Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OFDMAMobileBroadband
Communications
ASystemsApproach
WrittenbythepioneersofFlashOFDM,arguably
thefirstcommerciallydevelopedOFDMAbased
mobilebroadbandsystemintheworld,thisbook
teachesOFDMAfromfirstprinciples,enabling
readerstounderstandmobilebroadbandasa
whole.
Thebookexaminesthekeyrequirementsfor
datacentricmobilehowOFDMAfitswellwith
datanetworkswhymobilebroadbandneedstobe
IPbasedandhowtobridgecommunications
theorytorealworldairinterfacedesignandmakea
goodsystemchoicebetweenperformanceand
complexity.Italsoexploresthefutureofwireless
technologiesbeyondconventionalcellular
0%Location1of12121 Downloading:54%
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
technologiesbeyondconventionalcellular Qualcomm.Heiswellknownforhisresearchand
architecture. innovationintheareaofwirelesscommunications
Oneofthekeychallengesfacedbynewcomersto andnetworking.
thisfieldishowtoapplythewireless
communicationstheoryandprinciplestothereal RajivLaroiaisSeniorVicePresidentof
worldandhowtounderstandsophisticated EngineeringandCTOatSonusNetworks.Hewas
commercialsystemssuchasLTE.Theauthorsuse thefounderandCTOofFlarionTechnologiesand
theirfirsthandexperiencetohelpgraduate thenSeniorVicePresidentofEngineeringat
students,researchers,andprofessionalsworkingon Qualcomm.Heiswidelyrecognizedasapioneerof
4Gtobridgethegapbetweentheoryandpractice. OFDMAbasedcellulartechnologies.HeisaFellow
oftheIEEE.
JunyiLiisVicePresidentofEngineeringat Li,WuandLaroiasbookfulfilsamajorneedan
Qualcomm,responsibleforconceptualizingand authoritativereferenceonOFDMA,whichisthe
developingnextgenerationwirelessnetworking foundationfor4Gcellulartechnology,andlikely
solutions.HewasakeyinventorofFlashOFDM thedominantairinterfacetechnologyformany
andafoundingmemberofFlarionTechnologies. yearstocome.Theauthorsarerenowned
HeisaFellowoftheIEEE. innovatorsandsystemengineerswhoamongthem
pioneeredtheuseofOFDMforcellularsystems,
XinzhouWuisPrincipalEngineer/Managerat
andthebookcontainsmanycrispinsightsthatno
0%Location7of12121 Downloading:57%
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Li,WuandLaroiasbookfulfilsamajorneedan Thisisamustreadbookforbothstudentsand
authoritativereferenceonOFDMA,whichisthe engineerswhoareinterestedinlearningabouthow
foundationfor4Gcellulartechnology,andlikely theprinciplesofOFDMcanbeusedtodesignand
thedominantairinterfacetechnologyformany controlwirelessnetworks.Thisselfcontainedbook
yearstocome.Theauthorsarerenowned beginswithagentleintroductionandbasicsof
innovatorsandsystemengineerswhoamongthem OFDMAsystems,buildsthematerialtoadvanced
pioneeredtheuseofOFDMforcellularsystems, stateofthearttechniquescurrentlybeingused,
andthebookcontainsmanycrispinsightsthatno andthenlooksaheadatthedesignoffuture
otherteamofauthorscouldprovide.Theacademic wirelesssystems.Aremarkablebookwrittenbythe
rigorofthebookisalsoremarkable,particularly pioneersofFlashOFDMtechnologies.
frompracticingsystemengineers.Infact,theyhave
NessB.Shroff,TheOhioStateUniversity
independentlyderivedseveralcuttingedgeresearch
resultsinordertomakevarioustechnicalpoints!A Thisisaveryspecialbook,writtenbyindustry
musthavebookforanywirelesssystemengineers pioneersofOFDMAtechnology,takingthe
personallibrary. unconventionalandverytimelysystemview.It
providesabeautifulperspectiveofhowimportant
JeffreyAndrews,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin
theoreticalideasandunderstandingoftheneedsof
Thisisamustreadbookforbothstudentsand realworldcommunicationssystemswereharnessed
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
hassinceadoptedOFDMAtechnologyasthe ontherelationshipbetweentheoryandpractice
convergedglobal4Gstandard.Itpresentsina illustratedthroughtheuseofpracticalexamples
uniquewaytheprinciples,basicsandadvanced makesthebookunique.Iexpectthebooktobea
elementsofwirelessOFDMAtechnology,andalso valuableresourceforresearchersandpractitioners
providesafuturecentricperspectiveofpractical intheareaofwirelessnetworks.
aspectsofwirelesscommunications.Thisthreepart
bookoffersinsightsforscholars,researchersand R.Srikant,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana
wirelessindustrialengineers,leadersand Champaign
visionaries.Inparticular,thisbookisbeneficialfor
Systemdesigninvolvestakingaholisticviewofall
studentsastheyareexposedtomorethanstandard
theaspectsandanglesinvolvedthisisa
theoreticalperspectives,unlikeofmostbooksand
particularlytoughchallengeincellularwireless
coursesinthearea.Thisbookisapleasuretoread.
systemwhichinvolveswidelydisparateaspects
ShlomoShamai,TechnionIsraelInstituteof suchasunreliabilityofphysicalwirelessmedium,
Technology arbitratingthesharedwirelessmediumamong
manyusers,infrastructuremanagement(base
Thisbookprovidesathoroughlyresearched stationsandsectorization)andinterfacewith
holisticviewpointofwirelesscommunications externalnetworkssuchastheinternet).Flash
usingOFDMAtechnology.Theauthorsperspective OFDMpersonifiesthephilosophyofsystemdesign
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
andthisbook,comingfrompioneersofthe
OFDMAMobileBroadband
technologyisamustreadforanyoneinterestedina
systemviewoftheentirecellularsystemaswellas Communications
anyoneinterestedinunderstandingtheprocessof ASystemsApproach
systemdesign.
PramodViswanath,UniversityofIllinoisat JUNYILI
UrbanaChampaign Qualcomm
Mosttextsincommunicationsfocuseitheron XINZHOUWU
theoryorondetaileddescriptionofstandards.This Qualcomm
uniquebooktakescuttingedgetheoryandshows
RAJIVLAROIA
howitcanbeappliedtorealworldsystems.An
SonusNetworks
invaluableguideonthebridgefromtheoryto
practice,writtenbysomeofthebestsystem
engineersinthefield.
DavidTse,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley
OFDMAMobileBroadband
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,
CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS Singapore,SoPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,
Singapore,SoPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress
TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK
CambridgeUniversityPress
TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversity
Press,NewYork
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversity
Press,NewYork www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107001602
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107001602 CambridgeUniversityPress2013
CambridgeUniversityPress2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandto
theprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,no
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandto reproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
theprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,no permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
reproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013
Firstpublished2013 PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdombytheMPGBooksGroup
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritish CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence
Library oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthirdpartyinternetwebsites
referredtointhispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatany
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata contentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Li,Junyi,1969
OFDMAmobilebroadbandcommunications:asystemsapproach/
JunyiLi,Qualcomm,Bridgewater,NewJersey,XinzhouWu,
Qualcomm,Bridgewater,NewJersey,RajivLaroia,SonusNetworks. Tomyparents,SongnianLiand
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
XiangzhenHuang
ISBN9781107001602(hardback) JunyiLi
1.Orthogonalfrequencydivisionmultiplexing.I.Wu,Xinzhou.II.
Laroia,Rajiv.III.Title.
TK5103.484.L5782013 Tomyparents,YapingWuand
621.398dc232012042953
LiyingJi
ISBN9781107001602Hardback XinzhouWu
Tomyparents,Krishanand
AnuradhaLaroia
RajivLaroia
Contents
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Contents
Tomyparents,SongnianLiand
XiangzhenHuang
JunyiLi Foreword
Preface
Tomyparents,YapingWuand ListofNotation
LiyingJi ListofAbbreviations
XinzhouWu
1Introduction
Tomyparents,Krishanand 1.1Evolutiontowardsmobilebroadband
AnuradhaLaroia communications
RajivLaroia 1.2Systemdesignprinciplesofwireless
communications
1.3WhyOFDMAformobilebroadband?
Contents
1.4Systemsapproachandoutlineofthe
book
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
2ElementsofOFDMA OFDMA,CDMA,andFDMA
2.2.3Intercell
2.1OFDM interferenceaveraging:
2.1.1Tonesignals OFDMAversusCDMA
2.1.2Cyclicprefix 2.2.4Tone
2.1.3Timefrequency hopping:averagingversus
resource peaking
2.1.4Blocksignal Practicalexample2.1
processing Physicalresourceblock
Discussionnotes2.1 allocationandhoppingin
FFT/IFFT LTEdatachannels
Discussionnotes2.2 2.2.5Timefrequency
Filtering synchronizationandcontrol
Discussionnotes2.3 2.2.6Blocksignal
Equalization processing
2.2FromOFDMtoOFDMA Discussionnotes2.4Block
2.2.1Basicprinciples frontendprocessingatthe
2.2.2Comparison: basestation
OFDMA,CDMA,andFDMA Discussionnotes2.5
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Discussionnotes2.5 LTE
Widebandprocessingatthe 2.4Realworldimpairments
user 2.4.1Carrierfrequency
2.3PeaktoaveragepowerratioandSC offsetandDopplereffect
FDMA 2.4.2Arrivaltimebeyond
2.3.1PAPRproblem thecyclicprefix
2.3.2PAPRofOFDMA 2.4.3Samplingrate
2.3.3SCFDMAandPAPR mismatch
reduction 2.4.4I/Qimbalance
2.3.4Frequencydomain 2.4.5Poweramplifier
equalizationattheSCFDMA nonlineardistortion
receiver Discussionnotes2.7
Discussionnotes2.6SINR DeterminationofOFDMA
degradationinSCFDMA parameters
2.3.5Systemaspectsof 2.5Crossinterferenceandselfnoise
SCFDMA models
Practicalexample2.2Uplink 2.5.1Crossinterference
dataandcontrolchannelsin andselfnoiseduetoICI
LTE 2.6Selfnoiseduetoimperfectchannel
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
2.6Selfnoiseduetoimperfectchannel 3.4.2Universalversus
estimation fractionalfrequencyreuse
2.6.1Selfnoise 3.5Multipleantennatechniques
measurementvianullpilot 3.5.1Systembenefits
2.7Summaryofkeyideas 3.5.2OFDMAadvantages
3.6Scheduling
3Systemdesignprinciples 3.7Networkarchitectureandairlink
support
3.1SystembenefitsofOFDMA
3.7.1Unplanned
3.2Fadingchannelmitigationand
deploymentofbasestations
exploitation
3.7.2MobileIPbased
3.2.1Fadingmitigation
handoff
3.2.2Fadingexploitation
3.8Summaryofkeyideas:evolutionof
3.2.3Mitigationor
systemdesignprinciples
exploitation?
