What is faade ?

A facade or faade is generally one side of the exterior of a building, especially

the front, but also sometimes the sides and rear.

The word comes from the French language, literally meaning "frontage" or

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"face".

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 Type of Facade

Glazing Cladding

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Curtain Walling Aluminium Composite Panel

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Point Support Glazing Metal Cladding
Spider Glazing Zinc Panel Cladding

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Bolted Glazing Stone Cladding
Glazing on Tension Truss Clay tile Cladding
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Glazing on Cable Truss Wooden Panel Cladding
Atrium Polycarbonate Panel
Skylight , Canopies , Dome GFRC Cladding
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Shop Front / Display FRP Cladding

Doors & Windows
 GLAZING

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Glazing, which derives from the Middle

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English for 'glass', is a part of a wall, made
of glass. Glazing also describes the work

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done by a professional "glazier"

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Curtain Wall Structural Glazing Spider Glazing on Tension Rod

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System
Glazing

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Aluminium door
Sky Light Sliding Door
What is a curtain wall?

Curtain Wall is a form of a vertical building enclosure which supports no load other than its
own weight and the environmental forces which act upon it.

Types of Curtain Wall

q Conventional Stick System (Capped System)

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q Structural silicone glazing ( SSG)

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Semi unitized system
Unitized System

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Conventional Stick System

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In this system the vertical mullions

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and horizontal transoms are installed
on MS/SS/Aluminium brackets which
are anchored to the columns/slabs.
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Cut to size glass is fixed on the grid
work with pressure plates.(The glass is
held Mechanically) Cover cap is snap
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fit on the pressure plates for aesthetic

look.
In the above system 90% of the work
can be done at site.
Semi unitized system
In this system the vertical mullions and
horizontal transoms are installed on
MS/SS/Aluminium brackets which are
anchored to the columns/slabs. Cut to size
glass is structurally glazed to the Aluminium
sub frame by structural sealant. The sub frame

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with the glass is installed on the Grid work.

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In the above system 50% of the work is done
at site.

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Unitized system

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In this system MS/SS/Aluminium brackets are
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anchored to the columns/slabs after detailed site
survey. The complete unit spanning floor height
fully fabricated at the factory is installed on the
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brackets.

In the above system 10% of the work is done at

site.
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF UNITIZED GLAZING SYSTEM

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Spider Glazing -
v Spider System is a system for point-supported
vertical glazing in which thermally toughened (
Tempered ) glass sheets are used, in single
glazing or in insulated glass.

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v Laminated safety glass ( tempered laminated

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glass ) is preferable to be used in single glazing
or as the outer sheet of the insulating glass

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units.

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v The space between the glass sheets are filled
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with whether seal.

v The support elements that hold the fitting can

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be space frame, glass fin or tension cables.

v The inherent characteristics of each type of

glass product define the type of articulated
fitting which it will require.
v This system consists of a number of
accessories with metal arms. At the end of
each arm, a sheet of glass is fixed by the
corners with a special screw. The vacuum
between these sheets is filled up with
isolators to overcome mechanical pressure
and weather conditions.

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v The rectangular glass sheets have 4 or 6

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countersunk drilled holes into which
countersunk stainless steel bolts acting as

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point-fixings.

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Point Fixing Bolts:
v These are also known as Routels, Articulated Bolts,
Swivel bolts etc.
v Point Fixing Bolts are of two types: Fixed and Swivel.
v These can be used for fixing single glazing and/or
double glazing of various thicknesses.
Spider:

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v Different shapes, dimensions for a wide variety of

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specifications are available.
v Center to center dimensions vary according to the

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wind load and stress requirements.
v Different types of fixing arrangements like fin type,

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structure fixing types are also possible.
Tension Rod/Cable System:

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v This is used along with tension rods and tension
cables and is the main element for the tension rod or
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tension cable structure.
v Tension cables structures are also known as Wire
Rope structures.
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v Tension Rod and tension cable structures are used for

giving a very light weight look to the glass Faade.
Features of the spider system

Modern architecture
Most possible transparency
Large and fully smooth glazed area
Doors and windows can be inserted in a
spider glass faade

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Excellent adaptation to local
requirements.

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Full daylight on all sides.
Double and single glazing.

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Good thermal insulation with 16mm
airspace in double glazing.

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A solution to more and more structural

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needs.

