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Thermofluids Lab

(TME323)
Short Lab report

School of Applied Technical Sciences


Mechanical and Maintenance Engineering Department
German Jordanian University

Experiment Name
Reynolds Number

By

Munif Barghouti (ID 20132203091)

Mohammed Nasser Al-Eses (ID 20131105022)

Yousuf alobaidi (ID 20142102012)

March 30, 2017

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1. Introduction

Osborne Reynold is a well-known engineer who worked in the field of


fluid dynamics. His studies of heat transfer and the behavior of fluid
.improved our understanding of fluid mechanics today

One of his greatest works was coming up with a dimensionless number


that represents the ratio of inertial forces to the viscous forces of a
.fluid which is known as the reynolds number

His breakthrough allowed scientists to determine the behavior of a flow


regardless of conditions which gives us the advantage of working with
.any system especially if it were a prototype

By calculating this number, we could determine the behavior of a fluid


under certain conditions. The three main regimes a flow could have are
.laminar, turbulent, or transitional flow

:This ratio is simplified for a fluid flowing inside a pipe as

v D pipe
=

D pipe
Where v is the velocity of the fluid (m/s), is the diameter of the
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pipe (m), and is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid ( m /s .

The kinematic viscosity is a measure of the fluids resistance to shear


stress which is expressed as:


= where is the dynamic viscosity, and is the density of

the fluid.

Reynold experiment showed that for a fluid with reynolds number of


less than 2000 it should be in the laminar regime, if it was above 4000,
it would be turbulent, and in between it would be in the transitional
phase.

In his experiment he observed the streamline of water through a pipe


by adding ink droplets that would flow with the water. If those
streamline are parallel and show a parabolic velocity profile, it belongs

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to the laminar regime, while if the lines are random and mixing, it
would be turbulent. If it would oscillate, it would be in the transitional
phase.

Laminar velocity profile is parabolic because it has parralel


streamlines. The outermost lines have zero velocity because of the
pipe wall while the centerline has maximum velocity because it has the
least resistance. Transitional oscillates, turbulent is random.
2. Objectives and Procedure

In this lab, we are going to test his hypothesis by doing his experiment
and calculating the reynolds number of a fluid at different velocities
.until it shows different regimes

We will first use the reynold-osborne apparatus to pump water in a


hydraulic bench through a glass pipe. Ink droplets will be added to the
.flow in order to observe its regime

We will determine the fluids velocity by measuring how fast it fills a


certain volume in the graduated cylinder per unit area. The stopwatch
.will be used for time

Q
By using the equation v = A we will calculate the velocity. Q is the
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volume the water will fill ( m ), and A is the cross sectional area of
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.( m ) pipe measured in seconds

Rocks will be added in the tank as obstacles for the water when it is
.pumped to avoid sudden ink dispersion

When the water fills the tank, overflow will let water mix with ink
.droplets and make them flow inside a visualization flow tube

3. Apparatus and Materials

Hydraulic Bench
Osborne-Reynolds Demonstration
Coloring matter
Graduated cylinder
Stopwatch

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:Materials

1. Tank for including ink


2. Coloring liquid
3. Screw
4. Injector
5. Nozzle
6. Visualization flow tube
7. Flow control valve
8. Inlet pipe
9. Overflow outlet pipe
10. Overflow
11. Rocks as obstacles
4. Data and results

:Data

Diameter of the pipe: 1 cm = 0.01 m


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Kinematic viscosity if water at 20 Celsius = 1.007 10 m^2/s

Area of the cylinder = r2 = 7.85 x 105 m^2.

Table 1: Measured data from experiment

Regime Volume Time (s) Flow Velocity Reynolds


(m^3) (m^3/s) (m/s) number
Laminar 128 106 19.50 6.56 0.0836 830.379
106

Transition 248 11.97 20.72 0.2639 2620.95


al 106 106
Turbulent 204 2.91 70.1 0.893 8868.25
106 106

5. Graphs and Diagrams

4
00001
0009
0008
0007
0006

rebmuN dlonyeR 0005


0004
0003
0002
0001
0
01.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 1

(s/m) ytcoleV

Graph 1: Reynolds number with velocity

Graph shows that velocity within this range is directly proportional to


Reynolds number

Figure 1: Streamline of laminar flow

6. Sample of calculations

:Laminar flow calculation (Sample 1)

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Volume = 128 x 10^-6 m^3
Time = 19.50 s
Volume flow rate = 128 x 10^-6 /19.50 = 6.564103 m^3/s
Area of cylinder = * (0.005) ^2 = 7.85 x 10^-5 m^2
Velocity = 0.08361914 m/s
Re = (0.08351914* 0.01)/(1.007 x 10 ^-6) = 830 <2000
so laminar

7. Conclusion and Discussion

All our values are within the range of Reynolds experiment. However,
we have to be careful when we are using the stopwatch because it
could account for human error.

When the velocity of the flow increases, Reynolds number increase but
only if the temperature of the room is kept constant. Because viscosity
depends on the temperature, and the diameter is fixed, so the graph
will be directly proportional which we saw in our previous graph.

Laminar flow is the easiest to observe amongst other regimes because


of the streamline pattern, and because when the flow is slow, it is
easier to calculate its flow rate.

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