3.3Intracellusermultiplexing 4Mitigationandexploitationof
3.4Intercellinterferencemanagement multipathfading
3.4.1Interference
averagingandactivecontrol 4.1Multipathfadingchannel
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
4.1.1Impulseresponse 4.2.3Mitigationoffading
model viadiversity
4.1.2Amplitudestatistics Discussionnotes4.2
4.1.3Channelvariationin Tradeoffconsiderationsfor
time achievingdiversity
4.1.4Channelvariationin 4.2.4Feedbackordiversity
frequency 4.3Communicationsoverafading
4.1.5GaussianMarkov channel:themultiusercase
model 4.3.1Fadingchanneland
4.2Communicationsoverafading multiuserdiversity
channel:thesingleusercase Practicalexample4.1
4.2.1Performancepenalty Multiuserdiversityinthe
duetomultipathfading downlink:EVDO
4.2.2Mitigationoffading Practicalexample4.2
viachannelstatefeedback Multiuserdiversityinthe
Discussionnotes4.1 uplink:FlashOFDMand
Practicalconsiderationof LTE
feedbackbasedapproaches 4.3.2Exploringmultiuser
4.2.3Mitigationoffading diversityinfrequencyand
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
diversityinfrequencyand 5.1.2Orthogonal
space multiplexinginthecross
4.3.3Multiuserorsingle interferencemodel
userdiversity Discussionnotes5.2An
4.4Summaryofkeyideas analysisofoptimalpower
andbandwidthallocationfor
5Intracellusermultiplexing orthogonaluplink
multiplexingwithcross
5.1Orthogonalmultiplexing
interferenceinthepower
5.1.1Orthogonal
limitedregime
multiplexingintheperfect
5.1.3Orthogonal
model
multiplexingintheselfnoise
Discussionnotes5.1An
model
analysisofoptimalpower
5.2Nonorthogonalmultiplexing
andbandwidthallocationin
5.2.1Nonorthogonal
acellulardownlink
multiplexingintheperfect
Practicalexample5.1
model
Downlinkusermultiplexing:
5.2.2Nonorthogonal
EVDO,HSDPA,andLTE
multiplexinginthecross
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
multiplexinginthecross stations
interferenceandselfnoise 6.1.2UplinkSIR
models 6.2UplinkpowercontrolandSINR
5.2.3Superpositionby assignmentinOFDMA
positioncoding 6.2.1SINRfeasibility
5.3Intersectorinterference region
management 6.2.2Distributedpower
5.3.1Sectorization control
5.3.2Synchronizedsectors 6.2.3SINRassignment
5.3.3Usersatsectoredge 6.2.4Jointbandwidthand
5.4Summaryofkeyideas SINRassignment
6.2.5Utilitymaximization
6Intercellinterferencemanagement inSINRassignment
Practicalexample6.1Uplink
6.1AnalysisofSIRdistributions
powercontrolinLTE
6.1.1DownlinkSIR
6.3Fractionalfrequencyreuse
Discussionnotes6.1Analysis
6.3.1Atwocellanalysis
ofC/Idistributionwith
Discussionnotes6.2
randomlyplacedbase
Motivationoffractional
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Motivationoffractional 7.2.1Channelstate
frequencyreusefroma informationatboth
differentangle transmitterandreceiver
6.3.2StaticFFRinamulti 7.2.2Channelstate
cellscenario informationonlyatreceiver
6.3.3Breathingcells:FFR 7.2.3Multiplexingwith
inthetimedomain polarizedantennas
6.3.4AdaptiveFFR 7.3MultiuserMIMOtechniques
Practicalexample6.2Inter 7.3.1UplinkSDMA
cellinterference 7.3.2Downlink
coordinationinLTE beamforming
6.4Summaryofkeyideas 7.4MulticellMIMOtechniques
7.4.1Coordinated
7Useofmultipleantennas beamforming
7.4.2Intersector
7.1MIMOchannelmodeling
beamforming
7.1.1Linearantennaarrays
7.4.3Intercell
7.1.2Polarizedantennas
interferenceavoidancewith
7.2SUMIMOtechniques
polarizedantennas
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
polarizedantennas 8.3Schedulingforinelastictraffic
Practicalexample7.1 8.3.1Throughputoptimal
Multipleantennatechniques scheduling
inLTE 8.3.2Tradeoffbetween
7.5Summaryofkeyideas queueawarenessand
channelawareness
8Scheduling 8.3.3Admissioncontrol
8.4Multiclassscheduling
8.1Schedulingforinfinitelybacklogged
8.5Flowlevelscheduling
traffic
8.6Signalingforscheduling
8.1.1Fairnessbasedon
8.6.1Dynamicpacket
utilityfunctions
scheduling
8.1.2Gradientbased
Practicalexample8.1
schedulingschemes
Signalingforschedulingin
8.2Schedulingforelastictraffic
LTE
8.2.1Congestioncontrol
8.6.2Semipersistent
andscheduling
scheduling
Discussionnotes8.1TCP
Practicalexample8.2Semi
performanceoverwireless
persistentschedulinginLTE
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
persistentschedulinginLTE 9.2SofthandoffinCDMA
forVoIP 9.3Makebeforebreakhandoffin
8.6.3MACstate OFDMA
scheduling 9.3.1Parallelindependent
Practicalexample8.3LTE linkstomultiplebase
DRXmodeandFlashOFDM stations
HOLDstate 9.3.2MobileIPbased
8.7Summaryofkeyideas MBBhandoffprocedure
9.3.3Uplinkmacro
9HandoffinIPbasednetwork diversity
architecture 9.3.4Downlinkmacro
diversity
9.1IPbasedcellularnetwork
9.3.5MBBhandoffinan
architecture
FFRormulticarrier
9.1.1MotivationforIP
scenario
basedcellularnetwork
9.4Breakbeforemakehandoffin
architecture
OFDMA
9.1.2DescriptionofIP
9.4.1BBMhandoffinan
basedcellularnetworks
FFRormulticarrier
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
9.4.1BBMhandoffinan searchandrandomaccessin
FFRormulticarrier LTEhandoff
scenario 9.7Summaryofkeyideas
9.4.2ExpeditedBBM
handoff 10Beyondconventionalcellular
9.5Handoffinitiation frameworks
9.5.1Theuniversal
10.1Heterogeneoustopology
frequencyreusecase
10.1.1Relays
Practicalexample9.1Flash
10.1.2Femtocells
signalinginFlashOFDM
10.1.3Devicetodevice
Practicalexample9.2
communications
HandoffinarailwayFlash
Discussionnotes10.1
OFDMnetwork
Gaussianinterference
9.5.2Thenonuniversal
channelcapacity
frequencyreusecases
10.2Cooperativecommunication
9.6Mobilecontrolledversusnetwork
10.2.1Usercooperation
controlledhandoff
10.2.2Network
Practicalexample9.3Cell
cooperation
searchandrandomaccessin
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
10.3Cognitiveradio BOFDMpointtopointcommunications
10.3.1Spectrumsensing
10.3.2Spectrumsharing B.1Signalpresencedetection
Practicalexample10.1LTE B.2Synchronization
Advanced B.3Channelestimation
Practicalexample10.2 B.4Errorcorrection
CognitiveradioRANinTV
CBriefreviewofchannelcapacity
whitespaces(IEEE802.22)
10.4Summaryofkeyideas C.1AWGNchannel
C.2Flatfadingchannel
AOverviewofsystemoperations
C.2.1Channelside
A.1Cellsearch,synchronization,and informationonlyatreceiver
identification C.2.2Channelside
A.2Linkestablishment informationatbothreceiver
A.3Trafficcontrolandtransmission andtransmitter
A.4Sleepstate C.3Frequencyselectivefadingchannel
A.5Handoff C.4Multiusercapacity
BOFDMpointtopointcommunications References
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
References
Foreword
Index
Foreword
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
worstcasecoverageatthecell boundary. This is a even to a new selfnoise model for the wireless
monograph written by revolutionaries that maps channel.Thereisalsoafinalchapterthatlooksout
the new world of what is possible when wireless beyond the Flarion OFDMA system to a world in
resourcesareproperlyshared. which relays and femtocells work in wireless
The monograph is remarkable for starting with harmony.
services,withmediumaccess,andthenaskinghow It is an extraordinary book by an extraordinary
toengineerthephysicallayerthatthehigherlayers team,andIrecommendithighly.
want to see. The authors answered this question
themselves by making a journey from concept to
working system and then staging field trials. This
RobertCalderbank
monograph is the result of a virtuous cycle where Dean of Natural Sciences and Professor of
engineering challenges led to theoretical insights Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and
andnewtheorywasprovedoutinworkingsystems. MathematicsatDukeUniversity.
The authors know all about the strengths and ProfessorofElectricalEngineering,Mathematics
weaknessesofdifferentwirelesssystemslikeCDMA and Applied and Computational Mathematics at
andLTEandareabletomotivatethedesignchoices PrincetonUniversity.
that informed OFDMA. There are some beautiful
newideas,fromfractionalreuse,todumbantennas, Preface
even to a new selfnoise model for the wireless
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
facilitatesasimplifiedIPbased conventionallyconsideredthemost
networkarchitecturedesign,where spectrallyefficientwefoundthatfor
airinterfacespecifictechnology data,fractionalfrequencyreuse
functionsandprocessingare improvesbothcelledgeandcell
collapsedintoabasestationandIP averageperformance.
layerprotocolsareusedforhandoff.
Conventionalwisdomdevelopedin The writing of this book was motivated by a
earlycellularwireless desiretoshareourfirsthandexperience. The book
communicationsneedstobe is somewhat unorthodox in the sense that it does
reexaminedfromfirstprinciples.For not follow a pedagogic treatment of wireless
example,thewirelesschannelis communicationstheoryordescribethedetailsofa
conventionallymodeledwithadditive specific standard (e.g., LTE). Rather, we take a
noiseandmultiplicativechannel systemsapproachto explain the design principles
responsewefoundthatselfnoise ofOFDMAmobilebroadbandcommunications.We
shouldalsobeincludedwhen believe that such an approach will benefit the
multiplexinguserswithlargesignal readers to appreciate design rationales, maximize
dynamicrangeinOFDMA.Asanother the performance of present 4G systems, and
example,universalfrequencyreuseis developnewideasforfutureevolution.
conventionallyconsideredthemost
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Whowillbenefit thoroughlyunderstandthesystem
fromthisbook? issuesandtolookfornewideasto
improvetheperformanceoftheir
Graduateorseniorundergraduate products.
studentsinelectricalengineering.It R&Dstaffofwirelessoperators,
canbeusedasatextorreference whoneedtoappreciatedesign
bookinanadvancedcourseon tradeoffsandtooptimizethe
wirelesscommunicationsand performanceofdeployedsystems.
systems.
The book consists of three parts. The first part
Professorsandresearchers
interestedinadvancedresearch (Chapters2and3)describesthebasicsandsalient
features of OFDMA, and outlines qualitatively the
topics,whomaywishtobroadentheir
researchscopeortogainnewinsights high level system design principles of OFDMA
mobile broadband communications. The second
byunderstandingthesystemlevel
part (Chapters 4 to 9) addresses various system
picture.
Systemsengineersofwireless issues: wireless channels, power/bandwidth
allocation,interferencemanagement,spatialsignal
communicationsequipmentand
semiconductorvendors,whoneedto processing, scheduling, handoff, and interaction
thoroughlyunderstandthesystem between the airlink and the network architecture.
