Project Description

Confidential
SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME

IST PRIORITY
FP6 - 2004 - IST - FET Proactive Initiative
Contract for:
INTEGRATED PROJECT
Annexe I Revision 1 - Description of Work
Project acronym: QAP

Project full title: Qubit Applications
Proposal/Contract no.: 015848
Related to other Contract no.: N/A
Date of preparation of Annexe I Rev. 1 draft: 29 December 2006
Start date of contract: 01/11/2005
Start date of work for second reporting period: 01/11/2006
Coordinator Names: Ian Walmsley and Martin Plenio
Coordinators:
Experiment: Ian A. Walmsley, University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Clarendon
Laboratory, Parks Rd. Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK. Tel: +44 1865 272 105 Fax: +44 1865 272 375,
Email: Walmsley@physics.ox.ac.uk,
http://www.ultrafast.physics.ox.ac.uk
Theory: Martin Plenio, Department of Physics, Imperial College, University of London, Blackett
Laboratory, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2BW, UK. Tel: +44 207 594 7754, Fax: +44 207
594 7714, Email: m.plenio@imperial.ac.uk
http://www.lsr.ph.ic.ac.uk/~plenio/
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Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 2
1. PROJECT SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................................... 5

2.1.1 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ 5
2.1.2 PROJECT STATE-OF-THE-ART ........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 PROJECT CLUSTERING AND COLLABORATION WITHIN THE FET QIPC CLUSTER .................................................................. 8
3. PARTICIPANT LIST: QAP CONSORTIUM ..................................................................................................................... 9
4. RELEVANCE TO THE OBJECTIVES OF THE IST PRIORITY................................................................................. 10
5. POTENTIAL IMPACT ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

5.1 CONTRIBUTIONS TO STANDARDS:...................................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO POLICY DEVELOPMENTS:.................................................................................................................... 14
5.3 RISK ASSESSMENT AND RELATED COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY:.................................................................................... 14
6. OUTLINE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ........................................................................................................................... 14
6.A ACTIVITIES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.1 RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION ACTIVITIES................................................................. 15
6.2 DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES ....................................................................................................................................... 38
6.3 TRAINING ACTIVITIES.................................................................................................................................................... 38
6.4.A MANAGEMENT OF THE CONSORTIUM ACTIVITIES ...................................................................................................... 39
6.4.B OVERALL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ............................................................................................................................. 40
6.B PLANS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 41
6.5 PLAN FOR USING AND DISSEMINATION KNOWLEDGE ...................................................................................................... 41
6.6 GENDER ACTION PLAN .................................................................................................................................................. 42
6.7 RAISING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND AWARENESS ........................................................................................................ 42
6.C MILESTONES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 44
6.8 MAJOR MILESTONES FOR MONTH 13 TO 31 .................................................................................................... 44
7. PROJECT MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................................................. 47
8. DETAILED IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FIRST 18 MONTHS ................................................................................. 51

8.1 DETAILED IMPLEMENTATION PLAN INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 5 1
8.2 PLANNING AND TIMETABLE ............................................................................................................................................... 53
8.3 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF THE WORKPACKAGES, SHOWING THEIR INTERDEPENDENCIES ........................................... 67
8.4.1 DETAILED WORK DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................................... 69
8.4.2 WORKPACKAGE LIST (18 MONTH PLAN)........................................................................................................................ 88
8.5 DELIVERABLES LIST (18 MONTH PLAN) ............................................................................................................................ 90
8.6 WORKPACKAGE DESCRIPTIONS (18 MONTH PLAN) .......................................................................................................... 93
9 PROJECT RESOURCES AND BUDGET OVERVIEW ................................................................................................ 155
9.1 PROJECT EFFORT FORM FULL DURATION (48 MONTHS)................................................................................................ 156
9.2 PROJECT EFFORT FORM FIRST 18 MONTHS ................................................................................................................... 158
9.3 IP OVERALL BUDGET FOR THE FULL DURATION OF THE PROJECT ..................................................................................... 159
9.4 BUDGET FOR THE SECOND 18 MONTHS ..............................................................................................................................161
9.5 IP MANAGEMENT LEVEL DESCRIPTION OF RESOURCES AND BUDGET ............................................................................... 163
9.5.1 DESCRIPTION OF REQUESTED RESOURCES................................................................................................................. 163
9.5.2 CONTRIBUTIONS OF RESOURCES OF AC PARTNERS ................................................................................................... 163
10 ETHICAL ISSUES ............................................................................................................................................................ 166
10.1 USE ISSUES .................................................................................................................................................................... 166
10.2 OTHER EC-POLICY RELATED ISSUES .............................................................................................................................. 168
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................................................................. 169
APPENDIX A - QAP CONSORTIUM DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................... 172

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A.1 PARTICIPANTS AND CONSORTIUM .................................................................................................................................. 173
1.2. SUB-CONTRACTING......................................................................................................................................................... 182
A.3. THIRD PARTIES .............................................................................................................................................................. 182
A.4. COMPETIVE CALLS ........................................................................................................................................................ 182
A.5 THIRD COUNTRY PARTICIPANTS ..................................................................................................................................... 182
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1. Project Summary
Proposal Full Title: Qubit Applications
Proposal Acronym: QAP
Strategic Objectives Addressed:
Quantum information processing has the potential to revolutionize the future of information and communication technologies.
It is most likely that in spite of all the research effort invested to date, the goal of constructing a large-scale quantum
computer will only be met in the long-term. On the other hand, even today, there are some designs for qubit applications that
can compete with their corresponding classically implemented processes, in terms of resources and performance.
Unfortunately, these (few) qubits applications have not been targeted per se, they have appeared mostly as (very valuable) by-
products of basic research. This project fills the gap between the long-term vision of a large-scale quantum device and the
present status of development in the field of Quantum Information Processing and Communication (QIPC). This project is
strategically focused on the coming 3-6 years towards the development of near-to-medium term Quantum Information
Processing (QIP), applications with the potential for commercial exploitation. The demonstration of new and existing qubit
applications of QIP demands expertise from numerous areas of QIP ranging from computer science, mathematical physics,
theoretical physics, through to photonic, atomic, and solid state physics. This initiative will create a horizontal coherence
within the QIP research community in Europe.
There is no other project within the FET - QIPC that will primarily focus on fostering the applications of know-how achieved
in QIPC basic research in Europe. The latter has been nurtured and developed by previous FET funding which, in turn, has led
to increased national supports. The project is focused on identification and development of novel promising quantum
technologies and qubit applications. We expect that basic research into the developments of the long-term goals of full-blown
quantum computation will continue but encompassing this, our project through its emphasis on qubit applications, will
efficiently stimulate a new innovation driven ethos within the QIPC community which will yield near-to-medium term returns
to society. This shift of perspective will stimulate the graduation of QIPC research activity into the mainstream IST
activities and will ensure European leadership in the creation and commercialization of generic quantum applications.
Proposal Abstract (copied from part A):
We will focus our work on qubit applications that are based on physically realized photonic, atomic and solid-state systems.
We will design, build and operate quantum memories that allow us to store and deterministically retrieve information
encoded in quantum systems. We will develop scalable quantum networks and operational prototypes of quantum repeaters
that would allow us to transmit quantum entanglement over large distances (even in a free space the ultimate goal is to
design prototypes for satellite communications based on quantum entanglement). We will develop operational
demonstrations of efficient control of dynamics of few-qubit quantum systems. These systems will be employed for
performing quantum simulations. We will develop a commercial product, a toolkit for the demonstration of entanglement, for
use in laboratory courses at Universities. On one side theoretical studies will stimulate experimental investigations and will
serve for a detailed description of a given experimental situation. We will also develop new quantum algorithms and protocols
for quantum commerce. We will develop benchmarks for testing quantum systems.
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2. Project Objectives
2.1.1 Scientific and Technological Objectives
The project is focused on identification and development of novel promising quantum technologies and qubit applications. We
want to utilize generic properties of controllable quantum systems to perform operations in a manner that outperforms any
possible classical device either in terms of resources or the nature of the performance. The strategy we follow is to utilize
results of visionary high-risk (from the return output point of view), basic research. Motivated by a very few, though
extremely important, examples of hardware and software qubit applications, currently available and under commercialisation,
(most of them have been developed by members of the consortium), such as
Quantum random number generators on demand (see http://www.randomnumbers.info/content/About.htm)
Single photon detection module (see http://www.idquantique.com/spcm.html)
Quantum Polarization Mode Dispersion Measurement in telecommunication fibres transmitting at 40Ghz (US Patent
No. 6,646,727 November 11, 2003)
Improvements of the Density Matrix Renormalisation Group using methods of quantum information
Improvements of classical bounds on the query complexity of local search problems motivated by quantum
techniques
Quantum Error Filtration (US Patent US2004042715 - 2004-03-04)
we have structured the project into five mutually correlated subprojects. The scientific and technological objectives of these
subprojects (SP) cover basic research and technological development:
SP 1: Quantum memories & interfaces

Recent development in QIPC has proved that photons are the ideal carrier to transmit quantum information over large
distances. However, processing of information relies on the interaction between different carriers, a task that can only be
achieved to a limited extent if only photons are employed. Also quantum processing, just as the classical one, will require
buffers where carriers can be temporarily stored while other tasks are being performed. Therefore, future applications of
quantum communication, quantum networks and quantum information processing will, in general, depend crucially on the
possibility to map non-classical photon states onto electronic excitations in atoms and solids, and to store and recall them with
high fidelity. More specifically, quantum memory for light is essential for linear optics quantum computing, for quantum
repeaters, as well as for eavesdropping in quantum key distribution. A quantum interface between light and atoms can also be
used for the generation of entangled states, including Schrdinger cat states. Finally, the possibility to generate (non-classical),
squeezed states via light-atom interactions has an impact on metrology, e.g. increased sensitivity of atomic clocks.
This SP will research several promising approaches to photonic quantum memory based on various physical interactions,
employing different materials, and allowing coding of quantum information into different degrees of freedom of photons (e.g.
polarization, time-bins). At this stage it is difficult to predict which approach or material will prove the most desirable. A
broad range of approaches is therefore essential to guarantee successful delivery of the overall objectives. In any case, the
characteristics required for the memory will be highly dependent on the proposed applications and thus a number of solutions
offering different storage wavelengths, storage times, fidelities, complexity and costs will be required. Such a broad range of
research can obviously only be adopted at a transnational level. This SP gathers together the leading groups in the EU to solve
one of the grand challenges of quantum information technology. A strong synergy of the complementary materials and
techniques can be expected.
SP 2: Quantum networks
The distribution of specific quantum states of light, in particular those exhibiting entanglement, to particular locations is a key
enabling technology for quantum information processing. The objective of this Subproject is to build on current methods for
generating and distributing entanglement and to extend these to multiple parties and multiple nodes. From a physical
perspective, it is necessary to understand what fundamental limits there are, and how these might be achieved. From a
technological standpoint, it is critical to leverage and enhance currently available telecommunications infrastructures. The
Subproject is designed to address both these scientific and technological issues and to develop a functional network for
distributing entanglement at several nodes. More specifically, the subprojects objectives can be divided in scientific and
technological objectives.
Scientific objectives are:
% To develop optical networks for distribution of entanglement between multiple separated processing nodes for
quantum information processing, including cryptography, communications and computation.
% To develop protocols for entanglement generation, distillation and purification for few-particle photonic networks
% To develop error correction and avoidance protocols suited to multi-state encoding over an optical network
The subprojects technological objectives are:
% To develop robust and efficient sources for the generation of photons coded as qudits.
% To develop tools for manipulation and measurement of multi-state and multi-particle photonic systems.
% To implement the rudiments of a scalable network
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SP 3: Quantum repeaters
Quantum repeaters are the basic building blocks for any kind of quantum communication network. In any quantum channel
(quantum communication link) decoherence will inevitably limit the maximum total direct distance that can be covered. For
photons absorption, linear and nonlinear effects and external noise will all lead to an error rate that grows exponentially with
the channel length. Quantum repeaters come to the rescue. A direct amplification and reshaping of quantum transmissions is
not possible due to the no-cloning theorem. Quantum repeaters tackle the problem by breaking down the full channel into
shorter links. On each link entanglement will be distributed, with fidelity of transmission high enough so that purification of
entanglement can work. The staggered scheme uses a sequence of purification of entanglement and entanglement swapping to
finally achieve a desired fidelity of entanglement for the whole channel. The entanglement can then be used for any kind of
quantum communication task.
The concept of a quantum repeater is based on several key elements, which are the creation and distribution of entanglement
over larger distances, entanglement swapping and purification, as well as quantum memories with suitable interfaces to flying
qubits and local gates. The objective of SP3 is to bring quantum repeaters from their laboratory stage close to applicability in
quantum networks. For realizing this objective there are many scientific and technological challenges that need to be
addressed. A better understanding is needed of the physics of various links and their decoherence mechanisms as well as the
requirements for gate operations and memories. For bringing quantum repeaters to a technological level on which we can start
to integrate them into prototype networks or quantum key distribution set-ups the following approaches will be taken.
% We will characterize and improve the quality of available quantum channels and local processing operations. Tools for
their characterization will be developed.
% We will develop sources of entangled photon pairs that match the requirements of the various quantum channels
concerning their bandwidth, photon pair distribution, spatial characteristics, size, and robustness.
% We will integrate the various subsystems of a quantum repeater by showing that entanglement from different, remote
sources can be combined to create longer links and that purification can be used between remote locations in order to
improve the fidelity.
% We will analyze and test in terrestrial conditions a satellite free-space links that can help establish quantum channels.
% Measurement can entangle distant single atoms. We will test this procedure in a miniature version in diamond colour
centres.
SP 4: Quantum simulations & control

In order to physically implement universal quantum computation and apply it to interesting problems, quantum gates have to
be executed with demandingly high precision and need to be applied to a large numbers of qubits. Recently it has been shown
that the simulation of one quantum system by means of observing the dynamics of another suitably tailored quantum system
can be far less demanding than universal quantum computation in these respects. Another way to cope with the daunting
requirements of universal quantum computing is the development of practical schemes for the better control of the quantum
evolution of individual building blocks for quantum information processing, that is, error correction, characterization and
subsequent control of decoherence, and of robust and optimized quantum gates.
We will implement quantum simulations and the control of quantum dynamics in different types of spin many-body systems
that will serve as well controlled prototype systems and will allow for the exploration of quantum simulations and optimal
control:
% Crystals doped with rare-earth-ions
% Ultrapure diamond with nitrogen vacancy defects
% Liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance in combination with specifically synthesized molecules that comprise a
tailored spin-topology
% A novel type of ion trap that provides pairwise spin-spin couplings between individual ions.
All of these physical systems have clearly demonstrated their potential for quantum information processing. Despite their
obvious differences, these systems can all be described in pseudo-spin terms by similar effective Hamiltonians. Not only the
mathematical description of these systems is similar, also the physical coherent manipulation of qubits of these systems is
achieved by similar methods using rf and/or microwave radiation whereas system 1 is controlled by optical pulses (the pulse
envelopes determining the qubits coherent evolution, of course, are in turn generated using rf signals). Each of these
implementations is characterized by specific advantages and difficulties. We will explore pros and cons and will deliver a
benchmark for the best possible quantum simulator. The practical contribution of this SP will be a construction of a working
prototype of quantum simulator.
SP 5: Theory
It is essentially impossible to overestimate the role of theory in the field of QIPC. The theory has been a driving force of the
whole field since the emergence of the idea of a quantum computer. The main objective of this subproject is threefold: to act
as a generator of novel ideas, to provide theoretical service to experiments and to create and overall coherence within the
project. Among many particular objectives of the theory subproject we mention:
% Development of new quantum algorithms for lattice problems, for the hidden subgroup problem and graph problems;
% Development of novel multi-user quantum protocols
% Provide theoretical support for all experimental wps within the project
% Develop benchmarking for performance of quantum devices
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2.1.2 Project State-of-the-Art

Over the last decade, pioneering experimental successes have been accomplished in controlling dynamics of individual
quantum systems, especially in the field of atomic physics, where atoms, ions and photons are now routinely manipulated
one by one in laboratories. These achievements have been accompanied, and in many senses have stimulated, the
tremendous growth of interest in quantum information processing and communication (QIPC). This almost explosive increase
of research activity has been triggered by the combination of several factors: on one hand, major discoveries in quantum
communication and quantum algorithms, and on the other hand, the availability of quantum systems that can be utilized
practically for quantum information processing. From this respect, photonic, atomic and solid-state physics techniques are
unique in a number of ways: first, they manifestly work with single addressable quantum systems such as individual atoms
and photons, second, they allow to control and engineer quantum states of these individual entities with an unprecedented
degree of accuracy, and third, they allow for a control of dynamics quantum systems carrying quantum information.
Quantum memories and interfaces

Many schemes for storage of non-classical light have been proposed, based on single absorbers/emitters as well as on
ensembles, and taking advantage of direct transmission of the quantum state between photons and atoms, or disembodied
transfer via interspecies quantum teleportation. Physical interactions include cavity quantum electrodynamics, halted light
based on electromagnetically induced transparency, dispersive off-resonant atom-photon interaction, reversible
inhomogeneous broadening, and all-optical storage. The various approaches enable storage of quantum information encoded
into different degrees of freedom of light. Materials range from single atoms and room temperature or cold atomic ensembles
to impurity atoms in solids and quantum dots. Today only a few experiments can be mentioned in the context of quantum
memory. The main contribution of the QAP project to present quantum technologies will be a workable few-qubit quantum
memory with reasonably high fidelity of performance and the characterization, comparison and possibly improvement of the
different approaches.
Quantum networks
Quantum networks are entities that deliver highly entangled particles, in particular photons, to local information processing
nodes. The current state of the art in this area is in it infancy: it is only in the last year that sources capable of generating
multipartite entangled states or multistate entangled particles have been demonstrated. Similarly, practical photon-number
resolving detectors are now beginning to emerge. Among the most important developments for Networks is that scientists
have also just begun to understand how the rich structure of the electromagnetic field allows the preparation of photonic
quantum states that are amenable to manipulation and to the encoding of information. Among many other deliverables the
present subproject will implement the rudiments of scalable quantum network.
Quantum repeaters
Quantum repeaters are important for any quantum communication to overcome the decoherence in quantum channels. They
are based on several key elements, which are the distribution of entanglement over larger distances, swapping and purification
of the entanglement, as well as quantum memories and local processing. The groups that are part of this project consortium
represent the worldwide state-of-the-art in most aspects of quantum repeaters. The transmission of qubits is highly developed
whereas the storage and local processing are still at an early stage. While the usual sources of entangled photon pairs are being
optimized for interfacing to the quantum channel, entangled photon pairs are not available on demand. One of our main
objectives will be to bring quantum repeaters from their laboratory stage close to application in quantum networks.
Quantum simulation and control

One way to overcome difficulties associated with universal quantum computing is to use one quantum system to simulate the
dynamics of another quantum system. This general idea was originally conceived by R. Feynman. Recently, concrete
proposals for analog quantum simulations have been made using a chain of pairwise coupled spins described by a Heisenberg
model or a variant thereof. Such models serve as a starting point for numerous theoretical investigations in various branches of
Physics, and in particular in Condensed-Matter Physics where collective effects, like [anti-] ferromagnetism and
superconductivity, are investigated. To date, experimental quantum simulations have only just started to emerge and have
been realized using only few qubits. Further experimental quantum simulations are highly desirable to foster the development
of this important branch of QIP.
Quantum theory
The original development of QIPC was entirely theory driven and this continues to a large extent to be the case today. New
quantum algorithms (distinct from Shors factoring algorithm) and new multi-user quantum protocols (other than QKD) are
regularly discovered. Theorists continue to propose new and improved methods for QIPC in specific physical systems, thereby
accelerating the experimental efforts. Theorists are also developing the techniques to describe the increasingly complex
experiments realised in QIPC.
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2.2 Project clustering and collaboration within the FET QIPC cluster
The QAP project makes part of the FET proactive initiative Quantum Information Processing and Communication (QIPC)
which was launched in FP5 and continues in FP6. The projects of the QIPC FET PI and other projects in FET related to this
area of research (evaluated under FET Open or ERA NET schemes) constitute the QIPC cluster of FET. The participants of
the QAP project will actively contribute to the activities within the QIPC cluster (organized by FET or by any of the projects
in the cluster) and will actively collaborate with FET.
The expected contribution of the project QAP includes:
% Assist the co-ordination among projects and provide an interface for information flow between these projects.
% Nominate possible candidates for the steering committee of the cluster.
% Promote the work of the QIPC cluster, disseminate information internally and externally through several media (web
sites, Newsletters, reports, presentations, press releases, articles in the specialized and popular press, etc.).
% Provide non-restricted information and presentation material highlighting project results, in the form of publications,
slides, pictures, videos, press releases (for web sites, reports, newsletters, etc.).
% Collaborate with FET to produce publications of the EC related to the work of the cluster, including appropriate
contributions to reports / white papers on technical topics of interest, or to strategic reports and roadmap type
documents.
% Contribute to the management of the cluster.
% Contribute to the organization of yearly cluster reviews.
% Participate in or contribute to the organization of workshops and conferences.
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3. Participant List: QAP Consortium

Short Name Institution Country Date Enter Date Leave
CO 1 UOXF.DU University of Oxford UK Mo 1 Mo 48
CO Imperial College of Science, Technology Mo 48
2 IMPERIAL UK Mo 1
and Medicine
CR 3 IPSAS Slovak Academy of Sciences Slovakia Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 4 FAU University of Erlangen Germany Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 5 USIEG University of Siegen Germany Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 6 UBRISTOL University of Bristol UK Mo 1 Mo 48
CR Centre for Mathematics and Computer Mo 48
7 CWI Netherlands Mo 1
Science
CR 8 LMU Ludwig Maximillians University Germany Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 9 UNIGE University of Geneva Switzerland Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 10 CNRSGRE CNRS Grenoble France Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 11 UQ University of Queensland Australia Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 12 UPS CNRS-Orsay France Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 13 ULB Universit Libre de Bruxelles Belgium Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 14 NBI Copenhagen University Denmark Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 15 OEAW Austrian Academy of Sciences Austria Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 16 USTUTT University of Stuttgart Germany Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 17 ULUND Lund Institute of Technology Sweden Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 18 ICFO Institute of Photonic Sciences Spain Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 19 U of W University of Waterloo Canada Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 20 Tel-Aviv U. Tel-Aviv University Israel Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 21 UB University of Barcelona Spain Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 22 HPLB Hewlett Packard Labs Bristol UK Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 23 IDQUAN Id Quantique Switzerland Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 24 TU-Munich Technische Universitt Mnchen Germany Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 25 UMK Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika Poland Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 26 Elsag Elsag Spa Ital y Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 27 PIR Pirelli Research Laboratories Italy Mo 1 Mo 48
CR Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Mo 48
28 EPFL Switzerland Mo 1
Lausanne
CR 29 UNICAM University of Camerino Italy Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 30 UCAM-DAMTP Cambridge University UK Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 31 UG Gdansk University Poland Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 32 KTH Kungliga Tekniska Hgskolan Sweden Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 33 TREL Toshiba Europe Ltd UK Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 34 HERT University of Hertfordshire UK Mo 1 Mo 48
CR 35 MACQ Macquarrie University Australia Mo 1 Mo 48
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4. Relevance to the objectives of the IST Priority

Up until now, the primary goal of the EC FET QIPC effort has been to stimulate synergetic and cohesive cooperation within
Europes QIPC community and to support high risk/high gain initiatives in pushing forward the cutting edge of scientific
research in QIPC. This self-organisation of research excellence has now been attained. The primary challenge now facing the
QIPC community is that of maturing the research area out of the nurturing embrace of the FET programme. This challenge
has been met by quantum cryptography portion of QIPC, but still remains a key milestone for the majority of the European
QIPC research community. This challenge has been set forth head-on in the current EC FET QIPC Call where the QIPC
community are asked to develop
[quantum] systems that successfully implement quantum algorithms on small-scale systems - including
writing, processing and reading of qubits,
with the prominence given to the specific tasks of
developing few qubit applications is highly encouraged, for example in the area of metrology, or
simulators of quantum systems.
Meeting this challenge is the central purpose of this project, that of developing qubit applications. We have identified the key
components of quantum information science that will develop, we believe, in the medium-term into truly quantum
technologies. These technologies will not aim to run large-scale quantum algorithms but instead will be enabling technologies
that will advance the power and pervasiveness of quantum information processing incrementally. Our philosophy of priming
the EC QIPC community towards medium-term goals, rather than the stellar goal of large-scale quantum computing, will help
refocus much the effort within the community into transforming larger sections of quantum information science into quantum
information technology. With this drive, we hope to help graduate more sections of the QIPC research area out of the FET
programme and into mainstream technology, e.g. the main IST programme.
The Call also challenges the community to develop unified goal-oriented synergies between focused experimental efforts and
both visionary and more application-driven theoretical efforts:
The research shall be carried out by teams that integrate as much as possible the theoretical and the
experimental aspects.
Theoretical work should aim at further developing quantum information theory.
The integration, and indeed, complete immersion, of the projects significant experimental effort with the projects theoretical
effort has been the hallmark of the formation of this proposal. The coordinators expertise reflects that synergy of experiment
and theory that is the hallmark of this consortium.
Moreover, the primary theory section of the project, SubProject 5, is split into workpackages which relate to computer science
studies into new quantum algorithms, new multi-party quantum protocols, quantum simulations and quantum random walks,
through to much more applied aspects of theory such as the design of quantum computer architectures and their adaptation
into various physical systems. This incorporation of computer science expertise into the project allows us to meet another
challenge put forward by the Call:
In particular work on the development of new quantum algorithms, new schemes for error correction, and
protocols for distributed computing, and work in new areas like quantum random walks, etc. is highly
encouraged. It should promote a thorough exchange between scientists working in the areas of physics
and computer science.
All of the effort in SubProject 5 has numerous links and cooperation with the projects experimental efforts and this synergy
will be further strengthened through the management of the project, via cross-project training and meeting activities.
The Call text states that it is still to early to realise what hardware will be best suited for large-scale quantum computing.
We strongly feel that this is also very true for the hardware that will realise successful qubit applications and we have been
careful to ensure that this project takes a multi-platform approach, where generated knowledge in the creation of new qubit
applications can cross hardware boundaries, to find new implementations in various fields. An example of this is in
SubProject 4: Quantum Simulations, where new developments in quantum control will be ported over into a number of
physical systems, such as trapped-ions, rare-earth doped crystals, NMR, and N-V centres in Diamond. Quantum control
technology will also cross SubProjects in assisting developments in atomic ensembles, entanglement sources etc. SP1 also
provides examples of multi-platform hardware for the quantum light-matter interface.
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The project will also aim to increase the QIPC research communitys interaction with industry. The project itself has a number
of industrial partners, however in addition to this, the project will seek to generate within itself, innovation activities which
will drive forward the importance of valuing and protecting project generated intellectual property and, more importantly (and
much more challenging), aid in the commercialising of these discoveries. Such activities are essential components towards
aiding the QIPC community refocus itself towards the creation of a quantum technological industry.
Finally, the passing on of generated knowledge is another key goal of this project, and besides the standard tools of
postgraduate mentoring, graduate training schools and young researcher meetings, the project also will aim to perform a
number of outreach activities.. In addition, one of the key deliverables of this project will be a commercially available
entanglement demonstration toolkit, which will provide a much needed education aid in the teaching of QIS in both University
and perhaps at high-school level.
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5. Potential Impact
Quantum Information Science (QIS), has developed rapidly over the past decade. Since the discovery of quantum algorithms
exhibiting exponential and square-root efficiency improvements on their best classical counterparts, tremendous developments
have been accomplished in QIS software and hardware. These developments can now be tracked and forecasted through
activities such as the US Quantum Computation Roadmap1. Much of the initial emphasis within the QIS community was
aimed at first developing a proof of principle that one can engineer and control quantum information in a number of physical
systems and then to show that the scaling-up to large processors might be manageable using software techniques such as
quantum error correction, decoherence free subspaces etc. It is now clear that the development of quantum computers of
sufficient scale to outperform classical computers in the execution of quantum algorithms such as Shors, will only be
achieved in the long-term. However, the short to medium-term impacts of QIS, not in terms of quantum computation, but in
terms of ubiquitous quantum processing, will soon be pervasive. Quantum cryptography is just beginning to make its impact.
In this project we want to utilize the generic properties of controllable quantum systems to perform operations in a manner
which outperforms any possible classical device either in terms of resources or the nature of the performance, i.e. develop
qubit applications. The potential for this project, which targets the development of these qubit applications, is best highlighted
through a Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats analysis:
Consortium:-- As clearly evidenced in Figure