Applications of Spider System

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Huge building and shop facades
Lobbies, passageways and glasshouses
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Skylights and domes

Walls, interior partitions and internal
staircases
Stands and furniture
Interior designs
 The factors that play an important role in glass faade design

q Height of the building

q Distance between slabs
q Location of the building
q Span of each panel

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Factors affecting the price of the glazing

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q Curtain wall system

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q Glass

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q Location & Height of the building
q Finish on the aluminium profiles

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q Accessories
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Important factors for glazing

q System Design pressure equalized system

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q Barrier against water & air leakages 3 barrier Minimum

q Thermally efficient system for better performance of the building, as no
heat will be transmitted inside by the aluminum
 CLADDING

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Cladding is the covering of one material with another

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CLAY TILE ZINC PANEL

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ACP

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METAL
STONE

GFRC
 Glass

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Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid

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material. Glasses are typically brittle and
optically transparent.

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Ordinary glass called Annealed or Float glass

Safety Glass This can be either Toughened, Laminated, Safety Wired Glass or Annealed

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glass with safety film applied to it.

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Safety glazing is mandatory for new installations within 800mm of the floor in windows
and partitions, and within 1500mm of the floor in doors and side panels. Glazing is

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marked in the corner with BS6206.

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Security Glass- Laminated glass or Annealed glass with film applied to it.

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When security glass is installed you must ensure there is an emergency escape route in
case of fire.
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Low Emissivity glass or Low E glass- The glass must be used in a double glazed window
so that the special reflective coating, which is always placed inside the cavity, is
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protected from any damage

Decorative glass - This can be Opaque, patterned, Stained, Sandblasted or Etched

 Type of Architectural Glass
Clear Glass
Tinted Glass (Blue,Green,Bronze)
Appearance Colour Glass
Frosted Glass

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Ceramic Fritted

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Annealed Glass

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Strength / Safety Toughened Glass
Heat Strengthen Glass

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Laminated Glass
Fire Rated Glass
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Insulated Glass Unit with Air Gap
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Performance Insulated Glass Unit with Gas Filled

Safety / Sound / Heat
Laminated Insulated Glass Unit
LOW-E Glass
HEAT TREATED GLASS

v Toughened Glass
v Heat Strengthen Glass

Heat Treated Glass is produced by heating the glass to a plastic state at around 650C,
and then by computer control, the glass is moved into the quench area where it is

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rapidly cooled by a series of high pressure air nozzles.

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This rapid cooling or quenching induces high compression stress in the glass surface,

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while the center remains in tension.

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Although the physical characteristics remain unchanged, the additional stresses created

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within the glass increases its thermal and mechanical strength.
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Heat Strengthened glass is twice as strong as the annealed glass while Tempered glass
is up to five times stronger than ordinary annealed glass of the same thickness.
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Tempered glass is much harder to break than annealed float or laminated glass. If
broken it will not provide security, however the noise due to breakage is often a
deterrent.
Reflective glasses are the most widely used glass for structural glazing and curtain walling for reasons
such as better light transmission, reduced heat transfer etc.

v Types of reflective glass

Hard coated glass or pyrolytic coated glass

Soft coated glass or vacuum sputtered coated glass

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Hard coated glass

o Better photometric properties than the tinted glass and are low-performance glass.

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o Imported in sheet sizes and various processes like tempering / DGU can be done

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locally.
o This is cheaper glass as the processes can be done locally saving customs duty

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o This glass can be used as single glass in vision as well as spandrel glass.
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 Soft coated glass

o Medium performance glass

o Superior glass than the hard coated glass in terms of photometric properties.
o Heat strengthening will have to be done at the source of supply (abroad) and
DGU can be made locally.

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o This glass can be used as single glass in vision as well as spandrel glass.

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o Note: these glasses are costlier than the hard coated glass, but the initial
investments can be recovered by lower AC loads & lower operating costs.

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High Performance glass

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o Most superior type of glass in terms of photometric properties.
o Can never be used as single glass and the whole unit with DGU has to be
imported from abroad.
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o Note: these glasses are costlier than the hard coated glass, but the initial
investments can be recovered by lower AC loads & lower operating costs.
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 Pre Tempered Coating Post Tempered Coatings

Tempered First and then Coated Coated first and then Tempered

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Since the base glass is tempered first (which
can be either Tinted or Clear), the Distortion

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on the final product is much less as compared
to the Post tempered Product Distortion is more as the Coated glass is tempered

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All the preprocessing (Cutting, Grinding, All the preprocessing is done after the coating.
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Tempering) is done before Coating. Hence Hence coating is exposed to these processes which
Coating is not exposed to these processes and might result in damage of coating if not handled
chances of damage to the coating is less properly.
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It is manufactured after the reciept of sizes, These are make in stock sizes and are packed in
hence immediately after the coating the glass Crates before making the DGU. These have to be
is processed for making DGU properly packed and has a shelf life.
v CVD - CVD, or Chemical Vapor Deposition, is one of two main technologies
used to manufacture Low Emissivity glass. In the CVD process, vapor directed

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to the hot glass surface reacts to form a ceramic coating. The resulting Low E

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product is often referred to as "hard coat". Also known as pyrolytic coating.