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
between the airlink and the network architecture. communications, and familiarity with CDMA and
The third part (Chapter 10) expands beyond the FDMA/TDMA cellular technologies [61, 159] are
conventional cellular framework and covers the excellent textbooks that cover the required
latest research topics of femtocells, relays, device knowledge. To help the readers to appreciate the
todevice communications, cooperative context of systemlevel issues, Appendix A
communications, and cognitive radio. To bridge describestypicaloperationsinamobilebroadband
theoryandpractice,anumberofdiscussionnotes airlink system. Appendix B reviews a few basic
and practical examples are included throughout pointtopoint communications techniques as the
the book in which we share real world system buildingblocksofthesystemoperations.Appendix
experience.Mostofthepracticalexamplesarefrom Csummarizesasmallsetofcapacityresultsusedin
the OFDMAbased systems (LTE and Flash the book no additional information theory
OFDM), although we also consider the CDMA backgroundisrequired.
basedsystems(e.g.,IS95, EVDO, and HSPA) for
comparison. [32, 58, 138] provide excellent
description of the LTE standards and related
Acknowledgments
techniques. OurexplorationofOFDMAwasoriginallyinspired
The prerequisites of the book are a solid by the late Aaron Wyners visionary work in the
understanding of signal processing and digital early 1990s at Bell Labs. We own an tremendous
communications, and familiarity with CDMA and debt to our colleagues at Flarion Technologies
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
debt to our colleagues at Flarion Technologies For the realization of this book, we are
(which became Qualcomm Flarion Technologies particularly indebted to Pramod Viswanath, who
after the acquisition in 2006), for developing, advised us on the structure of the book. Special
implementing, testing, and relentlessly improving thanks go to Robert Calderbank for writing the
FlashOFDM.Collectivelytheyprovedtotheworld Foreword.WeappreciateJeffreyAndrews,Yingbin
that the OFDMAbased airlink and the IPbased Liang,VincePark, Sanjay Shakkottai, Ness Shroff,
networkarchitecturearetherightchoiceformobile R.Srikant,DavidTse,GeorgeTsirtsis,andLeiYing
broadband communications. Among the major for reviewing the final text and providing
contributors are Pablo Anigstein, Scott Corson, constructive comments. We thank Fredric Ridder
Arnab Das, Mike DiMare, Hui Jin, Samir Kapoor, for careful copy editing. Finally, at Cambridge
Frank Lane, Vladimir Parizhsky, Vince Park, UniversityPress,PhilMeylerhasprovidedconstant
Sundeep Rangan, Tom Richardson, Murari encouragement to our book project from the very
Srinivasan, Chuck Stanski, George Tsirtsis, Sathya beginning, and Sarah Matthews and Elizabeth
Uppala,and Michaela Vanderveen. We would also Horne have given us lots of detailed support to
like to thank the members of Technical Advisory bringtheprojecttoitscompletion.
Board of Flarion, including Robert Calderbank,
Notation
SharadMalik,Jan Rabaey, Shlomo Shamai, David
Tse,SergioVerdu,AndrewViterbi,andJacobZiv.
For the realization of this book, we are
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
H(t, Frequencydomainbasebandchannelgain
Notation f) atfrequencyfattimet
h(t,) Timedomainimpulsechannelresponseat
timettoaninputattimet
j
Variables K Frequencyreusefactor
Kr Numberofreceiveantennas
C Capacity KS Numberofsubbands
ci Indexoftheservingbasestationindexof Kt Numberoftransmitantennas
useri Ku Numberofusersmultiplexedinmultiuser
f[k] Frequencyoftonek MIMOinacell
G Channelpowergain li Loadofuseri
H Channelcomplexgain(amplitudeand Lb Aggregateloadofbasestationb
phase)
H[k] Frequencydomainbasebandchannelgain LD Diversityorder
attonek M Numberofusersinacell
H(f) Frequencydomainbasebandchannelgain MR Numberofrelaysinacell
atfrequencyf Nc Numberofsubcarriers
H[s, Frequencydomainbasebandchannelgain P Transmitpower
k] attonekatOFDMsymbols Pm Maximumtransmitpower
H(t, Frequencydomainbasebandchannelgain
f) atfrequencyfattimet R Datarate
Q Intercellinterferencebudget
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
(k) Deltafunction,equalto1ifk=0,or
equalto0ifk=0 Abbreviations
H* ComplexconjugatetransposeofH
HT TransposeofH
(x) Expectationofarandomvariablex
X(x) Cumulativeprobabilitydensityfunction General
(CDF)ofarandomvariableX,evaluated
atx ARQ AutomaticRetransmissionRequest
log(x) Naturallogarithm BBM BreakbeforeMake
(X) Therealcomponentofx CDM CodeDivisionMultiplexing
sinc(x) CDMA CodeDivisionMultipleAccess
RealGaussianrandomvariablewithzero C/I CarriertoInterferenceRatio
meanandvariance2 D2D DevicetoDevice
ProbabilityofaneventX DFT/IDFT DiscreteFourierTransform/Inverse
(x) DiscreteFourierTransform
xmodN xmodularN EVDO EvolutionDataOptimizedor
(x)+ Equaltoxifx>0,orequalto0 EvolutionDataOnly
otherwise FDM FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing
Abbreviations FDMA FrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess
FFR FractionalFrequencyReuse
FFT/IFFT FastFourierTransform/InverseFast
FourierTransform
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
naturalresource.Spectrumaccessisageneralterm
1Introduction
ofthetechnologiesbywhichusersutilizetheradio
spectrum. Cellular telephony uses a cellular
concept, which provides an effective spectrum
1.1Evolution access solution to improve the efficiency of radio
towardsmobile spectrumutilization.
In a cellular system, many base stations are
broadband
deployedtocover a large service area. The service
communications areaisdividedintoanumber of cells, each served
by a base station, as shown in Figure 1.1. When a
Explosive growth of wireless communications
usermakesacall,itisconnectedtothebasestation
servicesandproductsin the past three decades or
sohasfundamentallychangedthewaybywhichthe withthebestRFpropagation.1Thebasestationsare
connected to the operators core networks via
majority of the worlds population exchange,
distribute and access information. As a strong backhaul connections such as T1 or fiber optics.
driver of the growth, cellular telephony has so far Spectrumisreusedamongthecells.Thisispossible
becauseasignaldecaysfastasittravelsthroughthe
been the most successful application of wireless
communications. All forms of wireless wireless channel. If a signal utilizing some
communicationsutilizetheradiospectrum,ascarce spectrum in a cell is sufficiently attenuated in
anothercell,thenthesamespectrumcanbereused.
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
anothercell,thenthesamespectrumcanbereused. marketplace.Itseemsthatamajortechnologyshift
Two technical issues arise when the cellular occurseverytenyearsorso.
concept is applied in practice. The first issue is To ensure interoperability among operators and
interference management. To maximize the equipment vendors and to build ecosystems to
spectrumutilization,spectrumshouldbereusedas fostertechnologyadoption,thosesystemsarebased
tightlyaspossible,therebyresultingininterference on technologies developed in national or
between signals sharing the same spectrum to be international standards organizations. The latest
managed.Figure1.1showsthatinterferencecomes trendisthatunlikethepreviousgenerationswhere
from intercell or intracell. The second issue is multipletechnologies compete in the marketplace,
handoff.Whenamobile user moves from one cell 4G will likely be dominated by a single standard
to another, it switches to a different base station. called LTE (LongTerm Evolution). LTE was
Handoffshouldbeseamlesstoavoiddroppingcalls. developedby3GPP,apartnershipprojectinwhich
Cellular systems have evolved through several operating partners (regional standards developing
generations. Figure 1.2 lists major commercially organizations) have de facto surrendered
deployed cellular systems and their main services responsibilityto3GPPforallareasunderitsscope.
and spectrum access technologies, where the time On the one hand, a single dominant standard
line roughly represents the time periods during facilitates global adoption of the technology and
which those systems were introduced to the helps penetrate into new device markets beyond
marketplace.Itseemsthatamajortechnologyshift traditional cellular phones, such as consumer
Page1
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Figure1.1Illustrationofthecellconcept.BasestationAservesusers
1and2incellA,andbasestationCservesuser3incellC.CellsA
andCreusethesamespectrumandthereforeinterferewitheach
other(intercellinterference).IncellA,users1and2mayinterfere
witheachother(intracellinterference)iftheysharethesame
spectrum.Handoffoccurswhenuser2movesfromcellAandB.
Page2
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page3
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
broadbandusage.Thisrequiresnot reducingbatterypowerconsumption
onlyhighspectralefficiencyofthe aremuchdesirable.
airlink,butalsolowcostofdeploying
andoperatingthenetworksand
utilizingtheavailablespectrum.
1.2Systemdesign
Devicesarebecomingincreasingly principlesof
intelligent(e.g.,multimodeand wireless
multibanddevices)andcanplaya communications
significantroleinsystemoperations.
Forexample,devicescanchoose Mobile broadband exhibits very different
betweenavailableaccessinterfaces requirements, challenges, and characteristics from
(LTEversusWiFi)orsearchfor cellulartelephony.
availablebandwidthdependingon Traditionally, the dominant traffic in cellular
policy,channel,interference,and telephony has been circuitswitched voice. Voice
congestionconditions.Asanother trafficistransportedataconstantandlowdatarate
example,becausebatterytechnologies (on the order of 10 kbps), delay sensitive (a voice
havenotprogressedasrapidlyas frame missing its deadline becomes useless), but
microelectronics,systemsolutionsof errortolerant(ourearsaretoleranttoafewpercent
reducingbatterypowerconsumption ofvoiceframeerrors).
Page3
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
ofvoiceframeerrors). Table1.1.Abriefcomparisonofthesystemdesignideasbetweenthe
cellulartelephonyandmobilebroadbandsystems.
Ontheotherhand,mobilebroadbanddealswith
a variety of traffic among which voice is just one Cellulartelephony[168] Mobilebroadband
type. A significant portion of the traffic is bursty Universalfrequencyreuse Fractionalfrequency
and requires a very high burst data rate (on the reuse
order of a few Mbps). Moreover, it can tolerate Powercontrol Powercontrolandrate
control
some delays but is in general sensitive to packet Softhandoff Makebeforebreak
errors. The reason is that upper layer protocols handoff
employed in broadband networks, such as Forwarderrorcorrection Forwardandfeedback
TransmissionControlProtocol(TCP),areoriginally errorcorrection
Voiceactivityand Packetswitched
designed for the wired environment. In the wired
interferenceaveraging scheduling
networks, the dominant source of packet loss is
congestion congestion control algorithms in TCP The epilog section of [168] lists a few system
are largely based on packet loss. However, in the designprinciplesofcellulartelephonyintheCDMA
wirelessnetworks,packeterrorscanalsobecaused context. We summarize these principles in left
by channel fading or interference, and therefore column of Table 1.1. In particular, note that with
usingTCPcongestioncontrolcanhaveundesirable tightdelayconstraint,forwarderrorcorrectionand
consequencesathigherlayers. power control are required for link reliability
against channel fading and interference. Soft
Page4
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page4
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page4
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
without the orthogonality, the received signals are latency for delay sensitive applications and
power controlled to arrive at the same level, multiuser diversity that harnesses, rather than
becauseotherwisethestrongsignalfromthenearby averaging out, channel fading. Fast ARQ is also
user would overwhelm the weak one from the facilitated to improve link reliability. This is
farawayuser.Asaresult,theperformanceislimited particularly important to ensure upper layer
by the worstcase channel. A similar observation protocols, such as TCP originally designed for the
canbemadeinthedownlinkwherethebasestation wiredworld,towork transparently over the error
can allocate only a small transmit power to the pronewirelesschannel.
nearby user without the concern that it would be Third,OFDMAdecomposesthewirelesschannel
overwhelmedbyalargetransmitpowerallocatedto into a number of parallel flat subchannels in
thefarawayuser. frequency, each of which is characterized by a
Second, the fine granularity of bandwidth singletap channel response. This simplifies the
resource enables OFDMA to allocate and utilize implementations of advanced signal processing
bandwidth resource flexibly. The bandwidth techniques, such as MIMO, and also helps exploit
resourceunitisatone in an OFDMA symbol. The frequency selectivity of both channel and
flexibility allows packetswitched scheduling to interference.Inaddition,asingletonesignalcanbe
quickly respond to timevarying traffic needs and easily detected without finegrained time and
channelfluctuation.Theresultant benefits are low frequency synchronization, and thereby facilitate
latency for delay sensitive applications and handoffinitiationandsystemdetermination.