B.3.1, QIS researchers within the European
Union, and the members of this consortium in
particular, have been, and continue to be, at the
forefront of QIS scientific research worldwide. In
addition, given the fact that our project is at this
cutting edge, the consortium will be a natural
training environment for tens of young
researchers who, at an early stage of their
professional life, will be integrated into a
common European Research Area. Professional
and personal contacts established in the project
through networking will be of great benefit for
the European community as the research area of
quantum information science evolves into a
working technology. Moreover the project has Fig B.3.1: Number of QIS peer-reviewed publications per year and
significant industrial participation (13% of the country/continent (from QUIPROCONE).
project effort). A significant strength of the
consortium, which will greatly add to its
capabilities in developing successful qubit applications, is the make-up of the consortium itself. The partners have come
together to make-up a creative blend of enthusiastic basic researchers, small SMEs who are able to realize the prototypes that
emerge from the results of basic research, and larger industrial partners who have experience in commercializing these
discoveries. The close relation to industry will assist in establishing industry standards in QIP based on designs by project
partners presenting a potential compettitve advantage. A further strength lies in the goal-driven structured inter-meshing of the
theoretical and technological efforts of the project. A mutually supportive role, where theory will guide technology and visa
versa, will, in our opinion, become a crucial asset in achieving the projects goals. Finally, the project has significant
participation from New Countries. An indication of the value placed by the consortium on the integration of research effort
between Old and New EU Countries can be seen by the fact that the Coordination Team of this project has a researcher
from a New EU Country (Slovakia), who was responsible for much of the writing of the proposal. This New Country
leadership will serve as a model for increase participation and integration in the IST FET programme.
Goal Driven:-- A key strength of this proposal is its goal-driven approach where the coordinators of this consortium, via
previous workshops2, began the process of identifying the focus areas for qubit applications which now constitute the targets
of the SubProjects within this project.
Multiplatform:-- The project also takes a multiplatform approach where we consider all quantum information processing
systems that have evolved to a stage where qubit applications may be feasible in the coming three to six years. This allows an
efficient build-up and transfer of knowledge of qubit applications, from theoretical considerations to physical
implementations. Such a concentrated effort is also vital in levering the best chance for success towards commercialising the
developed applications. The spot-lighting of this concentrated effort of qubit application development across many platforms
will allow us to begin a dialogue with a broad range of industries. The project thus aims at evolving the field of quantum
1
http://qist.lanl.gov/qcomp_map.shtml
2
V. Buzek and J. Twamley, organisers of Focus meeting on Few-Qubit Applications (December, 2003, Budmerice,
Slovakia), http://www.quniverse.sk/budmerice/
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information science into quantum information technology, in a strategically driven manner, where truly quantum applications,
and not spin-off technologies, are generated and used.
Synergies with National Programmes:-- Individual countries of the consortium participants have set up action plans to
develop and accelerate work in the area of Quantum Information Science. For example in the UK there are networks and calls
for Inter-Disciplinary Research Collaborations focused on QIS. Austrian groups are involved in a national research initiative
in QIS that plays a key role in the research activity of the whole country. Research in Switzerland benefits from the National
Center for Competence in Research-Quantum Photonics. The German groups are actively involved in a collaborative inter-
University action programme and national initiatives such as A2 Quanten Information Konsortium, Schwerpunktprogramm
"Quanten Informationsverarbeitung" der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), and Kompetenz-Netzwork A8 between
the states of Bayern and Badenwrtemberg. In France a GDR programme supported by the CNRS unifies on a national
level research effort of 50 teams in the field of QIS. In the UK, the government has allocated 11M towards the founding of a
nationwide Interdisciplinary Research Centre in QIS, while the Irish Government has initiated the construction of an Irish
Centre for QIS. Members of the present consortium are active in all of these as well as in other national initiatives on quantum
information processing and communication. Activities of the present consortium that will be coordinated with national
activities of our groups will create a synergy effect through the QIPC programme of the EU Commission.
European integration:-- One of the challenges of the Project is an active integration of teams from New Countries into the
European Research Area. In order to help to achieve this integration most efficiently, the strong input into the project
coordination will come from the partner from Slovakia.
The integration of researchers from other New Countries will be achieved via their active involvement in both experimental
and theoretical tasks. Groups from Poland and Slovakia have already an excellent record in collaboration with other EU
research laboratories. We expect that these groups will stimulate involvement of other research centres in the New EU
Countries in the QIPC research. This will be achieved also by recruiting early-stage researchers from New Countries, inviting
researchers from New Countries to open network activities such as lectures, seminars, summer school and consortium
meetings. We believe that our consortium will provide an excellent transfer of managerial and research skills from present EU
partners to researchers in New EU countries.
Reshaping of the EU QIPC Community:-- One of the key opportunities met by this project, is to assist the EC QIPC research
community in pro-actively reshaping itself from being mostly basic research oriented, into a community which involves both
the generation but also the innovation of qubit application technology.
EU/US Competitiveness:-- it is both pragmatic and

appropriate to emphasize the very significant
opportunity raised by this project in relation to
EU/US competitiveness. As mentioned above, a
number of nations are beginning to demonstrate quite
entrepreneurial activities with respect to their own
QIPC R&D investment. However, to our best
knowledge, this is not quite so with regard to the
significant US investment in QIPC R&D. Instead, US
R&D in QIPC has, and continues to be, primarily
focused on the creation of large-scale quantum
computers (FoQuS Programme3). As the EC FP6 FET
QIPC R&D effort ramps up from 2005 onwards one
might expect that the US will follow. Thus we
envisage a potential gap of two years where our
project can push forward the EU advantage towards Fig. B.3.3 Quantum Random Number Generator, PCI Card
becoming the global leader in developing qubit commercially available from partner idQuantique.
applications.
3
http://www.eventmakeronline.com/dso/View/Index.asp?meetingid=228,
http://www.developerpipeline.com/trends/trends_archive/20300631
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Weakness: Dispersed knowledge-base:-- The world-wide race to explore the possibility of large-scale quantum computation
has paid little attention to medium-term qubit applications until very recently. Knowledge regarding quantum applications
other than that relating to the development of a quantum computer therefore has been scattered, both geographically, and in
the literature and this disperse knowledge-base represents a real weakness. This project has gathered together much of this
diffused qubit application expertise and has, and will continue, to amass information concerning all global developments
involving qubit applications.
Weakness: Indication of lack of EC innovation in QIS:--
Only a handful of start-up companies (idQuantique,
MagiQ, D-Wave), have so far evolved across the world
specialising in truly quantum applications. A perhaps
better indication of the national importance paid to QIS-
related innovation can be found by exploring the
quantity of QIS-related patents held (see Fig. B.3.2).
Although it is true that only a small fraction of patents
eventually give rise to commercially important
products, the scale of the protection activity as
compared to amount of QIS R&D investment is a
definite indicator that countries like Canada, Australia
and Japan have targeted commercially relevant QIS
innovation rather more than Europe. This apparent lack
of QIS-innovation in the EC represents a real weakness Fig. B.3.2: Number of QIS-related patents filed per
in Europes capability to transform the already continent/country as counted by location of registered owner
considerable R&D investment it has made in QIS, into a (from EC Patent Office).
viable technology.
Threat: EC Competitiveness:-- As the race moves from the development of large scale quantum computers to medium-term
qubit applications, those nations who have nurtured and emphasised an innovation arm of their QIS R&D programmes will be
more easily able to attract industrial investment and will thus succeed faster in transforming their QIS investment into a
technology and reap the resulting returns. As this begins to happen, high quality researchers from slower nations will
quickly migrate to these faster developing research areas, further reducing the competitiveness of these slower nations.
5.1 Contributions to Standards:

We do not anticipate substantial contributions to currently-used and established industrial standards from a basic research
project. However, there may be novel technological standards that result from this project and are relevant to emerging
quantum technologies. An example that could be anticipated are tests for light source characterization compatible with
security standards in quantum cryptography.
5.2 Contributions to policy developments:

As customary in basic research, there are no immediate policies will be directly/strongly conditioned by the outcomes of this
work. Nonetheless, we expect that expertise sustained by the consoritium can support policy development as quantum
applications in information processing begin to grow a sizeable market. (See also sections 6.5 and 6.7)
5.3 Risk Assessment and Related Communications Strategy:

There are no risks for society/citizens associated with the project.
6. Outline implementation plan
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6.A Activities
6.1 Research, technological development and innovation activities
In order to achieve strategic objectives of the project (i.e. to identify and to develop novel quantum technologies and qubit
applications) we split the whole project into five mutually correlated subprojects. This structure also reflects the multi-
disciplinary effort within the project and allows for an efficient transfer of the know-how between various experimental and
technical approaches within QIPC.
6.1.A Research, technological Implementation Plan by Subproject
SUBPROJECT 1: QUANTUM MEMORIES & INTERFACES
Objectives and Approach

As usual in the case of information science, photons are the ideal carrier to transmit quantum information over large distances.
However, processing of information relies on the interaction between different carriers, a task that can only be achieved to a
limited extend if only photons are employed. Also quantum processing, just as the classical one, will require buffers where
carriers can be temporarily stored while other tasks are being performed. Therefore, future applications of quantum
communication, quantum networks and quantum information processing in general depend crucially on the possibility to map
non-classical photon states onto electronic excitations in atoms and solids, and to store and recall them with high fidelity.
More specifically, quantum memory for light is essential for linear optics quantum computing, for quantum repeaters, as well
as for eavesdropping in quantum key distribution. Quantum interface between light and atoms can also be used for generation
of entangled states including Schrdinger cat states. Finally, the possibility to generate (non-classical) squeezed states via light
atom interaction has impact on metrology, e.g. enables to increase the sensitivity of atomic clocks. The goal of this sub-project
is to develop and compare novel techniques towards these objectives.
offering different storage wavelengths, storage times, fidelities, complexity and cost will be required. Such a broad range of
Relations to other subprojects

Quantum interfaces and memories are the basic ingredient of future large-scale quantum networks utilizing quantum repeaters.
This subproject thus directly feeds new quantum technology into SP2 and SP3, and is strongly connected to current and future
projects on quantum communication and computation. SP1 on the other hand will profit from the test bed infrastructure
developed in SP2/3 during the initial phase of the project,, and also from investigation in SP4 Ideally, the unified expertise of
the first three sub-projects will enable the demonstration of remote control of quantum memories over large distances and the
transfer of quantum information between initial nodes of a quantum network. Finally, close collaboration between SP1 and
SP5 will enable a thorough analysis and comparison of the different approaches towards quantum state storage, and is
expected to lead to a more profound understanding and to new ideas of using various light-atom interfaces for applications in
quantum communication and information processing.
Workpackages
This sub-project will be led by Nicolas Gisin of the University of Geneva and includes eight workpackages:
WP 1.0 Subproject management
(workpackage leader: Nicolas Gisin, UNIGE)
WP 1.1 Rare-Earth-Ion Doped Solids
(workpackage leader: Stefan Krll, ULUND)
WP 1.2 NV Centres
(workpackage leader: Jrg Wrachtrup, USTUTT)
WP 1.3 Semiconductor Nanotechnology
(workpackage leader: Andrew Shields, TREL)
WP 1.4 Single Trapped Atoms
(workpackage leader: Harald Weinfurter, LMU)
WP 1.5 Room-Temperature Atomic Vapour
(workpackage leader: Eugene Polzik, NBI)
WP 1.6 Cold Atoms
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WP 1.7 Comparison
Differentiation of the research effort via the different quantum storage media under investigation provides a natural (and
effective) way to organize the workpackages. To a large extent research on the different systems requires distinct experimental
resources, for example, the photon and control field wavelengths will be different for each material. For each material system
there is also a preferred photon-matter interaction upon which that approach is based, including controlled reversible
inhomogeneous broadening, EIT, single-photon single-atom interaction and dispersive light-atoms interaction. We envisage,
however, a strong synergy between the different approaches, resulting in techniques developed in one WP being applied to
material systems developed in another. Such hybrid approaches will be initiated through regular meetings of all participants
in the subproject and facilitated through exchange of personnel and samples.
In addition to experimental collaboration, and to avoid the risk of independent, parallel advance of the different WPs, a
workpackage Comparison has been added with the goal to profoundly analyze and jointly compare the different approaches
with respect to applications in quantum communication and quantum information processing, and to ensure close interaction
throughout all WPs within SP1. Also, we plan to develop means to reduce decoherence effects on quantum state storage, and
to investigate possibilities of integrating optical storage with quantum gates .Theoretical support from partners from WP5.5:
Architectures is secured within this IP.
WP Management will arrange (with the help of local organizers) regular meetings at the partner sites in rotation and will be
responsible for the scientific program. Such meetings across the entire sub-project are intended to enable coordination of the
research effort and to manage the realization of deliverables, as well as raise awareness of the facilities and expertise of the
different partners and identify opportunities for collaboration. In addition, WP Management will organize workshops
Comparison as specified in WP1.7.
In the following section, the research and development activities of the 7 platforms addressed in this sub-project will be
described in broad terms:

Objectives
This workpackage will take care of the overall management of the subproject.
Description of work
WP Management will arrange (with the help of local organizers) regular meetings or workshops at the partner sites in
rotation and will be responsible for the scientific program. Such meetings across the entire sub-project are intended to
enable coordination of the research effort and to manage the realization of deliverables, as well as raise awareness of the
facilities and expertise of the different partners and identify opportunities for collaboration. Every second meeting will also
include an open, annual workshop with partners from SP5 (Theory: Architecture) to discuss issues related to WP1.7:
Comparison.

Objectives
The goal of this workpackage is to demonstrate efficient storage and reconstruction of single-photon non-stationary light
field, e.g. time-bin qubits, in optically dense, rare-earth ion doped solids, based on controlled reversible inhomogeneous
broadening as proposed in [Nilsson2004, Krauss2005].
Description of work
In a first phase different materials will be characterized for their suitability for quantum state storage.
The second phase consists of tests of the storage medium using classical optical pulses containing many photons.
Finally, storage of single photons and single photon time-bin qubits will be demonstrated.
WP 1.2 NV Centres
Objectives
The general objective of the WP is to store light states into spin states based on electromagnetically induced transparency
(EIT). As a storage medium we use Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond.
Description of work
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Initial tests to assess feasibility of quantum state storage based on observation of long phase-memory time, EIT and slow
group velocity of a signal field pulse.
Mapping and retrieval of classical (strong) light states to spin states.
Storage and recall of non-classical light states.

(workpackage leader: Andrew Shields, TREL)
Objectives
In this WP we will investigate the possibility of using semiconductor quantum dots as quantum memories. We will explore
the suitability of a number of different semiconductor systems including single quantum dots and impurity atoms in optical
cavities, as well as inhomogeneously broadened ensembles of quantum dots or impurities. We will develop methods of
efficiently coupling single photons into and out from single quantum memory devices. This will involve the design and
manufacture of wavelength scale dielectric structures. This will also feed into WP1.2 and WP1.1.
Semiconductor quantum memories are ideally suited for storing qubits generated by semiconductor (e.g. quantum dot)
single photon sources. The technologies developed here will allow the coherent manipulation of the stored qubits and
could be further extended to allow simple qubit logic. Ultimately we may expect an integrated semiconductor technology
for the generation, storage, processing and detection of photonic qubits.
Description of work
We will study cavity structures for efficient coupling of a photon to a quantum dot.
We will also investigate the Zeeman structure of individual quantum dots in detail.* We will then demonstrate the storage
of (weak) optical pulses in quantum dot devices. Finally we will demonstrate the feasibility of storage of single photons in
quantum dot devices.

Objectives
In this workpackage we will focus on a quantum memory consisting of a single long-lived qubit, represented by the
quantum state of a single Rubidium atom, trapped in a dipole-trap. The advantage of such a system is the direct
entanglement with internal degrees of freedom of single, emitted photons [Moehring2004]. State transfer from photonic to
atomic qubits and vice versa thus can be achieved employing quantum teleportation protocols. LMU recently demonstrated
the controlled cooling and trapping of single Rb-atoms by detailed analysis of photon statistics and spectra [Volz2004].
Description of work
Achieve high fidelity entanglement between atom and photon
Demonstrate entanglement over reasonable distance between atom and photon
Remote state preparation of the atomic qubit utilizing quantum teleportation protocols

Objectives
Memory for a quantum state of light in an atomic ensemble with fidelity of up to 70%, which is much better than the best
classical limit, has recently been demonstrated by NBI [Julsgaard2004]. The memory protocol based on dispersive
interaction followed by quantum measurement and feedback has been demonstrated for pulses in weak coherent states.
The atomic memory consisted of room temperature Cs gas in paraffin coated glass cells. In this WP we will investigate
further approaches to the memory, all based on gas in glass cells.
Description of work
Demonstration of a quantum interface based on interspecies light-to-atoms teleportation
Demonstration of atomic memory readout onto light with higher-than-classical fidelity
Develop the quantum interface between light and atoms used for production of two entangled atomic ensembles
[Julsgaard2001] towards a versatile tool for generation of distant entanglement (up to 100m or more).
Storage of entangled states of light
WP 1.6 Cold Atoms

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Objectives
The general goal of this WP is to develop interfaces between light and cold atoms. In addition to a memory of single
photon qubits, we want to demonstrate spin squeezing at Cs clock transition based on atom light interaction with the
ultimate goal to improve the sensitivity of atom clocks.
Description of work
Demonstration of quantum memory in a cold and trapped atomic ensemble.
Observation of squeezing of the population difference in Cs ground states using atom light interaction.
WP 1.7 Comparison
Objectives
The objective of this workpackage is to compare, evaluate and analyse the different approaches to quantum memory for
applications in quantum communication and computation. The approaches differ in the interaction used, physical
implementation, and the degree of freedom of photons to which they allow coding of quantum information..
Description of work
Through informal contacts as well as an annual workshop between all participants in this WP and researchers from WP
55.5 (QIP Architecture Theory) this WP provides for a coordinated effort to systematically compare, evaluate and analyse
the different approaches for their suitability for applications of quantum communication and quantum information
processing. This includes the investigation of decoherence mechanisms and their influence on quantum state storage, and
the study of means to reduce these effects. We also plan to extend theoretical studies of non-linearities in EIT for
integration of quantum gates and quantum optical storage [Beausoleil2003, Beausoleil2004], and possibly generalize
results to other physical approaches.
SUBPROJECT 2: QUANTUM NETWORKS

The distribution of specific quantum states of light, in particular those exhibiting entanglement, to particular locations is a key
enabling technology for quantum information processing. The objective of this Subproject is to build on current methods for
generating and distributing entanglement and to extend these to multiple parties and multiple nodes. From a physical
perspective, it is necessary to understand what fundamental limits there are, and how these might be achieved. From a
technological standpoint, it is critical to leverage and enhance currently available telecommunications infrastructures. The
Subproject is designed to address both these scientific and technological issues and to develop a functional network for
distributing entanglement at several nodes.
More specifically, the subprojects objectives can be divided in scientific and technological objectives. Scientific objectives
are:
? To develop optical networks for distribution of entanglement between multiple separated processing nodes for quantum
information processing, including cryptography, communications and computation.
? To develop protocols for entanglement generation, distillation and purification for few-particle photonic networks
? To develop error correction and avoidance protocols suited to multi-state encoding over an optical network
The subprojects technological objectives are:
? To develop robust and efficient sources for the generation of photons coded as qudits.
? To develop tools for manipulation and measurement of multistate and multiparticle photonic systems.
? To implement the rudiments of a scalable network
The approach the subproject will take contains the following ingredients:
The subproject will address the efficient creation and characterization of pure-state single-photon wave packets that arrive
heralded at a controlled time. Two routes to such sources are envisaged. The first will build on past work in conditional
preparation of photon wavepackets by means of parametric downconversion. The second will make use of emerging
technology of quantum dots, possibly in microcavities, to generate photons on demand.
The subproject will adopt a fibre-optic architecture. That is, the subproject will develop sources, optical elements and
detection schemes that are compatible with large-scale integration in a fibre-optical network.
The subproject will use the bosonic field structure of photons to encode information in a protected way. While the large
Hilbert space of individual photons cannot enable scalable QC using a small fixed number of photons, the state redundancy
required for error protection and correction may prove to be achievable by using several degrees of freedom of each photon.
We will combine experimental expertise with theoretical expertise in most of the workpackages, so as to properly integrate the
abstract theoretical analysis of SP5 with the phenomenological theory needed for real-world implementations.
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There are close connections between this workpackage and all the others. The closest connection is to SP3 (Quantum
Repeaters), which has as its aim the distribution of bipartite qubit entanglement to remote parties. SP3 will benefit from the
source and detector development work to be undertaken in SP2 , and at the same time will feedback important know-how
about entanglement robustness at remote nodes.
Both SP2 and SP3 will also benefit from successes in SP1 (Interfaces and Memories). Working quantum memories will
dramatically affect the architecture and operations of a quantum network and repeater, enabling much longer distance
distribution of entanglement, and scalability for quantum computers built using optics.
As stated previously, close connections will be maintained with SP5, the theory subproject, in particular WPs 5.3 and 5.6.
Workpackages
The Subproject is divided into 6 workpackages based on the various components and demonstrations needed to establish an
effective quantum network. These ingredients range from hardware, in the form of photon sources with appropriate character
(WP2.1) and detector and control hardware (WP2.2), with their application to the generation of multiparticle entangled states
(WP2.3), to the exploration of optimal coding protocols (WP2.4) and theexperimental implementation of these as well as basic
algorithms with the hardware (WP2.5) and finally tests of the network and its components in the form of specific operational
goals (e.g. quality of entanglement, WP2.6).
In all cases the workpackages have both a theoretical and an experimental component. This is critical to their success since
they will require both the design of quite new information handling and coding protocols, undertaken with a view to what is
experimentally feasible, as well as the assembly of complex experiments leading to the implementation of these protocols. In
the cases where experiment and phenomenological theory are combined, there are two lead partners, one for each aspect of the
workpackage.
The management subproject will involve the organization of workshops to ensure that the hardware and software components
of the project will move in parallel, and that both experimental implementations will have access to the theory)) and the
algorithm developed pays close attention to the increasing capabilities of the experiments.
Also, the management will be closely concerned with the training of students, and will coordinate the exchange of EU-funded
students between the nodes of the suproject.
The workpackages of the subproject are:

(workpackage leader: Jens Eisert, IMPERIAL)
WP 2.1 Photon Sources for Quantum Networks
(workpackage leader: Andrea Fiore, EPFL)
WP 2.2 Network hardware
(workpackage leader: Enrico Pessina, PIR)
WP 2.3 Multi-photon networks
WP 2.4 Qudits and continuous variable networks
WP 2.5 Multi-particle and qudit entanglement purification and algorithms(workpackage leader: Martin Plenio, IMPERIAL)
WP 2. 6 Testing small-scale quantum networks and devices
(workpackage leader: William Munro, HPLB)

Objectives
Description of work
facilities and expertise of the different partners and identify opportunities for collaboration.

(workpackage leader: Andrea Fiore, EPFL)
Objectives
The objective of this workpackage is to realize network-compatible sources of single and entangled photons with
information coding that will yield better performance of quantum protocols. Two approaches will be followed. The first is
to prepare conditionally single photon wavepackets from pairs generated using parametric downconversion. The second is
to use single emitters, such as quantum dots, to generated individual photons "on demand. Each of these methods has its
challenges for the generation of pure state photons that are capable of high-fidelity interference in both first and second
(and higher) order.
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Description of work
Microstructured nonlinear optical materials for engineered pair-photon states in parametric downconversion
Pump beam structured downconversion for spatially entangled photons
Emission of transform-limited photons from excitations in microcavities

(workpackage leader: Enrico Pessina, PIR)
Objectives
The objective of this workpackage is the development of photon number resolving detectors for photon manipulation and
measurement.
Description of work
Optimization of room temperature fibre-based photon number resolving detectors based on Si-avalanche photodiodes.
Development of superconducting detectors

Objectives
The objective of this workpackage is to demonstrate multipartite entanglement of various classes, and use it to improve
network performance. The delivery of entangled states of four or five photons to distinct network nodes will enable new
types of robust information processing: this workpackage will deliver the capability for distributing states of this kind.
Description of work
Demonstration of concatenated sources of photons suitable for networking to produce multipartite qubit entanglement.
Implementation of new quantum communication protocols based on multipartite entanglement, such as quantum secret
sharing
Demonstration of multipartite hyperentangled states
WP 2.4 Qudit and continuous variable networks

Objectives
The objectives of this workpackage are the further development of theory and the design of experiments exploiting the rich
structure of photons (in both discrete and continuous degrees of freedom) to build error correction and avoidance schemes
and to implement few-qubit algorithms. Coding structures are critical for the robust operation of quantum networks, and
may enable algorithms (such as those to be developed in WP2.6) that cannot be implemented with smaller Hilbert spaces.
These algorithms will therefore study and where possible demonstrate the value of coding in larger spaces using a
network, and this workpackage will provide the basic elements required for their implementation.
Description of work
Development of techniques for the independent control of polarization and the transverse wavevector, orbital angular
momentum or frequency/time-bin modes of photons.
Investigation of new quantum communication protocols using space and time degrees of freedom of a single photon
together with its polarization for realizing the quantum channel-coding theorem.
Design of a parity-kick version of bang-bang decoupling to reduce the noise in the transmission of quantum optical signals
into optical fibres.
WP 2.5 Multi-particle and qudit entanglement purification and algorithms

(workpackage leader: Martin Plenio, IMPERIAL)
Objectives
The objective of this workpackage is to design experiments and develop theory for realizing entanglement distribution
over networks in the form of multi-partite and multimode states and their exploitation in basic algorithms with potential
for quantum commerce. It will be necessary to enhance the degree of raw delivered entanglement at the nodes to useable
levels by purification and distillation. Several approaches to robust entanglement generation based on measurements will
be followed.
Description of work
Assess the feasibility of protocols for enhancing entanglement at remote locations using realistic sources, detectors and
linear optics
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The implementation of error detection or error correction codes on single photons employing the polarization and field
mode.
Testing non-locality by means of entangled 4 dimensional systems.
Theroetical design and implementation of a basic protocols such as quantum coin-tossing protocol and design of abstract
schemes for protocols such as quantum fingerprinting and digital signatures
WP 2.6 Testing small-scale quantum networks and devices

Objectives
The objective of this workpackage is to develop methods for the verification of quantumlevel operation of networks and
few-qubit quantum devices without full quantum state measurement. Of particular interest are feasible methods of
determining the entanglement present in multipartite or hyperentangled states using a small number of measurements.
Description of work
The experimental implementation of a suite of tools for the purpose of verifying the operations of quantum devices,
including tomography and scalable entanglement
Testing the non-local properties of the quantum states that are generated across the network. We will also be concerned
with the study of the estimation of entanglement properties.
Application of number-resolving detectors to the complete characterization of states and operations
SUBPROJECT 3: QUANTUM REPEATERS

Quantum repeaters [Briegel1998] are the basic building blocks for any kind of quantum communication network. In any
quantum channel (quantum communication link) decoherence will inevitably limit the maximum total direct distance that can
be covered. For photons absorption, linear and nonlinear effects and external noise will all lead to an error rate that grows
exponentially with the channel length. Quantum repeaters come to the rescue.
.... A direct amplification and reshaping of quantum transmissions is not

A B possible due to the no-cloning theorem. Quantum repeaters tackle the
problem by breaking down the full channel (A-B, see figure) into
shorter links. On each link entanglement will be distributed, with
fidelity of transmission high enough so that purification of
entanglement [Bennett1996] can work. The staggered scheme uses a
sequence of purification of entanglement and entanglement swapping
to finally achieve a desired fidelity of entanglement for the whole
channel. The entanglement can then be used for any kind of quantum
communication task.
The concept of a quantum repeater is based on several key elements, which are the creation and distribution of entanglement
over larger distances, entanglement swapping and purification, as well as quantum memories with suitable interfaces to flying
qubits and local gates.
The objective of SP3 is to bring quantum repeaters from their laboratory stage close to applicability in quantum networks. For
realizing this objective there are many scientific and technological challenges that need to be addressed. A better
understanding is needed of the physics of various links and their decoherence mechanisms as well as the requirements for gate
operations and memories. For bringing quantum repeaters to a technological level on which we can start to integrate them into
prototype networks or quantum key distribution set-ups the following approach will be taken.
We want to characterize and improve the quality of available quantum channels and local processing operations. Tools for
Sources of entangled photon pairs are one of the key components and need to be developed towards the requirements of the
various quantum channels concerning their bandwidth, photon pair distribution, spatial characteristics, size, and robustness.
We will integrate the various subsystems of a quantum repeater by showing that entanglement from different, remote sources
can be combined to create longer links and that purification can be used between remote locations in order to improve the
fidelity.
Satellite and terrestrial free-space links can help establish quantum channels between points where no fibre link is available or
the distance is too large to cover with a single fibre.
Measurement can entangle distant single atoms. We will test this procedure in a miniature version in diamond colour centres
The expected results include:

Long distance two-photon interferometry
Demonstration of narrow band bright time-bin entangled photon source.
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Time-bin entangled photon pairs on demand
Entangled photon pairs from periodically poled media and photonic crystal fibres.
Demonstration of synchronization of two distant lasers.
Interference between two independent photons
Bell-state analysis for entangled photons propagating over separate links
Remote purification of entanglement
Enhancement of purification efficiency by feed-forward
Demonstration of a long distance quantum relay with independent sources
Entanglement between two colour centres in diamond

Eventually quantum repeaters will need local storage. We expect quantum memories that interface to single photons to
become available in the later project phase from SP1. There will be a close link to SP1 in order to monitor this development.
One workpackage in SP3 will actually be devoted to the creation of entanglement between single atoms by measurement. It
will work in close contact and with results from SP1. Many things will also depend on the development of new sources of
entanglement. While some work on this subject will be done in this SP we expect considerable related activity in SP2.
Quantum repeaters are building blocks for quantum networks. Therefore, any quantum network topology can profit from the
knowledge gained in this SP about the physics of the links and about purification and entanglement swapping over long
distances.
Workpackages
On the way to a quantum repeater within this project, we will need to develop components and technologies in the beginning.
In this development we need to take care that integration issues are considered already in the design phase. E.g. a source of
entangled photon pairs needs to be developed towards interfacing to a specific physical link. We have divided our work into
three component (3.1, 3.2, 3.5) and two integrating (3.3, 3.4) workpackages.
The key components for a quantum repeater are
quantum channels
sources of entanglement
purification operations
local memories
The physics of quantum channels and their interfacing with potential memories and local gates will be targeted by WP 3.1.
For two major technologies, fibres and free-space optical links we will investigate decoherence, noise and stability.
Experimentally we will embark on link optimization, automating compensation techniques, and coupling of sources to the
links. As results we expect detailed knowledge of the transmission characteristics and a comparison between fibre and free-
space technologies. This comparison will yield criteria on how to decide on the optimal link technology for a given situation.
From these results we will derive requirements for sources, memories and gates.
Sources of entangled photon pairs are the subject of WP3.2. Since the performance of the source is central to everything
downstream they do need special attention. The various quantum channels require different characteristics. For fibre, being
dispersion-sensitive, we will work on a narrow-band fibre-coupled source. Free-space links profit from low dispersion and
low birefringence. Therefore, we will work on bright sources of polarization entanglement and new technologies, based on
periodically poled materials and photonic crystal fibres. Practical implementations of quantum repeaters will have tight
requirements on the mechanical properties of a source. A particularly stringent environment is a satellite. For this purpose we
will study the micro-optical integration of parametric down-conversion sources. Any protocol that requires the use of more
than one photon pair, e.g. purification, will eventually need a source of entangled photon pairs that emits a controlled number
of photon pairs at a time. To this end we will pursue the idea of time-bin entangled photon pairs from quantum dots.
WP 3.3 will concentrate on improving the integration status of fibre-based quantum repeaters. While some parts have been
demonstrated before, here we aim at creating a real-world quantum relay, the basic stage of a quantum repeater. Two remote
lasers will be synchronized, and subsequently we should be able to synchronize remote sources of entanglement. In an
entanglement swapping-type setup, similar to quantum teleportation we will distribute entanglement over a long link. Further
we will try to integrate laboratory demonstrations of linear optic purification protocols into the field. A first result here should
be the purification of entangled photon pair that travelled through a common long-distance fibre link. Since SP1 is exclusively
dealing with quantum memories SP3 will closely monitor the development there. When memories become available and are
suitable for integration into any of the long-distance entanglement technologies we will, in a later project phase, try to
combine the two.
We want to carry out the same integration for free-space optical links in WP3.4, but the corresponding technology is by far not
as advanced as for optical fibres. Therefore, more basic experiments must be attempted. We wish to implement interferometric
Bell-state analysis and quantum teleportation as precursors to a quantum repeater. We expect to be able to cover distances
larger than 5 km in such a teleportation experiment. All this will depend crucially on the basic studies carried out in WP 3.1.
Even though experiments are already difficult on the ground we want to work partly towards satellite based distribution of
entanglement. To this end we need to characterize components for space usability. We will investigate the possibility of
quantum transmission from and to a satellite, using laser ranging facilities and satellites as well in ground-based simulations.
Some things like entangling two remote atoms or quantum dots may be possible without realizing a full quantum memory.
Therefore we have included WP 3.5, in which we will attempt to entangle NV defects in diamond by joint measurements on
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the emitted photons. As a first step it is interesting just to prove that there is entanglement between the defect states and the
emitted photons.
All the scientific activities will be monitored and coordinated from the management workpackage (WP3.0) run by the SP
coordinator OEAW. Apart from the usual management tasks its main duty will be to bring experimentalists from the various
technologies together in small workshops, in order to facilitate the common development of enabling technologies for long-
distance experiments. In particular we want to avoid duplicate developments of automation, synchronization and remote
classical data processing technologies.
The following workpackage structure will be used for the subproject:

WP3.0 Subproject Management
(workpackage leader: Anton Zeilinger, OEAW)
WP3.1 Quantum channels
(workpackage leader: Marek Zukowski, UG)
WP3.2 Advanced sources of entangled photon pairs
(workpackage leader: Christoph Simon, CNRSGRE)
WP3.3 Long distance fibre-optic quantum relays and purification
WP3.4 Terrestrial and satellite free-space quantum communication
WP3.5 Creation of entangled states of single atoms and photons by interference

The group of Anton Zeilinger at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University of Vienna has long experience in
managing European project. It will be the leader of this SP coordinating the activities of more than four experimental
groups and many more theoretical ones.
Objectives
Coordination of activities
Organization of workshops
Foster exchange of knowledge and tools
Identify suitable technologies for the diverse applications of quantum repeaters
Description of work
Within the management workpackage it is our goal to make sure that the diverse realizations of quantum channels will
profit from each other and from common developments of components such as sources, detectors and electronics for
classical communication and data processing. For this purpose we want to bring together experimentalists from the various
partners so that they can discuss common aspects of their type of quantum communication link at small workshops.
Management will make sure that solutions to problems in one realization will be disseminated within the SP. As a result of
this workshop we will create a review of the status quo of quantum repeater implementations and a comparative study on
the various quantum link technologies. The development of suitable sources for each type of link is likely to have common
elements. Tools for the simulation of entangled photon pair sources should be designed to be suitable for all kinds of
sources to avoid parallel development. The management will ensure that everyone working on quantum repeaters will have
access to these tools.

