ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS

Write the equation representing the total potential energy of system

P
U We L

L sin
1
U k ( L sin ) 2 O

2
We P L (1 cos )
1
k L2 sin 2 P L (1 cos ) L cos
2
d L (1-cos)
k L2 sin cos P L sin
d
d
For equilibrium; 0
d
Therefore, k L2 sin cos P L sin 0
Therefore, P k L cos for equilibrium
The post buckling P relationship is given above
 ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Large deflection analysis
See the post-buckling load-displacement path shown below
The load carrying capacity decreases after buckling at Pcr
Pcr is where 0
Rigid bar with translational spring
1.2
P k L cos for equilibrium
P
cos
1 Pcr

0.8
Load P/Pcr

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation
 ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Large deflection analysis Examine the stability of equilibrium using
higher order derivatives of
1
k L2 sin 2 P L (1 cos )
2
d
k L2 sin cos P L sin
d
d2
k L2 cos 2 P L cos
d 2

For equilibrium P k L cos

d2
k L2 cos 2 k L2 cos 2
d 2
d2
k L2 (cos 2 sin 2 ) k L2 cos 2
d 2
d2
k L2 sin 2
d 2
d2
0 ALWAYS. HENCE UNSTABLE
d 2
 ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
At =0, the second derivative of =0. Therefore, inconclusive.
Consider the Taylor series expansion of at =0

d 1 d2 1 d3 1 d4 1 dn
0
2

3
.....
4
n
d 0 2! d 0
2
3! d 0
3
4! d 0
4
n! d 0
n

Determine the first non-zero term of ,

1
k L2 sin 2 P L (1 cos ) 0 d4
2 4 k L 2
cos 2 P L cos
d 4
d 1
k L2 sin 2 P L sin 0 d4
d 2 4 k L2
k L2
3 k L2

d 4
d2
k L2
cos 2 P L cos 0 d4
d 2
0
d 4
d3
2k L2 sin 2 P L sin 0 UNSTABLE at 0 when buckling occurs
d 3

Since the first non-zero term is < 0, the state is unstable at P=Pcr and =
 ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS

Rigid bar with translational spring

1.2

1 UNSTABLE
UNSTABLE
0.8
Load P/Pcr

0.6

UNSTABLE
0.4

0.2

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation
 ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS

Consider example 2 but as a system with imperfections

The initial imperfection given by the angle 0 as shown below

0 P
L

k
L cos(0)

The free body diagram of the deformed system is shown below

P
L

L sin

L sin
O
0

L cos

L (cos0-cos)
 ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
P
L

L sin

L sin
O
0
U We
1
U k L2 (sin sin 0 ) 2
2 L cos

We P L (cos 0 cos ) L (cos0-cos)

1
k L2 (sin sin 0 ) 2 P L (cos 0 cos )
2
d
k L2 (sin sin 0 ) cos P L sin
d
d
For equilibrium; 0
d
Therefore, k L2 (sin sin 0 ) cos P L sin 0
sin 0
Therefore, P k L cos (1 ) for equilibrium
sin
The equilibrium P relationship is given above
 ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
sin 0 P sin 0
P k L cos (1 ) cos (1 )
sin Pcr sin
dP sin 0
Pmax 0 k L( sin ) 0 sin sin 3

d sin
2 0
1.2
Pmax k L cos 3 Envelope of peak
1 loads Pmax

0.8
Load P/Pcr

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation

 ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
As shown in the figure, deflection starts as soon as loads are
applied. There is no bifurcation of load-deformation path for
imperfect systems. The load-deformation path remains in the
same state through-out.
The smaller the imperfection magnitude, the close the load-
deformation paths to the perfect system load deformation path.
The magnitude of load, is influenced significantly by the
imperfection magnitude.
All real systems have imperfections. They may be very small but
will be there
The magnitude of imperfection is not easy to know or guess.
Hence if a perfect system analysis is done, the results will be
close for an imperfect system with small imperfections.
However, for an unstable system the effects of imperfections
may be too large.
 ENERGY METHODS IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
Examine the stability of the imperfect system using higher order
derivatives of 1 k L (sin sin ) P L (cos cos )
2 2
0 0
2
d
k L2 (sin sin 0 ) cos P L sin
d
d2
k L2 (cos 2 sin 0 sin ) P L cos
d 2

sin 0
For equilibrium P k L 1
sin
d2 2 sin 0
k L2
(cos 2 sin sin ) k L 1 cos 2
d 2 sin
0

d2 2 sin 0 cos 2
k L cos sin sin 0 sin cos
2 2 2

d 2 sin
d2 2 sin 0 cos 2
k L sin sin 0 sin
2

d 2 sin
d2 2 sin sin 0 (sin cos )
3 2 2
kL
d 2 sin
d2 2 sin sin 0
3
kL
d 2 sin
 ENERGY METHOD IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
d2 2 sin sin 0
3 sin 0
kL P k L cos (1 ) and Pmax k L cos 3
d 2 sin sin

When P Pmax
d2
0 when P Pmax Stable sin 0
d 2 k L cos (1 ) k L cos 3
sin
d2
0 when P Pmax Unstable sin 0
d 2 1 cos 2
sin
sin 0
1 1 sin 2
sin
d2 2 sin 0 sin
3
sin 0 sin 3
and k L 0
d 2 sin
When P Pmax
sin 0
k L cos (1 ) k L cos 3
sin
sin 0
1 cos 2
sin
sin 0
1 1 sin 2
sin
d2 2 sin 0 sin
3
sin 0 sin 3
and k L 0
d 2 sin