Case 1 : To determine the minimum flushing velocity against the 'old' pipe

using Colebrook-White equation (full flow), ks=0.6mm

Nominal pipe bore(mm) 100 150 225 300 375 450 600
hydraulic gradient V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q
1: n 1/n (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s)
990 0.0010 0.237 1.86 0.312 5.51 0.408 16.20 0.492 34.75 0.568 62.70 0.638 101.45 0.766 216.47
950 0.0011 0.242 1.90 0.318 5.63 0.416 16.55 0.502 35.49 0.580 64.03 0.651 103.60 0.782 221.05
900 0.0011 0.249 1.96 0.327 5.78 0.428 17.02 0.516 36.48 0.596 65.82 0.670 106.49 0.804 227.20
850 0.0012 0.256 2.01 0.337 5.96 0.441 17.52 0.531 37.56 0.614 67.76 0.689 109.63 0.827 233.89
800 0.0013 0.265 2.08 0.348 6.15 0.455 18.08 0.548 38.74 0.633 69.89 0.711 113.07 0.853 241.19
750 0.0013 0.274 2.15 0.360 6.35 0.470 18.68 0.566 40.04 0.654 72.22 0.735 116.83 0.881 249.21
690 0.0014 0.286 2.24 0.375 6.63 0.490 19.50 0.591 41.78 0.682 75.35 0.766 121.89 0.919 259.96
630 0.0016 0.300 2.35 0.393 6.95 0.514 20.43 0.619 43.76 0.715 78.92 0.803 127.65 0.963 272.22
600 0.0017 0.307 2.41 0.403 7.13 0.527 20.94 0.635 44.86 0.732 80.90 0.823 130.85 0.987 279.03
530 0.0019 0.328 2.57 0.430 7.60 0.561 22.31 0.676 47.79 0.780 86.16 0.876 139.34 1.051 297.10
500 0.0020 0.338 2.65 0.443 7.83 0.578 22.98 0.696 49.23 0.804 88.74 0.902 143.52 1.082 305.99
450 0.0022 0.356 2.80 0.467 8.26 0.610 24.25 0.735 51.93 0.848 93.62 0.952 151.39 1.141 322.72
400 0.0025 0.379 2.97 0.496 8.77 0.648 25.75 0.780 55.13 0.900 99.38 1.010 160.69 1.211 342.51
380 0.0026 0.389 3.05 0.510 9.01 0.665 26.43 0.801 56.59 0.923 101.99 1.037 164.91 1.243 351.50
300 0.0033 0.439 3.45 0.575 10.16 0.750 29.81 0.903 63.80 1.041 114.96 1.169 185.85 1.401 396.04
275 0.0036 0.459 3.60 0.601 10.62 0.784 31.15 0.943 66.67 1.088 120.13 1.221 194.20 1.464 413.81
260 0.0038 0.472 3.71 0.619 10.93 0.806 32.05 0.970 68.59 1.119 123.58 1.256 199.78 1.506 425.68
225 0.0044 0.509 3.99 0.666 11.77 0.868 34.49 1.044 73.80 1.204 132.95 1.351 214.90 1.619 457.86
200 0.0050 0.540 4.24 0.707 12.49 0.921 36.61 1.108 78.33 1.278 141.10 1.434 228.06 1.718 485.85
170 0.0059 0.587 4.61 0.768 13.57 1.000 39.76 1.203 85.03 1.387 153.16 1.556 247.53 1.865 527.28
150 0.0067 0.626 4.91 0.818 14.46 1.065 42.35 1.281 90.58 1.477 163.14 1.658 263.65 1.986 561.56
125 0.0080 0.686 5.39 0.897 15.86 1.168 46.44 1.405 99.31 1.619 178.85 1.817 289.00 2.177 615.51
100 0.0100 0.769 6.04 1.005 17.76 1.307 51.98 1.572 111.14 1.812 200.12 2.033 323.36 2.435 688.59
90 0.0111 0.811 6.37 1.060 18.73 1.379 54.82 1.658 117.20 1.911 211.02 2.144 340.96 2.568 726.03
80 0.0125 0.861 6.76 1.125 19.88 1.463 58.18 1.759 124.36 2.027 223.91 2.275 361.76 2.724 770.29
70 0.0143 0.921 7.24 1.203 21.27 1.565 62.23 1.882 133.01 2.168 239.46 2.433 386.88 2.913 823.73
60 0.0167 0.996 7.82 1.301 22.99 1.692 67.26 2.033 143.74 2.343 258.77 2.629 418.04 3.148 890.02
50 0.0200 1.092 8.58 1.426 25.20 1.854 73.73 2.229 157.54 2.568 283.60 2.881 458.14 3.450 975.32
Case 1 : To determine the minimum flushing velocity against the 'old' pipe
using Colebrook-White equation (full flow), ks=0.6mm