(workpackage leader: Marek Zukowski, UG)
Objectives
Decoherence and loss mechanisms in various quantum channels
Link optimization and automation technology
Coupling of entangled sources to long-distance transmission links
Requirements for local gates and memories
Description of work
In this workpackage we will investigate the decoherence mechanisms in practical realizations of quantum channels and
find optimal coding strategies in order to reduce the decoherence. We will consider at least fibre time bin qubits, fibre
polarization qubits, and free-space optical links. For this characterization we will optimize state reconstruction techniques.
Once the noise processes are clear we can start to optimize the various quantum channels. In fibres using polarization this
could involve automating the polarization compensation. For free-space links pointing and tracking must be considered
and possibly adaptive optics.
Besides the channels there are two more important components in the construction of a quantum repeater: local memories
and gate operations for purification. It is important that we have criteria for these components based upon the performance
of the available channels. We need to know the required quality, speed and reliability of operation. All these results will
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flow into a feasibility study of quantum repeater technology. This study will be created in close contact between theory
and experiment, both for the channels and the interfacing to local memories and gates. Particular care will be exercised
towards the question of practical scalability.

Objectives
Develop sources of entangled photon pairs that
Have tailored spectral and temporal properties
Are compact
Emit only one pair at a time
Description of work
We will develop a bright source of narrowband time-bin and other hyper-entangled photons based on parametric down
conversion from QPM bulk and waveguide configurations to match the strict requirements of telecommunication
networks. The high conversion efficiency will enable to use low power lasers, while filtering the emitted photons to a
bandwidth of less than 1nm.
Further we will investigate experimentally and theoretically the improvement and integration of pulsed polarization
entangled photon pair sources for use with long-distance fibre and free-space links, as well as in satellites. Examples
include: Parametric down-conversion from picosecond-pulsed pump lasers, Polarization entanglement from PPKTP or
similar quasi-phasematched nonlinear media, Integration of parametric down-conversion with micro-optics, Entangled
pairs from r(3) non-linearity in photonic crystal fibre (nm bandwidth, single mode, picosecond pulses)
A third line of research will concentrate on sources of entangled photon pairs from quantum dots that will produce at most
one photon pair at a time. This feature is particularly important for experiments that use multiple sources. Previous work
focused on the creation of polarization entanglement [Benson2000] but failed due to unavoidable asymmetries. Here we
aim to produce time-bin entangled photons [Franson1989] instead, which are particularly well suited for quantum
communication over long distances [Marcikic2003].
WP3.3 Long distance fibre optic relays and purification

Objectives
Build a quantum relay over large distances using the optical fibres both in dedicated fibre links and in existing
telecommunications networks.
Description of work
First the possibility to synchronize two distant time-bin entangled photons sources will be explored. The success of this
step will allow continuing with the second part of the WP. In the second part of this WP, a quantum relay will be
developed and tested for quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping. The third part is concerned with
implementing the purification of entanglement where two or more photon pairs will be transmitted over a long distance
fibre link. The degradation of the entanglement that occurs during transmission will be corrected by purification of
entanglement.

Objectives
Demonstrate quantum communication via free-space telescope links and work towards a realization of transmission of
qubits from and to a satellite.
Description of work
Free space links may be suitable for situations where no fibres are available or difficult to install. A typical link consists of
two telescopes with a free line of sight in between them. In WP 3.1 we will investigate the stability and technology for
creating such a link reliably. Once we have established them we will try a series of quantum communication experiments.
Notably, for free space links there is no equivalent of experiments with coiled fibres, therefore everything will have to be
done remotely.
Going to space with quantum communication will involve major changes to existing experimental designs. We intend to
work on satellite-based components. Ground stations, where timing, pointing and tracking problems will be addressed and
checked for their compatibility with the transmission of single quanta. Regarding the transmission from and to a satellite,
polarization is not the only possible encoding, and so far not very much is known about the transmission of single photons
through the atmosphere. We will learn more in preliminary studies involving laser-ranging satellites.
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Objectives
Engineer entanglement between distant NV defects in diamond using interference effect and state projection via
measurement.
Realization of photon polarization entanglement from distant defect in diamond
Description of work
Two defects in diamond will be written using ion implantation with high positioning accuracy. Entanglement between two
defects in diamond will be achieved in interference experiments. The characterization of entangled states will be realized
by local readout of the internal spin state of NV defect. Errors associated with positioning of defects and limited
photodetectors efficiency will be investigated. Later we want to create entangled states between a larger number of defects.
The scheme will be scaled by using more photodetectors and observing more detection events. Finally, entangled state of
flying qubits will be realized using the emitted photons.
SUBPROJECT 4: QUANTUM SIMULATION & CONTROL

In order to physically implement universal quantum computation and apply it to interesting problems, quantum gates have to
be executed with demandingly high precision and need to be applied to a large numbers of qubits.
Recently it has been shown that the simulation of one quantum system by means of observing the dynamics of another
suitably tailored quantum system can be far less demanding than universal quantum computation in these respects [e.g.,
Lloyd96, Jan2003, Porras2004, Molmer2000]. Another way to cope with the daunting requirements of universal QC is the
development of practical schemes for the better control of the quantum evolution of individual building blocks for quantum
computation, that is, error correction, characterization and subsequent control of decoherence, and of robust and optimized
quantum gates.
1. Simulation
A system of pairwise coupled spins described by a Heisenberg model or a variant thereof is particularly useful for quantum
simulations [Jan2003, Porras2004]. Such models serve as a starting point for numerous theoretical investigations in various
branches of Physics, and in particular in Condensed-Matter Physics where collective effects, like [anti-]ferromagnetism and
super conductivity, are investigated. Recently, with the advent of quantum information science, such systems have been
investigated in a new light taking also into consideration the interplay between entanglement of individual quantum systems
and global properties of the system [Audenaert2002, Plenio2004, Pachos2004, Briegel2004, Dawson04, Barjak2003]. The
simulation of the quantum evolution of a large number of spins that could shed more light on the appearance of these
phenomena is not tractable on classical computers.
Exploring of suitable systems with known and well controlled spin Hamiltonians, in addition, will allow for the investigation
of new schemes for generation and propagation of entanglement: Quantum states can be created and transferred in quantum
many body systems (and in particular using mutually coupled spins) without the need for detailed local control of qubits
[Eisert2003, Plenio2004, Plenio2004b, Bose2003, Christandl2004, Osborne2004, Giovanetti2004]. This in turn will pave the
way towards short distance quantum communication.
2. Control
It is an important and essential task to develop schemes and tools that provide significant improvements of the potential, the
robustness, and the speed of experimental realizations of quantum gates. Optimal Control Theory is generally applicable and,
therefore, is an ideal tool to accomplish this challenging task. Specifically, the development and the experimental realization
of time-optimal, relaxation-optimized, and robust implementations of quantum gates and quantum algorithms using spin-spin
coupled systems will be targeted in SP4. In turn, the results attained using control theory will be used for investigating
quantum simulations, and in particular quantum phase transitions with spin chains.
In order to gain better control over the execution of quantum algorithms it is furthermore necessary to develop practical
schemes for quantum error correction and to reliably identify sources of decoherence in large qubit registers and find ways to
remedy them.
These investigations will be carried out employing different types of spin many-body systems that will serve as well
controlled prototype systems and will allow for the exploration of quantum simulations and optimal control:
Crystals doped with rare-earth-ions (ULUND).
Ultrapure diamond with nitrogen vacancy defects (USTUTT).
Liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance in combination with specifically synthesized molecules that comprise a tailored spin-
topology (LMU).
A novel type of ion trap that provides pairwise spin-spin couplings between individual ions (USIEG).
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All of these physical systems have clearly demonstrated their potential for quantum information processing. Despite their
obvious differences, these systems can all be described in pseudo-spin terms by similar effective Hamiltonians. Not only the
mathematical description of these systems is similar, also the physical coherent manipulation of qubits of systems 2, 3, and 4
is achieved by similar methods using rf and/or microwave radiation whereas system 1 is controlled by optical pulses (the pulse
envelopes determining the qubits coherent evolution, of course, are in turn generated using rf signals).
Each of these implementations is characterized by specific advantages and difficulties. Exploring them in a common
Integrated Project will foster the scientific exchange between these projects, thus helping to take advantage of their respective
strengths for the simulation and control of quantum systems. Making available the knowledge and methods developed in
liquid state NMR experiments to other theoretical and experimental efforts will be most valuable for this subproject.
All theoretical and experimental workpackages within this SP are closely connected and will mutually benefit from each other
(crosslinks are indicated in the description of the objectives of each workpackage).

SP1 is concerned with the development of interconnections between photons (flying qubits) and atoms or solids (stationary
qubits). Work in SP4 is concerned with developing experimental techniques for manipulating individual stationary rare-earth-
ions and Nitrogen vacancy centres. These two systems will also be used to carry out work on atom-photon interfaces in SP1
(WP1.1, WP1.2). Thus the techniques developed and experience gained in SP4 will directly feed into the work done in SP1. In
addition, trapped ions investigated in SP4 also are good candidates for interfacing to photons and storing quantum information
transmitted by them. Experience gained in these experiments can be applied to interfacing single trapped atoms (WP1.4) to
photons.
SP2 is concerned with the experimental implementation of tools for the purpose of verifying the operations of quantum
devices, including tomography and scalable entanglement measures (WP2.6). The work in SP2 is directed towards the
implementation with photonic qubits whereas in SP4 similar efforts will be undertaken to analyze entanglement generation
and decoherence of stationary systems consisting of a larger number of qubits as well as the exploration and simulation of
quantum algorithms on large systems (WP4.7, WP4.9). In particular, the question of how to deal with state and process
estimation of many qubits is common to both SPs. Thus, exchange of ideas between these subprojects will foster the
development of the respective workpackages in both SPs.
For the distribution of quantum information it is necessary to be able to characterize and modify the quantum channels
connecting different locations. Work along these lines is carried out in SP3 (WP3.1). The characterization of decoherence and
ways to overcome it are also the subject of WP4.9. Furthermore, various quantum channels displaying different
types of decoherence have been implemented and characterised experimentally using trapped ions by the Maynooth group.
The possibility to engineer decoherence in these experiments will be a useful tool to test optimal coding strategies conceived
in WP3.1.
Numerous connections to SP5 exist: in WP5.1 quantum simulations will be studied as is the case in SP4, with the focus in SP4
being on the development of concepts and tools that are tailored to the experimental systems represented in that workpackage
and aiming at the demonstration of quantum simulations (i.e., NV centres in diamond, NMR, and trapped ions).
WP5.4 is concerned, among others, with the study of quantum memories, and more specifically the problem of storing
quantum states without decoherence. Closely related theoretical work will be carried out in WP4.10. Again, the
work in SP4 will be targeted more towards specific experimental investigations. The novel ion trap providing spin-spin
coupled chains of ions (WP4.6) is a promising candidate for the realization of a quantum memory when including an atom-
photon interface (SP1).
Also part of WP5.4 is the study of multi-partite entanglement under reversible and asymptotically reversible LOCC.
Characterizing and quantifying entanglement in many-body systems is the goal of WP4.7. This will enable us, for instance, to
better understand quantum phase transitions as studied theoretically and experimentally in SP4. The different views at multi-
partite entanglement in SP4 and SP5 will be mutually stimulating.
Practical considerations regarding the robust experimental implementation of QIPC are the subject of the part Practical QIPC
in specific physical systems in WP5.4. While the work in WP5.4 is targeted at implementations of QIPC using photons, work
in SP4, too, aims to find ways for robust and efficient quantum gates in the presence of decoherence, however, related to
massive qubits.
The work dealing with quantum process characterisation and verifying quantum correlations in WP5.5 is closely connected to
WP4.9 where specific means for quantum state and process tomography will be researched. Time-optimal decompositions of
quantum computational modules (like the QFT) into experimentally available controls critically depend on the coupling
strength and topology between the qubits. Therefore WP4.3 complements considerations of algorithmic complexity as in SP5
(WP5.1 Tel Aviv U) by determining actual time-complexities in experimental settings. Assuming realistic constraints to the
max. number of qubits mutually coupled, guidelines to designing optimal architectures (SP5 work by FAU) may be provided.
Moreover, control theoretical optimisation methods using gradient flows (see SP5 TUM-WPs) complement the optimisation
methods using semidefinite programming tools (SP5 WP byIMPERIAL).
Workpackages
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WP 4.0 Subproject Management
(workpackageleader: Christof Wunderlich (USIEG)
WP 4.1 Rare Earth Ion-doped Crystals
WP 4.2 Nitrogen Vacancy Defects in Diamond
WP 4.3 Optimal Control of Quantum Systems with Finite Degrees of Freedom: Spins and beyond
(workpackage leader: Steffen Glaser, TU-MUNICH)
WP 4.4 Modelling Quantum Computers with 5 and more than 10 Qubits
WP 4.5 Hamiltonian Simulation and Decoherence-Free Subspaces
WP 4.6 Novel type of ion trap for quantum simulations
(workpackage leader: Christof Wunderlich, USIEG)
WP 4.7 Entanglement Generation/Propagation and Phase Transitions and Adiabatic Quantum Algorithms in Interacting
Quantum Systems
(workpackage leader: Martin Plenio,IMPERIAL)
WP 4.8 Simulating quantum phase transitions in ion traps, circuit QED, and optical lattices
(workpackage leader: Vladimir Buzek, IPSAS)
WP 4.9 Testing for decoherence sources and quantum state/process estimation
(workpackage leader: Jason Twamley, MACQ)

Objectives
Description of work
WP4.1 Rare Earth Ion-doped Crystals

Objectives
A test bed shall be implemented for testing optimum pulses developed for QC operations in rare-earth doped crystals. Our
present judgement is that a scalable quantum computer based on rare-earth-ion doped crystals will require that each qubit
is represented by a single ion. Therefore, the workpackage after month 18 aims at developing a rare earth QC system with
single ion qubits and thereby providing a test bed for also more involved pulse sequences and making rare-earth-ion doped
crystals a scalable approach to quantum computing.
Description of work
Optimal pulse sequences, developed by the Munich group for two and three qubit operations (WP4.3), will be
implemented with rare-earth ensembles.
Read-out of single ions to be used as bus ions. The value of any data qubit that should be read out is transferred to the
bus ion and then the state of the bus ion is read out.
Once this concept is implemented more complicated sequences from WP4.3 can be tested.
WP4.2 Nitrogen Vacancy Defects in Diamond

Objectives
A defect centre cluster will be engineered with tuneable interaction to create and manipulate coherent quantum states
throughout the cluster. The magnetic ordering of the spins in the cluster as a function of the strength of mutual interactions
will be investigated. A controllable interaction strength will allow us to simulate quantum phase transitions. Input from
theory work packages WP4.7 and WP4.3 will be needed.
Description of work
Defect centre clusters are first generated by implanting nitrogen atoms in ultrapure diamond materials (type IIa diamond)
and then characterized (coupling strength, electronic eigenenergies).
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Switching and tuning, respectively of the couplings mediated by the optical transition dipole moment and magnetic dipole
coupling of the defect centres.
Phase transitions can be generated by changing the relative interaction strength of the optical and the magnetic dipole
coupling. We plan to show a phase transition between a ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordered ground state of the
defect centre cluster.
WP4.3 Optimal Control of Quantum Systems with Finite Degrees of Freedom: Spins and beyond
(workpackage leader: Steffen Glaser, TU Munich)
Objectives
We systematically seek to extend the control theory-based approach from NMR settings to other experimental techniques
that may lend themselves to be treated in the language of pseudo-spin systems. We will be seeking a close interaction
between this WP and WP4.1, WP4.2, WP4.6
Description of work
Existing optimal control tools and computer programs will be adapted and optimized to the settings of experimental
systems other than conventional liquid-state NMR.
For these techniques, we wish to provide experimental controls that help to implement quantum gates like CNOT, SWAP,
TOFFOLI or FREDKIN or the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) or Hamiltonian simulations in a time-optimal or
dissipation-minimizing way.
Moreover, control techniques [e.g. Stefanatos04, Khaneja03, Khaneja01a,b] shall be extended such as to ensure
experimental robustness.
The computer programs shall be speeded up and will be made suitable for computation on powerful clusters or high-speed
devices in order to efficiently handle more than 10 qubits as will be made available in WP4.4.
WP4.4 Modelling Quantum Computers with 5 and more than 10 Qubits

Objectives
Demonstration of quantum algorithms and Hamiltonian simulations (see WP4.5) on 5 [Marx00] to more than 10 qubits.
Moreover, Seth Lloyd's [Lloyd93] approach to a scalable quantum computer using a polymer chain of -(A-B-C)- units will
be put into practice.
These experimental projects strongly rely on the optimal control tools described and further developed in WP4.3.
Description of work
We offer our partners in the network to simulate quantum calculations on an easy-to-use 5-qubit ensemble system: the
spin-1/2 nuclei 1H, 13C, 15N, 19F, and 31P can be controlled in a single NMR experiment.
We expect to be able to provide test systems with more than 10 qubits using a polymer chain of -(A-B-C)- units with 13C,
15
N, and 31P. These can be used for Hamiltonian simulation, for realizing adiabatic quantum computing, or for first
implementations of new quantum algorithms by other groups.
WP4.5 Hamiltonian Simulation and Decoherence-Free Subspaces

Objectives
Efficient ways of simulating arbitrary quantum evolutions [e.g. Somaroo99] by a sequence of evolutions under
experimentally available Hamiltonians (see, e.g., WP4.4) will be developed. More insight shall be gained into how to
manipulate few-qubit systems in decoherence-free subspaces.
Description of work
Time-optimal decompositions shall be compared to decompositions suffering least relaxative losses.
By using optimal control theory, general types of many-qubit coupling interactions (be they longitudinal (ZZ), dipolar,
planar (XY), or of XYZ-interaction type) in the quantum system to be simulated shall be generated most efficiently from
elementary one- and two-qubit building blocks that are actually available.
Decoherence-minimizing control shall be generalized to systems of three and four spin-qubits.
WP4.6 Novel type of ion trap for quantum simulations

Objectives
A spin chain made up of individual electrodynamically trapped ions shall be developed with the ability to coherently
manipulate and read-out individual members of this many body system. Furthermore, the spin-spin coupling strength and
range of interaction shall be controllable by the experimenter [Mintert2001, Wunderlich2002, Wunderlich2003,
McHugh2004] . For the implementation of quantum logic operations, generation and analysis of entanglement, and
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analysis of decoherence, exchange with WP4.3, WP4.5, WP4.7, WP4.8, and WP4.9 will be very valuable.
Description of work
Develop, design and, construct a new type of ion trap that includes magnetic field generating elements as an integral part
inducing the desired spin-spin coupling.
Thorough tests of the new trap will be carried out. This includes storing and laser cooling of 172Yb+ ions with and without
magnetic field gradient.
Linear chains of the odd isotope 171Yb+ will be trapped and individual spins addressed in frequency space using microwave
radiation, and adjustable spin-spin coupling will be demonstrated.
Entangled states relying on theoretical concepts developed in WP4.3 and WP4.7 shall be generated and analyzed.
Sources of decoherence will be analyzed and concepts for their remediation will be developed together with WP4.3,
WP4.5, WP4.8, and WP4.9
WP4.7 Entanglement Generation/Propagation, Phase Transitions and Adiabatic Quantum Algorithms in Interacting
Quantum Systems
(workpackage leader: Martin Plenio,IMPERIAL)
Objectives
Entanglement is a quantity that may play a crucial role in the description and understanding of critical phenomena
occurring in quantum many-body systems. Quantum correlations are behind the strong fluctuations many-body systems
exhibit near critical points and thus their study is expected to bring a new insight into critical phenomena.
We aim to understand the static and dynamic entanglement properties of quantum many body systems with the focus on
those models that are physically realizable and relevant to schemes such as adiabatic quantum computation. In particular, a
relation between entanglement and critical behaviour and the role of quantum correlations in phase transitions shall be
established, and tools will be developed that may help to detect critical points by analyzing the entanglement properties of
a quantum system. Furthermore, we want develop novel ways to create and distribute entanglement without the use of
detailed spatial and temporal control.
Furthermore, ideas coming from Quantum Information may produce real progress in well-established branches of Physics
like Renormalization Group Theory. Here, we want to investigate the relation between irreversibility of renormalization
group trajectories and coarse graining strategies on quantum states.
The implementation of the above protocols in ion traps, optical lattices or arrays of particles will be considered for realistic
experimental parameters. This effort is linked to that in WP4.2 ,WP4.6 and WP 4.8
Description of work
We will continue previous studies of quantum many-body systems [Eisert 2003,Plenio 2004,Plenio 2004b] with the aim
of maximizing the entanglement generation or transfer efficiency without detailed local control, the minimization of the
local and temporal control requirements as well as the optimisation of the execution time of these protocols. In this respect
we will make use from techniques from optimisation theory that we have previously applied to the study of quantum
entanglement [Boyd 2004,Audenaert 2001] and will make use of the workpackages and experience offered by TU-
MUNICH (WP4.5). (IMPERIAL)
These system independent considerations will be placed in the context of experimental realizations that are being
considered in this IP, that is, ion traps and distributed quantum dots to provide these groups with interesting demonstrator
experiments. We will optimize these procedures for realistic experimental settings to propose realizable experiments. We
will continue to explore the entanglement properties of quantum spin systems and quantum harmonic oscillator systems.
(IMPERIAL)
Using recently proposed computationally feasible measures of entanglement we extend previous work
[Stelmachovic2004, Osterloch2002, Vidal2003] and describe entanglement behavior at the critical points. This involves
solving the models of many-body systems (calculate eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the corresponding Hamiltonian) and
analyzing their entanglement properties with main focus on ground and thermal states. Starting with two-partite
entanglement the goal is to calculate entanglement for any set of particles. However, due to the complexity of the systems
the priority is to look for and subsequently analyze those states that exhibit peculiar behaviour. (IPSAS)
After thorough analysis of the entanglement the results obtained will be compared with the theory of phase transitions
and subsequently possible links investigated. (IPSAS+IMPERIAL)
Analytical study of renormalization group transformations in spin systems. We will develop exact quantum coarse
graining transformations that appear as the most natural approach to uncover how quantum information ideas simplify our
understanding of renormalization group transformations. (UB)
We will explore different representations of entanglement in translation invariant spin networks so as to maximize their
efficient numerical simulation and apply these techniques to the time-evolution of large quantum systems in connection
with adiabatic quantum computation. (UB)
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WP4.8 Simulating quantum phase transitions in ion traps, circuit QED, and optical lattices.
Objectives
In this work-package we will extend recent work on simulating quantum phase transitions of many body models
[Barjak2003] in quantum computing implementations. A number of current implementations for quantum information
processing, notably ion trap (WP4.6) and circuit QED models, enable sufficient control over the qubits to engineer few
body Hamiltonians that exhibit quantum phase transitions. Recently we showed that entanglement of the systems of a
many body bath can significantly change the decoherence of qubits coupled to that bath [Dawson2004]. We seek realizable
models to demonstrate this effect.
One of the main open questions when using cold bosons in optical lattices to simulate the behavior of other quantum
systems [Jaksch1999, Parades2004] is to design measurements providing information about the state of the simulated
system. The current technique of measurements - release of the lattice and trapping potentials, and state selective
absorption imaging of the expanding cloud after a given time of flight - provides information on the momentum
distribution of the atoms and the sum of the neighbour correlations only. This is insufficient for a thorough description of
the measured state.
Several proposals have been suggested to use optical lattices system for quantum computing too, using bosons with two
(or more) internal degrees of freedom [Pachos2003]. The experimentally available technique for performing measurements
on the system is again the same as mentioned in the previous paragraph.
We will theoretically investigate the problem of reading out information from the simulated system by certain physical
manipulations. These include the manipulations of the expanding atomic cloud by optical fields, and the application of
quantum logic networks on the system.
Description of work
Develop ion trap schemes as analogue devices for obtaining information on the multipartite entanglement in the ground
state of systems that undergo quantum phase transitions. (UQ)
Develop Circuit QED schemes to simulate quantum phase transitions for systems of interacting qubits and harmonic
modes [HinDaw2004], with particular emphasis on decoherence of multipartite entanglement in the many qubit system.
(UQ)
Study the role of bath entanglement in decoherence. (UQ)
Calculation of the observable De Broglie diffraction pattern of atoms released from an optical lattice in the presence of
additional elements such as optical standing waves, etc. (IPSAS)
Characterize the information on the quantum state that can be read out by such a manipulated flight image concerning the
quantum state of the system. We will perform the dynamical calculations of the released many-body system analytically
and numerically in order to specify what can be measured. (IPSAS)
Find quantum logic networks for the lattice quantum computer that help in the measurement of its state. This will be
investigated in the framework of quantum computation and possibly discrete phase-space methods. (IPSAS)
Investigate the possibility of an implementation of quantum programmable devices studied in the framework of the project
on the ensemble quantum computer realized by the trapped atoms. (IPSAS)
WP4.9 Testing for decoherence sources and quantum state/process estimation