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v Emissivity - Emissivity refers to the ability of a surface to absorb or reflect

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heat. An energy efficient glazing technology, Low Emissivity glass is a poor

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absorber of heat!

v Hard Coat - Also known as "pyrolytic", hard coat refers to Low E glass
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manufactured via the CVD process. Because the coating is covalently bonded
to the glass, hard coat Low E is extremely durable.
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MSVD - MSVD, or Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Deposition (also known
as "sputtering"), is one of two main technologies used to manufacture
Low Emissivity glass.

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In MSVD, a metal or ceramic target bombarded with ions releases atoms

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to form a thin coating on a sheet of glass. The resulting Low E product is
often called "soft coat" or "sputtered".

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Soft Coat - Also know as "sputtered", soft coat refers to Low E glass
manufactured via the MSVD process.
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Less durable than its hard coat counterpart, soft coat Low E requires
special storage and handling to prevent damage to the coating.
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 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

v The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (or SHGC) refers to a window's ability to
transmit solar radiation.

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v The SHGC ranges from 0-1. A value of 0 indicates that the window

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functions like a wall, essentially preventing any solar energy from entering
the building.

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v A value of 1 indicates that the window functions like an opening, allowing

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all solar energy in.

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v In cold climates, a high SHGC can lower heating costs by using passive solar
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heating.
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v In warm climates, a low SHGC is desired to keep unwanted heat out and
reduce cooling costs.
 Shading Coefficient

Shading coefficient is the ratio of solar heat gain through a specific type of glass
that is relative to the solar heat gain through a 1/8" (3 mm) ply of clear glass
under identical conditions (see Figure 8). As the shading coefficient number
decreases, heat gain is reduced, which means a better performing product.

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 Solar Selective Low E

Specifically designed to enhance comfort in warm climates, solar selective

Low E is a Low E glass with a low solar heat gain coefficient.

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U-Value

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Also known as the K-value, the U-value is a measure of a window's ability

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to transfer heat (usually given in W/m2K or Btu/hr ft2 oF).

Windows with a low U-value, like Low Emissivity windows, are efficient
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insulators against heat loss.
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1. CONDUCTION
2. RADIATION
3. CONVECTION
4. AIR LEAKAGE

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Visible Light Transmittance
The percentage of visible light (380 - 780 nm) that is transmitted through the
glass.

Solar Transmittance
The percentage of ultraviolet, visible and near infrared energy (300 - 3000 nm)
that is transmitted through the glass.

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Visible Light Reflectance

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The percentage of light that is reflected from the glass surface(s).

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Solar Reflectance

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The percentage of solar energy that is reflected from the glass surface(s).
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NFRC U-Value
A measure of heat gain or heat loss through glass due to the differences between
indoor and outdoor temperatures. These are center pane values based on NFRC
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standard winter nighttime and summer daytime conditions.

U-values are given in BTU/(hr*ft2*F) for the English system. Metric U-values are
given in W/(m2*K). To convert from English to metric, multiply the English U-
value by 5.6783.
Relative Heat Gain (RHG)
The amount of heat gained through glass taking into consideration U-value and
shading coefficient. Using the
NFRC standard, relative heat gain is calculated as follows:

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Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
The portion of directly transmitted and absorbed solar energy that enters into the

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building's interior. The higher the SHGC, the higher the heat gain.

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Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)

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The ratio is equal to the Visible Light Transmittance divided by the Solar Heat
Gain Coefficient. The Department of Energy's Federal Technology Alert
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publication of the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) views an LSG of
1.25 or greater to be Green Glazing/Spectrally Selective Glazing.
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 GLASS TYPE CONFIGURATION

Monolithic Glazing - 6mm clear Float Glass

Laminated Glass with normal PVB - 6.38 mm PVB Laminate 3mm/0.38mm/3mm

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Laminated Glass with Acoustic PVB - 6.38 mm Acoustic PVB Laminate 3mm/0.38mm pvb/3mm

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Normal Double Glazing - 4mm Float 12mm air gap 4mm Float 4 12 4mm

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Asymmetrical Double Glazing - 6mm Float 12mm air gap 4mm Float 6 12 4mm

