so that its perpendicular distance from the x-axis is equal to its distance
from point (2, 1). Find the equation of this locus. SHE
ET 10.3
Work
8 Find the equations of the circles with the following centres and radii:
a centre (0, 0), radius 6 b centre (2, 1), radius 4 c centre ( 1--2- , 1--3- ), radius 5.
Going loci
1 The photograph below shows hydraulic shovels. Consider a point on the bottom
lip of a shovel. Describe the path traced out (locus) by this point while the
machine is working.
2 This photograph shows a bicycle wheel. Consider a point on the edge of the
wheel. Describe the locus of the point as it moves along the road.
3 Find some other examples of moving objects that trace out a recognisable locus
as they move.
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
1 The outside length or boundary forming a circle is called the .
2 A straight line from one point on the circumference to another is a .
3 A is an area formed by a chord and part of the circumference.
4 An area of a circle enclosed by two radii and part of the circumference is
called a .
5 A is formed when a chord is extended beyond the circumfer-
ence on one side.
6 A radius meeting a chord at 90 the chord.
7 A and a radius drawn to the same point on the circumfer-
ence of a circle meet at a 90 angle.
8 Angles with a vertex on the circumference, subtended by the same arc,
are .
9 An angle with the vertex at the centre is the angle subtended
by the same arc but with the vertex at the circumference.
10 Angles subtended by the diameter are .
11 Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are .
12 The angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior
opposite angle.
13 The largest circles formed on the Earths surface are called .
14 An angle east or west of the prime meridian represents the .
15 An angle north or south of the equator represents the .
16 Distances on the Earths surface can be calculated using the formula for
q - 2r where is the angle subtended by the arc with
: l = ----------
360
the vertex at the centre of the Earth and r is the radius of the Earth.
17 The radius of the Earth is approximately .
18 A is a set of points satisfying some condition.
19 The equation of a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius, r, is given by .
20 A circle with centre at (h, k), and radius, r, has the equation .
21 The distance between two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by .
WORD LIST
tangent longitude sector
secant right angles great circles
locus circumference x2 + y2 = r2
6400 km segment (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
supplementary chord bisects
exterior ( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 ) latitude
equal in size twice arc length
CHAPTER
review
1 Find the value of m in each of the following.
10A a b
6
8
m
m
10 5 4
6
c d
5
12 8
4 10
m 3 m
2 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following.

10A a b c
m
4 n
x 4
k
6
4 5
7
d
x f
e
a
1 2
6 b
5.5
x
8
11 w
3

3 multiple choice
10A
In which of the following figures is it impossible to get a reasonable value for the
pronumeral?
A B C
4 2
6 6 8
5 3 5
m m
2 m
D E
1 2
m
m 7
7
4 3
4 multiple choice
10A
Which of the following statements is NOT true for the diagram shown?
A
A AO = BO
B AC = BC
O C C OAC = OBC
D AOC = 90
E OBC = 90
B
5 Two chords, AB and CD, intersect at E as shown. If AE = CE, prove that EB = ED.
10A
C
B
A E
6 Two circles intersect at X and Y. Two lines, AXB and CXD, intersect one circle at A and C,
and the other at B and D, as shown. Prove that AYC = BYD. 10A
C B
X
A D
Y
7 Determine the values of the pronumerals in each of the following.

10B a b c
x
50 x 48
25 28 y
O
x z
y
d e f
x 35
y
O
O x
O
g x
h x i
O O 110 x
110 250
j k l
70
x m
40 O z
y 30
100 x
8 Find the value of the pronumeral in each case.

10B a b
x
O O 70 x
c d
x O x O
110 70
9 Name at least five pairs of equal angles in the following diagram.

10BC R
S
U
O
P
T

10 Find the values of the pronumerals in the following figures.
a b
10C
100
y 81
85 x
x
c d
78 y 88
x
92 x 97 y
11 multiple choice
10C
Which of the following statements is NOT always true for the diagram below?
a b A a + c = 180
B b + d = 180
e C e + c = 180
c D a + e = 180
d E a = e
12 An arc on a great circle subtends an angle of 72 at the centre of the Earth. Find the arcs
length. 10D
13 Find the distance (to the nearest km) between the following pairs of points on the equator:
a 50E and 25W b 125E and 36W. 10D
14 Find the distance (to the nearest km) between the following pairs of points, given the
latitudes on the same meridian: 10D
a 17N and 28S b 80N and 27S.
15 Calculate the distance between these

10D points on the Earths surface.
North
a points M and N
b points N and R 28
M
N O
R
10
South
16 Thargomindah and Yaraka are towns in Queensland. Both lie on the 144E longitude.
10D Thargomindah lies on a latitude of 28S and Yaraka is on a latitude of 25S. Calculate the
distance between the two towns.
17 Find the equation of the locus of point P(x, y), given that P is equidistant from R(1, 5) and
10E S(2, 4).
18 Find the equation of the locus for a set of points 5 units away from (0, 0).
10E
19 Find the equations of the following circles.
10E a centre (0, 0), radius 6
b centre (1, 2), radius 3
20 multiple choice
10E
The centre of a circle with the equation (x + 1)2 + (y 3)2 = 20 is at:
A (1, 3) B (0, 0) C (1, 3) D (1, 3) E (1, 3)
test
yourself
CHAPTER
10

Circle Geometry

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MQ10 VIC ch 10A Page 359 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 2:31 PM

360 Maths Quest 10 for Victoria

Intersecting chords, secants and

Part (name) Description Diagram

Centre The middle point, equidistant from

Circumference The outside length or the boundary

Radius A straight line from the centre to

Diameter A straight line from one point on

Chord A straight line from one point on

Segment the area of the circle between a

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Arc A portion of the circumference.

Tangent A straight line that intersects with

Secant A chord extended beyond the

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2 Calculate the following: PX XQ and RX XS

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Your observation from the activity above can be generalised as follows.

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WORKED 2 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following.

WORKED 3 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following.

WORKED 4 Find the value of the pronumerals in each of the following.

WORKED 5 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following.

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7 Find the length, ST, in the diagram below.

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In the diagram at right, chords AC and BC form the angle ACB. We

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10B Angles in a circle

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1 A clock has a minute hand that is 6 cm

long. What is the distance travelled by the

2 A golf ball is packed into a cubical box

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10C Cyclic quadrilaterals

WORKED 1 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of the following.

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WORKED 2 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of the following.

A B a Find the size of DOB.

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1 Each cube in the set of four cubes shown at

right is exactly alike. Copy and complete the C D

L net for one of these cubes to show how each F

three coins to form a triangle like that

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These are called the meridians of longitude.

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If a great circle passes through any two

N Latitude The distance between any two points on a

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10D Great circles

a 15N and 17S b 80N and 20S

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