(workpackage leader: Dr. Jason Twamley, MACQ)
Objectives
As the number of qubits in a few-qubit application increases beyond three or four, verification of the correct operation,
identifying the most damaging decoherence channels and using the most appropriate active (using bang-bang pulses etc.),
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or passive (decoherence free subspaces), to systematically remove as much decoherence as possible, becomes a crucial but
highly non-trivial task. For large quantum registers we aim to develop efficient tools for the identification of the primary
decoherence channels and their remediation.
Generally, we will develop tools for the description (estimation) of a state of a quantum system and the description of the
action of an unknown quantum channel. Over the last decades various state reconstruction methods have been developed
and used (e.g.,[Paris2004]). However, the challenge of quantum information processing requires an optimal determination
of the action of quantum channels (processors).
We will work in close collaboration with the experimental groups performing WP4.2, WP4.4, and WP4.6 to develop
operational models.
Description of work
We will examine whether one can develop hierarchical and adaptive noise detection methods where one restricts the
(incomplete [Ziman2004]) process tomography to probe an adjustable fraction of the possible quantum process maps,
estimate the dominant decoherence rates, and processes and feedback this information to steer the probe towards the most
damaging decoherence channels for investigation and repair. (MACQ)
Once identified we will explore the use of decoupling techniques and decoherence free subspaces to remediate the
dominant decoherence effects. We will initially perform simulations using quantum trajectory methods. (MACQ)
In order to perform general process estimation we will exploit general statistical methods: the maximum-likelihood and
Bayesian method, etc. We will also investigate the possibility of novel strategies, which could be more suitable in quantum
domain. Process reconstruction schemes will be developed based on complete and incomplete experimental data. Main
attention will be paid to single qubit and two-qubit channels. These methods will be applied to data from experimental
groups in this IP (groups of Profs. Ch. Wunderlich and A. Zeilinger and others). (IPSAS)
Particular attention will be paid to reconstruction of two-qubit gates (e.g. controlled NOT), which has a direct application
in experiments. Theoretical results will be compared with the experimental data form the groups of Ch.Wunderlich, A.
Zeilinger. (IPSAS)
Process estimation enables us to derive physical approximations of unphysical maps. We will compare the obtained results
with the more abstract approaches using the distances (fidelity, trace distance, etc.) defined on the set of all quantum
operations. (IPSAS)
SUBPROJECT 5: THEORY
Objectives and approach

The role of fundamental theoretical research in the development of Quantum Information Processing and Communication
(QIPC) is very big compared to most other fields with commercial applications. There are many reasons for this. First of all
the applications themselves are developed by theorists independently of their implementation. This is well illustrated by the
development of quantum algorithms, such as Shor's factoring algorithm, adiabatic quantum computing, or the realization that
quite small quantum computers will be able to simulate quantum systems in a way inaccessible to classical computers, etc....
This is also well illustrated by the development of protocols for quantum communication, such as quantum key distribution,
and more recently quantum fingerprinting, quantum coin tossing, quantum digital signatures, etc...Secondly, figuring out how
to carry out QIPC in specific physical systems is a highly non-trivial task which has generally been carried out by the
theoretical physicist. Important examples are the first realistic proposal for building a quantum computer based on ion traps by
Cirac and Zoller [Cirac95], the realization that quantum computation in principle be carried out using solid-state systems
[Kane98], using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance [Gershenfeld97][Cory97], using linear optics supplemented with single photon
detection [Knill01].
However it is clear that work on these questions must continue, both in order to find new applications of QIPC, and in order to
find new or better ways of implementing QIPC in specific physical systems. It is only through this continued effort in its
fundamental theoretical aspects that QIPC will realize its full potential.
This type of theoretical research is best carried out at the supranational level because it is highly interdisciplinary. Scientists
from many different disciplines, computer scientists, mathematicians, theoretical physicists must work together if the real
breakthroughs which will advance the subject are to be realized. This was recognized very early by the EU which has strongly
supported theoretical research in QIPC during the 4th and 5th Framework programmes. And project RESQ (currently in its
second year) was specifically structured so as to maximize interactions between these different disciplines. The present project
aims to improve upon the integration realized in RESQ by also involving all these theoretical researchers in the experimental
aspects of QIPC.
Relation to other Subprojects, to QIPC in general, and to fields outside QIPC

The results obtained in subproject 5 will provide the other subprojects of QAP with new goals (for instance new quantum
algorithms, or new protocols for quantum commerce) and new ways of attaining these goals. Indeed very close contact will be
maintained with all other subprojects through informal contacts, through joint work on specific tasks, through the organization
of joint workshops, etc In particular results obtained in WP5.1 Algorithms and Complexity will directly feed into SP4
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Quantum Simulation and Control; results obtained in WP5.3 Quantum Commerce will directly feed into SP2 Quantum
Networks; results obtained in WP5.5 Architectures and in WP5.6 Testing Quantum Systems will directly feed into all the
other subprojects.
We also emphasize that, because it does not focus on any specific technology, the results obtained by subproject Quantum
Theory will benefit all the other projects in QIPC funded by the EU. Indeed we expect that this subproject will have a broad
and lasting impact on the whole field of QIPC.
Finally we expect that research carried out in this subproject will also have impact outside the field of QIPC. Indeed there are
more and more examples of applications of QIPC to other, older, disciplines. Examples include proving results in classical
computer science using quantum techniques and improving the Density Matrix Renormalisation Group method used in solid-
state physics for simulating quantum systems on classical computers. We expect several such spin-offs, particularly from
WP 55.1 Algorithms and Complexity.
Workpackages
The work is divided into 7 workpackages:
WP 5.0 Management
(workpackage leader: Serge Massar, ULB)
WP 5.1 Algorithms and Complexity
(workpackage leader: Oded Regev,TEL AVIV U.)
WP 5.2 Algorithmic Methods
(workpackage leader: Miklos Santha, UPS)
WP 5.3 Quantum Commerce
(workpackage leader: Harry Buhrman, CWI)
WP 5.4 Toolbox for quantum multi-user protocols
(workpackage leader: Antonio Acin, ICFO)
WP 5.5 Architectures
(workpackage leader: Konrad Banaszek,UMK)
WP 5.6 Testing quantum systems
(workpackage leader: Mario Ziman, IPSAS)
We now describe these workpackages in more detail.

.
WP 5.0 Management
(workpackage leader: Serge Massar,ULB)
Objectives
Description of work

(workpackage leader: Oded Regev, TEL AVIV U.)
Objectives
About a decade ago, Shor demonstrated that the factoring problem can be efficiently solved on a quantum computer
[Shor97]. This breakthrough result indicates that quantum computers can perform tasks that classical computers are
believed not to be able to do. The importance of this problem is immense as it is used in essentially all modern
cryptographic protocols. Since then, we have witnessed the discovery of several other quantum algorithms, such as a
quantum algorithm for Pell's equation [Hallgren2002]. Our goal is to develop new quantum algorithms. It is also clear that
the first application of a small scale quantum computer will be the simulation of physical systems [Jan03] and we will
study the potentialities and limitations of quantum simulations. This work will find immediate applications in SP 4
Quantum Simulation and Control.
Description of work
1) Lattice Problems. We intend to develop algorithms for lattice problems (Closest Vector in a Lattice, Shortest Vector in a
Lattice). These, like the factoring problem, have important applications in cryptography. Some initial progress in this
direction has already been made [Regev2002] and we intend to continue it.
2) Hidden Subgroup Problem. Many important quantum algorithms are derived from algorithms for a more general
problem: the hidden subgroup problem. Continuous progress is being made on the hidden subgroup problem in the case of
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non-Abelian subgroups and solvable groups with small exponents [Ettinger00, Hallgren00, Ivanyos03, Friedl04,
Watrous01], and we expect further results and applications in this area.
3) Time-space tradeoff. A major consideration in all of the above algorithms is the number of qubits used for computation
(also known as the amount of space required). Interestingly, the amount of space used by an algorithm can often be traded
off against its running time: allowing for a longer running time, we can make do with less workspace. Such considerations
have been considered extensively in the classical computing literature. However, our understanding of time-space tradeoffs
for quantum computers is still limited. A recent result in this direction [Klauck2004] established a number of optimal
tradeoffs for quantum algorithms for sorting and matrix multiplication. We will obtain new time-space tradeoffs, and we
will also consider time-space tradeoffs in cases where the geometry of the quantum computer is limited, for instance only
nearest neighbour interactions are possible. This is an important issue, at least for the first implementations of quantum
computers.
4) Simulations. The evolution of quantum systems is in general difficult to simulate on classical computers. An important
realisation of the last few years is that the first applications of small scale quantum computers will probably be the
simulation of other quantum systems [Jan03]. The first quantum simulators will probably be imperfect and noisy. But
simulating noisy quantum systems is often also very hard on a classical computer. We will describe under what
circumstances is the classical simulation of noisy quantum evolution hard and how noisy must the evolution be for it to be
modelled efficiently on a classical computer. We will also describe and classify what are, from the point of view of
applications, the most interesting systems to simulate. This work will be carried out in close collaboration with SP4 (in
particular WP4.4, 4.6, 4.7).
Particularly interesting systems to simulate are phase transitions. Following previous work both on field theories and spin
systems we will explore the properties of quantum phase transitions, both from an analytical point of view and with the
perspective of quantum simulations in mind. In particular we will focus on the scaling properties of entanglement at the
phase transition, based on the recent work of [Stelmachovic04][Osterloch02][Vidal03B]. This will be carried out in close
collaboration with WP4.7. An important but unexpected spinoff of this line of research has been the improvement of the
Density Matrix Renormalisation Group method for simulating quantum systems on classical computers. We will continue
to improve the DMRG method. This work will thus find immediate applications outside of QIPC.
We will also explore the potentiality of quantum cellular automata for quantum computation, and in particular their
potential use for simulating other quantum systems. This work will be based on the description of quantum cellular
automata given in [Schumacher04].
5) Complexity classes. An area of relevance to all algorithmic aspects of quantum computation is that of quantum
complexity. Quantum complexity gives us a way to determine how well quantum algorithms and protocols fare compared
to the theoretical limits on the resources required to carry out the computation. Resources can be time, memory size,
communication, randomness, entanglement, number of qubits, etc. For example, quantum complexity can tell us whether
there is hope to improve certain quantum algorithms or not. It can also tell us when quantum is inherently better that
classical computation, and by what margin.
Many of the techniques used in classical complexity do not carry over easily to quantum models of computation. New
techniques, such as the adversary method and its generalizations [Ambainis02, Ambainis03, Barnum03, Laplante04] have
been developed. These techniques have been used to prove optimal results for practical problems such as searching and
sorting, shortest paths, and finding local minima in a graph. We will continue work on this important aspect of quantum
computation.
6) Spinoffs. We expect that our research into quantum algorithms will also yields some insights into the classical world of
computing. Several examples of this have appeared in the last two years such as the first exponential bounds on locally
decodable error correcting codes [Kerenidis2003], classical proof systems for lattice problems inspired by earlier quantum
proof systems [Aharonov2003, Aharonov2004], bounds on the query complexity of local search problems motivated by
quantum techniques [Aaronson2004, Santha2004], an efficient classical cryptographic scheme whose security is based on
quantum considerations [Regev2004], and finally a quantum method to compute how many Toffoli gates are required to
realize a reversible classical computation [Popescu04]. As a byproduct of research in this proposal, we expect more such
results.

(workpackage leader: Miklos Santha,UPS)
Objectives
We believe that in order to obtain substantial progress on algorithmic questions such as the ones mentioned above, new
algorithmic techniques have to be developed. To date, there are only a few such techniques, and most efficient quantum
algorithms rely on the quantum Fourier transform. For this reason an important part of our effort will be dedicated to the
research into new algorithmic techniques. Results obtained in this workpackage will find immediate application in WP5.1
Quantum Algorithms and Complexity.
Description of work
We will develop the following algorithmic techniques:
1) Quantum walks have recently been introduced [Aharonov01, Ambainis01A] and they can be thought of as the
counterpart of classical random walks. Classical random walks have many applications in classical algorithms, and
quantum random walks turn out also to have important applications. [Shenvi2003] introduced a new quantum search
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algorithm, based on the quantum walk. This approach has been successfully applied to find improved quantum algorithms
for the problems of element distinctness [Ambainis04B] and finding triangles in a graph [Magniez2004] and it has been
shown [Ambainis04B, Szegedy2004] that quantum walks on a large class of graphs search quadratically faster than
classical walks.
We intend to further study the properties of quantum walks and to look for other problems can be solved by quantum
walks. For example, quantum walks can be used to generate certain important quantum states and these could then be used
for solving new problems.
2) Adiabatic quantum computation was introduced by [Farhi2001] and it has recently been shown [Aharonov2004] that
any standard quantum algorithm (i.e., one based on the circuit model) can be represented as an adiabatic algorithm. This
gives a strong indication that the adiabatic method is a powerful technique that could lead to the discovery of new quantum
algorithms. The speed of an adiabatic computation is determined by the gap between the smallest and the second smallest
eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian. Here, spectral techniques, as employed in the theory of classical Markov chains and in
statistical physics, can be extremely useful for algorithm analysis, and it is important to further explore this intriguing
connection. Secondly, it seems that in this model, computation is inherently more robust; exposure to noise is greatly
suppressed due to the large gap between the ground state and the first excited state. This may improve the currently very
high threshold for fault-tolerant quantum computation by several orders of magnitude and possibly allow implementations
with a larger number of qubits. We hope to develop a comprehensive model of fault tolerant adiabatic computation.
3) Perturbation theory is another new and exciting quantum algorithmic technique. Indeed [Kempe2004] shows how this
technique allows verification of quantum proofs by observing only two qubits. We will continue the investigation of this
technique.
WP 5.3 Protocols for Quantum Commerce

Objectives
In this workpackage we analyze the possibilities offered by QIPC for quantum multi user protocols (distinct from QKD).
We will improve existing protocols and develop new protocols. Particular attention will be paid to the possibility of
implementing these protocols with existing technology. Such proposals will immediately find applications in SP 2
Quantum Networks, and in particular WP 2.6.
Description of work
Specific protocols which will be addressed in the present workpackage include the following. In all cases we will improve
existing protocols and consider in detail the possibility of experimental implementation. Close contact will be kept with
SP2 on this issue.
1) Quantum Communication Complexity. A number of problems in communication complexity have been found where
quantum protocols need significantly less communication than classical protocols solving the same problem. Two
important examples are Quantum Fingerprinting [Buhrman2001] and the Hidden Matching problem [Bar-Yossef2004].
Both exhibit an exponential gap between the amount of classical and quantum communication, even in the presence of
noise.
We will identify the specific features of these two problems that allow exponential improvement and search for other
protocols that could present a similar behavior. We will study the gap between the classical and quantum communication
complexity in the case of intermediate size inputs which is relevant for experimental implementations (present results are
asymptotic).
2) Coin tossing and bit-string generation. Quantum communication can be used by two mistrustful parties to toss coins
more random than classical protocols. In particular when long strings of coins must be tossed (this is called bit string
generation) the level of randomness can be very high [Barrett2004]. This result was the basis for the first experimental
realization of bit string generation where the bits were more random than is possible classically [Lamoureux04B].
Improvements on the work of [Barrett04] will immediately lead to improvements in the experiments (to be carried out in
WP2.6).
3) Quantum Digital Signature schemes are related to the problem of quantum one-way functions. A first scheme for secure
digital signature was given in [Gottesman2001]. Several improvements over this first scheme seem feasible, especially in
terms of scaling of resources. Moreover, the quantum structure, states and measurements, encountered in quantum digital
signatures are very similar to those encountered in quantum fingerprinting.
4) Private Information Retrieval is a highly relevant problem for modern commerce. In this setting, a user wants to recover
a piece of information from a database, without the database server(s) learning which piece he wants. Quantum protocols
that are polynomially more efficient than the best known classical PIR protocols have been found [Kerenidis2003]. Our
goal is to find even better quantum protocols and prove that they beat all possible classical PIR protocols.
5) Secret Sharing can be understood as the generalization of key distribution to a multi-partite scenario. A recent proposal
uses GHZ states [Chen2004]. We will extend the security analysis of [Chen2004] to other scenarios, where one of the
parties is dishonest, or to other type of states.
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6) We will address the question of whether there exist quantum analogs of public key cryptography. These could for
instance rely on quantum encoding, classical channels, and be secure against polynomial quantum attacks.

(workpackage leader: Antonio Acin)
Objectives
The aim of this workpackage is to define and study general structures common to any quantum multi-user protocol. The
figure of merit in these protocols is very often related to the amount of resources consumed for the realization of a
particular goal. Examples of resources are quantum correlations (also called entanglement), shared randomness, secret bits
or classical communication. In order to have a unified picture of quantum multi-user protocols, one has to understand and
characterize the relation among all these resources. For instance it is important to find inter-conversion laws among
resources. This is very relevant from an applied point of view since the experimental requirements associated to any of
these resources are very different. Other related problems are coding theorems and classification of multipartite entangled
states. Results obtained in this workpackage will find immediate applications in WP 5.3
Description of work
Specific issues which will be addressed are:
1) Improve existing results on the extent to which different resources can be traded one for the other.
2) Many protocols, for instance QKD, only use quantum communication to establish correlations between parties, and
most of the data processing is carried out at the classical level. This is a great simplification from the point of view of
practical implementation. We will characterize to what extent this is a generic feature of protocols for quantum commerce.
3) We will characterize the extent to which the secrecy in the correlations obtained by measurements on multipartite
entangled states is related to the amount of entanglement in the states (building upon the work of [Acin2003]).
4) We will quantify the amount of classical resources (for instance classical communication) which are required to
reproduce the correlations obtained by measurements on entangled states. This has immediate applications to the design of
non locality tests resistant to imperfections, for instance to the detection loophole [Massar02][Buhrman03].
5) In QKD it is supposed that the eavesdropper has access to a perfect quantum memory. We will quantify the degree to
which quantum memory gives an eavesdropper extra power compared to classical memory.
6) Coding theory is well developed in the case of a single sender and a single receiver. The multiple sender multiple
receiver scenario, despite its importance in practice, has received very little attention so far (for exceptions see
[Winter2001]. Results will be obtained, amongst other, for the multiple-sender-multiple-receiver channel and for quantum
versions of the (degraded) broadcast channel or network (multicast) coding.
7) Virtually all fundamental limits to quantum information processing are based on properties of the quantum or von
Neumann entropy, S. In fact they are based on a single inequality, known as strong subadditivity, proved in 1973 by Lieb
and Ruskai [Lieb1973]. Recently a so-called constrained inequality for the quantum entropy which is independent of
strong subaditivity has been obtained [Linden2004]. We will improve on this result and obtain new unconstrained
inequalities for S. These should lead to significant advances in quantum coding theory.
8) The classification of multipartite entangled states under reversible and asymptotically reversible LOCC is probably one
of the hardest and most interesting problem in a multi-user theory of quantum information. In fact it is known that the
hardness of this task is related to the hardness of relating complexity classes in algorithmics. Nevertheless progress is
possible. For instance it has been shown that one can obtain a fairly close and surprisingly uniform hold on entanglement
measures for most random states. We hope to be able to show that for the large-probability set of random states the picture
will appear to be rather uniform, and all entanglement parameters may turn out to be roughly the same.
9) Related to 8), we note that up to now, there are only a few criteria available that allow for a test whether a given state is
genuinely multi-particle entangled or not. We aim at providing a hierarchy of sufficient tests for multi-particle
entanglement, each of which is efficiently decidable, in a way that is asymptotically complete, that is, any entangled state
would be detected in some step of the hierarchy (similar in spirit to recent work in [Doherty2004], but more versatile and
applicable to the multi-particle setting). Such criteria would be based on recently achieved results in semi-algebraic
geometry and the theory of relaxations of non-convex optimization problems. First studies indicate that such hierarchies
can indeed be found, as shown in [Eisert2004].
Objectives
In this workpackage we will develop new architectures for QIPC, concentrating both on the realization of QIPC in specific
physical systems and on more system independent aspects such as general properties of fault tolerance. We will focus on
the issues of technical facility, speed (for realization of gates). Much of this work will be carried out in close collaboration
with other workpackages, as detailed below. Concerning the realization of QIPC in specific systems, we will improve on
existing proposals as follows (this list is not exhaustive):
1) We will develop gates and operations which exploit all the degrees of freedom of photons, i.e. both the three continuous
energy-momentum degrees of freedom and the discrete polarization degree of freedom. This will be carried out in close
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collaboration with WP2.4 and WP2.5.

2) Iterative protocols involving successive measurement and manipulation of Gaussian states of light can qualitatively
improve their information processing capacity, for instance leading to realistic methods for loophole free tests of Bell
inequalities [Garcia-Patron04A][Garcia-Patron04B], or enabling the generation of entangled states with improved
characteristics. We will further develop the potentialities of these techniques.
3) Develop the potentialities Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) for QIPC, for instance building upon the
work of [Beausoleil2003] [Munro2003]. This could have immediate impact on WP 1.2 NV Centres.
4) Develop improved and faster gates for ion trap quantum computation, for instance building upon a recent proposal for
fast and robust gates in ion traps [Garcia-Ripoll03]. This may have important implications for WP 4.6
5) Further develop the capacities of atomic ensembles for QIPC, building upon earlier work of [Hammerer03]
[Fiurasek04] [Massar03]. This could have immediate impact on WP1.5 Room-Temperature Atomic Vapour and WP1.6
Cold Atoms.
6) Develop theoretical proposals for use of individual spins in quantum dots. Propose methods for interfacing them with
light.
7) Improve existing and develop new methods for storing the quantum state of light. This is directly relevant to SP1 (in
particular to WP1.7 Comparison).
8) We will devise optimal ways of manipulating several qubits when only some operations are available. This will be
based on our experience with optimal control of NMR systems and is closely related to WP4.3
9) Novel sources of entangled photons, see also WPs 2.1, 3.2, 5.1
Fault tolerance is a central aspect of this project because as experimental systems become more complex noise becomes an
increasingly important issue, while at the same time the possibility of removing the noise becomes more realistic.
1) Standard theory of quantum error correction assumes specific models of noise (independent noise on each qubit and
gate). An important issue is to improve threshold results. However realistic devices will be exposed to specific kinds of
noise. For instance in some cases noise might possess certain symmetries, or it might be non-Markovian. We will adapt the
theory of fault tolerance to these specific situations (as illustration of this approach see [Nielsen04A, Nielsen04B] where
fault tolerance is adapted to linear optics quantum computation).
2) We will also focus of the problem of developing methods for error protection, detection and prevention which can be
realized with present technology. This work will be carried out in close collaboration with SP2 (in particular WP2.4), SP 3
(in particular WP3.1 and WP3.3), SP4 (in particular WP4.5), and could find applications in SP1 if and when
quantum memories are developed. This work will be based, amongst other works, on recently proposed encoding schemes
using the polarization degree of freedom of a train of single-photon pulses [Boileau2004, Bourennane2004], and on the
method of error filtration proposed in [Gisin04] and recently demonstrated experimentally in [Lamoureux04].
Description of work
Develop new methods for QIPC in specific physical systems. This very important task will have impact on all other
subprojects. It will build upon the strong expertise of the partners in this area.
Develop new methods for error protection, detection and prevention in close collaboration with all other subprojects. A
topical workshop on this question will probably be organised in order to pool together the expertise of the different
partners.

(workpackage leader: Mario Ziman IPSAS)
Objectives
Testing whether quantum systems perform as expected is a central problem in QIPC and will become ever more important
as experimental techniques improve. Testing quantum systems can be roughly divided into two related tasks:
1) testing quantum states;
2) testing quantum processes.
Testing quantum states has been intensively investigated, and in particular many methods for quantum state reconstruction
have been developed (see [Paris04] for a recent review). Testing quantum processes is a relatively unexplored area.
Testing quantum systems is confronted to two main challenges:
1) As the size of the quantum system increases (the number of qubits grows), complete tomography of a state or a process
becomes exponentially hard. One must thus derive methods for characterising only the relevant aspects of the quantum
state or process.
2) For small systems where complete tomography is in principle possible the challenge is to develop methods for testing
quantum systems which can be efficiently realised in the laboratory (where only limited classes of measurements or of
initial states may be accessible).
This workpackage will be carried out in close collaboration with all other subprojects, and more particularly with WP2.6,
WP3.1, WP4.9, WP5.1.
Description of work
Develop novel and more efficient methods to test specific properties of multiparticle entangled states, such as cluster and
graph states, for instance using generalisations of the entanglement witness methods, or using nonlocality tests.
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Develop methods for testing quantum processes, for instance using general statistical methods such as the maximum-
likelihood and Bayesian method, or building upon the methods developed by computer scientists [Mayers98] [vanDam00].
This subproject will strongly benefit from an interdisciplinary approach, and we plan to organise during the first year of
the project a topical workshop around this theme.
6.1.B Innovation Activities

One of the key goals of this Project is to stimulate greater innovation within the QAP community in Europe. As shown above,
quantum information processing activities within Europe rank extremely well internationally on the academic research front
but it lags behind in terms of commercialization and innovation as compared with other continents. To address this significant
weakness, innovation activities will be supported by the project both directly and indirectly. The project will setup and run an
Innovation Committee which will be adviced by ISIS Innovation and will directly assist the partners in the valuing, protection
and licensing of project generated IPR. Activities will include
Direct Support will include:

? Putting together an industry QAP Special Interest Group with which the project will develop close links.
? Organising preferential QAP invention disclosures to this QAP Industry SIG.
? Building up a long term relationship through high profile activities including a business angel session at the primary
scientific meeting of the project, invited industry speakers at IPR training activities (see below).
? Identifying IPR services within Europe who have experience in quantum information technologies (patent attorneys, etc.).
Such information will greatly aid partners and their institutions in the smooth protection of QAP IPR.
? Helping to identify potentially valuable QAP IPR, advising in the protection (provided by the partners institution), and
assisting in the marketing, negotiating and licensing to industry.
? Advising and providing general assistance in the setting up of QAP related start up companies, e.g. advice on business
plans, assisting in market research, etc.
? Building up and helping to manage an IPR portfolio for the project on behalf of all of the partners.
Indirect Support will include:

? The discussion of IPR issues at project and subproject meetings, including commercialization, entrepreneurship and
business start-ups.
? The production of a 6monthly innovation newsletter targeting both the QAP project and Industry SIG.
Although much of the projects R&D is still medium-term with respect to commercialization, some activities, such as the
development of Quantum Information Processing teaching hardware for Universities and industry with idQuantique, is near-
term and the project will support both types of innovation.
6.1C Dissemination Activities
The project will target a number of dissemination activities, based on the following primary tools:
Project Website. This will consist of both a private and a public component. The private part of the site will be used for
intra- consortium reporting. This section will both provide a means to communicate results rapidly between consortium
partners, perhaps before full IP protection has been obtained, and also to enable partners to leverage new science and
technology as quickly as possible to meet the project objectives. It will also form the basic route for information gathering for
reporting. This will be made as formulaic as possible in order to make it simple to gather information, and therefore to capture
as much as possible from each partner with a minimum of effort on everyones part. This part of the site may also be used for
inter-consortium dissemination, and for any coordination action that may encompass QAP.
The public part of the website will be used to disseminate information as widely and rapidly as possible to the world-wide
community. Not only will patent and publication information be presented, but also links to partner sites, information about
the consortium project objectives and goals, and activities of the partners. News stories and popular articles about the science
will be solicited from partners, and prepared for wide readership with the help of publicity offices at the coordinators and at
partner institutions. This section may be modelled, for example, on the website of the award-winning FP6 project QUCOMM.
Showcase event: The consortium will provide a public showcase for its scientific outcomes and generated IP in the out-
years of the project. This will serve not only to provide an international forum for the achievements of the consortium, but also
to inform the community as it prepares for FP7 and to make available potentially commercializable technology not captured
by the consortium industrial partners.
A budget of about 20,000 per annum has been allocated for dissemination activities. Since this is an allowable expense
on the scientific budget, rather than the management budget, this appears in the budget of the primary coordiation partner
UOXF.
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These funds will be used to service the above methods, and to provide dissemination to the research communities
internationally and the wider public in general.
Dissemination Activities to the Research Community

Scientific and Technological refereed publications, review articles and tutorial introductions, invited conference
presentations, oral and poster presentations at conferences, workshops, colloquia, etc
The projects annual scientific meeting which will encompass research both within and outside the project.
Project newsletter and training activities within QAP
Dissemination Activities to Industry

Bi-annual newsletter on S&T achievements within the project.
Innovation disclosures to Industry Special Interest Group in QAP.
Innovation/industry programme at projects annual scientific meeting with key-note invited speaker from leading QAP
industries.
? Activities of projects Innovation Committee.
Dissemination Activities to incoming researchers