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Double glazing with one pane laminated - 6mm Float 12mm air gap 8.38mm Float 6 12
8.38mm

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Double glazing with one pane acoustic PVB laminated -6mm Float 12mm air gap 8.38mm Float 6
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12 8.38mm

Double glazing with two pane acoustic PVB laminated - 8.38mmFloat 2mm air gap10.38mm Float
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8.38 12 10.38mm
 OFF SITE /FACTORY WORKING
MATERIAL GLASS FABRICATI
MATERIAL PACKING
DESING & SELECTIO PERFORM ON OF GLAZING
PROCURE &
DRAWING N& ANCE ALUMINIU & CURING
MENT DISPATCH
APPROVAL TEST M FRAME

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ON SITE WORKING

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FIXING INSTALL

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BRACKET
SITE OF CAST FIXING OF ATION SMOKE
FIXING & FLASHINGS
SURVEY IN SUBFRAME OF SEAL
ALIGNMENT

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CHANEL nR PANEL

CLEANING &
HANDING OVER
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 LIST OF MATERIAL
CAST IN CHANEL ALUMINIUM BRACKET ALUMINIUM
EXTRUDED PROFILE

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ANCHOR FASTNERS SILICON SPACER TAPE

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GI/ALUMINIUM EPDM GASKET
NUT BOLTS ROCKWOOL FLASHINGS
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 VISUAL MOCKUP AT SITE

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 What is glass Faade testing?
Glass faade testing is a process wherein the faade is tested for its designed performance
for Structural stability & leakages against air & water infiltration.

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Why Testing?

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v To identify & rectify:
Improper design

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Improper fabrication
Improper installation

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Advantages of testing

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Assurances of performance of the glass faade as per design requirement
Peace of mind on the functionality of the system
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Saving in time & money as few rectification on site after installation
Leak proof building
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Increased life of the building

Importance of testing
These tests are a must & should be performed on every project as no two projects are
similar & this helps the Project Manager to act proactively, thus save Valuable material in the
form of modification, Valuable time & Valuable Money.
Laboratory Testing
v Air Infiltration Test - ASTM E 283
v Water Penetration Test ( Static ) - ASTM E 331
v Water Penetration Test (Dynamic) - AAMA 501.1
v Structural Test ( Wind load serviceability) - ASTM E 330
v Seismic Racking Test ( Floor Displacement ) AAMA 501.4
v Structural Proof Load Test ( 150% ) - ASTM E 330

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v Seismic Proof Test (150-200%) - ASTM 501.4

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 Double glass unit

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 INSULATING GLASS UNIT PROCESS
First and foremost the right glass combination is
STEP - 1 selected according the clients requirement.

All spacer bars are cut to size, and are then filled

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STEP -2 with a desiccant for moisture absorption.

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Then, P.I.B(poly isobutyl) is applied to the spacer
STEP-3 bar as the primary seal

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Glass is then put through the washer and arrives
STEP-4 on to the quality control check point.
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Quality control must then inspect to ensure the
STEP-5 glass is clean and flawless
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the pre-prepared spacer bar is then applied. The

glass with the spacer bar attached is then sent to
STEP-6 the holding point
 The second piece of glass is then also put through
the washer and inspected all the same, and then let
through to the holding point, in which case the
STEP-7 machine automatically aligns the two sheets of glass.

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The two sheets are then pressed in the large glass

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press, and the automatically released out the other
end. Then the Insulated Glass Unit is transported using
STEP - 8 the glass lift and is then ready for the application of

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the secondary seal

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The secondary seal is applied all around the unit,
in either butyl or silicon depending on the size and
STEP -9 what the purpose of the unit is.
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Once the secondary seal process is complete, the

unit is left to dry, which brings us to the end of the
STEP-10 manufacturing process.
What are the benefits of having Double Glazed Units?

v Heat loss through single glazing will be at least halved with double glazed
units

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v Rooms will be COLDER/WARMER with double glazed units

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v Outside NOICE can be reduced with double glazed units

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v Condensation can be reduced with double glazed units

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v

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v Increases the saleability of the property with double glazed units
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v Savings on fuel bills with double glazed units.
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Design base report
Wind pressure
Total area
Cost per Sft

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Extra Item

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Budget Projection
Visuals

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Challenges
BMU

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Openable Panel

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Girder Beam
Maintenance
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Shattering Pattern of Toughened Glass

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GLASS FOR CW1 STACKED IN GLASS WALL FACTORY
QTY 3000.00 SQM

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THANK YOU

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