Nominal pipe bore(mm) 100 150 225 300 375 450 600
hydraulic gradient V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q
1: n 1/n (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s)
40 0.0250 1.223 9.60 1.596 28.20 2.075 82.49 2.493 176.25 2.872 317.24 3.222 512.46 3.858 1090.88
30 0.0333 1.414 11.11 1.845 32.60 2.398 95.33 2.881 203.66 3.319 366.54 3.723 592.06 4.457 1260.21
29 0.0345 1.438 11.30 1.877 33.16 2.439 96.97 2.931 207.15 3.376 372.83 3.787 602.22 4.534 1281.82
28 0.0357 1.464 11.50 1.910 33.75 2.482 98.69 2.983 210.84 3.436 379.46 3.854 612.91 4.614 1304.57
27 0.0370 1.491 11.71 1.945 34.38 2.528 100.51 3.038 214.72 3.499 386.45 3.925 624.20 4.699 1328.58
26 0.0385 1.520 11.94 1.983 35.04 2.576 102.44 3.096 218.83 3.566 393.84 4.000 636.13 4.789 1353.96
25 0.0400 1.550 12.17 2.022 35.74 2.628 104.48 3.157 223.18 3.637 401.66 4.079 648.77 4.884 1380.85
24 0.0417 1.582 12.43 2.064 36.48 2.682 106.64 3.223 227.80 3.712 409.98 4.164 662.19 4.985 1409.40
23 0.0435 1.617 12.70 2.109 37.27 2.740 108.95 3.292 232.72 3.792 418.83 4.253 676.48 5.092 1439.79
22 0.0455 1.653 12.98 2.157 38.11 2.802 111.41 3.367 237.97 3.878 428.27 4.349 691.73 5.207 1472.23
21 0.0476 1.693 13.29 2.208 39.01 2.868 114.04 3.446 243.59 3.969 438.38 4.452 708.05 5.330 1506.97
20 0.0500 1.735 13.62 2.262 39.98 2.939 116.87 3.532 249.63 4.068 449.25 4.562 725.59 5.462 1544.27
19 0.0526 1.780 13.98 2.322 41.03 3.016 119.92 3.624 256.14 4.174 460.95 4.681 744.50 5.604 1584.49
18 0.0556 1.829 14.37 2.386 42.16 3.099 123.22 3.723 263.19 4.288 473.62 4.810 764.95 5.758 1628.01
17 0.0588 1.883 14.79 2.455 43.38 3.189 126.81 3.832 270.84 4.413 487.40 4.950 787.19 5.925 1675.32
16 0.0625 1.941 15.24 2.531 44.73 3.288 130.72 3.950 279.21 4.549 502.44 5.102 811.48 6.108 1726.99
15 0.0667 2.005 15.75 2.614 46.20 3.396 135.03 4.080 288.39 4.699 518.97 5.270 838.16 6.309 1783.75
14 0.0714 2.076 16.30 2.707 47.83 3.516 139.79 4.224 298.55 4.864 537.23 5.455 867.66 6.531 1846.49
13 0.0769 2.155 16.92 2.809 49.65 3.649 145.08 4.384 309.85 5.048 557.57 5.662 900.49 6.778 1916.33
12 0.0833 2.243 17.62 2.925 51.68 3.798 151.03 4.563 322.54 5.255 580.40 5.894 937.34 7.055 1994.74
11 0.0909 2.343 18.41 3.055 53.99 3.968 157.77 4.767 336.93 5.489 606.27 6.156 979.12 7.369 2083.60
10 0.1000 2.458 19.31 3.205 56.64 4.162 165.49 5.000 353.42 5.758 635.93 6.457 1027.01 7.730 2185.48
7 0.1429 2.941 23.10 3.833 67.74 4.977 197.90 5.979 422.60 6.884 760.37 7.721 1227.92 9.241 2612.88