Reserved positions in the projects annual graduate school for highly motivated senior third-level undergraduates (i.e.
those that have undergraduate experience of quantum information though term projects, undergraduate quantum information
courses, experience with experiments etc.)
Mini-CD ROM: Using material gathered by the project, a mini-CDROM will be created emphasising the cutting-edge
R&D, innovation and pedagogy within the QAP field. These mini-CDROMs will be available for distribution by all partners
to all interested parties, e.g. undergraduates.
6.2 Demonstration Activities
There are no demonstration activities within QAP.
6.3 Training Activities
Training activities of QAP will include
Early-Stage Training Activities
Early Researcher Schools: the project will organise one large summer school biannually in the areas of interest of
QAP. It is hoped that such graduate school can be organised collaboration with the other QIPC Integrated Projects.
Smaller training activities such as the organisation of a young researchers meeting (i.e. the IQING4 and the YEP),
and particularly cross SubProject small workshops aimed at increasing communications between young researchers
in SP5: , eg., junior researchers working within the Theory will be encouraged to interact with young researchers
working onexperiments. These types of meetings will be entirely organized and run by the young scientists. This will
allow them to meet among themselves from time to time, which helps a lot to enhance the cooperation between the
groups, and also to promote the exchange of experience between the young scientists. The tradition of YEP
workshops has proved to be very useful (see e.g. www.iota.u-psud.fr/~quest/YEP/ and
www.quniverse.sk/budmerice2003).
The project will engage a Mentoring Scheme, where young researchers are, (a) of course, supervised by the principal
researcher at that locations, but moreover we aim to (b), track all such researchers and provide activities specifically
aimed at encouraging their efforts such as a Mentored Exchange programme where junior researchers can spend brief
durations at various key research nodes within the consortium, thus exposing them to a variety of simulating and
exciting research experiences. Specific attention will be paid towards the mentoring of young researchers who
represent a minority within the QAP community, e.g. students from the new states and women researchers.
Scientific Meeting Activities
Small cross SubProject topical workshops will be held in areas of common interest within the project such as,
Quantum Control, Testing Quantum Systems, etc. and will be held in various locations throughout the project. Many
of these meetings will be open to participation from outside the project, allowing dissemination of the projects
activities to a wider community.
4
http://www.qols.ph.ic.ac.uk/~jense/IQING.html
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A yearly all-subprojects scientific meeting will be organised.Most invited speakers will be hosen from the project
but additional speakers will be chosen from outside the project. The majority of this meeting will be open to all
interested participants both from within and outside the project. The meeting will also consist of a number of closed
(project only), sessions where state-of-the-art developments in QAP, worldwide and project generated are reviewed
and discussed. Such closed sessions will provide a key element in the yearly project planning exercise. It is hoped
that the project can work with the other QIPC Integrated Projects to hold a single primary scientific meeting between
all QIPC IPs, once a year.
6.4.a Management of the Consortium Activities
The management structure of the project is split into a number of governing and executive committees, whose
responsibilities are spread throughout the project:
o Project Representation on EC QIPC IP Advisory Committee: the project nominates A.K. Ekert (Cambridge
University, UK), A. Zeilinger (Universitt Wien, Austria), and G.J. Milburn (University of Queensland,
Australia), towards an overarching steering committee covering all of the QIPC Integrated Projects.
o Project Consortium Committee: the primary governing committee within the project. It will decide policy
issues, guide on the projects research strategy, provide final arbitration on disputes, and decide on the
18month project plan. This committee will consist of I. A. Walmsley (UOXF) (Chair), M.B. Plenio
(IMPERIAL) (Co-chair), V. Buzek (IPSAS), J. Eisert (IMPERIAL), A.K Ekert (UCAM-DAMTP ), N.
Gisin (UNIGE), S. Massar (ULB), Ch. Wunderlich (USIEG) and A. Zeilinger (OEAW).
o The day-to-day project management will be accomplished through a Lead Coordinator, I.A. Walmsley
(UOXF), and Theory Coordinator, M.B. Plenio (IMPERIAL). They will be supported by V. Buzek (IPSAS)
and S.F. Huelga (HERT). This split in roles will allow for more flexible and devolved administration of all
aspects, S&T and innovation, within the project.
o The Consortium Board: (Chair I.A. Walmsley), consists of one representative of each partner and is tasked
with assisting in the project planning and medium term small-scale alterations in the projects work in
collaboration with the Coordinators.
o SubProject Leaders and Assistant Leaders: each SubProject will possess a Leader who will be primarily
responsible for the timely delivery of that SubProjects work, and will aid in the planning of future work in
that SubProject. These are (Leader and Assistant): SP1: N. Gisin and Wolfgang Tittel (UNIGE), SP2: J.
Eisert (IMPERIAL), SP3: A. Zeilinger and C. Brukner (OEAW), SP4: C. Wunderlich (USIEG) and SP5: S.
Massar (ULB).
o Innovation Committee: will be responsible for innovation activities within the project. The Innovation
Committee will be coordinated using the resources of ISIS Innovation at (UOXF), and will work with each
Partners IPR office towards creating a greater innovation culture within the QAP community.
o Training Activities Committee: chaired by N. Gisin (UNIGE), will coordinate all training activities within
the project.
o Scientific Meeting Activities Committee: chaired by S. Massar (ULB), will coordinate all scientific meeting
activities within the project
This management structure will be supported by a Central Project Office (UOXF). This office will undertake the
day-to-day management of the project and will include Contract Management, Facilitation Management and
Response Management:
Contractual Management
o Setting up of all consortium contracts and monitoring their agreements
o Reporting to the European Commission
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Facilitation Management
o Coordinating the actions and organising the meetings of the projectV governing and executive committees:
the Project Consortium Committee, executive committees, Consortium Board, Innovation Committee,
Training Activities Committee and Scientific Meetings Committee.
o Creation and updating of the Projects website authoring and updating
o Providing local support for cross-SubProject activities, i.e. venue, travel and accommodation management
for large training activities or scientific meeting activities.
o Providing local support for major project dissemination activities, e.g. media releases, printing of the
periodic newsletters
Response Management
o Monitoring deliverable schedule and ensuring that the resulting deliverable matches the assigned work.
o Responding to work delays, unforeseen difficulties and problems within the project.
o Coordinating and responding to the Project Planning Activity and ensuring a timely project workplan for the
next 18month work cycle. .
All training activities will be channelled through the Projects Training Activities Committee. This committee
(chaired by N. Gisin of UNIGE), will regulate all training activities within the project. UNIGE will also hold an
annual budget of 37,500 for the support of such activities within the project. On the ground support for large
training activities will be provided by the Administrative Coordinator (UOXF).
All scientific meeting activities involving more than one SubProject will be channelled through the projects
Scientific Meeting Activities Committee which will be chaired by S. Massar (ULB). This committee will act as the
international advisory committee for all such activities, maintaining best practice and reviewing requests for all such
activities within the project. It will be responsible for the international organisation of the projects primary scientific
meetings but the local support for large scientific meeting activities will be provided by the Administrative
Coordinator (UOXF). ULB will hold an annual budget of 37,500 for the support of all Scientific Meeting Activities
within the project.
6.4.b Overall implementation plan

The work is split into five subprojects as showed in the schedule below. The rationale behind this subdivision is the following:
On one hand it is now clear that the construction of a large-scale quantum processor will require many years of R&D effort.
Such a device must operate coherently with many hundreds (perhaps thousands), of qubits. In the near term one can expect to
develop coherent control over a smaller number of qubits. Indeed, a device containing up to ~30 qubits can be modelled on
current classical computers thus obviating any computational advantage of such a quantum processor if the sole goal of such a
processor is to perform a computation. This limit is imposed by the size of the Hilbert space, which grows exponentially with
the number of qubits. However, it is known that quantum mechanics allows for other types of resources which do not have any
classical counterparts, e.g. quantum correlations between spatially distributed qubits. These non-classical resources can yield
real benefits e.g. quantum cryptography, quantum random number generator (already for sale by one of the partners of our
consortium - IDQUANT), high-precision measurements etc. The exploration of new multi-party quantum strategies between a
spatially distributed network of quantum systems is one of the prime targets of the project and we have devoted much of the
effort of SP5: Theory, towards exploring new quantum multiparty algorithms. The technological implementation of these new
multi-party protocols will require a number of inter-related developments in quantum memories, quantum networks and
quantum repeaters. It is hoped that by the end of the project we will be able to deliver a working test bed of user-friendly
devices with which one can demonstrate and further explore the potential societal (e.g. quantum voting), and economic
(quantum authentication), benefits of this research.
In addition, a number of quantum applications in the area of metrology have been developed over the past few years. These
have been primarily aimed at high-end frequency standards (atomic clocks etc.).
Finally, although it is realised that a large-scale quantum computer will require many years of research to development, it is
fast becoming clear that the use of moderately sized (~50 qubits), well controlled quantum systems to simulate the dynamics
of other, more complex quantum systems may well be realised sooner. Moreover the attainment of such a quantum simulator
is a natural stepping-stone towards the development of a large-scale quantum computer. The project has dedicated significant
resources, both experimentally and theoretically towards tackling this target.
Finally, the project is committed to developing commercially available teaching tools for the University laboratory
demonstration of quantum entanglement, or a Bell Do-it-Yourself Toolkit though co-operations with the SME IDQUANT.
There are a number of inter-relations between the following subprojects, but SP5: Theory, deserves particular mention. SP5
intertwines throughout the entire Project with research on quantum algorithms, quantum multi-party protocols and quantum
architectures. Theoretical computer scientists and other theorists from SP5 will work closely with experimental physicists in
the other workpackages. In this way, theory will not just feed experimental work, but will also be affected itself by working
closely with experimental physicists.
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Subproject Leader: Nicolas Gisin (UNIGE)
WP 1.2 NV Centres
WP 1.6 Cold Atoms
WP 1.7 Comparison

Subproject Leader: Jens Eisert (IMPERIAL)
WP 2.4 Qudits and continuous variable networks

Subproject Leader: Anton Zeilinger (OEAW)
WP3.3 Long distance fibre-optic quantum relays and purification

Subproject Leader: Christof Wunderlich (USIEG)
WP 4.1 Rare Earth Ion-doped Crystals
WP 4.2 Nitrogen Vacancy Defects in Diamond
WP 4.3 Optimal Control of Quantum Systems with Finite Degrees of Freedom: Spins and beyond
WP 4.4 Modelling Quantum Computers with 5 and more than 10 Qubits
WP 4.5 Hamiltonian Simulation and Decoherence-Free Subspaces
WP 4.6 Novel type of ion trap for quantum simulations
WP 4.7 Entanglement Generation/Propagation, Phase Transitions and Adiabatic Quantum Algorithms in Interacting Quantum
Systems
WP 4.8 Simulating quantum phase transitions in ion traps, circuit QED and optical lattices
WP 4.9 Testing for decoherence sources and quantum state/process estimation
Subproject Leader: Serge Massar (ULB)
6.B Plans
6.5 Plan for using and dissemination knowledge
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The project will make the results of its work available to the public primarily through the usual channels of publication in
scholarly and popular journals and magazines. Many of the partners are already very active in public awareness activities
through contacts in the media and in national and EU governments.
Specific actions to be taken within QAP are: the operation of a website with public access giving up-to-date
summaries of current research and outcomes, and with links to national activity websites and to industrial partners; the
publication of periodic newsletters which will be written for general consumption and will also be used to advertise the
activities of the consortium; the establishment of a QAP Special Interest Group for the industrial partners who will liase with
industrial activities outside the consortium; the involvement of the international partners, who will be aware of QAP activities
through their direct participation in the programme and will carry this information back to their own countries.
6.6 Gender Action Plan
The project will address gender equality and inclusion through a number of activities:
Awareness of the Opportunities for Women in Quantum Information Science and Technology (QIST)
The area of QIST, being within the IST area, has demonstrable difficulties in the recruitment of long-term women researchers.
In IST it is known that women make up only 11% of the professors at the highest levels. To alter this will require a sustained
effort at all levels of recruitment and research. The project will organise special dissemination activities, directed by project
partner Dr. Susana Huelga (HERT), that will target women to encourage them to take-up QIST as a career. Two levels of
dissemination activities will be considered
Middle-School Gender-Mainstreaming Awareness Activities

Dissemination days oriented towards middle (secondary), schools and their career guidance counsellors. Major
partners within the project will coordinate activities where nearby middle schools (and women only schools in
particular), are linked to the project though seminars and open days with the partneUs laboratories. These activities
will be supported by a local coordinating officer in various universities that already maintain and create relations with
local high schools. It is hoped that joint activities with national science organizations such as IOP, RSEF or DFG can
be established.
Third-Level Gender-Mainstreaming Awareness Activities

This project, as the primary training tool, will hold a yearly graduate school (possibly in cooperation with other
funded QIPC Integrated Projects). Along with the projects own postgraduate researchers, a number of places on
these schools will be reserved for third-level students outside the projects direct employ. Participation of a few
highly motivated third-level students in the projects annual training school should yield high impact outreach
activity. Women students will be particularly targeted in this activity.
Staff Recruitment and Retention

With the aim of bringing more women into the project, all project related recruitment material will state explicitly that all
applicants with the appropriate skills for the position will be treated equally. Women will be particularly targeted and will be
strongly encouraged to apply for positions within the project. The project will gather information regarding the Equal
Opportunities Practices within each partners institution and strategies for achieving a good work-life balance, such as the
provision of flexible working hours, job-sharing, childcare and crche facilities, will be advocated wherever possible.
Mentoring and Networks

The mentoring of junior women researchers by senior women researchers within a large project has been flagged by the EC
report of the Helsinki Group on Women and Science entitled, National Policies on Women and Science in Europe, 2002
(ISBN: 92-894-3579-9). This will be attempted by the project, although it is vital that the senior researcher is not
overburdened. The project, from its training activities and scientific meeting budgets, will also provide targeted mobility
actions for women within the project to enable them to network with greater ease.
Gender Action Plan

The Gender Action Plan will be continually updated throughout the project and will be open for all (within and outside), the
project to comment on. Dr S Huelga will report on these activities to the PCC who will monitor all of the described activities.
Further gender action activities will ensue from instructions by the PCC and recommendations from the Equal Opportunities
offices within Universities involved in the project.
6.7 Raising public participation and awareness
ERA-Pilot QIST: Informing National Research Strategies
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A number of partners in the project are also part of a proposed ERA-NET entitled: ERA-Pilot QIST, which, together with a
number of national funding bodies, will seek to bring greater synergies between the concerted research efforts of these nations
in quantum information science and technology. This project will interact strongly with the ERA-Pilot QIST in informing both
the ERA-NET and national governments on new qubit applications and their potential ramifications with regard to social
matters (improved services through QAP), European competitiveness matters (new QAP innovations developed only within
Europe), security matters, etc. (See also section 6.5)
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6.C Milestones
Subproject SP0: Management
M 0.0.3 Prepare revised TA for subsequent work period 24

M 0.1.2 Cross-IP Graduate School 24
M 0.2.2 Annual Scientific Meeting of the whole project 24
Subproject SP1: Quantum Memories & Interfaces
M 1.1.3 Demonstration of optical pumping in both Er doped samples and multipass crystals. 18
This includes optical pumping to achieve transparency as well as creating and
isolating a spectral peak in the crystals.
M 1.1.4 Test of multipass crystal. Investigating spectral broadening for an inhomogeneous 21
external electric field and checking that the broadened profile can be reversed by
reversing the field. Demonstrate an optical density >1 after broadening an isolated
spectral structure with an inhomogeneous field.
M 1.2.3 Evaluate strategy to maximize lambda transition amplitude on NV centrer. 18
M 1.2.4 Evaluate optimal optical pulse sequence for electron spin Raman transitions. 21
M 1.3.3 Develop a device which allows charge tuning of quantum dot emission in a structure 18
containing an integrated cavity and a tunnel barrier
M 1.3.4 Achieve >30% coupling from a microcavity single photon source 24
M 1.4.3 Improve atomic coherence time to 10 microseconds 18
M 1.4.4 Ultra fast ionisation detection of the atomic qubit 24
M 1.5.3 Generation of a spin squeezed initial state of atoms towards improved fidelity of 18
quantum memory protocols
M 1.5.4 Adapting the squeezed light source and coupling it to the memory experiment 24
towards improved fidelity of quantum memory protocols
M 1.6.3 Establishing side effects of the non-destructive probing such as differential light 15
shifts. Implementing a protocol for the correction of such effects.
M 1.6.4 Assessment of alternative measurement strategies such as polarization 18
spectroscopy of trapped, cold ensembles of atoms.
M 1.6.5 Technology transfer of the techniques developed for cesium atoms in this project to 21
trapped Bose-condensed rubidium atoms. Measurement of quantum statistics of
light coupled to Rb BEC..
M 1.7.3 Review of criteria that has to be met by efficient quantum memory and storage 18
devices.
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Subproject SP2: Quantum Networks
M 2.1.3 Demonstration of Purcell enhancement of single-quantum dot emission at 1300 nm 24

in photonic crystal or micropillar cavities
M 2.1.4 Demonstration of the purity of free-space and fiber-coupled single photons 24
generated using asymmetric GVM.
M 2.2.3 Testing and improvements of TMD and SSPDs performances 18
M 2.2.4 Testing and improvements of photon number resolving detectors using standard 22
APDs.
M 2.3.3 Observation of a four photon W state. 18
M 2.3.4 Demonstration of remote and delayed-choice entangled state preparation in 24
multi-photon networks.
M 2.3.5 Coupling light into waveguide interferometers and observing stable interference. 24
M 2.4.3 Realization of efficient laser cooling of mechanical micromirrors 24
M 2.4.4 Development of a source of bandwidth-tailored entangled photons for its use in 24
higher dimensional quantum communications and cryptography
M 2.4.5 Development of a setting for bang-bang decoupling to reduce the noise in the 36
transmission of quantum optical signals into optical fibers
M 2.5.3 Steps towards the creation of 6-photon experimental test bed 24
M 2.5.4 Generation of pure-state photonic wavepackets directly from conditionally prepared 21
number-entangled states.
M 2.5.5 Experimental demonstration of new algorithms for one-way quantum computer. 18
M 2.6.3 Additions to the toolbox based on state and process comparison methods to 24
understand the limitations of a (possibly small) finite number of samples from
quantum experiments.
M 2.6.4 Quantum optical experimental demonstration of a two-setting witness-operator on a 24
four-photon Dicke state. (Note: This uses input from WP 2.3.)
Subproject SP3: Repeaters
M 3.1.3 Feasibility study of quantum channel architectures using multi-photon quantum 18

memories
M 3.1.4 Long-time (> 3 hours) maintenance of a free-space long-distance quantum 18
communication link
M 3.2.3 Interference between photons from two independent narrow band energy-time 18
entangled sources
M 3.2.4 Polarization entangled photon source operating at 1550 nm wavelength 24
M 3.2.5 Saturated absorption of a single semiconductor quantum dot in a microcavity 24
M 3.3.3 Synchronisation of ps lasers 18
M 3.3.4 Demonstration of entanglement swapping from independent lasers 18
M 3.4.3 Single link two-particle interference 24
M 3.4.4 Transmission of an entangled photon pair over a long-distance (>500m) free space 18
link
M 3.5.3 Evaluate optimum method to generate electron-nuclear spin coherence 18
M 3.5.4 Evaluate robustness of nuclear spin coherence during measurement on electron 21
spin
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Subproject SP4: Quantum Simulation & Control
M 4.1.3 Determine homogeneous line width, inhomogeneous line width and oscillator 18
strength of the 4f-5d zero phonon transition in Ce doped Y2SiO5
M 4.2.3 Determine phase memory time for different nuclear spins 18
M 4.2.4 Evaluate fidelity of state preparation for different robust pulse schemes 21
M 4.3.3 Simulation and experimental verfication of optimal-control based improvements 24
within SP4 and beyond.
M 4.4.3 Scalability and controllability analysis of quantum ensembles; experimental 24
simulation of quantum algorithms by ensembles.
M 4.5.3 Explore limits of reachability and controllability in open systems with advanced (e.g. 24
non-Markovian) models of dissipation.
M 4.6.3 Laser light sources delivering light near 369 nm, 935 nm and 638 nm are ready. 18
Optical components for imaging of trapped ions have been developed and built.
M 4.6.4 New vacuum recipient with all optical and electrical interfaces is built, leak tested 21
and ready to mount ion trap.
M 4.7.3 Develop renormalization group approach with graph enhancement (RAGE) based 18
on the unification of weighted graph state approach and the matrix product state
methods.
M 4.7.4 Development and testing of computer code of RAGE algorithm developed in M 4.7.3 21
M 4.8.3 Analysis of level crossings in the ground state for systems of trapped ions, cavity 22
QED, optical lattices
M 4.9.3 Experimental data analysis for decoherence channels 21
M 4.9.4 Decoherence hypothesis testing 22
Subproject SP5: Theory
M 5.1.3 Evaluation of new approaches to quantum algorithms for lattice problems, for the 21
hidden subgroup problem, for graph problems, and for classical results based on
quantum arguments
M 5.2.2 Improvement of existing algorithmic techniques for quantum computation (including 21
quantum random walks, adiabatic quantum computation, perturbation theory)
M 5.3.3 New or improved protocol for quantum commerce 18
M 5.4.3 Establish tradeoffs between non local correlations, shared randomness and 18
classical communication in communication complexity problems.
M 5.5.3 Quantum information processing and communication protocols that make the 24
optimal use of available physical resources
M 5.6.3 Unambigous discrimination of quantum operations. 18
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7. Project Management
A large project such as QAP will require considerable management. For the successful coherent management of a large
project it is vital that management responsibilities, activities and the resources required to service these activities be owned
by the project partners in that they can see the positive results generated by good project management.
Project Governance Map
The projects governance is shown below (this reflects the original SubProjects - it will be altered to reflect those currently
part of the IP when negotiations are complete):
Project Representation on EC QPICIP Advisory
Project Consortium Committee

exchange to consortium via SP
Information and decision
Experiment Coordinator Theory Coordinator
Complete Consortium
leaders
Consortium Board
Scientific Meetings
Training Activities
Committee
Innovation
SP Leaders
Committee
Committee
We propose that an overarching steering and strategic committee, the EC QIPC Strategy Committee, be formed
between all the funded IPs in the EC FET QIPC call. This advisory and steering committee we propose should
include European and World leaders in the field and be comprised primarily of nominations from within each funded
IP. Towards this effort QAP will nominate, A. Ekert (UCAM-DAMTP ), A. Zeilinger (OEAW), and G. Milburn
(UQ). This committee will review all developments in the FET QIPC funded IPs and provide collective advice to the
IPs in regard to potential EC-wide strategies and to liaise with any relevant ERA-NETs.
The Project Consortium Committee (PCC), will be the primary governance and decision making body within the
project. The PCC will meet every six months and it will be primarily responsible for overall considerations (a)
contributing to future project strategy, (b) reviewing of project progress to date, (c) making decisions regarding
potential alterations of the projects Science & Technology directions and/or Training activities within the project.
Besides policy-type considerations, the PCC will also, at its meeting, consider the details of individual SP progress,
with a focus on particular successes and delays within each SP. All review reports from the project (interim and
yearly reports), must go before the PCC prior to submission to the EC. The PCC will examining the optimal use of
effort within the project and may decide on effort alterations within the project. The PCC will be the arbitrating body
on a conflict resolution procedure, and will be the body to decide on inclusion and expulsion of partners. Meetings of
the PCC will be chaired by the Lead Coordinator and, if required, project partners outside the PCC will be invited to
the meetings but these invited partners will have no voting powers. The PCC comprises initially of: I.A. Walmsley
(UOXF)(Chair), M.B. Plenio (IMPERIAL)(Co-chair),V. Buzek (IPSAS), J. Eisert (POSTDAM), A.K. Ekert
(UCAM-DAMTP ), N. Gisin (UNIGE), S. Massar (ULB), Ch. Wunderlich (USIEG) and A. Zeilinger (OEAW).
The day-to-day running of the project will be managed by the Lead Coordinator, I. A. Walmsley (UOXF.DU) and
Theory Coordinator, M.B.Plenio (IMPERIAL). This split makes best use of the respective expertise of the
coordinators and will enhance communication and collaboration between theoretical and experimental activities
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within such a complex project. The coordination team is support by a Coordination Advisor, V. Buzek (IPSAS). All
of the above institutions have significant involvement in FP5 and FP6 projects, both in management and as scientific
partners.
The Coordinators and advisor will share responsibilities with regards to managing the scientific and technological
activities within the project and will chair the PCC meetings and can, if the occasion requires, chair any other project
committee. The SC will provide direction and cross-communication between SubProjects and will be the projects
primary scientific representative in discussions with the EC, industry and the public. IPSAS has demonstrable
expertise in scientific coordination activities.
The administration coordination will be centered at UOXF.DU, and the Project Manager here will be the primary
contractual coordinator of the projects dealings with the European Commission and will be primarily responsible for
(A) the receipt, allocation and transmission of the Commission's financial contribution to the project partners,
administration of the account held on trust, the control of payments, the provision of financial reports, the analysis
and processing of audit results, financial control and comparison of estimates and actual costs. In addition the PM
will be responsible for the provision of much of the background support for the other executive project committees
such as the exploitation, training and scientific meeting, committees.
The TC and LC will be the joint primary coordinators with regards to managing the scientific and technological
activities within the project and will chair the PCC meetings and can, if the occasion requires, chair any other project
committee. They will provide direction and cross-communication between SubProjects and will be the projects
primary scientific representatives in discussions with the EC, industry and the public. The LC will primarily
coordinate the experimental issues while the TC will primarily coordinate the theory activities and through close
collaboration and consultation with each other and the community they will ensure the efficient communication
between theory and experiment within the IP at all levels.
The coordinators will receive further support from Coordination Advisor V. Buzek (IPSAS) as well as S.F. Huelga
(HERT). V. Buzek (IPSAS), who is currently directing a FP6 Marie-Curie RTN project will use his considerable
scientific and administrative expertise and insights gained in the creation of this consortium to advise the LC and TC.
S.F. Huelga (HERT) will provide scientific support in the provision of the reports and will direct the efforts under the
gender action plan.
Both I.A. Walmsley (UOXF.DU) and M.B. Plenio (ICSTM) have demonstrable expertise in scientific and
administrative coordination activities. UOXF has been involved in EC FP5 projects in QIPC and I.A. Walmsley has
run a large multi-institutional 5-year project in the US, the Center for Quantum Information at the University of
Rochester, and was the lead investigator in establishing this effort. For this program, he coordinated research projects
at Rochester, Cornell, Harvard, Stanford and Rutgers, and organized research training for graduate students and
postdocs in this area. He has headed two major academic departments, serving as the Director of The Institute of
Optics of the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY in 2000 -2001 and as the Head of Atomic and Laser Physics at
the University of Oxford at present. IMPERIALhas been involved in a number of FP5 projects in QIPC and
numerous other FP projects. M.B. Plenio has established and coordinated for its 5 years duration a pan-European
European Science Foundation Program on Quantum Information Theory and Quantum Computing involving around
40 partners. He is heading the quantum information theory group at IMPERIAL (one of Europes largest) and is a
programme director for QI in a newly formed Institute for Mathematical Sciencens at IMPERIAL.
The coordinators will be responsible for the timely delivery of all project documents to the EC, the coordination, in
collaboration with the other executive committee chairs, of all project activities, and the execution of PCC decisions
within the project.
The Consortium Board (CB), consists of one representative of each partner within the Consortium. The CB will
meet once a year (at the projects primary scientific meeting), to discuss all issues relating to the project: scientific,
management, innovation, communications, financial etc. The CB will have the power to make nominal alterations in
the operations of the project but major alterations will be passed on to the PCC for their considerations. In cases that
warrant CB decisions, these decisions will be based on consensus taking normal principles of careful consultation
into account. If consensus cannot be reached the Coordinators will be charged with the responsibility of reaching an
equitable solution.
Each SubProject will be led by a SubProject Leader and (should this be deemed necessary) an Assistant Leader.
Activities of the Subproject leaders include coordinating the activity of each subproject, reporting about the state of
the research to the Coordinators and PCC as well as liaising with the executive committees through the promotion
and recommendation of innovation, training, and dissemination activities within and across SubProjects.
The project management will be aided through three executive committees.
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The Innovation Committee (IC), will be responsible for heightening the degree of innovation and
commercialization of the project generated knowledge and know-how and increasing the awareness of innovation
possibilities in QAP. The Innovation Committee will be supported by an expert on IP management from ISIS
Innovation, a University of Oxford company that provides support on issues of the exploitation of intellectual
property as well as the establishement of relations between university and industry. The primary tasks of the
Innovation Committee, will be to act as the projects Technology Transfer arm, i.e. working closely with all partners
to proactively identify, value, help protect and then market, the projects generated Intellectual Property to industry.
The Innovation Committee will also help build a stronger link between the academic QAP community and QAP
interested industry by gathering together a QAP Special Interest Group Industry Cluster. Through the efforts of the
Innovation Committee, the industry cluster, together with the project, will engage in a number of activities
(innovation sessions with industry participation at the projects primary scientific meetings), periodic newsletters
regarding research and innovation milestones achieved within the project, and perhaps early notifications of project
IPR disclosures to the industry cluster. The Innovation Committee will also be responsible for creating and updating
the projects Technical Implementation Plan.
The Training Activities Committee (TAC), will coordinate and finance all training activities within the project.
This committee will be chaired by N. Gisin (UNIGE), and will have the task of either designing itself or soliciting
designs as well as the coordination and financing of all training activities within the project. Activities will include,
Les Houches type summer schools, where a large number of graduate students within the project receive in-depth
training from world leading QAP researchers. Other activities will encompass small cross-SubProject training
courses aimed at strengthening cross-talk between experimentalists and theorists and training courses on horizontal
platforms appearing within the project such as quantum control. The TAC will provide remote coordination and
finance for all such activities within the project but training activities which require backup local coordination (such
as a large summer school), will be provided by the Lead Coordinator (UOXF).
The Scientific Meetings Committee (SMC), chaired by S. Massar (ULB), will coordinate and finance all scientific
meetings within the project which are involve two or more SubProjects. This committee will both plan, and decide on
requests for, scientific meetings throughout the project. Activities will include the organisation of the projects yearly
primary scientific meeting, the organisation of a young researchHUs meeting (i.e. the IQING5), and small topical
meetings such as the organisation of cross-project topical meetings on issues like quantum control, testing quantum
systems, (determining if a quantum system is evolving in the manner desired), or quantum simulations. Prof. Massar
has previous related experience as the coordinator of the IST-2001-37559 project RESQ (Resources for quantum
information) funded under the Information Society Technolgies (IST) Programme.
In addition to the above general structures within the project, the project will be assisted by a Project Manager (UOXF.DU).
This persons office will undertake the day-to-day project management and will report to the Coordinators and to the Project
Consortium Committee. It will provide the key hub and information conduit between all SP activities, the projects executive
committees, the European Commission and the general public. Its activities will include:
Central conduit for project delivery to the Commission.