Page5
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
handoffinitiationandsystemdetermination. tounderstandthethoughtprocess
andrationalethatledtotheevolution
from3Gto4G,ratherthanaccepting
1.4Systems
theexistingLTEdesignasgospel.
approachand Pointtopointcommunicationsare
outlineofthebook relativelywellunderstoodinthe
literature.Thisbookemphasizes
This book focuses on the airlink system design of designchoicesinamultiusermulticell
OFDMA mobile broadband communications with environment.
an emphasis on a systems approach. By systems Aperformancegainusuallycomes
approach,wemeanthefollowing: withacost,forexample,signaling
overheadorprocessingcomplexity.
Differentdesignobjectivesand
Animportantaspectofsystemdesign
choicesoftengreatlyaffecteachother.
istounderstandthecostbenefit
Thisbookhighlightsthose
tradeoff.
interactionssoastoappreciatethe
systemasawhole.Crosslayerdesign This book attempts to answer the following
isonesuchexample. questions:
Thisbookstartswithfirstprinciples
tounderstandthethoughtprocess
Page6
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Whatarestrategiestodealwith Chapter2introducesthebasicconceptsofOFDM
channelfadingandinterferencein andOFDMA,andpresentsaspecialvariationcalled
mobilebroadband? SCFDMA,whichis designed to address the peak
WhydoesOFDMAfitwellwith toaverage power ratio problem, a well known
mobilebroadbandandhoware drawbackofOFDM.Thekeyfeature of OFDMA is
OFDMAadvantagesbestutilizedto its orthogonality. To study the robustness of that
maximizesystemperformance? feature,wequantifytheleveloforthogonalityunder
WhyisIPbasednetwork a variety of real world impairments. This study
architectureadesiredchoicefor leads to the cross interference and selfnoise
mobilebroadbandandhowdoesthe models, which explain the reason that in the real
networkarchitecturechoiceaffectthe world the SINR is saturated even when C/I is
airlinksystemdesign? sufficientlyhigh.
Howcancommunicationstheorybe With the basic OFDMA concepts in place,
appliedtopracticebytakinginto Chapter3presents qualitatively the system design
accountrealworldimpairments? principles of OFDMA mobile broadband
communications. We first outline the system
Tothisend,theremainingchaptersofthisbookare benefitsofOFDMA,andthen elaborate on how to
organizedasfollows. apply them to a number of system operations.
Chapter2introducesthebasicconceptsofOFDM Chapter 3 serves as a high level preview of the
Page6
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Chapter 3 serves as a high level preview of the large dynamic range of channel gains. Next, we
insightstobedevelopedinChapters 4 to 9, which study capacityachieving nonorthogonal
quantitativelystudythoseapplications. multiplexing with superposition coding we find
Chapters 4 to 7 aim to create a big data pipe. thattheperformancedropsquicklyinthepresence
Chapter 4 studies the wireless channel and of selfnoise. To achieve robust nonorthogonal
characterizes multipath fading. The specific multiplexing, we then present superpositionby
communications strategies presented are to position coding. Finally, we extend our study to a
mitigatefadingviafeedbackordiversitytoimprove sectorized cell and investigate intersector
reliability in the singleuser case, and to interferencemanagement.Therealworldchallenge
opportunistically exploit fading via multiuser issectorantennaleakage,whichwouldsignificantly
diversityinthemultiusercase.Finally,wecombine reducetheusermultiplexinggainif not dealt with
those two ideas and discuss the notion of reliable appropriately.
opportunisticcommunications. Chapter6studiesinterferencebetweencells.We
Chapter 5 studies power and bandwidth present stochastic geometry as a tool to compare
allocation of user multiplexing within a cell. We theSINRdistributionsofdifferentspectrumaccess
start with an intrasector problem in OFDMA, schemes (FDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA). Focusing
orthogonal multiplexing is an obvious choice, and onOFDMA,wefirstassume intercell interference
we present the benefit of multiplexing users with tobeaveragedovertheentirebandwidth.Intercell
large dynamic range of channel gains. Next, we interferencemanagementisrelativelysimpleinthe
Page6
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
interferencemanagementisrelativelysimpleinthe andmulticellcases.
downlink, but more complex in the uplink as it is Chapter8studiesschedulingtechniquestoshare
tied closely with power control and SINR target the data pipe among users in a cell. Scheduling
setting for which neighboring cells are coupled. takes place in two distinct time scales. In the fast
Next, we present a scheme, called fractional time scale (of the order of milliseconds), the base
frequency reuse, to coordinate, rather than to stationschedulesuserstrafficinapacketswitched
simply average, intercell interference so as to manner.Westudyscheduling algorithms designed
improve cell edge SINR as well as overall spectral for different traffic types including infinitely
efficiency. backlogged traffic, elastic traffic, inelastic traffic,
Chapter7studiestheuseofmultipleantennasin andflowleveltraffic.Intheslowtimescale(ofthe
the OFDMA mobile broadband system, in order of seconds), the base station manages the
particular the benefit of multiplexing gain with usersMACstatessoastoallow power saving and
MIMO,whichdependsontherank of the wireless lowlatency contentionfree access to a large user
channel matrix. We model both linear antenna population.Thekeyidea of MAC states lies in the
arrays and polarized antennas and find that the very different time scale requirements of power
channel environment in which they achieve the control and timing control in OFDMA. Semi
maximummultiplexinggainiscomplementary.We persistent scheduling is another slow time scale
studytheMIMOgaininthesingleuser,multiuser, schedulingmechanismthathandlesperiodictraffic
andmulticellcases. suchasVoiceoverIP.
Page7
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page7
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
downlink.Acomprehensivecapacitycomparisonis
outsideofthescopeofthisbook. 2Elementsof
2Elementsof OFDMA
OFDMA
2.1OFDM
2.1OFDM
2.1.1Tonesignals
2.1.1Tonesignals OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) is a multicarrier communication
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
scheme where the entire system bandwidth is
Multiplexing) is a multicarrier communication
dividedintoNcequallyspacedtones.Denoteby
scheme where the entire system bandwidth is
dividedintoNcequallyspacedtones.Denoteby the frequency spacing between two adjacent tones
and[k]thebasebandtonefrequencygivenby[k]
the frequency spacing between two adjacent tones
=k,fork=0,,Nc1.InoneOFDMsymbol
and[k]thebasebandtonefrequencygivenby[k]
=k,fork=0,,Nc1.InoneOFDMsymbol duration, a block of complex symbols X[0], ,
X[Nc1]aremodulatedontones[0],,[Nc
duration, a block of complex symbols X[0], ,
Page9
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
1],respectively.ThecomplexsymbolscanbeQPSK
or QAM symbols obtained from coding and
modulation.Inthiscase, the complex symbols are
Itiseasytoseethatthetimeintervaloft[0,Ts)
alsoreferredtoasmodulationsymbols.Inthetime
domain, the baseband OFDM signal x(t) in one containsanintegernumberofperiodsforeachtone
signal.
OFDMsymboldurationcanbedescribedby
Notethattwotonesignalswithdistinct[k1]and
[k2]areorthogonalbecause
Page9
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page10
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
asthebasisforsignalmultiplexing, 2.1.2Cyclicprefix
onlysinusoidsaretheeigenfunctions,
therebymakingOFDMaunique Now let us consider the transient response of the
multiplexingschemethatpreserves received signal. Since the maximum channel
signalorthogonalityinthewireless responseisTmax,thereceivedsignaly(t)takesupto
channel. Tmax before it reaches the steady state
Thechannelresponseatanytone exp(j2[k]t)H[k].In order for the received signal
frequencyisjustacomplex tofurtherstayatthesteadystateforatimeinterval
coefficient,whichmayvarywithtone of Ts, the transmitted tone signal needs to be at
inafrequencyselectivechannel.In leastaslongasTs+Tmax.Thismotivatestheuseof
OFDMthewidebandchannelisin a cyclic prefix: the transmitted OFDM signal x(t)
effectconvertedintoanumberof shouldbeextendedtotimeintervalt[Tcp,Ts),a
parallelflatchannels.Thisfeaturecan
little longer than t [0, Ts) originally defined in
beusedtoexploitfrequency
Equation (2.1), where Tcp represents the length of
selectivityandtosimplifysignal
processinginOFDM. thecyclicprefix:
2.1.2Cyclicprefix
Page10
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
laterinthischapter.FornowweassumeTcp=Tmax.
Instead of just one OFDM symbol shown in
Figure2.1,nowsupposethatasequence of OFDM
symbols are transmitted backtoback. In the
wireless channel delay spread causes interference
betweensuccessivesymbols,knownasintersymbol
interference (ISI). As illustrated in Figure 2.2, the
cyclic prefix acts as a guard interval and in effect
eliminates the ISI between two successive OFDM
symbols.
Figure2.1IllustrationofOFDMmodulationinthetimeand
frequencydomains.
Wemakethefollowingcommentsontheuseofa
cyclicprefix:
Figure 2.1 illustrates the OFDM modulation
scheme where the total OFDM symbol duration is AcyclicprefixallowsanOFDM
now Ts + Tcp. Note that the extended portion, symboltoreachitssteadystatewhen
obtainedbycyclicallyextendingx(t)intot[Tcp, itpassesthroughthewirelesschannel
suchthatthereceiveronlyneedsto
0),istheexactcopyoftheportionint[TsTcp,
dealwiththesteadystateresponse.
Ts). We will discuss the choice of parameter Tcp
Acyclicprefixallowsthechannel
Page11
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Acyclicprefixallowsthechannel overheadTcp/TsforagivenTcp.
responseofthepreviousOFDM
symboltodiedownandthusnotto
interferewiththesteadystateperiod
ofthepresentsymbol.Thisproperty
iscallednoISI.
Acyclicprefixisanoverheadtothe
system,andismeanttobediscarded
atthereceiverbeforefurther
processing.Thesystemcostisafactor
ofTcp/Tsreductioninthebandwidth
efficiency.BecauseablockofNcdata
symbolsaretransmitted
simultaneouslyinOFDM,thesymbol
durationTsisNctimeslongerthan
whatwouldbeinsinglecarrier
communicationswiththesametotal
bandwidth.AlongerTsreduces
Page11
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Figure2.2Illustrationofacyclicprefix.Atransmittedtonesignal
oftwosuccessiveOFDMsymbolsisshownin(a)andthechannel
responsesofthetwoOFDMsymbolsareshownin(b)asdottedand
solidcurves,respectively.Theactualreceivedsignalisthesumofthe
twocurves.ThereceivedsignalinthepresentOFDMsymbol
durationconsistsoftwoportions:thetransientportioninwhichthe
previousOFDMsymboldiesdownandthepresentOFDMreachesits
steadystate,andthesteadystateportionthatcontainsonlythe
steadystatechannelresponseofthepresentOFDMsymbol.