Colebrook white equation:- V = -2 x (2gDS)1/2 x log(KS/3.71D + 2.51v/D(2gDS)1/2) V = Velocity

Q = Flowrate
 0.8 m/s < V < 4.0 m/s

V = mean velocity in pipe, (m/s)

g = gravity acceleration (m/s2) = 9.81
D = diameter of pipe (m)
S = hydraulic gradient (%)
Ks = roughness coeffcient
v = kinematic viscosity = 0.000001
4.0 m/s
Estimated coverage land area (acreage) against nominal pipe diameter

nominal pipe diameter Coverage land area (acre)

(Range of gradient of pipe)
100mm 6.40 < area < 37.32
(1:90) < gradient < (1:7)
150mm 16.08 < area < 95.24
(1:150) < gradient < (1:11)
225mm 38.09 < area < 236.92
(1:260) < gradient < (1:18)
300mm 72.34 < area < 446.94
(1:380) < gradient < (1:26)
375mm 119.46 < area < 737.93
(1:500) < gradient < (1:34)
450mm 185.80 < area < 1101.14
(1:630) < gradient < (1:43)
600mm 344.35 < area < 2114.27
(1:900) < gradient < (1:60)

P/s : The estimation is based on the assumption of 75PE per acre.

e diameter
POPULATION EQUIVALENT AGAINST GRADIENT FOR 600 mm DIA. HDPE PIPE

Gradient 1:600 1:500 1:400 1:350 1:300 1:250 1:200

Population Equivalent 33500 37200 42200 45500 49700 55140 62500
Range of Population Equivalent against nominal pipe diameter

nominal pipe diameter Range of Population Equivalent

(Range of gradient of pipe)
100mm 480 < PE < 2799
(1:90) < gradient < (1:7)
150mm 1206 < PE < 7143
(1:150) < gradient < (1:11)
225mm 2950 < PE < 17769
(1:260) < gradient < (1:18)
300mm 5587 < PE < 33521
(1:380) < gradient < (1:26)
375mm 9262 < PE < 55345
(1:500) < gradient < (1:34)
450mm 13935 < PE < 82586
(1:630) < gradient < (1:43)
600mm 26635 < PE < 158570
(1:900) < gradient < (1:60)
Case 2 : To determine the maximum flushing velocity against the 'new' pipe
using Colebrook-White equation (full flow), ks=0.06mm