Responsibility for the Project Website and updating of website contents
The publication of regular project newsletters, one for dissemination to the public and one for the QAP Special
Interest Group Industry Cluster, the latter in collaboration with the projects Innovation Committee.
Dealing with conflict, risk and issue management of all SubProjects, particularly work arising from
interdependencies between SubProjects.
Assisting in project planning.
Collecting information on project activities, e.g. publications, invited oral presentations by partners involving
project work, and IPR activities (patents filed, licensing etc).
The financial management and control, including reporting of actual spending against forecasts
The production and consolidation of project plans, progress and milestone reports.
Assisting the executive committees in the local management of Project-wide events, e.g. on-the-ground
organisation of large project scientific or training events.
SubProject Leaders and Assistant Leaders, mentioned above, will also contribute to project management by
Liaising with project partners
Ensuring the timely delivery of the projects deliverables
Providing risk management within their SP, i.e. managing minor delays or difficulties in the SP deliverables but
alerting the Coordinators and PCC of issues severely affecting the SPs work.
Soliciting and supporting (a) cross-SubProject research collaborations and (b) cross-SubProject training or
scientific meeting activities.
Assisting the Coordinators and PCC in project planning.
5
http://www.qols.ph.ic.ac.uk/~jense/IQING.html
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Project planning
A crucial role of management will be to assist in yearly project planning for the following 18-month workplan. This will be
primarily accomplished through two instruments (A) a World-State-of-the-Art Review and (B) a Project Planning meeting. A
short collation of the current state-of-the-art in both QAP research and innovation, impacting the projects work will be
gathered by the project around months 8, 20 and 32. Following individual SP planning meetings, the project will hold a global
planning meeting, chaired by the Scientific Coordinator where each SubProject leader will present their proposed workplan
for the coming 18months. At this meeting, cross-SubProject coherence, re-negotiation of effort according to expected impact
and previous accomplishments, and the revision of month 12-18 deliverables will be possible. The meeting will also accept
submissions from the projects executive committees: the Innovation Committee, the Training Activities Committee and the
Scientific Meetings Committee.
It is expected that this meeting will receive all significant intelligence relating to any unexpected or exciting new results, (both
from within or outside the project), as well as scientific problems or breakthroughs requiring new approaches. The planning
meeting output will advise the PCC on key scientific matters and it will make recommendations in order to keep the project
current with the latest scientific advances in the field. This is important, as minor or major adjustments may be required in
view of advancements in scientific research and technology outside the Project.
The resulting 18-month workplan will go before the PCC for final ratification or alteration before submitting to the
Commission.
Resolution of Conflicts
There are necessarily scientific and management risks associated with such a large project with so many partners. The
consortium agreement mitigates these by providing a framework for managing the contingencies.
The two classes of risk require different responses. Scientific risk is mainly the possibility that the deliverables cannot be
delivered. If this is the case, then the SP leaders are responsible for discussing why this is with the offending partner. This
may be a management issues (personnel, delays in equipment repairs, etc.) or it may be that the science is not yet viable, and
the deliverable was too ambitious. In this case the SP leader together with the Coordinators will assess whether (a) more
resources are required, (b) a revised time line is needed, (c) the deliverable should be modified, or (d) the delivable or a
modified deliverable is not achieveable within the timeframe of QAP. In case (a) or (d) a final decision on change of resources
(increase in case (a), decrease in case (d) ) will be referred to the PCC. This procedure will happen in close consultation with
the Partner at all times.
Management risk is primarily that reports or deliverables are not forthcoming for non-scientific reasons. In this case, the SP
leaders and Coordinators will assess the seriousness of the non-compliance with the partner. Minor delays in reporting due to
the vagaries of experimental scheduling are to be expected, and will not be considered serious. Persistent delays in providing
information will be considered a serious breach of agreement and the procedures of the consortium agreement will apply. This
may end up in financial sanctions being applied to the offending partner(s) in the subsequent periods of the project.
Conflict resolution, initially, will be the responsibility of the associated SubProject Leader(s) and Coordinators. Where these
cannot be resolved, the Project Consortium Committee will be responsible for arbitration. In the case of delays to the
SubProject plan, it is the task of the Central Project Office (in agreement with the leader of the SubProject), to negotiate
amended and appropriate timeframes.
In case of default by one of the partners for scientific or technical reasons, the defaulting party and the SP leader have the duty
to advise the Coordinators early. The Coordinators, along with the SubProject Leader (and potentially the PCC), will quickly
investigate possible alternatives to cover the defaulted work to avoid or minimise cost overruns. Cost overruns will be
apportioned at the relevant subsidiarity level. In case of default for lack of resources or of breach of obligations towards the
Commission which cannot be quickly overcome or solved by the defaulting party, it is envisaged to expel the defaulting party
and to try to find a replacement as soon as possible. The cost overrun if any will be apportioned in that case to the defaulting
party.
The consortium agreement contains specific requirements for parties to engage in in the event of disputes (Section 16). These
are consistent with the above procedures.
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8. Detailed implementation plan first 18 months

8.1 Detailed Implementation plan introduction
The implementation plan for the project over the next 18 months follows closely the overall strategy for the project as outlined
in B.1 and B.4. Though the main focus during the first 18 months will be on benchmarking and identifying the most suitable
physical implementations of memories, networks and repeaters that are essential tools for multipartite (and long distance),
protocols and architectures.

Subprojectleader: Nicolas Gisin (UNIGE)
% WP 1.0 Subproject Management
% WP 1.1 Rare-Earth-Ion Doped Solids
% WP 1.2 NV Centres
% WP 1.3 Semiconductor Nanotechnology
% WP 1.4 Single Trapped Atoms
% WP 1.5 Room-Temperature Atomic Vapour
% WP 1.6 Cold Atoms
% WP 1.7 Comparison

Subprojectleader: Jens Eisert (IMPERIAL)
% WP 2.1 Photon Sources for Quantum Networks
% WP 2.2 Network hardware
% WP 2.3 Multi-photon networks
% WP 2.4 Qudits and continuous variable networks
% WP 2.5 Multi-particle and qudit entanglement purification and algorithms
% WP 2.6 Testing small-scale quantum networks and devices

Subprojectleader: Anton Zeilinger (OEAW)
% WP3.0 Subproject Management
% WP3.1 Quantum channels
% WP3.2 Advanced sources of entangled photon pairs
% WP3.3 Long distance fibre-optic quantum relays and purification
% WP3.4 Terrestrial and satellite free-space quantum communication
% WP3.5 Creation of entangled states of single atoms and photons by interference

Subprojectleader: Christof Wunderlich (USIEG)
% WP 4.1 Rare Earth Ion-doped Crystals
% WP 4.2 Nitrogen Vacancy Defects in Diamond
% WP 4.3 Optimal Control of Quantum Systems with Finite Degrees of Freedom: Spins and beyond
% WP 4.4 Modelling Quantum Computers with 5 and more than 10 Qubits
% WP 4.5 Hamiltonian Simulation and Decoherence-Free Subspaces
% WP 4.6 Novel type of ion trap for quantum simulations
% WP 4.7 Entanglement Generation/Propagation ,Phase Transitions and Adiabatic Quantum Algorithms in Interacting
Quantum Systems
% WP 4.8 Simulating quantum phase transitions in ion traps, circuit QED and optical lattices
% WP 4.9 Testing for decoherence sources and quantum state/process estimation
Subprojectleader: Serge Massar (ULB)
% WP 5.1 Algorithms and Complexity
% WP 5.2 Algorithmic Methods
% WP 5.3 Protocols for Quantum Commerce
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% WP 5.4 Toolbox for quantum multi-user protocols

% WP 5.5 Architectures
% WP 5.6 Testing quantum systems
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8.2 Planning and timetable

This is a complex project, with many interdependencies between workpackages within each subproject and between subprojects. Nonetheless, the overall picture is represented here by the
deliverables and milestones for the first 18 months of the project. The dependencies between each SubProject are numerous, in particular each SP has a number links with SP5: Theory. These
inter-dependencies are described in detail in B.8.D below and not indicated here.
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Subproject 0: Management Month 24 Deliverables Milestones Month
WP 0.0: Project Management D 0.0.3 Annual management reports M 0.0.3 Prepare revised TA for subsequent work 24
period
D 0.0.4 IP Cluster Review Meeting
WP 0.1: Training Activities & D 0.1.2 Annual Training Activities Report. M 0.1.2 Cross-IP Graduate School 24
Reporting
WP 0.2: Scientific Meeting D 0.2.2 Annual Training Activities Report M 0.2.2 Annual Scientific Meeting of the whole 24
Activities & Reporting project
Month: 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
WP 0.0: Project Management
D0.0.4 M0.0.3 D0.0.3
WP 0.1: Training Activities & Reporting
M0.1.2 D0.1.2
WP 0.2: Scientific Meeting Activities & Reporting
M0.2.2 D0.2.2
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Subproject 1: Quantum Memory Month 24 Deliverables Milestones Month
WP 1.0: Subproject Management D 1.0.1 Year 2 Management Activity Report
WP 1.1: Rare-Earth-Ion Doped D 1.1.2 Quantum state storage in multipass M 1.1.3 Demonstration of optical pumping in both 18
Solids crystal. Demonstration of wave-packet Er doped samples and multipass crystals.
storage and recall in the multipass crystal This includes optical pumping to achieve
transparency as well as creating and
isolating a spectral peak in the crystals.
D 1.1.3 Demonstration of quantum coherence M 1.1.4 Test of multipass crystal. Investigating 21
between two independent memories. spectral broadening for an
inhomogeneous external electric field and
checking that the broadened profile can
be reversed by reversing the field.
Demonstrate an optical density >1 after
broadening an isolated spectral structure
with an inhomogeneous field.
WP 1.2: NV Centres D 1.2.2 Generation and retrieval of electron spin M 1.2.3 Evaluate strategy to maximize lambda 18
coherence by optical pulses. transition amplitude on NV centrer.
M 1.2.4 Evaluate optimal optical pulse sequence 21
for electron spin Raman transitions.
WP 1.3: Semiconductor D 1.3.2 Demonstrate photonic memory in a M 1.3.3 Develop a device which allows charge 18
nanotechnology device containing quantum dots tuning of quantum dot emission in a
structure containing an integrated cavity
and a tunnel barrier
D 1.3.3 Present the results of studies on 2-D M 1.3.4 Achieve >30% coupling from a 24
photonic crystal microcavities microcavity single photon source
WP 1.4: Single Trapped Atoms D 1.4.2 Remote preparation of atomic quantum M 1.4.3 Improve atomic coherence time to 10 18
memory microseconds
M 1.4.4 Ultra fast ionisation detection of the 24
atomic qubit
WP 1.5: Room-Temperature D 1.5.2 Investigation of the ways to improve the M 1.5.3 Generation of a spin squeezed initial 18
Atomic Vapour fidelity of recording into atomic memory state of atoms towards improved fidelity
implementing squeezing operations on of quantum memory protocols
atoms and light
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M 1.5.4 Adapting the squeezed light source and 24
coupling it to the memory experiment
towards improved fidelity of quantum
memory protocols
WP 1.6: Cold Atoms D 1.6.2 Quantum non-demolition measurements M 1.6.3 Establishing side effects of the 15
of a quantum state using the Cs clock non-destructive probing such as
transition. differential light shifts. Implementing a
protocol for the correction of such effects.
D 1.6.3 Investigation of quantum properties of M 1.6.4 Assessment of alternative measurement 18
light coupled to the Rb BEC strategies such as polarization
spectroscopy of trapped, cold ensembles
of atoms.
M 1.6.5 Technology transfer of the techniques 21
developed for cesium atoms in this project
to trapped Bose-condensed rubidium
atoms. Measurement of quantum
statistics of light coupled to Rb BEC..
WP 1.7: Comparison D 1.7.2 Updated results on the comparison, M 1.7.3 Review of criteria that has to be met by 18
evaluation and analysis of the different efficient quantum memory and storage
approaches to quantum memory for devices.
applications in quantum communication
and computation.
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Month: 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
WP 1.0: Subproject Management
D1.0.1
WP 1.1: Rare-Earth-Ion Doped Solids
M1.1.3 M1.1.4 D1.1.2 D1.1.3
WP 1.2: NV Centres
M1.2.3 M1.2.4 D1.2.2
WP 1.3: Semiconductor nanotechnology
M1.3.3 D1.3.2 D1.3.3 M1.3.4
WP 1.4: Single Trapped Atoms
D1.4.2 M1.4.3 M1.4.4
WP 1.5: Room-Temperature Atomic Vapour
M1.5.3 D1.5.2 M1.5.4
WP 1.6: Cold Atoms
M1.6.3 M1.6.4 M1.6.5 D1.6.2 D1.6.3
WP 1.7: Comparison
M1.7.3 D1.7.2
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Subproject 2: Month 24 Deliverables Milestones Month
Quantum Networks
WP 2.0: Subproject Management D 2.0.2 Management report
WP 2.1: Photon sources for D 2.1.2 Entanglement in position and time M 2.1.3 Demonstration of Purcell enhancement of 24
quantum networks between two successive single photons single-quantum dot emission at 1300 nm
from a single semiconductor quantum dot in photonic crystal or micropillar cavities
M 2.1.4 Demonstration of the purity of free-space 24
and fiber-coupled single photons
generated using asymmetric GVM.
WP 2.2: Network hardware D 2.2.2 Testing of SSPDs at higher frequencies M 2.2.3 Testing and improvements of TMD and 18
with preliminary electronic front-end, SSPDs performances
providing interface to terminal units
M 2.2.4 Testing and improvements of photon 22
number resolving detectors using
standard APDs.
WP 2.3: Multi-photon networks D 2.3.2 Quantum Teleportation with LOQL (Linear M 2.3.3 Observation of a four photon W state. 18
Optics Quantum Logic) Bell-state
analyzer.
M 2.3.4 Demonstration of remote and 24
delayed-choice entangled state
preparation in multi-photon networks.
M 2.3.5 Coupling light into waveguide 24
interferometers and observing stable
interference.
WP 2.4: Qudits and continuous D 2.4.2 Integrated devices for modal M 2.4.3 Realization of efficient laser cooling of 24
variables characterisation of single photon sources mechanical micromirrors
M 2.4.4 Development of a source of 24
bandwidth-tailored entangled photons for
its use in higher dimensional quantum
communications and cryptography
M 2.4.5 Development of a setting for bang-bang 36
decoupling to reduce the noise in the
transmission of quantum optical signals
into optical fibers
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WP 2.5: Multi-particle and qudit D 2.5.2 Demonstration of multiphoton M 2.5.3 Steps towards the creation of 6-photon 24
entanglement purification and interference using pure-state photonic experimental test bed
algorithms wavepackets.
M 2.5.4 Generation of pure-state photonic 21
wavepackets directly from conditionally
prepared number-entangled states.
M 2.5.5 Experimental demonstration of new 18
algorithms for one-way quantum
computer.
WP 2.6: Testing small-scale D 2.6.2 Further toolbox components for the M 2.6.3 Additions to the toolbox based on state 24
quantum networks and devices assessment of quantum states and and process comparison methods to
processes without full tomography. understand the limitations of a (possibly
small) finite number of samples from
quantum experiments.
D 2.6.3 First experimental testing of M 2.6.4 Quantum optical experimental 24
non-tomographic toolbox components in demonstration of a two-setting
an optical setting. witness-operator on a four-photon Dicke
state. (Note: This uses input from WP
2.3.)
Month: 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
D2.0.2
WP 2.1: Photon sources for quantum networks
D2.1.2 M2.1.3 M2.1.4
WP 2.2: Network hardware
M2.2.3 M2.2.4 D2.2.2
WP 2.3: Multi-photon networks
M2.3.3 D2.3.2 M2.3.4 M2.3.5
WP 2.4: Qudits and continuous variables
D2.4.2 M2.4.3 M2.4.4 M2.4.5
WP 2.5: Multi-particle and qudit entanglement purification and algorithms
M2.5.5 M2.5.4 D2.5.2 M2.5.3
WP 2.6: Testing small-scale quantum networks and devices
D2.6.2 M2.6.3 D2.6.3 M2.6.4
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Quantum Repeaters
WP 3.0: Subproject Management D 3.0.2 Management report
WP 3.1: Quantum Channels D 3.1.2 Demonstration of polarization M 3.1.3 Feasibility study of quantum channel 18
entanglement maintained over 12 hours architectures using multi-photon quantum
in installed Telecom fibres over 20km memories
D 3.1.3 Report on quantum channel architectures M 3.1.4 Long-time (> 3 hours) maintenance of a 18
using multi-photon quantum memories. free-space long-distance quantum
communication link
WP 3.2: Advanced sources of D 3.2.2 Demonstration of a collinear, wavelength M 3.2.3 Interference between photons from two 18
entangled photon pairs non-degenerative polarization entangled independent narrow band energy-time
photon source entangled sources
M 3.2.4 Polarization entangled photon source 24
operating at 1550 nm wavelength
M 3.2.5 Saturated absorption of a single 24
semiconductor quantum dot in a
microcavity
WP 3.3: Long distance fiber-optic D 3.3.2 Hong-Ou-Mandel dip between M 3.3.3 Synchronisation of ps lasers 18
quantum relays and purification independent ps pumped entanglement
sources
M 3.3.4 Demonstration of entanglement swapping 18
from independent lasers
WP 3.4: Terrestrial and satellite D 3.4.2 Comparison of the atmospheric M 3.4.3 Single link two-particle interference 24
free-space quantum influences on a one- and two-photon
communication transmission for the satellite quantum
communication
M 3.4.4 Transmission of an entangled photon pair 18
over a long-distance (>500m) free space
link
WP 3.5: Creation of entangled D 3.5.2 Swap of electron spin coherence and M 3.5.3 Evaluate optimum method to generate 18
states of single atoms and photons entanglement to nuclear spins. electron-nuclear spin coherence
by interference
M 3.5.4 Evaluate robustness of nuclear spin 21
coherence during measurement on
electron spin
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Month: 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
D3.0.2
WP 3.1: Quantum Channels
M3.1.3 M3.1.4 D3.1.2 D3.1.3
WP 3.2: Advanced sources of entangled photon pairs
M3.2.3 D3.2.2 M3.2.4 M3.2.5
WP 3.3: Long distance fiber-optic quantum relays and purification
M3.3.3 M3.3.4 D3.3.2
WP 3.4: Terrestrial and satellite free-space quantum communication
M3.4.4 D3.4.2 M3.4.3
WP 3.5: Creation of entangled states of single atoms and photons by interference
M3.5.3 M3.5.4 D3.5.2
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Quantum Simulation
WP 4.0: Subproject Management D 4.0.2 Management Activity Report
WP 4.1: Rare Earth Ion-doped D 4.1.3 Characterise the possibilities to use the M 4.1.3 Determine homogeneous line width, 18
Crystals 4f-5d zero phonon transition in Ce doped inhomogeneous line width and oscillator
Y2SiO5 as a read-out ion for the single strength of the 4f-5d zero phonon
instance scheme by determining whether transition in Ce doped Y2SiO5
it can be trapped in a non-fluorescent
state and, if so, how fast it returns to the
fluorescent state.
WP 4.2: Simulation of Quantum D 4.2.3 Entangle single electron spin with single M 4.2.3 Determine phase memory time for 18
Phase Transition nuclear spin different nuclear spins
WP 4.3: Optimal Control of D 4.3.2 Userfriendly MATLAB package for M 4.3.3 Simulation and experimental verfication of 24
Quantum Systems with Finite time-optimal decomposition of a unitary optimal-control based improvements
Degrees of Freedom: Spins and target module into a sequence of within SP4 and beyond.
beyond evolutions under drift and experimentally
available controls. The package will be
presented and distributed at SP4 Meeting
scheduled for March 2007.
WP 4.4: Modelling Quantum D 4.4.2 Recipes for recursive quantum M 4.4.3 Scalability and controllability analysis of 24
Computers with 5 and More than compilation by optimal control giving quantum ensembles; experimental
10 Qubits time-optimised quantum machine code. simulation of quantum algorithms by
ensembles.
D 4.4.3 Simulating quantum algorithms (Deutsch
as well as new topological ones) on spin
ensembles.
WP 4.5: Hamiltonian Simulation D 4.5.2 Application of optimal control algorithms M 4.5.3 Explore limits of reachability and 24
and Decoherence-Free Subspaces to open dissipative systems: e.g. to find controllability in open systems with
optimal-working-point strategies in advanced (e.g. non-Markovian) models of
paradigmatic model systems such as dissipation.
Josephson charge qubit devices.
D 4.5.3 Extension of gradient flow methods from
groups to subgroups, and semigroups
(thus embracing relaxation).
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WP 4.6: Ion trap quantum D 4.6.2 Trapping, laser cooling, and and detecting M 4.6.3 Laser light sources delivering light near 18
simulation Yb+ ions in a novel ion trap is 369 nm, 935 nm and 638 nm are ready.
demonstrated. Optical components for imaging of
trapped ions have been developed and
built.
M 4.6.4 New vacuum recipient with all optical and 21
electrical interfaces is built, leak tested
and ready to mount ion trap.
WP 4.7: Entanglement D 4.7.2 Simulation of quantum algorithms with the M 4.7.3 Develop renormalization group approach 18
Generation/Propagation, Phase RAGE formalism developed in M 4.7.3 with graph enhancement (RAGE) based
Transitions and Adiabatic on the unification of weighted graph state
Algorithms in Interacting Quantum approach and the matrix product state
Systems methods.
M 4.7.4 Development and testing of computer 21
code of RAGE algorithm developed in
M 4.7.3
WP 4.8: Simulating quantum D 4.8.2 Entanglement properties at quantum M 4.8.3 Analysis of level crossings in the ground 22
phase transitions in ion traps, phase transitions for trapped ions, cavity state for systems of trapped ions, cavity
circuit QED, and optical lattices QED, and optical lattices. QED, optical lattices
WP 4.9: Testing for decoherence D 4.9.2 Experimental data analysis for M 4.9.3 Experimental data analysis for 21
sources and quantum decoherence channels. Here we will decoherence channels
state/process estimation perform various types of Quantum
Process Tomography on experimental
data from ion trap experiments from
USIEG.
D 4.9.3 Routines for estimating Pointer-basis M 4.9.4 Decoherence hypothesis testing 22
Decoherence maps. Here we will develop
estimation protocols to determine the
reduced parameter set of
Decoherence-maps which diagonalise a
qubit and two-qubit density operators.
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Month: 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
D4.0.2
WP 4.1: Rare Earth Ion-doped Crystals
M4.1.3 D4.1.3
WP 4.2: Simulation of Quantum Phase Transition
M4.2.3 M4.2.4 D4.2.3
WP 4.3: Optimal Control of Quantum Systems with Finite Degrees of Freedom: Spins and beyond
D4.3.2 M4.3.3
WP 4.4: Modelling Quantum Computers with 5 and More than 10 Qubits
D4.4.2 M4.4.3 D4.4.3
WP 4.5: Hamiltonian Simulation and Decoherence-Free Subspaces
D4.5.2 M4.5.3 D4.5.3
WP 4.6: Ion trap quantum simulation
M4.6.3 M4.6.4 D4.6.2
WP 4.7: Entanglement Generation/Propagation, Phase Transitions and Adiabatic Algorithms in Interacting Quantum Systems
M4.7.3 M4.7.4 D4.7.2
WP 4.8: Simulating quantum phase transitions in ion traps, circuit QED, and optical lattices
M4.8.3 D4.8.2
WP 4.9: Testing for decoherence sources and quantum state/process estimation
D4.9.2 M4.9.3 D4.9.3 M4.9.4
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Subproject 5: Theory Month 24 Deliverables Milestones Month
WP 5.0: Subproject Management D 5.0.2 Management Report covering year 2
WP 5.1: Algorithms and D 5.1.2 Find more quantum algorithms, improved M 5.1.3 Evaluation of new approaches to 21
Complexity simulation of quantum systems, new quantum algorithms for lattice problems,
relationships among quantum complexity for the hidden subgroup problem, for
classes, or new classical results that use graph problems, and for classical results
quantum arguments based on quantum arguments
WP 5.2: Algorithmic Methods D 5.2.2 Further analysis of existing algorithmic M 5.2.2 Improvement of existing algorithmic 21
techniques for generating new quantum techniques for quantum computation
algorithms (including quantum random walks,
adiabatic quantum computation,
perturbation theory)
WP 5.3: Protocols for Quantum D 5.3.2 Security analysis of Quantum Key M 5.3.3 New or improved protocol for quantum 18
Commerce Distribution (QKD) schemes whose commerce
security is independent of the devices in
the practically important case when the
eavesdropper is limited by quantum
mechanics.
WP 5.4: Toolbox for Quantum Multi D 5.4.2 Simulation using classical resources of M 5.4.3 Establish tradeoffs between non local 18
User Protocols (possibly noisy) maximally entangled correlations, shared randomness and
states in arbitrary dimension. classical communication in
communication complexity problems.
WP 5.5: Architectures D 5.5.2 Theoretical analysis of state preparation M 5.5.3 Quantum information processing and 24
and execution of quantum information communication protocols that make the
processing protocols in light-matter optimal use of available physical
systems under realistic constraints resources
WP 5.6: Testing quantum systems D 5.6.2 Characterization of process tomography M 5.6.3 Unambigous discrimination of quantum 18
methods. operations.
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Month: 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
D5.0.2
WP 5.1: Algorithms and Complexity
M5.1.3 D5.1.2
WP 5.2: Algorithmic Methods
M5.2.2 D5.2.2
WP 5.3: Protocols for Quantum Commerce
M5.3.3 D5.3.2
WP 5.4: Toolbox for Quantum Multi User Protocols
M5.4.3 D5.4.2
WP 5.5: Architectures
D5.5.2 M5.5.3
WP 5.6: Testing quantum systems
M5.6.3 D5.6.2
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8.3 Graphical presentation of the workpackages, showing their

interdependencies
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8.4.1 Detailed work description

SUBPROJECTLEADER: NICOLAS GISIN
Objectives
offering different storage wavelengths, storage times, fidelities, complexity and cost will be required. Such a broad range of
Apart from WP1.5 where mapping and storage of a set of coherent states of light has been demonstrated very recently, all
other approaches are still at an early stage. The dominant work within the first 18 months is thus to provide the basis for
storage of classical and finally non-classical light states.
Approach
Work has been organized according to the different storage media. In addition to experimental collaboration, and to avoid the
risk of independent, parallel advance of the different WPs, a workpackage Comparison has been added with the goal to
profoundly analyze, jointly compare, and possibly improve the different approaches with respect to applications in quantum
communication and quantum information processing, and to ensure close interaction throughout all WPs within SP1
Workpackages
% WP 1.0 Subproject management
% WP 1.1 Rare-Earth-Ion Doped Solids
% WP 1.2 NV Centres
% WP 1.3 Semiconductor Nanotechnology
(workpackage leader: Andrew Shields, TOSHIBA)
% WP 1.4 Single Trapped Atoms
% WP 1.5 Room-Temperature Atomic Vapour
% WP 1.6 Cold Atoms
% WP 1.7 Comparison (workpackage leader: UNIGE)

Objectives
Activities
Management and coordination of activities within the subproject. Taking care of reporting and facilitating collaborative
efforts with researchers in other subprojects.
Expected results
% Semi-annual meetings and exchange of results

Objectives
The goal of this workpackage is to demonstrate efficient storage and reconstruction of single-photon non-stationary light
field, e.g. time-bin qubits, in optically dense, rare-earth ion doped solids, based on controlled reversible inhomogeneous
broadening as proposed in [Nilsson2004, Krauss2005].
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Activities
During the first 18 months, the suitability of different rare-earth-ion (RE) doped solids for quantum state storage will be
assessed. Geneva will focus on Erbium doped fibers and Er:LiNbO3 waveguides, Lund will implement Pr and Eu doped
Y2SiO5 crystals. The different materials will be characterized in terms of:
% homogeneous dephasing times and radiative lifetimes
% the possibility to shift a single spectral hole burned into the inhomogeneously broadened absorption line using a
DC electric field.
% the possibility to tailor the inhomogeneously broadened absorption line, i.e. empty a spectral well and create an
isolated narrow spectral peak in the centre of the non-absorbing region.
This first part serves to test the principle elements needed for quantum state storage using inhomogeneously broadened
media. Following this first part both partners might refocus activities on only one material.
Expected results
% Assessment of homogeneous dephasing times (T2) and radiative lifetimes (T1) of Erbium doped optical fibers
and Er:LiNbO3 waveguides
% Demonstration of tailoring of the inhomogeneous profile of rare-earth-ion doped crystals by creating a spectrally
narrow absorbing peak on a non-absorbing background.
Demonstration of controlled shifting or broadening of this single spectral feature.
% Report on suitability of different RE doped solids for single-photon time-bin storage.
WP 1.2 NV Centres
Objectives
The general objective of the WP is to store light states into spin states based on electromagnetically induced transparency
(EIT). As a storage medium Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond will be used.
Activities
In the first 18 months we will do initial tests to assess feasibility of quantum state storage based on observation of long
phase-memory time, EIT and slow group velocity of a signal field pulse.
Expected results
% Measurement of phase memory times for ultrapure high NV density diamond
% Observation of EIT in the NV centre
% Observation of slow group velocity

(workpackage leader: Andrew Shields, TOSHIBA)
Objectives
The goal of this WP is to investigate the possibility of using semiconductor nanotechnology for quantum memories. A
number of different semiconductor systems will be studied including single quantum dots and impurity atoms in optical
cavities, as well as inhomogeneously broadened ensembles of quantum dots or impurities.
Activities
A number of different semiconductor systems will be studied. The first 18 months are devoted to:
% design of high efficiency schemes for coupling single photons to quantum dots and colour centres using the
FDTD technique. These designs are based on planar and 2D photonic crystal micro-cavities. Schemes for read-
out-on-demand will also be studied.
% investigation of material parameters like Zeeman structure of individual quantum dots grown under different
conditions, as well as that of impurity atoms, study of dephasing mechanisms, measurement of spin lifetimes,
and exploration of possible encoding/gating schemes.
% initial investigations of storage of photons in the collective degrees of freedom of inhomogeneously broadened
ensembles of quantum dots, e.g. tests of Zeeman coherence of the collective degrees of freedom of
inhomogeneously broadened ensembles of quantum dots, e.g. tests of Zeeman coherence of the collective
excitation.
Expected results
Report on input-output coupling efficiencies achievable in quantum storage and interface devices.
% Report on the Zeeman structure of individual quantum dots or impurities
% Measurement of spin lifetimes in quantum dots or impurities.
% Decision on the most appropriate storage centre, level scheme and gating arrangement for semiconductor
quantum memory
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Objectives
The objectives of this workpackage are to investigate the feasibility of atomic-photonic interconnections of future quantum
information processing systems. In other words: to develop a quantum interface between a single-atom quantum processor
and photonic qubits and to generate high-fidelity entanglement between atomic and photonic qubits to perform
read/write operations and remotely control quantum memories.
Activities
We will study atom-photon entanglement, based on a single trapped Rb-atom and an emitted photon. To analyse the
entanglement we will study possible state analysis schemes and first test stimulated Raman adiabatic excitation.
Expected results
% Insight into the critical parameters for quantum memory and repeaters
% Optimisation of atom-photon entanglement based on state tomography of the entangled atom-photon state in
order to evaluate and optimise usability for quantum memory and repeater application
% Protocols for remote state preparation utilizing single-qubit manipulation and Bell-state measurements.