Figure2.2Illustrationofacyclicprefix.Atransmittedtonesignal
Page12
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page13
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page13
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
chain of digital and analog signal processing coding and modulation generates a block of
modules. The specific design of those modules complexsymbolsX[0],,X[Nc1]tobesent.The
depends on implementation choices. We next IDFTmoduletransformsthemtox[0],,x[Nc1]
provideageneraldescription.
asablock. samplesofthecyclicprefixarethen
At the 1 Nyquist sampling rate with the
added. The total baseband complex
samplingfrequencyequal to = Nc, x(t) of
samples are filtered to control the outofband
Equation (2.3) at discrete time instant is spectrum emission. The filtered time domain
givenby samples are subsequently converted to the analog
domain, mixed up to the carrier frequency, and
transmitted through the transmit antenna. At the
receiver,ineveryOFDMsymbolthereceivedsignal
Equation(2.8) says that x[0], , x[Nc 1] is the fromthereceiveantennaisdownconvertedto the
inversediscreteFouriertransform (IDFT) of X[0], basebanddigitalandfilteredtoremovetheadjacent
,X[Nc1].Thustheblockprocessingshown in
bandinterference. samplesofthecyclic prefix
Figure2.5isamuchmoreefficientimplementation are removed. The DFT module transforms the
thancalculatingx[l]samplebysample. remainingNctimedomainsamplesy[0],,y[Nc
At the transmitter, in every OFDM symbol,
1]to a block of complex symbols in the frequency
coding and modulation generates a block of domain.TheoutputoftheDFTmoduleis
Page14
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Discussionnotes2.1FFT/IFFT
Page15
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
samplestobegeneratedare
domain samples with an FFT
module:
Page15
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
transmitter and the receiver often operate at a response. In the frequency domain, a sharper
higherrate,forexample,4or8samplingrate, transition rolloff means more usable spectrum to
tobemoreeffectiveinrejectingaliasing.Thisbook packtones.However,inthetimedomain,alonger
does not address multirate signal processing and filter response requires a larger cyclic prefix to
filterdesign.However,acloselookatthefrequency cover.Therefore,wehavetotradeofftheefficiency
andtimeresponsesof a typical filter, as shown in between the frequency domain and the time
Figure 2.6, helps us to understand the system domain.Itisnotedthatforagiventransitionroll
impactofthefilteringmodules. off,asthetotalbandwidthincreases,the length of
First, note that the time response of the the time response decreases proportionally.
transmitter and the receiver filters are cascaded Thereforetheefficiency tradeoff is more favorable
with the wireless channel response. The total withlargerbandwidth.
effective delay spread to be covered by a cyclic Third, note that the inband ripple in the
prefixincludesthedelayspreadduetothewireless passband adds fluctuation to the frequency
channelandthatintroducedwiththefilters.Thus, selectivity of the steady state wireless response
evenifthewirelesschannelitselfisflat,the filters H[k]. The receiver has to track the fluctuation as
stillcausedelayspread. part of channel estimation. On the other hand,
Second,thesharperthefiltertransitionfromthe sincethefilter response is known, the transmitter
passband to the stopband, the longer the time caneasilycompensateforit(oratleastthephase):
response. In the frequency domain, a sharper the block of complex symbols to be sent is
Page16
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Figure2.6Frequencyandtimeresponsesofabasebandlinear
Page16
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Figure2.6Frequencyandtimeresponsesofabasebandlinear channel,forexample,
phaseFIRfilter.Thesystembandwidthis5MHz(from2.5to2.5
MHz).Thefilteroperatesat8samplingrate.Thepassbandofthe
filterisupto2.15MHzwith1.5dBinbandripple.Therefore,the
usablespectrumN c =2.152MHz.Thefilterrejectionis44dB
atabout2.7MHz.Thetimeresponsespansabout3s. withzeroforceequalization,or
Discussionnotes2.3Equalization withMMSEequalizationwhere2istheestimated
power of noise W[k] and P the signal transmit
Suppose that X[0], , X[Nc 1] are the
power,andthenfeed to a decoder to recover
modulation symbols of a code block. How do we the original code block. Sometimes this linear
recovertheoriginalcodeblock from the output of equalizationmayenhancenoisebecause Y[k] with
the DFT module Y[k]? From Equation (2.9), Y[k]
smaller causes larger boost in the decoding
differsfrom X[k] by channel coefficient H[k]. The
metric. In effect, this rewards less reliable tones
receiver first estimates H[k] (see Section B.3 for
andpenalizesmorereliabletones.
channel estimation). Once the channel estimate
An alternative strategy is to add weights to the
is known, the receiver can equalize the receivedsymbolsinthedecodingmetricaccording
channel,forexample, totheirreliability.Anoftenuseddecodingmetricis
Page17
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
2.2.1Basicprinciples
where representstherealpartof
Y[k]. ineffectactsasareliabilityweightsuch OFDM is a pointtopoint modulation scheme
betweenatransmitterandareceiver.Applyingthe
that L(X[k]|Y[k]) associated with smaller
concepts of tone signals and cyclic prefixes to the
contributes less to the decoding metric based on
multiuserscenarioresultsinanewmultipleaccess
which the entire code block is to be decoded. A
scheme, namely OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency
benefit of this scheme is that when the wireless
DivisionMultipleAccess).Thebasicideaistoshare
channel fades at one tone, the loss to decoding is
the timefrequency resource, namely the tone
Page18
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page18
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page19
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page20
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page20
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
determined based on the worst case cochannel total bandwidth, a receiver sees averaged
scenario where the interfering users are located interference from all other transmitters. Universal
mostdisadvantageously with each other (i.e., near frequency reuse is an important advantage of
celledges). CDMAoverFDMAbecausetheavailable spectrum
InCDMA,atransmitterusesauniquespreading per cell is increased by a factor of K. In CDMA,
code to spread its signal over the entire system interferenceaveragingiscrucial to make universal
bandwidth.Differentusers use different spreading frequencyreusepossible,becausenowtheintercell
codes and their signals all occupy the same total interference is not limited by the worstcase co
bandwidth to achieve universal frequency reuse. channelinterferencescenarios.Ontheotherhand,
Knowing the spreading code used by the desired because spreading codes are not completely
transmitter, the intended receiver despreads the orthogonalinthemultipathwirelesschannel,users
receivedsignaltorecovertheoriginalsignal.Ifthe withinthesamecellinterferewitheachother.
cross correlations between the spreading code of WesummarizetheabovecomparisoninTable2.1
thedesireduserandthoseofothers are small, the and show that OFDMA combines the salient
interferencefromothertransmittersissignificantly featuresofbothFDMAandCDMA.
rejected after despreading, by a factor equal to a
spreading gain that depends on the length of the
spreadingcode.Sinceallthesignalssharethesame
2.2.3Intercell
total bandwidth, a receiver sees averaged interferenceaveraging:
Page21
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
interferenceaveraging: averagedovertheentireblock.However,foragiven
OFDMAversusCDMA modulationsymbol,theinterferenceiscausedbya
smallnumber of users in adjacent cells that share
As we have just presented, both CDMA and the same tonesymbol, and therefore the power
OFDMA are designed to average out the intercell may vary drastically from one modulation symbol
interference. However, there is a subtle yet to another. For a given modulation symbol, we
important difference. CDMA uses code spreading cannot apply the Central Limit Theorem here and
whileOFDMAusestonehopping,therebyresulting the interference may be nonGaussian and heavy
in different statistical characteristics of intercell tailed.
interference. To elaborate, consider a basic InCDMA,amodulationsymbolis spread to the
communicationscenariowhereatransmittersends entire bandwidth according to a spreading code,
a block of modulation symbols. For the sake of and the intercell interference from other
comparison,weignoreintracellinterferenceinthe transmissions in an adjacent cell depends on the
CDMAcase. crosscorrelationsbetweenthatspreadingcodeand
InOFDMA, a modulation symbol is sent in one theonesusedbytheinterferingtransmissions.For
tonesymbol. The intercell interference is caused agivenmodulationsymbol,everyuserinothercells
bytransmissionsinothercellsthatsharethesame contributesafractiontothetotalinterference,and
tonesymbol.Withtonehopping,theinterferenceis therefore the power fluctuation between
averagedovertheentireblock.However,foragiven modulationsymbolstendstobelessdrastic.When
Page21
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
modulationsymbolstendstobelessdrastic.When basestation0asfollows:
the number of users in other cells is large, the
CentralLimitTheoremappliesandtheinterference
can be reasonably approximated by a complex
Gaussian. wheremistheindexofaneighboringcell,andiis
To get a quantitative sense, consider an uplink theindexofauser.|Hm,i|and|Hm,i,0|representthe
exampleinthesectorizedcellularsystemshownin channelamplitudegainfromuseriin neighboring
Figure 2.7. Suppose Nc users are distributed in cellmtoitsownbasestationmandtobasestation
everysector.InOFDMA,eachuserisallocatedone 0, respectively, and m,i is a phase parameter
tonesymbol in every OFDM symbol. In CDMA, assumedtoberandomuniformlyin[0,2).m,iis
eachuserisallocatedaspreadingcodeoflengthNc
the cross correlation coefficient between the
in every CDMA symbol. An OFDM symbol and a intended modulation symbol and an interfering
CDMA symbol have the same duration. Suppose modulationsymboltransmittedbyuseriincellm.
that in CDMA or OFDMA, the transmit power of InOFDMA,
any user is set so that the received power is
constantatitsservingbasestationforallusers.
Let us model the intercell interference for an
intendedmodulationsymbolreceivedatareference Because only one user in cell m occupies a given
basestation0asfollows:
Page22
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Figure2.9Comparisonofdistributionsofintercellinterference:
OFDMAversusCDMA.Bothsystemshave128usersineachsectorin
awraparound,tworing,57sectordeployment.Usersareuniformly
droppedoverthenetwork.Theinterferencestrengthisnormalizedto
thereceivedpowerofthesignalfromtheintendeduser.
Page22
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
withcj= 1 with equal probability. Thus, m,i is a Gaussian assumption about the intercell
randomvariabledistributedin[1,1]. interference in OFDMA. Take decoding for
Figure2.9showsthedistributionoftheintercell example.ConsideraverysimplemodelY=X+W
interference power. We observe that while the whereYisthereceivedmodulationsymbol,Xisthe
intercellinterferenceinCDMAis fairly accurately transmittedBPSKsymbolofacodeblockwithX=
modeledasGaussian,the intercell interference in 1withequalprobability,andWtheinterferenceof
OFDMAisclearly nonGaussian and indeed heavy unit power. If we assume W to be Gaussian, then
tailed. theloglikelihoodratiois
It should be pointed out that if time and
frequency are not completely aligned between the
usersincellmandthebasestationreceiveratcell
0,thenmorethanonemodulationsymbolfromthe
usersincellmmayleakintothetonesymbolofthe
intended modulation symbol. In that case, the
distributionislessheavytailedthanwhatisshown
inFigure2.9.
A practical implication of the above observation Figure2.10Illustrationofdecodingmetricswhentheinterference
isthatweshould be very careful when we make a isGaussian(a)orheavytailednonGaussian(b).In(a),L(X|Y)
Gaussian assumption about the intercell increaseslinearlywith .In(b),L(X|Y)initiallyincreases,but
Page23
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page24
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
experiences averaged intercell interference and balance between averaging and peaking. Tone
averaged wireless channel condition. Averaging hoppingmakesOFDMAmore flexible than CDMA
improves link reliability and thus is desirable for toachievesuchagoal.
circuitswitchedvoice.