Nominal pipe bore(mm) 100 150 225 300 375 450 600
hydraulic gradient V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q
1: n 1/n (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s)
990 0.0010 0.279 2.20 0.369 6.52 0.484 19.23 0.584 41.30 0.675 74.60 0.760 120.81 0.913 258.03
950 0.0011 0.286 2.25 0.377 6.67 0.495 19.66 0.597 42.23 0.691 76.27 0.777 123.50 0.933 263.74
900 0.0011 0.295 2.31 0.389 6.87 0.509 20.25 0.615 43.48 0.711 78.51 0.799 127.11 0.960 271.40
850 0.0012 0.304 2.39 0.401 7.08 0.525 20.88 0.634 44.83 0.733 80.94 0.824 131.04 0.989 279.74
800 0.0013 0.314 2.47 0.414 7.32 0.543 21.58 0.655 46.31 0.757 83.61 0.851 135.33 1.022 288.86
750 0.0013 0.326 2.56 0.429 7.58 0.562 22.35 0.678 47.95 0.784 86.54 0.881 140.06 1.057 298.89
690 0.0014 0.341 2.68 0.449 7.94 0.588 23.37 0.709 50.14 0.819 90.47 0.921 146.40 1.105 312.34
650 0.0015 0.353 2.77 0.464 8.20 0.607 24.14 0.732 51.76 0.846 93.40 0.950 151.11 1.140 322.34
600 0.0017 0.368 2.89 0.485 8.56 0.634 25.20 0.764 54.03 0.882 97.46 0.991 157.66 1.189 336.24
550 0.0018 0.386 3.03 0.508 8.98 0.664 26.41 0.801 56.60 0.924 102.07 1.038 165.10 1.245 352.00
500 0.0020 0.407 3.20 0.535 9.45 0.699 27.79 0.842 59.55 0.972 107.37 1.092 173.63 1.309 370.09
450 0.0022 0.431 3.39 0.566 10.01 0.740 29.41 0.891 62.98 1.028 113.53 1.154 183.57 1.383 391.15
415 0.0024 0.451 3.54 0.592 10.46 0.772 30.71 0.930 65.75 1.073 118.50 1.205 191.57 1.443 408.12
350 0.0029 0.495 3.88 0.649 11.46 0.846 33.63 1.018 71.98 1.174 129.66 1.318 209.55 1.578 446.20
300 0.0033 0.538 4.22 0.705 12.45 0.918 36.51 1.105 78.10 1.273 140.64 1.429 227.22 1.710 483.63
290 0.0034 0.548 4.30 0.718 12.68 0.935 37.18 1.125 79.51 1.296 143.17 1.454 231.30 1.741 492.26
250 0.0040 0.594 4.66 0.777 13.73 1.012 40.23 1.217 85.99 1.402 154.79 1.572 250.00 1.881 531.87
225 0.0044 0.629 4.94 0.822 14.53 1.070 42.54 1.286 90.90 1.481 163.59 1.661 264.17 1.987 561.85
200 0.0050 0.670 5.26 0.876 15.47 1.139 45.28 1.368 96.72 1.575 174.01 1.766 280.93 2.113 597.32
170 0.0059 0.731 5.74 0.955 16.87 1.241 49.33 1.490 105.33 1.715 189.45 1.923 305.77 2.298 649.88
150 0.0067 0.782 6.14 1.021 18.03 1.325 52.70 1.591 112.48 1.831 202.24 2.052 326.35 2.452 693.42
125 0.0080 0.862 6.77 1.124 19.87 1.459 58.00 1.750 123.73 2.014 222.39 2.256 358.77 2.695 761.97
100 0.0100 0.971 7.63 1.265 22.35 1.640 65.20 1.967 139.01 2.261 249.73 2.532 402.74 3.024 854.95
90 0.0111 1.027 8.07 1.337 23.63 1.733 68.90 2.077 146.84 2.388 263.76 2.674 425.30 3.192 902.62
80 0.0125 1.094 8.59 1.423 25.14 1.843 73.27 2.209 156.11 2.538 280.35 2.842 451.97 3.392 959.01
70 0.0143 1.174 9.22 1.526 26.97 1.976 78.56 2.367 167.31 2.720 300.39 3.044 484.19 3.633 1027.11
60 0.0167 1.274 10.00 1.655 29.24 2.141 85.12 2.564 181.22 2.945 325.27 3.296 524.20 3.932 1111.64
50 0.0200 1.402 11.01 1.820 32.17 2.353 93.57 2.817 199.14 3.235 357.32 3.620 575.70 4.316 1220.46
Case 2 : To determine the maximum flushing velocity against the 'new' pipe
using Colebrook-White equation (full flow), ks=0.06mm