Objectives
Demonstrate quantum memory based on room-temperature atomic vapour and dispersive light-atoms interaction plus
quantum feedback.
Activities
% Demonstration of a quantum interface based on interspecies light-to-atoms teleportation
% Demonstration of atomic memory readout onto light with higher-than-classical fidelity
% Develop the quantum interface between light and atoms used for production of two entangled atomic ensembles
[Julsgaard2001] towards a versatile tool for generation of distant entanglement (up to 100m or more).
% Storage of entangled states of light
Expected results
% Report on long distance entanglement of atomic objects
% Report on light-to-atoms quantum teleportation.
% Conclusion on the feasibility of the light-to-atoms quantum teleportation protocol based on a single atomic
ensemble in magnetic field
WP 1.6 Cold Atoms

Objectives
The general goal of this WP is to develop interfaces between light and cold atoms. In addition to a memory of single
photon qubits, we want to demonstrate spin squeezing at Cs clock transition based on atom light interaction with the
ultimate goal to improve the sensitivity of atom clocks.
Activities
We will use dipole trapped cold Caesium and Rubidium ensembles. Strong light-ensemble coupling with less atoms and
shorter light pulses allows multi-pass protocols with enhanced capabilities. We will investigate applications to quantum
memory and to spin squeezing at Cs clock transition towards improved sensitivity of atom clocks.
Expected results
% Demonstration of the feasibility of spin squeezing generation on Cs clock transition

% Conclusion on the feasibility of employing 10^3 10^4 atoms close to BEC regime for quantum memory
WP 1.7 Comparison
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Objectives
The objective of this workpackage is to compare, evaluate and analyse the different approaches to quantum memory for
applications in quantum communication and computation. The approaches differ in the interaction used, physical
implementation, and the degree of photons to which they allow coding of quantum information.
Activities
Through informal contacts as well as an annual workshop between all participants in this WP and researchers from WP 5.5
(QIP Architecture Theory) this WP provides for a coordinated effort to systematically compare, evaluate and analyse the
different approaches for their suitability for applications of quantum communication and quantum information processing.
During the first 18 months, we will
% Review (known) tasks where quantum state storage is of use and pinpoint the necessary properties of a memory to
accomplish these tasks
% Analyze the different approaches regarding these properties, i.e. suitability for quantum communication. This
includes quantification of fidelities of specific storage/retrieving processes, and analysis of decoherence
mechanisms and studies of means to reduce their effects on quantum state storage.
% study applicability of the various physical interactions to other materials to identify their suitability as optical
quantum information storage or buffering elements. This includes extension and generalization of theoretical
studies of non-linearities in EIT for integration of quantum gates and quantum optical storage [Beausoleil2003,
Beausoleil2004].
Expected results
% Comparison, evaluation and analysis of the different approaches to quantum memory for applications in quantum
communication and computation
% Quantification of performance of quantum storage devices
% Development of a test of performance/set of benchmarks for quantum memories
% Comparison of different storage techniques and materials, and identification of critical issues.

SUBPROJECTLEADER: JENS EISERT
Objectives
The objective of this Subproject is to build on current methods for generating and distributing entanglement and to extend
these to multiple parties and multiple nodes. From a physical perspective, it is necessary to understand what fundamental
limits there are, and how these might be achieved. From a technological standpoint, it is critical to leverage and enhance
currently available telecommunications infrastructures. The Subproject is designed to address both these scientific and
technological issues and to develop a functional network for distributing entanglement at several nodes.
Approach
% For the efficient creation and characterization of pure-state single-photon wave packets two routes to such
sources are envisaged. The first will build on past work in conditional preparation of photon wavepackets by
means of parametric downconversion. The second will make use of emerging technology of quantum dots,
possibly in microcavities, to generate photons on demand.
% The subproject will adopt a fiber-optic architecture.
% The subproject will use the bosonic field structure of photons to encode information in a protected way.
% We will combine experimental expertise with theoretical expertise in most of the workpackages, so as to
properly integrate the abstract theoretical analysis of SP5 with the phenomenological theory needed for real-
world implementations.
Workpackages
The Subproject is divided into 7 workpackages based on the various components and demonstrations needed to establish an
effective quantum network.
% WP 2.0 Subproject management
% WP 2.1 Photon Sources for Quantum Networks
(workpackage leader: Andrea Fiore, EPFL-)
% WP 2.2 Network hardware
(workpackage leader: Enrico Pessina, PIR-)
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% WP 2.3 Multi-photon networks

% WP 2.4 Qudits and continuous variable networks
% WP 2.5 Multi-particle and qudit entanglement purification and algorithms
% WP 2.6 Testing small-scale quantum networks and devices

Objectives
Activities
Expected results
Semi-annual meetings and exchange of results.
WP 2.1 Photon sources for quantum networks

(workpackage leader: A. Fiore, EPFL -)
Objectives
Development of network-compatible sources of single and entangled photons with information coding that will yield better
performance of quantum protocols.
Activities
Two approaches will be followed. The first is to prepare conditionally single photon wavepackets from pairs generated
using parametric downconversion. The second is to use single emitters, such as quantum dots, to generated individual
photons "on demand.
% The scientific studies will be concentrated on evaluation and characterization of quantum states hyper-entangled
in polarization, frequency, and direction of propagation as an auxiliary resource for designing non-trivial higher-
dimensional quantum states
% Engineering and technological design of hyper-entangled quantum states utilizing artificially created complex
one- and two-dimensional periodically modulated nonlinear structures. Initial results have demonstrated the
validity of such approach
Expected results
% Verification of nonclassical states produced in wave-guides
% Design of transform-limited, space-time decoupled photon pairs sources from waveguides
% Demonstration of single-photon generation in a GaAs waveguide
% Observation of two-photon interference with two successive single photons emitted by a single semiconductor
quantum dot
% Report on single photon emission in fibre optic transmission band from a quantum dot source
% Report on preliminary development of telecom wavelength entangled photon sources
% Demonstration of conditional preparation of higher photon number states
% Single-emitter single-photon sources for quantum networks based on QDs
% Conditionally-prepared single-photon sources for quantum networks based on nonlinear optics
% Demonstration of spectral control of entangled states spectrum using spatial modulation of the pump laser
% Demonstration of the engineering of the quantum frequency correlations of pair of photons
% Design and manufacturing of chirped periodically polled nonlinear structures

(workpackage leader: - E. Pessina, PIR)
Objectives
The objective of this workpackage is the development of photon number resolving detectors for photon manipulation and
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measurement, including the development of integrated solid-state technologies for the manipulation of photonic qubits
Activities
The activities include:

% Development of fiber based subsystems and laser sources for practical demonstration of new optical measurement
schemes
% Development of photon-number resolving detectors based on superconductors
% Demonstration of a first group of fiber-based devices suitable for quantum optics experiments (entangled state
generators, optimized modulators phase and polarization controllers, etc.)
%
%
Expected results
% Realization of an optimal photon-number resolving detector using standard APDs.
% Prototyping of an improved single photon counting superconducting detector
% The Characterization and testing of alternative detection apparatus and transmission channels.

Objectives
The objective of this workpackage is to demonstrate multipartite entanglement of various classes, and use it to improve
network performance
Activities
% Demonstration of concatenated sources of photons suitable for networking to produce multipartite qubit entanglement.
% Implementation of new quantum communication protocols based on multipartite entanglement, such as quantum
secret sharing
% Demonstration of multipartite hyperentangled states
Expected results
% Demonstration of 4-photon cluster state preparation
% Report on the viability of linear optic computation by measurement
% Experimental demonstration of a four photon cluster state
% Feed-forward capability in measurement based quantum logic
WP 2.4 Qudit and continuous variable networks

Objectives
Development of theory and design of experiments, exploiting the rich structure of photons (in both discrete and continuous
degrees of freedom) to build error correction and avoidance schemes and to implement few-qubit algorithms algorithms.
Activities
% Development of techniques for the independent control of polarization and the transverse wavevector, orbital angular
momentum or frequency/time-bin modes of photons.
% Investigation of new quantum communication protocols using space and time degrees of freedom of a single photon
together with its polarization for realizing the quantum channel coding theorem
% Design and implementation of joint quantum operations between, polarization mode and other field degrees of
freedom.
% Design of a parity-kick version of bang-bang decoupling to reduce the noise in the transmission of quantum optical
signals into optical fibers.
Expected results
% Protocols for the joint control of discrete and continuous degrees of freedom.
% Report on time-bins encoding for communication and encoding.
% Analysis of simple unitary operations between discrete and continuous degree of freedom under realistic experimental.
conditions including noise and imperfections: swapping schemes and implementation of quantum gates.
% Report on the enhancement of the communication capacity of Gaussian channels using entangled states.
% Analysis of error correction protocol employing discrete and continuous degree of freedom under
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realistic.experimental conditions including noise and imperfections.

% Multi-qudit state analysis.
% Multi-qudit encoding with linear optics.
% Evaluation and presentation of feasible protocols for swapping and quantum gates of different degrees of freedom of
single photons.
% Implementation of a parity-kick technique for polarization-qubits in optical fibers.
% Design of a quantum error correction protocol using the multiple degrees of freedom.

Objectives
Design of experiments and development of theory for realizing key protocols for entanglement distribution over networks
and of algorithms using higher dimensional coding schemes.
Activities
Research and experiments will concentrate on:
% Entanglement generation using Procrustean methods
% Iterative entanglement concentration and correction
% Loophole-free Bell tests
% Quantum relays for entanglement distribution over long distances
% Theroetical design and implementation of a basic protocols such as quantum coin-tossing protocol and design of
abstract schemes for protocols such as quantum fingerprinting and digital signatures
Expected results
% Evaluation of trade-offs between various experimental resources, noise and achievable entanglement or privacy.
% Assessment of the generated states for uses in quantum repeaters.
% Demonstration of error filtration with qu-quads.
% Experimental demonstration of the elements of an entanglement concentration apparatus
% Experimental feasibility study of feed forward iterative entanglement concentration
% Implementation of a protocol to show Bell inequality violation with qu-quads
% Optimized entanglement generation protocol for realistic experimental setting
% Prototype for an optical entanglement distillation scheme
% Toolbox for assessment of generated states
% Evaluation of trade-offs between various experimental resources, noise and achievable efficiencies in various
protocols.
% Implementation of quantum bit string generation outside of the laboratory using installed fibres
% Optimisation of protocols for realistic experimental parameters
% Demonstration of an unbiased single coin tossing protocol
% Optimized protocol for realistic experimental implementation of algorithms in discrete, continuous and hybrid
settings.
% Feasible protocols for quantum finger printing using discrete and continuous degrees of freedom

(workpackage leader: William Munro, HP)
Objectives
Develop methods for the verification of quantumlevel operation of networks and few-qubit quantum devices without full
quantum state measurement.
Activities
% Research into non-tomographic measures of entanglement
% Develop methods for entanglement measures for Gaussian States
% Experimental implementation of verification protocols
Expected results
% Theoretical methods for investigating and testing processes.
% Analysis of experimental estimation schemes based on photon counting
% Toolbox for the assessment of properties of quantum states without the need of state tomography, based on incomplete
data.
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% Division of full-scale schemes to assess outputs of small-scale optical schemes

SUBPROJECTLEADER: ANTON ZEILINGER
Objectives
The objective of this subproject is to bring quantum repeaters from their laboratory stage close to applicability in quantum
networks. For realizing this a better understanding is needed of the physics of various links and their decoherence mechanisms
as well as the requirements for gate operations and memories.
Approach
We want to characterize and improve the quality of available quantum channels and local processing operations. Tools for
Sources of entangled photon pairs are one of the key components and need to be developed towards the requirements of the
various quantum channels concerning their bandwidth, photon pair distribution, spatial characteristics, size, and robustness.
We will integrate the various subsystems of a quantum repeater by showing that entanglement from different, remote sources
can be combined to create longer links and that purification can be used between remote locations in order to improve the
fidelity. A EPR Do-it-youself souce toolkit where quantum violations of Bells inequalities can be demonstrated in a small
deive usable in Universities an high schools.
Satellite and terrestrial free-space links can help establish quantum channels between points where no fibre link is available or
the distance is too large to cover with a single fibre.
Measurement can entangle distant single atoms. We will test this procedure in a miniature version in diamond color centres
Workpackages
We have divided our work into three component (3.1, 3.2, 3.5) and two integrating (3.3, 3.4) workpackages.
% WP3.0 Subproject Management
% WP3.1 Quantum channels
(workpackage leader: Marek Zukowski, GDANSK)
% WP3.2 Advanced sources of entangled photon pairs
% WP3.3 Long distance fibre-optic quantum relays and purification
% WP3.4 Terrestrial and satellite free-space quantum communication
% WP3.5 Creation of entangled states of single atoms and photons by interference

Objectives
Activities
Expected results
Semi-annual meetings and exchange of results

(workpackage leader: Marek Zukowski, GDANSK)
Objectives
Researching decoherence and loss mechanisms in various quantum channels. Develop link optimization and automation
technology for polarization compensation. Establish coupling of entangled sources to long-distance transmission links
Activities
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In this workpackage we will investigate the decoherence mechanisms in practical realizations of quantum channels and
find optimal coding strategies in order to reduce the decoherence. The following links will be investigated:
% Fiber time bin qubits are very suitable for long distance application in regular telecom networks.
% Fiber polarization qubits have mainly been investigated for visible and near infrared wavelengths suitable for
detection with low-noise, high efficiency silicon avalanche diodes. They are well suited to connect to the most
successful realizations of photonic quantum information processing.
% Free-space links
Expected results
% Comparison of fiber and free-space transmission of qubits
% See two-photon interference signal after transmission of photons through >500m fibre.
% Successful transmission of entanglement over >5km free-space links

Objectives
Develop sources of entangled photon pairs that have tailored spectral and temporal properties, are compact, and emit only
one pair at a time
Activities
% We will develop a bright source of narrowband time-bin entangled photons based on parametric down conversion
from PPLN waveguides to match the strict requirements of telecommunication networks.
% We will investigate experimentally and theoretically the improvement and integration of pulsed polarization entangled
photon pair sources for use with long-distance fibre and free-space links, as well as in satellites
% A third line of research will concentrate on sources of entangled photon pairs from quantum dots that will produce at
most one photon pair at a time
Expected results
% Narrowband, bright entangled photon pair sources
% Advanced sources of polarization entanglement
% Photon pairs on demand from semiconductor quantum dots
% Demonstration of narrow band bright time-bin entangled photon source.
% Demonstration of polarization entanglement from ps-pulsed lasers
WP3.3 Long distance fibre optic relays and purification

Objectives
Build a quantum relay over large distances using the optical fibres both in dedicated fibre links and in existing
Activities
Three consecutive research steps will be embarked on:
% First the possibility to synchronize two distant time-bin entangled photons sources will be explored
% Secondly, a quantum relay will be developed and tested for quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping
% The third part is concerned with implementing the purification of entanglement where two or more photon pairs will
be transmitted over a long distance fibre link. The degradation of the entanglement that occurs during transmission
will be corrected by purification of entanglement.
The third activity is not foreseen in the first 18 months of the project.
Expected results
% Locking of remote lasers
% Long-distance Bell-state analysis
% Locking of remote sources of entanglement
% Remote Bell-state analysis achieved
% Two remote sources of entanglement operating synchronously

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Objectives
Demonstrate quantum communication via free-space telescope links and work towards a realization of transmission of
qubits from and to a satellite.
Activities
A typical free space link consists of two telescopes with a free line of sight in between them. We will investigate the
stability and technology for creating such a link reliably. Once we have established them we will try a series of quantum
communication experiments.
Going to space with quantum communication will involve major changes to existing experimental designs. We will work
on satellite based components. Ground stations, where timing, pointing and tracking problems will be addressed and
checked for their compatibility with the transmission of single quanta. Regarding the transmission from and to a satellite,
polarization is not the only possible encoding, and so far not very much is known about the transmission of single photons
through the atmosphere. We will learn more in preliminary studies involving laser ranging satellites.
Expected results
% Report on requirements of entanglement sources on satellites
% Free-space quantum communication experiments
% Feasibility of satellite based quantum communication links
% Single link Bell-state analysis
% Measurement of single photons reflected off a ranging satellite
% Distribution of entanglement over >5km
% Identification of a suitable scheme for a space-compatible source of entangled photon pairs

Objectives
The engineering of entanglement between distant NV defects in diamond using interference effect and state projection via
measurement. The realization of photon polarization entanglement from distant defect in diamond
Activities
Two defects in diamond will be written using ion implantation with high positioning accuracy. Entanglement between two
defects in diamond will be achieved in interference experiment as a consequence of the impossibility to distinguish from
which atom the photon was emitted and on the fact that the projection postulate indicates that after photon detection the
state is transformed to one, which is compatible with outcome of the measurement.
Expected results
% Writing the pattern of NV defects in type IIa diamond
% Realisation of entanglement between two NV defects.

SUBPROJECTLEADER: CHRISTOF WUNDERLICH
Objectives
This subproject aims at exploiting quantum computation for quantum simulations. The goal is to create a prototype platform
for these simulations and use optimal control theory to model quantum simulations taking explicitly into account decoherence.
Approach
During the first 18 months of this subproject the ground will be prepared for experimental and theoretical exploration of
quantum simulations and enhanced quantum control. This encompasses the first experimental implementation of two novel
physical systems for QIP: pairs of Nitrogen vacancy centres in diamond coupled by a strong magnetic dipole interaction
(WP4.2) and chains of spin-spin coupled trapped ions (WP4.6). On a third experimental system, rare earth ion-doped crystals
(WP4.1), optimized pulse sequences for quantum gates will be tested that are developed using optimal control theory and will
have been adapted to this realization of QIP (WP4.3). At the same time, the implementation of more than 10 qubits using
NMR techniques will represent an ideal prototype for subsequently carrying out quantum simulations (WP4.4).
In parallel to these mostly experimental activities theoretical efforts will pave the way towards quantum simulations and better
control of quantum gates: Optimal control theory will be used to model quantum simulations taking explicitly into account
decoherence (WP4.5). Also, the theoretical/numerical modelling (in close collaboration with the experimental groups in this
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subproject) of the estimation of primary Lindblad operators and decoherence rates will aid the subsequent development of
efficient tools for the identification of the primary decoherence channels and their remediation (WP4.9).
At the same time an experimental scheme will be specified for increasing the coherence time of encoded qubits in circuit QED
implementation and for demonstrating a Jahn-Teller quantum phase transition in this system (WP4.9). Furthermore, a
concrete and realizable scheme will be designed to probe the generation and propagation of entanglement in various effective
spin Hamiltonians, and thus, develop a tool to further test and verify experimental quantum simulation schemes (WP4.7).
Workpackages
% WP 4.1 Rare Earth Ion-doped Crystals
% WP 4.2 Nitrogen Vacancy Defects in Diamond
% WP 4.3 Optimal Control of Quantum Systems with Finite Degrees of Freedom: Spins and beyond
% WP 4.4 Modelling Quantum Computers with 5 and more than 10 Qubits
% WP 4.5 Hamiltonian Simulation and Decoherence-Free Subspaces
% WP 4.6 Novel type of ion trap for quantum simulations
(workpackage leader: Christof Wunderlich,USIEG)
% WP 4.7 Entanglement Generation/Propagation ,Phase Transitions and Adiabatic Quantum Algorithms in Interacting
Quantum Systems
% WP 4.8 Simulating quantum phase transitions in ion traps, circuit QED, and optical lattices
% WP 4.9 Testing for decoherence sources and quantum state/process estimation
(workpackage leader: Jason Twamley, MACQ)

(workpackage leader: Christof Wunderlich (USIEG)
Objectives
Activities
Expected results
WP4.1 Rare Earth Ion-doped Crystals

Objectives
Testing optimum pulse sequences developed in work package WP4.3 for two and three qubit operations on the rare-earth
crystal quantum hardware developed in the ESQUIRE project.
The FET ESQUIRE project involves investigations of pair and cluster doped crystals. Here we will investigate whether the
positions of the transition frequencies within the inhomogeneous linewidth for ions in pairs and clusters are correlated.
This might occur if the crystal field does not change appreciably over a nanometer scale. If so, this could be a short cut to
many qubit systems without developing techniques for single ion readout.
Activities
% Using acousto-optic modulators controlled by arbitrary function generators optical pulses with arbitrary amplitude and
phase are generated and sent into the rare earth crystals manipulating the ion quantum states.
% Previously developed optical techniques are used to prepare the ions in well defined initial states before the pulse
sequences are sent in.
% Pulse sequences proposed in WP4.3 are applied to the system. With the readout techniques developed within the
ESQUIRE project the results can be read out and the efficiency of the pulse sequences are analysed.
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Expected results
% Critical analysis of number of qubits required for realistic testbed
% Test of optimum pulse sequences from WP4.3 for two-qubit operations
% Test of optimum pulse sequences from WP4.3 for three-qubit operations
% Research results of investigations whether the positions of the transition frequencies within the inhomogeneous
linewidth for ions in pairs and clusters are correlated
WP4.2 Nitrogen Vacancy Defects in Diamond

Objectives
Creation of pairs of Nitrogen vacancy centres in diamond with distance less than 10 nm and observation of entanglement
generation of pairs of defect centres.
Activities
Defect centre clusters are generated by implanting nitrogen atoms in ultrapure diamond materials (type IIa diamond). In
order to achieve a sufficient coupling strength via optical or magnetic dipole interaction one needs distances between the
defect centres not larger than 50 nm. To generate clusters with such defect centre distances we will either randomly
implant nitrogen atoms or implant them with high lateral precision.
Expected results
% Creation of defect centre pairs with distances less than 10 nm.
% Observation of ground state spin entanglement in pair by Raman transitions.
% Creation of clusters with 5 interacting defects
WP4.3 Optimal Control of Quantum Systems with Finite Degrees of Freedom: Spins and beyond
Objectives
Generalise and adapt the existing optimal control tools and computer programs to the settings of experimental systems
other than conventional liquid-state NMR.
Activities
% For these techniques, we wish to provide experimental controls that help to implement quantum gates like CNOT,
SWAP, TOFFOLI or FREDKIN or the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) or Hamiltonian simulations in a time-
optimal or dissipation-minimising way.
% Moreover, the control techniques [e.g. Stefanatos04, Khaneja03, Khaneja01a,b] shall be extended such as to
ensure experimental robustness.
% The computer programmes shall be speeded up and will be made suitable for computation on powerful clusters or
high-speed devices in order to efficiently handle more than 10 qubits.
Expected results
% Report on computer programmes tailored for experimental setup in techniques other than NMR (mostly MATLAB;
C++)
% Report on time-optimal experiments in various settings to realise standard gates and modules
% Demonstration of speed-up of standard quantum computational gates (cNOT, SWAP etc) or modules (QFT) by time-
optimal optimal controls in experimental settings (e.g. solid-state systems as in WP4.1, WP4.2, ion traps as in WP4.6,
etc). (Theoretically possible gains during the first 18 months; experimental results later in the project).
% Relaxation models for experimental techniques that allow for optimisation under explicit decoherence (cp WP4.10);
implications for decoherence-free-subspace approaches as in WP4.5
WP4.4 Modelling Quantum Computers with 5 and more than 10 Qubits

Objectives
% demonstrate experimental quantum calculations and Hamiltonian simulations on 5-12 qubits
% provide easy-to-handle platform for quantum simulations with 5 spin-qubits right from beginning
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% make more than 10 qubit systems available to partners (expectedly at t0+12months)

% provide customised spin-topology hardware in simple cases
Activities
% An experimental setup for 5 qubits will be ready for applications by the time the programme starts [Marx04].
% Moreover, using these nuclei, Seth Lloyd's [Lloyd93] approach to a scalable quantum computer using a polymer
chain of -(A-B-C)- units can be put into practice. We used 13C, 15N, and 31P in the polymer chain, because these
atoms are capable of forming more than one chemical bond. During the course of the EU-programme, we therefore
expect to be able to provide test systems with more than 10 qubits to be used for Hamiltonian simulation, for realising
adiabatic quantum computing, for first implementations of new quantum algorithms by other groups, or for
simulating Hamiltonians.
Expected results
% Test bed for quantum computational simulations on few-qubit systems
% Extension of hardware beyond 10 qubits
% (on demand) Molecules with given coupling topologies
% Tests on spin systems with more than 10 qubits
WP4.5 Hamiltonian Simulation and Decoherence-Free Subspaces

Objectives
Simulating arbitrary quantum evolutions [e.g. Somaroo99] most efficiently by a sequence of evolutions under
Hamiltonians experimentally available by using optimal control theory.
Activities
% (i) time-optimal decompositions shall be compared to (ii), decompositions suffering least relaxative losses.
% Likewise, by using optimal control theory, general types of many-qubit coupling interactions (be they longitudinal
(ZZ), dipolar, planar (XY), or of XYZ-interaction type) in the quantum system to be simulated can be generated most
efficiently from elementary one- and two-qubit building blocks that are actually available. In spectroscopy, these
interactions may be exploited to efficiently create multi-quantum coherences, as e.g., used in decoherence-free
subspaces.
% The approach of decoherence-minimising control shall be generalised to systems of three and four spin-qubits thus
providing both better spectroscopic experiments and---at the same time---insight into how to manipulate few-qubit
systems in decoherence-free subspaces.
Expected results
% Report on time-optimal quantum simulations and reachability/controllability issues
% First reports on relaxation-minimising quantum simulations
% Demonstration of possible gains for efficient quantum simulations by exploiting optimal control theory with explicit
decoherence
% First quantum simulations with coupled spin and pseudo-spin systems minimising dissipative losses. (First
experimental results due month 18).
WP4.6 Novel type of ion trap for quantum simulations

(workpackage leader: Christof Wunderlich,USIEG)
Objectives
Construction of a new type of ion trap that will allow to store long ion chains with pairwise spin-spin coupling between the
constituents suitable for carrying out quantum simulations.
Activities
% A novel type of linear ion trap will be designed and built based on a macroscopic 3D quadrupole trap with
additional integrated current coils placed close to the trap to generate a linear magnetic field gradient along the trap
axis.
% Yb+ ions will be localized, laser cooled, and state selectively detected in this new ion trap.
Expected results
% A new ion trap with magnetic field coils designed and built.
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% Vacuum recipient in place to test new trap.