Ontheotherhand,becauseofaveraging,thebest
opportunitiesforcommunicationsmayalsobelost
whentheinterferenceislowand/orthechannel is
good.Withoutaveraging,thoseopportunitieswould
have occurred because of the statistical nature of
channel fluctuation or careful interference
coordination of base stations. We will study
opportunistic or coordinated communications in
Chapters 4 and 6 with the idea of exploiting that
selectivityofchannelorinterferenceandachieving
a peaking effect as opposed to averaging.
Peaking improves instantaneous SINR and thus
data rate. An important design goal of mobile
broadband communications is to strike a good Figure2.11Symbolratehoppingandblockhopping.Shadedtone
symbolsarethepilot.
balance between averaging and peaking. Tone
Page24
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
symbolsarethepilot. isusuallybasedonpilots,whichareknownsignals
sent by the transmitter. From Section B.3, in
Tonehoppingdesignisquitedifferentifthegoal
OFDMAenoughpilotsshouldbe sent to cover the
is to achieve averaging versus peaking. Roughly
timefrequencyregion.Everythingelsebeingequal,
speaking, for averaging, tone hopping covers the
blockhoppingrequiresasmallernumberofpilots,
timefrequency grid as widely as possible in a
therebybeingmoreattractivetobeusedin MIMO
pseudo random manner. One such an example is
(wherethepilotoverheadisalreadyhighinorderto
showninFigure2.8. In this case, tones hop every
estimate the MIMO channel matrix) and uplink
OFDMsymbol(symbolrate hopping). In contrast,
(where unlike the downlink there are no common
for peaking, tones concentrate in a much smaller
pilotstobesharedamongusers).
footprint in the grid and usually hop as a block
(block hopping) or do not hop at all. Figure 2.11 Practicalexample2.1Physicalresourceblock
comparessymbolratehoppingandblockhopping. allocationandhoppinginLTEdatachannels
As a side note, from the viewpoint of pointto
point communications, concentrating tones in a We use the LTE system as real world system
block(asopposedtospreadingeverywhere)makes examples to illustrate various design principles
channel estimation more efficient, because the studiedinthisbook.Inthoseexamples,wewilluse
receiver only needs to estimate the channel in a theLTEterminology.Inparticular,eNBisabase
smallertimefrequencyregion.Channel estimation station,UEauser,andREatonesymbol. The
Page25
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
station,UEauser,andREatonesymbol. The
3GPP LTE standards specify a variety of
deploymentscenariossuch as different bandwidth
(from1.4MHzto20MHz),FDDorTDDoperation,
and different cyclic prefix length (normal versus
extended).Tokeepthedescriptionsimpleand not
get lost in the details, we focus on a common
scenarioofFDD with the normal cyclic prefix. All
the LTE examples, except for Example 10.1, are
basedonLTERelease8.
Figure2.12LTEframestructureandphysicalresourceblock.
Page26
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page26
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
whereeachbitindicateswhetherthecorresponding
RBGisallocatedtoagivenUEornot.Clearly,the
resource allocation is less granular in frequency
however, the benefit is the reduction in the
overhead of signaling a resource allocation. A
drawback of type 0 allocation is reduced
interferenceaveraging(assumingneighboringcells
usetype0aswell).Tosolvethisproblem,asshown
in Figure 2.13(b), type 1 allocation divides all the Figure2.13Illustrationoftypes0and1resourceallocationinthe
RBGsintoanumberofdispersedsubsetswith the downlinkPDSCHchannel.P=2.
Page27
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Specifically,aresourceallocationindicatesthestart
position and the length of a set of consecutive
VRBs. Two types of VRBs are specified in LTE,
namely localized VRBs and distributed VRBs.
Localized VRBs are identical to PRBs and the
mappingisdirect.DistributedVRBsaremappedto
PRBs in two steps, as shown in Figure 2.14:
interleaving such that consecutive VRBs are
mappedtononconsecutivePRBsthatspreadover
a large frequency bandwidth, and splitting by
keeping the PRBs unchanged in the first slot and
modularly shifting the PRBs in the second slot to Figure2.14Illustrationoftype2resourceallocationinthe
downlinkPDSCHchannelwithdistributedVRBs.Thetotalnumber
differentfrequenciesby an offset. Splitting can be
ofPRBsis25andtheoffsetisequalto12.
seen as block hopping at the slot boundary. The
goal of distributed VRBs is to achieve frequency TheideaofVRBtoPRBmappingcanbeapplied
diversity and interference averaging, while local to the uplink. Similar to type 2 allocation in
VRBs are suitable for frequency selective PDSCH,resourcesofPUSCHareallocatedinterms
scheduling. of VRBs, which are then mapped to PRBs. Note
fromSection2.3thattheLTEuplinkuseslocalized
Page28
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
fromSection2.3thattheLTEuplinkuseslocalized secondslot.
SCFDMAandthePUSCHsentbyaUEoccupiesa
setofPRBscontiguousinfrequency.Thusthestep
of interleaving in Figure 2.14 is skipped and only
slotbasedblockfrequencyhoppingtakesplace.
There are two types of hopping, as shown in
Figure2.15.The first type is cellspecific hopping.
The bandwidth of PUSCH is divided into a few
subbands. The VRBs are shifted by a number of
subbands to a set of PRBs according to a cell
specific hopping pattern. Different shifts can be
usedinthetwoslotsofasubframe. In addition, a
cellspecificmirroringpatterncanbeappliedtothe
secondslotsuchthatthePRBsineachsubbandare
numbered in a reverse order. The second type is
explicit offsetting. The PRBs in the first slot are
identicaltotheallocatedVRBsandmoveanoffset
of1/2,1/4,or1/4ofthePUSCHbandwidthinthe
secondslot.
Page28
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Figure2.15Illustrationofuplinkslotbasedfrequencyhopping.
2.2.5Timefrequency
synchronizationand
control
Page29
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
receivers responsibility to adjust its time and side. Specifically, the base station receiver uses
frequency to be synchronized with the received fixed symbol timing and carrier frequency to
signal (see Appendix B). The same idea is receivetonesignalsfromalltheusersinthesector.
applicable in the OFDMA downlink. In particular, Each user transmitter adjusts its time and
the base station transmitter uses fixed symbol frequency such that all the tone signals from
timingandcarrierfrequencytogenerateorthogonal different users arrive at the base station receiver
tonesignalstoalltheusersinthesector,andeach synchronouslyintimeandinfrequency.
user receiver carries out time and frequency Letusconsidertimesynchronizationfirst.Figure
synchronizationtothereceiveddownlinksignal. 2.16 illustrates the downlink and uplink time
However, the scenario is very different in the synchronizationwithinasectorwherebase station
uplink where multiple user transmitters are A communicates with users A1 and A2. In the
distributedinthesector.Itwouldbeimpossiblefor downlink,thebasestationsendstwotonesignalsto
thebasestationreceivertobesimultaneouslytime A1andA2,respectively,withthesamesymboltime.
synchronized to the received signals from all the After propagation delay, the signals arrive
usertransmitters,iftheusertransmissionsarenot synchronously at the nearby user A1 and the
carefully coordinated. In other words, faraway user A2, which adjust their respective
synchronizationisnolongersolelyareceiverissue
receiversymboltimes to be synchronized with the
acontrolmechanismisrequiredatthetransmitter
receivedsignals.Intheuplink,sinceA1andA2have
side. Specifically, the base station receiver uses
Page30
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page30
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page31
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page32
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
demodulationmoduleofotherusersatthebasestationreceiver
(uplink)orbediscardedattheuserreceiver(downlink).
2.2.6Blocksignal
processing
Theblockdiagramofsignalprocessingof OFDMA
Figure2.18Blockdiagramsofusermultiplexingmoduleatthe
is similar to that of OFDM shown in Figure 2.5,
transmitter(a)anduserdemultiplexingmoduleatthereceiver(b).A exceptforanadditionalusermultiplexingmodule
userisallocatedNtonesymbols,indexedask[0],,k[N1],at at the transmitter and an user demultiplexing
anOFDMsymbol.TheusermultiplexingmoduletakesNmodulation
module at the receiver. Those two modules are
symbolsX[0],,X[N1]fromthecodingandmodulationmodule
oftheuserandinsertstheminthecorrespondingpositionsintheN c showninFigure2.18.
elementvectortotheIDFTmodule.Thegrayelementsrepresentthe In the downlink, when the base station
modulationsymbolsfromotherusersatthebasestationtransmitter transmitteristosendthesignalstomultipleusers,
(downlink)orzerosattheusertransmitter(uplink).Theuser
demultiplexingmoduletakesNmodulationsymbolsY[0],,Y[N the coding and modulation module generates
1],correspondingtok[0],,k[N1],oftheN c elementvector complexmodulationsymbolsseparatelyforeachof
fromtheDFTmoduleandprovidesthemtothedecodingand the users. It then multiplexes the modulation
demodulationmoduleoftheuser.Thegrayelementsrepresentthe
modulationsymbolstobeprovidedtothedecodingand
symbolsof those users to the corresponding tone
demodulationmoduleofotherusersatthebasestationreceiver symbols according to the OFDMA tonesymbol
Page32
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page33
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
implementation. In contrast, the CDMA base subset may change rapidly with the scheduling
station needs to carry out sample rate processing, needs. This wideband hopping is very different
such as RAKE finger tracking, individually for from narrowband FDMA hopping where a user
different users. As a result, the complexity of the onlyprocessesanarrowbandcarrierby employing
basestationsample rate signal processing linearly a narrowband analog filter at the frontend. In
increaseswiththenumberofusersconnectedwith FDMA,thecarriercan hop from one frequency to
thebasestation. another at a much slower rate than in wideband
OFDMAhopping.
Discussionnotes2.5Widebandprocessingat
theuser
2.3Peakto
Evenifauserisallocatedasubsetoftonesymbols, averagepowerratio
the frontend processing at the user transceiver
andSCFDMA
(DFT/IDFT and filtering) covers the entire
bandwidth. This allows fast tone hopping with 2.3.1PAPRproblem
which the allocated subset of tonesymbols can
change from OFDM symbol to another for Highpeaktoaveragepowerratio(PAPR)isa well
frequency and interference diversity as shown in known drawback for OFDM. What is PAPR and
Figure2.11(a).Inaddition,thesizeoftheallocated why is it important? Simply put, PAPR measures
Page34
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page34
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page35
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
signals,respectively.WhentheNindependenttone
signalsareaddedtogether,thesignalattimet,x(t),
becomes a complex Gaussian random variable,
whichisknowntohavelargeamplitudefluctuation.
The idea of singlecarrier FDMA (SCFDMA) is to
modulatethesymbolsinthe time domain instead,
suchthattheresultantsignalisnolongerGaussian
andthereforehasmuchasmallerPAPR.
Figure2.19ComplementarycumulativedistributionofthePAPRof
OFDMA:comparisonwithdifferenttoneallocation.N c =512.The
groupofsolidcurvesisforcontiguoustoneallocation,andthegroup
ofdashedcurvesisforrandomtoneallocation.Ineachgroup,from
lefttoright,N=16,32,64,128,256,512.
TounderstandhowSCFDMAreducesthePAPR,
Page35
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
firstconsidercontiguoustoneallocationwhere ThecyclicprefixinSCFDMAisconstructedinthe
samewayasdefinedinEquation(2.6).Tosimplify
the terminology, we treat SCFDMA as a special
formofOFDMAandstillrefertot[Tcp,Ts)asan
where [0] is the index of the starting tone. This
OFDMsymbol.
schemeisreferredtoaslocalizedSCFDMA. Itfollows:
DefineaDFTprecodedvector
Figure2.20plots|zm(t)|form=0,1.z0(t)peaks
att = 0 and is equal to zero at .