Nominal pipe bore(mm) 100 150 225 300 375 450 600
hydraulic gradient V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q
1: n 1/n (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s) (m/s) (l/s)
43 0.0233 1.518 11.92 1.970 34.81 2.545 101.18 3.045 215.25 3.496 386.14 3.911 622.03 4.663 1318.33
34 0.0294 1.717 13.49 2.226 39.33 2.873 114.24 3.437 242.92 3.944 435.62 4.411 701.54 5.257 1486.29
29 0.0345 1.866 14.66 2.417 42.72 3.119 124.01 3.729 263.61 4.279 472.61 4.785 760.99 5.701 1611.83
28 0.0357 1.901 14.93 2.462 43.50 3.176 126.28 3.797 268.40 4.357 481.18 4.871 774.75 5.804 1640.91
27 0.0370 1.937 15.21 2.509 44.33 3.236 128.67 3.869 273.46 4.438 490.22 4.963 789.28 5.912 1671.58
26 0.0385 1.976 15.52 2.558 45.21 3.300 131.19 3.944 278.80 4.525 499.77 5.059 804.64 6.027 1704.01
25 0.0400 2.016 15.84 2.611 46.13 3.367 133.87 4.024 284.46 4.617 509.90 5.162 820.91 6.148 1738.37
24 0.0417 2.060 16.18 2.666 47.12 3.438 136.71 4.109 290.48 4.714 520.65 5.270 838.18 6.277 1774.86
23 0.0435 2.106 16.54 2.726 48.17 3.514 139.73 4.200 296.88 4.818 532.10 5.386 856.58 6.415 1813.70
22 0.0455 2.155 16.93 2.789 49.29 3.596 142.96 4.297 303.72 4.928 544.32 5.509 876.22 6.561 1855.17
21 0.0476 2.208 17.34 2.857 50.49 3.683 146.42 4.400 311.04 5.047 557.41 5.641 897.24 6.718 1899.56
20 0.0500 2.265 17.79 2.930 51.78 3.776 150.13 4.512 318.90 5.174 571.46 5.784 919.83 6.887 1947.25
19 0.0526 2.326 18.27 3.009 53.16 3.877 154.14 4.631 327.38 5.311 586.62 5.937 944.17 7.069 1998.66
18 0.0556 2.392 18.79 3.094 54.67 3.986 158.47 4.761 336.56 5.460 603.02 6.102 970.52 7.266 2054.30
17 0.0588 2.464 19.35 3.186 56.30 4.104 163.19 4.902 346.53 5.621 620.85 6.282 999.17 7.480 2114.79
16 0.0625 2.543 19.97 3.287 58.09 4.234 168.34 5.057 357.43 5.798 640.33 6.479 1030.46 7.713 2180.86
15 0.0667 2.630 20.65 3.398 60.05 4.376 173.99 5.226 369.40 5.991 661.73 6.695 1064.84 7.970 2253.44
14 0.0714 2.725 21.40 3.521 62.22 4.533 180.25 5.413 382.63 6.206 685.38 6.934 1102.84 8.254 2333.67
13 0.0769 2.832 22.24 3.658 64.64 4.708 187.21 5.622 397.37 6.444 711.71 7.200 1145.15 8.570 2423.00
12 0.0833 2.951 23.18 3.811 67.35 4.905 195.03 5.856 413.91 6.712 741.28 7.499 1192.65 8.924 2523.28
11 0.0909 3.087 24.24 3.985 70.43 5.128 203.89 6.121 432.66 7.015 774.80 7.837 1246.49 9.326 2636.94
10 0.1000 3.242 25.46 4.185 73.95 5.383 214.05 6.425 454.16 7.363 813.22 8.226 1308.22 9.787 2767.27
7 0.1429 3.895 30.59 5.023 88.76 6.456 256.70 7.702 544.39 8.823 974.48 9.854 1567.25 11.721 3314.08

Colebrook white equation:- V = -2 x (2gDS)1/2 x log(KS/3.71D + 2.51v/D(2gDS)1/2) V = Velocity

Q = Flowrate
0.8 m/s < V < 4.0 m/s
4.0 m/s