Page37
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page37
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Figure2.21ComplementarycumulativedistributionofthePAPR:
comparisonbetweenOFDMAandSCFDMA.N c =512.QPSK
symbolsaremodulated.ThegroupofsolidcurvesisforSCFDMA,
andthegroupofdottedcurvesisforOFDMA.Ineachgroup,from
Figure2.20Amplitudeplotofbasispulsefunctionszm(t)ofSC lefttoright,N=16,32,64,128,256,512.
FDMA.N=16.
Table2.2.DualityofOFDMAandSCFDMA.
Page37
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Figure2.22ComplementarycumulativedistributionofthePAPR
withdifferentmodulationschemes.N c =512,N=64.Thegroupof whereQ>1isapositiveinteger.Usingthesame
solidcurvesisforSCFDMA,andthegroupofdottedcurvesisfor [k] as in (2.24), the distributed SCFDMA
Page39
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
[k] as in (2.24), the distributed SCFDMA of the PAPR, there is no difference between the
transmittedsignal,denotedbyxQ(t),isgivenby localizedanddistributedSCFDMAschemes.
Is the SCFDMA idea only limited to the above
two tone allocation scenarios (contiguous and
equally spaced)? In principle, for any set of
allocatedtones[k],k=0,,N1,weselecttime
instantst[m][0,Ts),m=0,,N1,and [k]
aresolvedbymakingsurethattheresultantsignal
defined in Equation (2.25) is equal to modulation
Comparison of Equations (2.26) and (2.30) shows symbolX[m]att[m]:
that other than the phase rotation exp(j2[0]t),
xQ(t)isobtainedbycompressingx1(t)from t [0,
Ts) to t [0, Ts/Q) and then duplicating the
The PAPR depends on how the continuous signal
resultant waveform Q 1 times to fill up the
fluctuates between those time instants. One can
remainingintervalt[Ts/Q,Ts).Figure2.23shows
showthatift[m]issettot[m]= asbefore,the
an example of the localized and distributed SC
PAPR increases by about 2 dB with random tone
FDMAwaveforms.Therefore,fromtheperspective
allocationbutbyonly0.5dBiftheallocated tones
of the PAPR, there is no difference between the
consistoftwoequalsizecontiguoustoneblocks.In
Page40
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
2.3.4Frequency
domainequalizationat
theSCFDMAreceiver
Page40
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
thatint[0,0.5Ts)andisthesameas|x 1(t)|int[0,Ts)
compressedintimebyafactorof2.
Page41
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
iscalculatedasfollows:
Figure2.24Simplifiedblockdiagramofsignalprocessingmodules
inSCFDMAtransmitterandreceiver.
Discussionnotes2.6SINRdegradationinSC
FDMA
Page42
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page43
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
where
Page43
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
2.3.5Systemaspectsof
SCFDMA
Page44
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page45
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
interference. Consider a simple scenario where transmit power is the same on every tone in
every user in all cells is allocated N tones. In OFDMA, but varies according to the Gaussian
localized SCFDMA, N tones of any user are distributioninSCFDMA.Thisis evident from the
contiguous. Thus, intercell interference from an timefrequency duality of OFDMA and SCFDMA
adjacent cell seen by a given user mostly comes describedinTable2.2.
from one or two users in that cell. As a result, Localizedversusdistributedschemes.Finallywe
interferenceisnotwellaveragedascomparedwith briefly compare the localized and distributed SC
theOFDMAcasewheretheNtonesoftheusermay FDMAschemes.FromtheperspectiveofSINRloss
seeinterferencefromdifferentusersintheadjacent due to equalization in the frequency selective
cell. channel, the localized scheme is superior. In
Moreover, in a given SCFDMA signal, the addition,sincethedistributedschemecoverswider
transmitpowertendstovarysubstantiallyfromone bandwidth,itrequiresmorepilot overhead for the
tone to another. Equations (2.1) and (2.25) show receivertoestimatethechannel.
thatthecomplexsymbolmodulatedontone[k]is Byspreadingthesignal into a wider bandwidth,
X[k] in OFDMA or [k] in SCFDMA. From the distributed scheme has better frequency
Equation(2.24),ifX[0],,X[N1]arei.i.d.,then diversity.Onthe other hand, the localized scheme
[k] is Gaussian when N is large. Suppose concentrates the signal on a narrower bandwidth
modulation symbols X[k] are QPSK. Then the andmakesiteasiertoexploitfrequencyselectivity.
transmit power is the same on every tone in Specifically, the base station scheduler tracks
Page45
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Specifically, the base station scheduler tracks PUSCHis used to carry traffic data and control
frequency selective channel quality and schedules signalsforhigherlayers.PUCCHisusedtotransfer
the user in the most favorable portion of the physicallayercontrolinformationincluding:
bandwidth. We will further study frequency
diversityandselectiveschedulinginChapter4. Downlinkchannelqualityindicator
(CQI)toassistadaptivemodulation
Practicalexample2.2Uplinkdataandcontrol andcodingandchannelaware
channelsinLTE schedulinginPDSCH.
Downlinkprecodingmatrix
The LTE uplink supports the localized SCFDMA indicator(PMI)andRank
scheme.AnimportantconstraintisthataUEonly Information(RI)fordownlinkMIMO
transmits in a set of contiguous tones. We briefly transmissions.RIindicatesthe
describe three major channels in the LTE uplink, maximumnumberoflayersfor
namelyPUSCH(PhysicalUplinkSharedChannel), spatialmultiplexingandPMIthe
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel), and preferredprecodingmatrix.
SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), with the HARQacknowledgments(HARQ
emphasis on how that constraint is met. We will ACK)toindicatewhethera
not get into the details of physical channel correspondingPDSCHhasbeen
processingofthesechannels. receivedsuccessfully.
Page46
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page46
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
equalto10QPSKsymbols)aresentwithformat2.
Figure2.27showsthephysicalresourcemappingof
PUCCHformats1and2.
Informat1,themiddlethreeOFDM symbols in
eachsloareforDMRS.TheBPSK/QPSKsymbolof
a HARQACK or SR report is modulated in the
remaining four OFDM symbols. Clearly sending
only one BPSK/QPSK in a PRB is wasteful. To
utilize the resource efficiently, multiple format 1
BPSK/QPSKsymbolsofdifferentUEsorthogonally
Figure2.26IllustrationofPUSCHphysicalresourcemappingina sharethesamePRBinacodedivisionmultiplexing
subframe.ThisfigureshowsVRBsanddoesnotincludeslotbased (CDM) manner. Specifically, the BPSK/QPSK
hoppingshowninFigure2.15thatmapsVRBstoPRBsfor
symbol of a UE is multiplied by a length4
frequencydiversity.
orthogonalcoversequence,anditsreferencesignal
NextweconsiderPUCCH.Roughlyspeaking,H is also multiplied by a length3 orthogonal cover
ARQACK(1or2bits,equaltooneBPSKorQPSK sequence. Each of the seven resultant symbols is
symbol) and SR (ONOFF keying) are sent with thenmultipliedbyalength12sequencetogenerate
PUCCHformat1andCQI/PMI/RI(20coded bits, 12 symbols, which are sent in the 12 tones of the
equalto10QPSKsymbols)aresentwithformat2. PRBinacorrespondingOFDMsymbolintheslot.
Page47
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
PRBinacorrespondingOFDMsymbolintheslot.
The length12 sequence is an orthogonal phase
rotationofaCSRSsequence.Thereareatmost12
orthogonalphaserotationsgiven12tonesinaPRB.
As long as two UEs are assigned different
orthogonal covers or phase rotations, their
BPSK/QPSK PUCCH signals are orthogonal.
Hence,upto312=36differentUEscanideallybe
multiplexedinthecodespace,althoughnotallthe
12 phase rotations are orthogonal in a frequency
selectivechannel.
Figure2.27IllustrationofPUCCHphysicalresourcemappingina
subframe.ThisfigureshowsVRBsanddoesnotincludeslotbased
hoppingshowninFigure2.28thatmapsVRBstoPRBsfor
frequencydiversity.
Page47
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page48
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page49
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
HARQACKandSR.NotethatSR theUEtransmitsSR.
issignaledwithONOFFkeying.The HARQACKandCQI.Inthiscase,
UEdoesnottransmitanysignalifit thePUCCHresourceofHARQACK
hasnoSRtosend.Inthiscase,the isleftunusedandthePUCCHformat
UEtransmitstheHARQACKreport 2ismodifiedslightlyintheCQI
inthecorrespondingPUCCH resource.Specifically,ineachslotthe
resourceofHARQACK.However,if BPSK/QPSKsymbolofaHARQACK
theUEintendstosendanSRreport, reportissentinthesecondOFDM
itinsteadtransmitstheHARQACK symbolthatisreservedforDMRSin
reportinthePUCCHresourceofSR theoriginalformat2(seeFigure
withoutexplicitlysendingtheSR 2.27b).
report.ThePUCCHresourceofH
ARQACKisleftunused.By While the above processing schemes allow
comparingthereceivedenergyinthe multiple reports to be sent simultaneously, they
SRandHARQACKresource,the maydegradethedecodingperformanceandleadto
eNBreceiverisabletodetermine more subtle error events. For example, in the H
whichPUCCHresourceactually ARQACK and CQI case, using only one OFDM
carriesasignalandthereforewhether symbol for DMRS, as opposed to two, sacrifices
theUEtransmitsSR. the performance at high Doppler frequencies.
Page49
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
the performance at high Doppler frequencies. ACK and the PUCCH resource scheduling of
Moreover,now it becomes hard to detect whether CQI/PMI/RIandSR.
theUEactuallysendsHARQACK.Notethatthere Theprincipleofhandlingthissituationistoleave
are indeed three states of a HARQACK report: thePUCCH resource unused and transmit control
ACK, NAK, or no report. NAK indicates failed symbolsinPUSCH.Together,thedataandcontrol
decodingofPDSCHwhilenoreportmeanstheUE symbolsaretimemultiplexed using the SCFDMA
misses the scheduling grant. Clearly the error scheme.
recovery mechanism is different for those two In general, control symbols need to be better
events. However, carrying the HARQACK protectedthandatasymbolsbecauseofthelackof
modulation symbol in the resource that would HARQ and short codeword lengths. This can be
otherwisebeusedforDMRSmakesithardforthe done by boosting the transmit power of a control
eNB receiver to detect which error event actually symbolascomparedwithadatasymbol.However,
takesplace. such a scheme leads to power fluctuation and a
Thenextquestionishowtosend both data and high PAPR. Alternatively, one can keep the
control in a subframe from a given UE? This can transmit power constant over the subframe and
happen since data transmission in PUSCH is increasethenumberofREsofcontrolsymbolsfor
determinedbytheuplinkscheduler,whichmaynot better coding protection. In LTE, the number of
always coordinate with the scheduling of HARQ REsforCQI/PMI,HARQACK,orRI depends on
ACK and the PUCCH resource scheduling of thecoding and modulation scheme of the PUSCH
Page50
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page50
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page51
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page52
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Figure2.31ICIpower|Y[n]|2versustoneindexknwith
frequencyoffsetf.
Page52
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page53
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Thelaststepassumesthatthecorrelationfunction
r()isrealandthusanevenfunction.
Figure 2.32 plots the total expected ICI power
foravarietyof f = fdTs using the
Page54
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page55
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
second term of Y[n], n k, is the ICI from the the DFT module and the missing NG samples of
currentsymbol0.Itfollows symbol 0. Therefore we approximate the total
ICI/ISIpowertobe .Figure2.35showsthatthe
approximationisquiteclose.
2.4.3Samplingrate
mismatch
Figure2.34plots|Y[n]|2,nkversustoneindex
k n. We observe that similar to Figure 2.31 the Ingeneral,thesamplingclockisusuallydifferentat
ICI/ISI power drops drastically as n moves away theuserandatthebasestation.Toreducecost,the
fromk. crystalusedattheuserisusuallylessaccuratethan
The total ICI/ISI power is given by that used at the base station. When the user is
communicatingwithabasestation,itcandetectthe
.Thelastterm is the ISI on basestationsamplingratefromthedownlinksignal
tonekfromsymbol1.Figure2.35plotsthetotal anduseittoadjustitsownsamplingratefor both
ICI/ISIpowerversusNG/Nc.NotethattheICI/ISI the downlink and the uplink. This way, the base
iscausedbytheNGsamplesofsymbol1thatenter stationusesafixedsamplingrateanddoesnotneed
the DFT module and the missing NG samples of to explicitly control the user. In the following, we
Page56
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Figure2.34ICI/ISIpower (|Y[n]|2)versustoneindexkn
whenarrivaltimeisnotcoveredbythecyclicprefix.N c =512.
Page56
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page58
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Phasenoise
Phasenoiseiscausedbytheinstabilityofphaseina
local oscillator. Consider a baseband signal x(t).
Thesignalaffectedbyphasenoisecanbe modeled
as
Figure2.36ICIs(k)versuskandICId(n)versusninthepresenceof
samplingratemismatch.N c =512.
Defineautocorrelationfunction
Consider a signal transmitted at tone k, X[k]
exp(j2[k]t), where X[k] is the complex symbol
Page58
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
where ,and
Figure2.37ICIpower (|Y[n]|2)versustoneindexkninthe
presenceofphasenoise.N c =512,Ts=100s.Phasenoise
parameters:a=6.5,b=4,c=10.5,f1=1kHz,andf2=10kHz.
Page59
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page60
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Theimpactof I/Q imbalance is that a signal on While the adjacent channel interference can be
tonekleaksenergyinitsimagetonek,thatis,Nc mitigated with filtering, the inband noise will
k,wheretheleakagepowerisgivenby uniformlyaffectallthetones.
Discussionnotes2.7DeterminationofOFDMA
parameters
Figure2.38plots (|Y[Nck]|2)versus for a
fewvaluesofg. Two key design parameters in OFDMA are tone
spacing f and length of the cyclic prefix Tcp.
Recallthattheoverheadduetothecyclicprefixis
2.4.5Poweramplifier
nonlineardistortion
Whenatransmittedsignalexceedsthelinearregion
Clearly the smaller f Tcp, the smaller the
ofthepoweramplifier,thesignalsuffersnonlinear
overhead.Ontheother hand, larger f or Tcp in
distortion.Thiscanbemodeledasanimpulsenoise
addedattheclippingtimeinstant,whichleadstoa general helps mitigate the effect of the
fairly flat power spectrum density function of in impairments. In particular, from Section 2.4, we
band noise and interference to adjacent channels. learnthat
While the adjacent channel interference can be
Page61
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
LargerTcpreducestheduration Figure2.35.However,itshouldbepointedoutthat
duringwhichasignalmayarrive the cyclic prefix needs to cover both delay spread
beyondthereceivercyclicprefix and potential time misalignment between the
interval. transmitter and the receiver. As described in
Largerfreducestherelative Section2.2,intheuplinkthebasestationcontrols
carrierfrequencyoffsetandDoppler the transmit symbol times of all the users within
effectaswellasreducingtheimpact the sector in a closedloop manner. Inaccuracy in
ofphasenoise. timing control reduces the margin of the cyclic
prefixtocoverdelayspread.
InLTE,f =15kHz,Tcp5s(normalmode)or NextconsidertheeffectofDopplerspread.Recall
17s(extendedmode). that at velocity and carrier frequency fc, the
Nowconsidertheeffectofdelayspread.Inmany Dopplershiftisgivenby wherec=3108meters
ITUchannelmodels,themaximumdelayspreadis persecondisthespeedoflight.Withatypical900
within5 s and can be completely covered by the MHz or 1.9 GHz carrier frequency for a cellular
cyclicprefix.Ifthemaximumdelayspreadis15s system,theDopplershiftislessthan200Hzat=
andthefractionofsignalenergybeyondthe cyclic 70milesperhour.Withthetonespacingof15kHz,
prefix interval is 25 dB, then the total ICI/ISI f < 0.02. Therefore, the total ICI power due to
power due to delay spread is about 35 dB from
Dopplerspreadisabout40to30dBfromFigure
Figure2.35.However,itshouldbepointedoutthat
Page62
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
2.32,andthetotalICIpowerduetophasenoiseis
about36dBfromTable2.3.However,weshould
point out that in openloop frequency
synchronization (Section 2.2), after the user
synchronizesitsreceivecarrier frequency with the
downlink signal, the user applies the same
frequency correction to its transmit carrier
frequency.ThentheworstcaseDopplershiftinthe
uplink may be doubled and became 2, twice as
much as the previous estimate. The frequency
discrepancy can be reduced if the users transmit
frequencyiscontrolledinaclosedloopmannerby
the base station similar to closedloop timing
Figure2.38ICIpower (|Y[N c k]|2)versus inthepresenceof
control.
I/Qimbalance.
2.5Cross
interferenceand
selfnoisemodels
Page63
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page63
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page63
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
model but contaminates only the fraction of H[k] is a complex number that depends on the
bandwidththatthesignalitselfoccupiesintheself models and parameters of the impairments. For
noisemodel. example,inthephasenoisemodel,Equation(2.58)
says that . In general,
2.6Selfnoisedue H[k] also includes the wireless channel and filter
toimperfectchannel responsefromthetransmittertothereceiver.
In coherent demodulation, the receiver first
estimation
obtainsthechannelestimateofH[k],referredtoas
A similar phenomenon of the selfnoise model [k], and then demodulates X[k] from Y[k] and
(2.66) can also be caused by imperfect channel [k].selfnoiseariseswhenthechannelestimation
estimation. In this case, unlike the ICI, the self isimperfect.
noiseinatoneiscausedbythesignalpoweronthat First let us see how channel estimation is
toneitself. typically done in an OFDMA system. Section B.3
In Section 2.4, we see that under various real reviewschannelestimationtechniques.Asshownin
worldimpairments,theoutputofthe DFT module Figure 2.39, a subset of tonesymbols are used to
at tone k of a transmitted tone signal X[k] send known symbols, called pilots, and the
exp(j2[k]t) is given by Y[k] = H[k]X[k], where remaining ones carry informationbearing data
H[k] is a complex number that depends on the symbols.Atatonesymbol(s,k),wheresandkare
Page64
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
We drop index (s, k) to simplify notation in the where 2 = (|Wp|2) is the power of the additive
following and use subscripts p, d to indicate pilot noise.
anddata. TheestimationofHdfrom Hp assumes they are
The receiver first estimates Hp at a pilot tone correlatedintime and frequency. Next we assume
symbolandthenHdatadatatonesymbolfromp. the Gaussian Markov model (see Section 4.1.5 for
Forsimplicity,hereweassumethatHdisestimated details) for channel correlation. Specifically,
fromone pilot. In reality, channel estimation uses suppose that the distance between the data and
severalpilots,buttheanalysis following still holds pilot tonesymbols are s0 OFDM symbols and k0
ingeneral. tones.Then
Denote by H = H the channel estimation
error.Supposethatthechannelestimateatthepilot
is whereHd,Hp,WHarezeromeancomplexGaussian
random variables with the same variance equal to
theexpectedchannelpowergain (|H|2),and
Page64
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
theexpectedchannelpowergain (|H|2),and
withparameterst,fdefinedin(4.39)and(4.40).
Thisequationshowsthatthenoise consists of two
Theunbiasedestimateisgivenby
components.Thepowerofthesecondonedropsas
(|H|2) increases, while that of the first one
remainsunchanged.TheeffectiveSNRis
It can be shown that assuming t, f 1, the
channelestimationerroris
Page65
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page66
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
andxaxisintercept2.
TheeffectiveSNRattonesymbol(s,k)isthus
Figure2.41IllustrationofSNRversusSNR 0.
where istheSNRintheabsenceofthe
selfnoise.AsshowninFigure2.41,athigh0,SNR
growssublinearlywith0andeventuallysaturates
at .
Page66
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page67
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
Page68
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
enablingideas,namely,sinusoidbasis roundtrippropagationdelaybetween
functionsandcyclicprefixes.OFDM auserandabasestation.Timing
canbeimplementedefficientlywith controlisnotrequiredinCDMA.
IFFTandFFT. Closedloopfrequencycontrolmay
ThebasicprinciplesofOFDMAina notberequiredifthetonespacingis
cellularsystemaretomultiplexintra sufficientlylarge.
celluserstodistincttonessoasto SCFDMAreducesthePAPRby
makethemorthogonalwitheach about2.54dBatthecostofresource
other,andtoreusethesametonesin allocationnotbeingflexible.Two
allcellstoachieveuniversalfrequency resourceallocationschemesare
reuse.Intercellinterferenceis possibletheallocatedtoneshaveto
averagedwithtonehopping.Inthis beeithercontiguousorequally
sense,hoppedOFDMA,similarto spaced.SCFDMAalsorequires
CDMA,belongstothefamilyof frequencydomainequalizationand
spreadspectrumtechnologies. incursalossinSNRinafrequency
Tomaintaintheorthogonalityin selectivechannel.
OFDMAuplink,closedlooptime TheorthogonalityinOFDMAisnot
controlisrequiredtocompensatefor perfectinpractice.ICIarisesinthe
roundtrippropagationdelaybetween presenceofrealworldimpairments.
Page68
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1
12/20/2016 KindleCloudReader
OFDMAMOBILEBROADBANDCOMMUNICATIONS
presenceofrealworldimpairments. 2
HerewefocusononeOFDMsymbol.Thecyclic
prefixisignoredasitdoesnotaffectPAPR.The
Inatypicalchannelenvironmentand
transitionbetweensuccessiveOFDMsymbolsdue
implementation,ICIisabout35to tofilteringisnottakenintoaccountinourPAPR
25dB.Forusermultiplexing,ICI analysis.
3
Thediscussioninthissectionisalsoapplicableto
leadstoselfnoiseandcross
SCFDMA.WeuseOFDMAasageneraltermto
interferencethatlimittheSNR. includebothOFDMAandSCFDMA.
Selfnoisealsoarisesfromimperfect
3Systemdesign
channelestimationwithitspower
proportionaltosignalpower.Self principles
noiseisinadditiontotheadditive
noiseinaconventionalchannel
model,andcausestheSNRto This chapter first summarizes the system level
saturateinthehighSNRregime.Self
benefits of using OFDMA as the underlying
noisedoesnotleaktoothertones. multiple access technology, and then qualitatively
1
Herewerelyonresourceallocationforintercell
interferenceaveraging.Chapter6willexpandthe
presents the basic system design principles of
ideatoactiveinterferencecontroland OFDMA mobile broadband communications in a
coordinationinthecontextoffractionalfrequency cellularnetwork.Thischapterservesasapreviewof
reuse.
2
HerewefocusononeOFDMsymbol.Thecyclic
many topics to be covered in the remaining
chapters of the book. We emphasize the concepts
Page69
https://read.amazon.in/ 1/1