% Supplying experimental infrastructure (laserlight sources etc.), to test trap.
% First ion trap with integrated magnetic field gradient has been built and is ready to trap ions
WP4.7 Entanglement Generation/Propagation,Phase Transitions and Adiabatic Quantum Algorithms in

Interacting Quantum Systems
Objectives
Understand the static and dynamic entanglement properties of quantum many body systems with the focus on those
models , such as adiabatic algorithms, that are relevant to computation.
A relation between entanglement and critical behaviour and the role of quantum correlations in phase transitions shall be
established, and tools will be developed that may help to detect critical points by analyzing the entanglement properties of
a quantum system.
Activities
% We will continue previous studies of quantum many-body systems [Eisert 2003,Plenio 2004,Plenio 2004b] with the
aim of maximizing the entanglement generation or transfer efficiency without of detailed local control, the
minimization of the local and temporal control requirements as well as the optimisation of the execution time of these
protocols
% We aim to place these system independent considerations in the context of experimental realizations that are
being considered in this IP
% We will optimise these procedures for realistic experimental settings to propose realisable experiments.
% Using recently proposed computationally feasible measures of entanglement we extend previous work
[Stelmachovic2004, Osterloch2002, Vidal2003] and describe entanglement behaviour at the critical points. This
involves solving the models of many-body systems (calculate eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the corresponding
Hamiltonian) and analyzing their entanglement properties with main focus on ground and thermal states. Starting
with two-partite entanglement the goal is to calculate entanglement for any set of particles. However, due to the
complexity of the systems the priority is to look for and subsequently analyze those states which exhibit peculiar
behaviour
% We will study the time evolution of implementations of adiabatic algorithms on quantum many body systems
% Renormalization group transformations for spin systems will be studied analytically. The main and novel idea is to
represent states through their entanglement rather than their components in a computational basis.
Expected results
% Optimized entanglement generation and propagation in device independent schemes
% Characterization of spin chain entanglement suited to prove its irreversible behavior under renormalization group
flows
% Explicit construction of a quantum coarse graining transformation
% Optimized entanglement generation and propagation in specific implementations such as ion traps
% Classification of fixed points in quantum spin chains
% A concrete and realizable scheme to probe the generation and propagation of entanglement in various effective spin
Hamiltonians.
% Determining connection between quantum phase transitions and multi-paritite entanglement
% Analytical proof of entanglement loss along renormalization group trajectories.
% Construction of an exact quantum coarse graining operation for spin chains and study of its fixed points.
% Efficient simulation of adiabatic algorithms on large quantum many body systems.
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WP4.8 Simulating quantum phase transitions in ion traps, circuit QED, and optical lattices.
Objectives
Extend recent work on simulating quantum phase transitions of many body models [Barjak2003] in quantum computing
implementations, and seek realisable models to demonstrate this effect. Theoretically investigate the problem of reading
out information from optical lattices.
Activities
% We seek realisable models to demonstrate quantum phase transitions. A number of current implementations for
quantum information processing, notably ion trap and circuit QED models, enable sufficient control over the qubits
to engineer few body Hamiltonians that exhibit quantum phase transitions. Recently we showed that entanglement of
the systems of a many body bath can significantly change the decoherence of qubits coupled to that bath
[Dawson2004].
% Calculation of the observable De Broglie diffraction pattern of atoms released from an optical lattice in the presence
of additional elements such as optical standing waves, etc.
% Characterize the information on the quantum state that can be read out by such a manipulated flight image concerning
the quantum state of the system. We will perform the dynamical calculations of the released many-body system
analytically and numerically in order to specify what can be measured.
Expected results
% Specified experimental scheme for demonstrating a Jahn-Teller quantum phase transition in a circuit QED
implementation
% Determination of the observable wavelength of De Broglie diffraction pattern of atoms released from an optical trap
WP4.9 Testing for decoherence sources and quantum state/process estimation

(workpackage leader: Dr. Jason Twamley,MACQ)
Objectives
For large quantum registers we aim to develop efficient tools for the identification of the primary decoherence channels
and their remediation. We will develop tools for the description (estimation) of a state of a quantum system and the
description of the action of an unknown quantum channel.
Activities
% The work here will examine whether one can develop hierarchical and adaptive noise detection methods where one
restricts the (now incomplete [Ziman2004]), process tomography to probe an adjustable fraction of the possible
quantum process maps, estimate the dominant decoherence rates and processes and feedback this information to steer
the probe towards the most damaging decoherence channels for investigation and repair. Numerical modelling of
steered and adaptive quantum process tomography will be done initially in a one qubit and two qubit system.
% Initial theoretical/numerical exploration of the scalability of the steered-adaptive hierarchical quantum process
tomography to larger spin systems.
% Execution of the above in a physical quantum simulation system.
% Process reconstruction schemes will be developed based on complete and incomplete experimental data. Main
attention will be paid to single qubit and two-qubit channels
% These methods will be applied for the reconstruction of data from experimental groups in the
% A more detailed mathematical description of the structure of quantum operations will be developed.
% An analysis of experimental realizations of C-NOT gates will be preformed and theoretical results will be compared
with the results of different experimental groups
Expected results
% Numerical Modelling of steered and adaptive quantum process tomography in a one qubit and two qubit
% Comparison of performance of experimentally realized C-NOT gates
% Initial theoretical/numerical exploration of the scalability of the steered-adaptive hierarchical quantum process
tomography to larger spin systems
% Execution of the above in a physical Q. Simulation system
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% Successful theoretical/numerical modelling of the estimation of the primary Linblad operators and decoherence rates.
% A physical implementation of the above in a Q. Simulation implementation. (Month 18
% Development of a set of benchmarks for testing performance of quantum simulators and estimation of quantum
channels
SUBPROJECTLEADER: SERGE MASSAR
Objectives
The role of fundamental theoretical research in the development of Quantum Information Processing and Communication
(QIPC) is very big compared to most other fields with commercial applications. There are many reasons for this. First of all
the applications themselves are developed by theorists independently of their implementation. Secondly, figuring out how to
carry out QIPC in specific physical systems is a highly non trivial task which has generally been carried out by the theoretical
physicist. However it is clear that work on these questions must continue, both in order to find new applications of QIPC, and
in order to find new or better ways of implementing QIPC in specific physical systems. It is only through this continued
interdisciplinary effort in its fundamental theoretical aspects that QIPC will realize its full potential.
Approach
The approach takes within this integrated project is to intensely link theoretical and experimental research. The idea works in
both directions: Theory will heavily influence which experimental set-ups are going to be used but it also works the other
way: theoretical investigations will get more focused and confined by experimental constraints.
Workpackages
The work is divided into 7 workpackages:
% WP 5.0 Management
(workpackage leader: Serge Massar, ULB)
% WP 5.1 Algorithms and Complexity
(workpackage leader: Oded Regev,TEL AVIV U.)
% WP 5.2 Algorithmic Methods
(workpackage leader: Miklos Santha, UPS)
% WP 5.3 Quantum Commerce
% WP 5.4 Toolbox for quantum multi-user protocols
% WP 5.5 Architectures
% WP 5.6 Testing quantum systems
(workpackage leader: Mario Ziman, IPSAS)
WP 5.0 Management
(workpackage leader: Serge Massar,ULB)
Objectives
Activities
Expected results

(workpackage leader: Oded Regev, TEL AVIV U.)
Objectives
% Develop new quantum algorithms for lattice problems, for the hidden subgroup problem, for graph problems.
% Establish the capacity of small scale and possibly noisy quantum systems to simulate quantum dynamics (work carried
out in close collaboration with subproject SP4 Quantum Simulations).
% Improve our understanding of quantum complexity classes.
% Spinoffs: obtain, using quantum techniques, results on classical computation; improve the DMRG method for classical
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simulation of solid state systems.
Activities
Work on quantum algorithms, simulation of quantum systems, complexity classes, and spinoffs will be carried out as a
tight collaboration between physicists and computer scientists. This work will depend on results obtained in WP5.2
Algorithmic Methods
Expected results
% New quantum algorithms for lattice problems, for the hidden subgroup problem, for graph problems
% Improvements of the DMRG method

(workpackage leader: Miklos Santha,UPS)
Objectives
In order to obtain substantial progress on algorithmic questions new algorithmic techniques have to be developed. To date,
there are only a few such techniques, and most efficient quantum algorithms rely on the quantum Fourier transform. But
some promising new techniques have been introduced recently, such as quantum random walks, adiabatic quantum
computing, and the use of perturbation theory in quantum algorithms. This workpackage will be devoted to research into
new algorithmic techniques and further study of existing methods. Results from this workpackage will serve as input for
workpackage 5.1.
Activities
New algorithmic techniques for quantum computation will be discovered and existing techniques improved upon through a
close collaboration between physicists and computer scientists. Results from this workpackage will be used in WP5.1
Quantum Algorithms and Complexity
Expected results
% Improvement of existing algorithmic techniques for quantum computation (quantum random walks, adiabatic quantum
computation, perturbation theory)
% Insight into the potential of existing algorithmic techniques for generating new quantum algorithms

Objectives
This workpackage is oriented to the analysis of Quantum Multi-user Protocols, different from Quantum Key Distribution.
Objectives are:
% to construct new communication protocols providing results without analogue in Classical Information Theory
% to analyze those schemes that already give a significant improvement over their classical counter-parts. On the one
hand, a better understanding of these protocols will be very helpful in the search for new schemes. On the other hand,
it will allow reducing the experimental requirements for their practical implementation in a few-qubit system.
Activities
% Analyze existing protocols for quantum commerce: communication complexity, coin tossing, quantum digital
signatures, private information retrieval, secret sharing.
% Discover new tasks impossible in Classical Information Theory that are feasible using the quantum communication.
% Look for quantum versions of existing classical concepts with particular attention to one-way functions
% Identify the intrinsic quantum features of all these schemes
% Propose methods to realise experimentally realise these protocols (in close collaboration with WP2.6).
Expected results
% Proposals suitability for experimental implementation of existing protocols using present techniques

Objectives
The aim of this workpackage is to provide general tools for the analysis of the existing and new Quantum Multi-user
Protocols. One of the main objectives will be to establish links between the different resources appearing in any of these
protocols, such as bits, qubits, ebits (entangled bits) or secret bits. A special emphasis will be given to multi-partite
entanglement. Apart from their fundamental interest, these results will be useful for finding experimental implementations
of these schemes feasible with present-day technology.
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Activities
% Understand and quantify quantum correlations in term of classical resources
% Investigate the power of quantum memories
% Analyze communication scenarios more complex than the single-sender-single-receiver scheme
% Study general entangled states using numerical tools that have recently been found
% Focus on entangled states allowing quantum computation
Expected results
% Overview of available tools for the analysis of the existing and new Quantum Multi-user Protocols
% Establishing of general laws for the inter-conversion of classical and quantum resources
Objectives
In this workpackage we will develop new architectures for QIPC, concentrating both on the realization of QIPC in specific
physical systems and on more system independent aspects such as general properties of fault tolerance. Work on this
workpackage will be carried out in close collaboration with all other subprojects.
Activities
We will develop new methods and improve existing methods for QIPC in specific physical systems. More specifically
% We will develop new gates and operations which exploit all the degrees of freedom of photons (realised in close
collaboration with WP2.4 and WP2.5).
% Improve on iterative protocols involving successive measurement and manipulation of Gaussian states of light
% Develop the potentialities Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) for QIPC
% Develop improved and faster gates for ion trap quantum computation
% Further develop the capacities of atomic ensembles for QIPC
% Make proposals for use of individual spins in quantum dots and for interfacing them with light.
% Improve existing and develop new methods for storing the quantum state of light (in collaboration with SP1 and in
particular WP1.7)
% Optimize ways of manipulating several qubits when only limited operations are available (realised in close
collaboration with WP 4.3)
% Develop novel sources of entangled photons (close collaboration with WPs 2.1, 3.2, 5.1)
% We will new methods and improve existing methods for error protection, detection and prevention:
% Obtain threshold results for fault tolerant computation
% Develop methods for error protection, detection and prevention in specific physical systems (in collaboration with
WP2.4, WP3.1, WP3.3, WP4.5).
Expected results
% New sources of entangled photons
% New gates and operations which exploit all the degrees of freedom of photons?
% Iterative protocols involving successive measurement and manipulation of Gaussian states of light
% New protocols for QIPC based on atomic ensembles
% Proposals for use of individual spins in quantum dots and for interfacing them with light
% Improved methods for implementing QIPC in specific physical systems for use in the other subprojects

(workpackage leader: Mario Ziman IPSAS)
Objectives
Development of methods to test quantum states or quantum operations when the system is large so that complete
tomography is impossible. Development of similar methods when experimental constraints are present. This workpackage
will have important implications for all other subprojects. It will be carried out in close collaboration with WP2.6, WP3.1,
WP4.9, WP5.1 which consider the same general problem, but in the case of the specific systems considered in these
subprojects.
Activities
Develop novel and more efficient methods to test specific properties of multiparticle entangled states, such as cluster and
graph states, for instance using generalisations of the entanglement witness methods, or using nonlocality tests.
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Develop methods for testing quantum processes, for instance using general statistical methods such as the maximum-
likelihood and Bayesian method, or building upon the methods developed by computer scientists.
This subproject will strongly benefit from an interdisciplinary approach, and we will organise during the first year of the
project a topical workshop around this theme.
Expected results
% New and improved methods to test quantum processes for application in other subprojects
% Efficient methods to test specific properties of multiparticle entangled states, such as cluster and graph states, for
instance using generalisations of the entanglement witness methods, and using nonlocality tests
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8.4.2 Workpackage List
WP No. WP Title Lead Person Start End Deliverable(s)
Con- Months Month Month No.
tractor
0.0 Project Management 1 40.0 0 30 D0.0.1 -
D0.0.4
0.1 Training Activities & Reporting 9 44.0 0 30 D0.1.1 -
D0.1.2
0.2 Scientific Meeting Activities & Reporting 13 44.0 0 30 D0.2.1 -
D0.2.2
1.0 Subproject Management 9 3.0 0 30 D1.0.1
1.1 Rare-Earth-Ion Doped Solids 17 32.0 0 30 D1.1.1 -
D1.1.3
1.2 NV Centres 16 8.0 0 30 D1.2.1 -
D1.2.2
1.3 Semiconductor nanotechnology 36 20.0 0 30 D1.3.1 -
D1.3.3
1.4 Single Trapped Atoms 8 33.0 0 30 D1.4.1 -
D1.4.2
1.5 Room-Temperature Atomic Vapour 14 19.0 0 30 D1.5.1 -
D1.5.2
1.6 Cold Atoms 14 15.0 0 30 D1.6.1 -
D1.6.3
1.7 Comparison 9 28.5 0 30 D1.7.1 -
D1.7.2
2.0 Subproject Management 2 3.0 0 30 D2.0.1 -
D2.0.2
2.1 Photon sources for quantum networks 30 128.0 0 30 D2.1.1 -
D2.1.2
2.2 Network hardware 29 23.3 0 30 D2.2.1 -
D2.2.2
2.3 Multi-photon networks 8 26.5 0 30 D2.3.1 -
D2.3.2
2.4 Qudits and continuous variables 2 70.7 0 30 D2.4.1 -
D2.4.2
2.5 Multi-particle and qudit entanglement 2 60.0 0 30 D2.5.1 -
purification and algorithms D2.5.2
2.6 Testing small-scale quantum networks and 23 21.5 0 30 D2.6.1 -
devices D2.6.3
D3.0.2
3.1 Quantum Channels 15 30.0 0 30 D3.1.1 -
D3.1.3
3.2 Advanced sources of entangled photon pairs 10 90.0 0 30 D3.2.1 -
D3.2.2
3.3 Long distance fiber-optic quantum relays and 9 60.0 0 30 D3.3.1 -
purification D3.3.2
3.4 Terrestrial and satellite free-space quantum 15 35.0 0 30 D3.4.1 -
communication D3.4.2
3.5 Creation of entangled states of single atoms 16 11.5 0 30 D3.5.1 -
and photons by interference D3.5.2
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D4.0.2
4.1 Rare Earth Ion-doped Crystals 17 14.0 0 30 D4.1.1 -
D4.1.3
4.2 Simulation of Quantum Phase Transition 16 4.0 0 30 D4.2.1 -
D4.2.3
4.3 Optimal Control of Quantum Systems with 25 16.0 0 30 D4.3.1 -
Finite Degrees of Freedom: Spins and D4.3.2
beyond
4.4 Modelling Quantum Computers with 5 and 25 3.5 0 30 D4.4.1 -
More than 10 Qubits D4.4.3
4.5 Hamiltonian Simulation and 25 10.0 0 30 D4.5.1 -
Decoherence-Free Subspaces D4.5.3
4.6 Ion trap quantum simulation 5 19.0 0 30 D4.6.1 -
D4.6.2
4.7 Entanglement Generation/Propagation, 2 30.5 0 30 D4.7.1 -
Phase Transitions and Adiabatic Algorithms D4.7.2
in Interacting Quantum Systems
4.8 Simulating quantum phase transitions in ion 3 13.0 0 30 D4.8.1 -
traps, circuit QED, and optical lattices D4.8.2
4.9 Testing for decoherence sources and 38 8.5 0 30 D4.9.1 -
quantum state/process estimation D4.9.3
D5.0.2
5.1 Algorithms and Complexity 21 39.0 0 30 D5.1.1 -
D5.1.2
5.2 Algorithmic Methods 12 29.5 0 30 D5.2.1 -
D5.2.2
5.3 Protocols for Quantum Commerce 7 41.7 0 30 D5.3.1 -
D5.3.2
5.4 Toolbox for Quantum Multi User Protocols 19 37.6 0 30 D5.4.1 -
D5.4.2
5.5 Architectures 27 44.3 0 30 D5.5.1 -
D5.5.2
5.6 Testing quantum systems 3 34.7 0 30 D5.6.1 -
D5.6.2
Total: 1200.3
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8.5 Deliverables List
Del.No. Deliverable title Month Nature Dissem.

Level
D 0.0.3 Annual management reports 24 R
D 0.0.4 IP Cluster Review Meeting 16 R
D 0.1.2 Annual Training Activities Report. 24 R
D 0.2.2 Annual Training Activities Report 24 R
D 1.0.1 Year 2 Management Activity Report 24 R
D 1.1.2 Quantum state storage in multipass crystal. Demonstration of 24 R
wave-packet storage and recall in the multipass crystal
D 1.1.3 Demonstration of quantum coherence between two independent 24 R
memories.
D 1.2.2 Generation and retrieval of electron spin coherence by optical 24 R
pulses.
D 1.3.2 Demonstrate photonic memory in a device containing quantum dots 24 R
D 1.3.3 Present the results of studies on 2-D photonic crystal microcavities 24 R
D 1.4.2 Remote preparation of atomic quantum memory 18 R
D 1.5.2 Investigation of the ways to improve the fidelity of recording into 24 R
atomic memory implementing squeezing operations on atoms and
light
D 1.6.2 Quantum non-demolition measurements of a quantum state using 24 R
the Cs clock transition.
D 1.6.3 Investigation of quantum properties of light coupled to the Rb BEC 24 R
D 1.7.2 Updated results on the comparison, evaluation and analysis of the 24 R
different approaches to quantum memory for applications in
quantum communication and computation.
D 2.0.2 Management report 24 R
D 2.1.2 Entanglement in position and time between two successive single 24 R
photons from a single semiconductor quantum dot
D 2.2.2 Testing of SSPDs at higher frequencies with preliminary electronic 24 R
front-end, providing interface to terminal units
D 2.3.2 Quantum Teleportation with LOQL (Linear Optics Quantum Logic) 24 R
Bell-state analyzer.
D 2.4.2 Integrated devices for modal characterisation of single photon 24 R
sources
D 2.5.2 Demonstration of multiphoton interference using pure-state 24 R
photonic wavepackets.
D 2.6.2 Further toolbox components for the assessment of quantum states 24 R
and processes without full tomography.
D 2.6.3 First experimental testing of non-tomographic toolbox components 24 R
in an optical setting.
D 3.0.2 Management report 24 R
D 3.1.2 Demonstration of polarization entanglement maintained over 12 24 R
hours in installed Telecom fibres over 20km
D 3.1.3 Report on quantum channel architectures using multi-photon 24 R
quantum memories.
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Level
D 3.3.2 Hong-Ou-Mandel dip between independent ps pumped 24 R
entanglement sources
D 3.4.2 Comparison of the atmospheric influences on a one- and 24 R
two-photon transmission for the satellite quantum communication
D 3.5.2 Swap of electron spin coherence and entanglement to nuclear 24 R
spins.
D 4.0.2 Management Activity Report 24 R
D 4.1.3 Characterise the possibilities to use the 4f-5d zero phonon 24 R
transition in Ce doped Y2SiO5 as a read-out ion for the single
instance scheme by determining whether it can be trapped in a
non-fluorescent state and, if so, how fast it returns to the
fluorescent state.
D 4.2.3 Entangle single electron spin with single nuclear spin 24 R
D 4.3.2 Userfriendly MATLAB package for time-optimal decomposition of a 18 R
unitary target module into a sequence of evolutions under drift and
experimentally available controls. The package will be presented
and distributed at SP4 Meeting scheduled for March 2007.
D 4.4.2 Recipes for recursive quantum compilation by optimal control giving 24 R
time-optimised quantum machine code.
D 4.4.3 Simulating quantum algorithms (Deutsch as well as new topological 24 R
ones) on spin ensembles.
D 4.5.2 Application of optimal control algorithms to open dissipative 24 R
systems: e.g. to find optimal-working-point strategies in
paradigmatic model systems such as Josephson charge qubit
devices.
D 4.5.3 Extension of gradient flow methods from groups to subgroups, and 24 R
semigroups (thus embracing relaxation).
D 4.6.2 Trapping, laser cooling, and and detecting Yb+ ions in a novel ion 24 R
trap is demonstrated.
D 4.7.2 Simulation of quantum algorithms with the RAGE formalism 24 R
developed in M 4.7.3
D 4.8.2 Entanglement properties at quantum phase transitions for trapped 24 R
ions, cavity QED, and optical lattices.
D 4.9.2 Experimental data analysis for decoherence channels. Here we will 18 R
perform various types of Quantum Process Tomography on
experimental data from ion trap experiments from USIEG.
D 4.9.3 Routines for estimating Pointer-basis Decoherence maps. Here we 24 R
will develop estimation protocols to determine the reduced
parameter set of Decoherence-maps which diagonalise a qubit and
two-qubit density operators.
D 5.0.2 Management Report covering year 2 24 R
D 5.1.2 Find more quantum algorithms, improved simulation of quantum 24 R
systems, new relationships among quantum complexity classes, or
new classical results that use quantum arguments
D 5.2.2 Further analysis of existing algorithmic techniques for generating 24 R
new quantum algorithms
D 5.3.2 Security analysis of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) schemes 24 R
whose security is independent of the devices in the practically
important case when the eavesdropper is limited by quantum
mechanics.
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Level
D 5.5.2 Theoretical analysis of state preparation and execution of quantum 24 R
information processing protocols in light-matter systems under
realistic constraints
D 5.6.2 Characterization of process tomography methods. 24 R
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8.6 Workpackage Descriptions
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WP 0.0: Project Management
WP Number: 0.0 Start: 0

Partner ID: UOXF.DU
Months: 40
Objectives:
The goal of this WP is to provide project management. This is the new plan.
Description of work:
- Contract Management:
Managing of all EC contractual issues. Assist in implementing the projects consortium agreement.
- Financial Management:
Manage the projects finances, including audit certificates, and reporting to the EC.
- Facilitating governance meetings:
Arranging meetings of the Project Consortium Committee (PCC), Consortium Board (CB), and executing
any decisions of the governance bodies.
- Central Project Office:
Assist with the day-to-day running of the project: process deliverable reports,
- Innovation Coordination:
Coordinate with the Innovation Committee
(a) assist in valuing and protecting project generated IP,
(b) assist the project in licensing or creating spin-outs of project protected IP,
(c) organise a QAP industrial Special Interest Group who will receive preferential access to non-confidential
IP project disclosures,
(d) as deemed worthwhile by the Innovation Committee, produce from time to time newsletter on R&D and
innovation within the project for industry and the interested public.
- Media Focal Point:
Website: Create, solicit material, update projects website.
Media Releases: Keep records of all media reporting of the projects work.
- Planning:
Arranging the annual planning exercise for the next period of the projects work.
Organise the IP cluster review meeting in February 2007 at Oxford.
Deliverables:
D 0.0.1 Six monthly management reports (month 6)
D 0.0.2 Annual Report on the Projects Progress. (month 12)
D 0.0.3 Annual management reports (month 24)

D 0.0.4 IP Cluster Review Meeting (month 16)
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Milestones and expected result:
M 0.0.1 Set up innovation coordination with ISIS (month 6)
M 0.0.2 Prepare revised TA for subsequent work period (month 12)
M 0.0.3 Prepare revised TA for subsequent work period (month 24)
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WP 0.1: Training Activities & Reporting

Partner ID: UNIGE All partners
Months: 5 39
Objectives:
The goal of this WP is to report on all project training activities and the training activity management.
The Training Activities Committee (TAC), will oversee the organisation of annual training activities (in collab-
oration, perhaps, with the other FET QIPC IPs). Host annual training school organisational meeting where
the structure of the coming training school can be decided and invited lecturers chosen.
Solicit joint-SubProject Training Activities: The TAC will also accept proposals from two or more SubProjects
wishing to hold a cross-subproject training activity (e.g. young researcher meetings). The proposals will be
evaluated by the TEC and if accepted financial resources will be made available.
Innovation Training Activities: The Innovation Committee will provide a central knowledge base to assist in
all matters relating to IP Matters. e.g. patenting, company formation, etc.
Deliverables:
D 0.1.1 Annual Training Activities Report. (month 12)

M 0.1.1 Cross-IP Graduate School (month 12)
M 0.1.2 Cross-IP Graduate School (month 24)
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WP 0.2: Scientific Meeting Activities & Reporting

Partner ID: ULB All partners
Months: 5 39
Objectives:
The goal of this WP is to report on all the projects scientific meeting activities and the associated manage-
ment.
- Annual Scientific Meeting of the Project:

The Scientific Meetings Committee (SMC), will organise the projects primary annual scientific meeting (in
collaboration, perhaps, with the other FET QIPC IPs).
Host annual primary scientific meeting organisational meeting where the structure of the coming primary
meeting is decided and invited speakers chosen.
Solicit joint-SubProject Scientific Meetings:
The SMC will also accept proposals from two or more SubProjects wishing to hold a cross-subproject scien-
tific meetings. The proposals will be evaluated by the SMC and if accepted financial resources will be made
available. Meetings which only target a single SubProject cannot avail of resources of the SMC.
- Innovation/Scientific Activities:
The ISIS representative will hold an innovation showcase at one or more of the projects primary annual
scientific meeting, and will organise participation from the projects industry QAP Special Interest Group
(SIG).
Deliverables:
D 0.2.2 Annual Training Activities Report (month 24)

M 0.2.1 Annual Scientific Meeting with SIG participation (month 12)
M 0.2.2 Annual Scientific Meeting of the whole project (month 24)
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Partner ID: UNIGE
Months: 3
Objectives:
WP Management will arrange (with the help of local organizers) regular meetings or workshops at the
partner sites in rotation and will be responsible for the scientific program. Such meetings across the entire
sub-project are intended to enable co-ordination of the research effort and to manage the realization of
deliverables, as well as raise awareness of the facilities and expertise of the different partners and identify
opportunities for collaboration. There will be an open invitation to partners from SP5 (Theory: Architecture)
at some meetings, to discuss issues related to WP1.7:Comparison.
Deliverables:
D 1.0.1 Year 2 Management Activity Report (month 24)
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WP 1.1: Rare-Earth-Ion Doped Solids

Partner ID: ULUND UNIGE
Months: 10 22
Objectives:
The goal of this workpackage is to demonstrate efficient storage and reconstruction of single-photon non-
stationary light field, e.g. time-bin qubits, in optically dense, rare-earth ion doped solids, based on controlled
reversibleinhomogeneous broadening as proposed in [Nilsson2004, Krauss2005].
oTwo groups will contribute to this workpackage: ULUND will investigate quantum memories compatible
with wavelengths around 600 nm, and UNIGE will focus on quantum state storage compatible with photons
at telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 micrometer. Both groups will implement similar protocols, based
on controlled,reversible inhomogeneous broadening (CRIB), as described in [Nilsson2004, Krauss2005].
Quantum state storage based on CRIB relies on four cornerstones, which have been investigated during the
first 18 months of the project:
- long homogeneous dephasing times.
- the possibility to tailor an inhomogeneously broadened absorption line, i.e. empty a spectral well and create
an isolated narrow spectral peak in the centre of the non-absorbing region.
- the possibility to shift a single absorption line in a controlled and reversible way using a DC electric field.
- the possibility to implement a position dependent phase shift of 2kz where k is the wave vector at light
carrier frequency, and z the propagation direction of the light in the atomic medium.The first 18 months of
the project thus serve to test the suitability of different rare-earth-ion (RE) doped solids for quantum state
storage based on CRIB. Geneva will focus on Erbium doped fibers and Er:LiNbO3 waveguides, Lund will
implement Pr and Eu doped Y2SiO5 crystals. Following this first part both partners might refocus activities
on only one material.
The results by UNIGE during the first year demonstrate that the storage and recall fidelity can be high for
the solid-state-based time-bin qubit storage techniques pursued in the project. In view of the success in
demonstrating the principles for the storage scheme and the international development, the focus for the
next period is expected to be on developing/finding suitable storage materials at 1.5 micrometers and on
improving the storage and recall efficiency. In terms of coherence times, there exist Erbium-doped materials
where it can be as long as milliseconds and the recent progresses at UNIGE working with Er-doped wave-
guiding materials are encouraging. The main challenge is therefore to spectrally isolate a narrow absorption
peak, which so far has only been demonstrated in Pr and Eu doped materials. At UNIGE the work during
the coming year will be aimed at creating such narrow spectral peaks in Er-doped Y2SiO5 crystals. For
improving the storage and recall efficiency we will at ULUND work with the storage and recall of wave-
packets in the multi-pass Pr-doped crystal that has been designed. It will be manufactured by Scientific
Materials and should be available within a few months. The work in this crystal includes optical pumping
to achieve transparency, creating and isolating a spectral peak, investigating spectral broadening for an
inhomogeneous external electric field and checking that the broadened profile can be reversed by reversing
the field. We will initially target at an optical density >1 after broadening an isolated spectral structure with an
inhomogeneous electric field. If time permits the possible impact of super-radiant effects will also be further
studied. Jointly UNIGE and LUND will also investigate the possibility to use Tm doped materials which could
be operated at 800 nm.
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Deliverables:
D 1.1.1 Evaluate the suitability of different rare-earth-ion doped solids for single-photon time-bin qubit stor-
age based on dephasing times, the possibility to tailor and shift the profile of an inhomogeneously
broadened absorption line a controlled way, and the possibility to implement a position dependent
phase shift (month 12)
D 1.1.2 Quantum state storage in multipass crystal. Demonstration of wave-packet storage and recall in
the multipass crystal (month 24)
D 1.1.3 Demonstration of quantum coherence between two independent memories. (month 24)

M 1.1.1 Evaluate coherence times of rare earth ion doped crystals and glasses under different experimen-
tal conditions (temperature, magnetic field). (month 6)
M 1.1.2 Demonstrate the possibility to shift a single spectral absorption line in a controlled and reversible
way by applying an electric field. (month 9)
M 1.1.3 Demonstration of optical pumping in both Er doped samples and multipass crystals. This includes
optical pumping to achieve transparency as well as creating and isolating a spectral peak in the
crystals. (month 18)
M 1.1.4 Test of multipass crystal. Investigating spectral broadening for an inhomogeneous external electric
field and checking that the broadened profile can be reversed by reversing the field. Demonstrate
an optical density >1 after broadening an isolated spectral structure with an inhomogeneous field.
(month 21)
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WP 1.2: NV Centres

Partner ID: USTUTT
Months: 8
Objectives:
The general goal of the WP is to store light states into spin states based on electromagnetically induced
transparency(EIT). As a storage medium we use NV defects in diamond.
Within this workpackage the storage of photons in nitrogen-vacancy colour centres in diamond will be ex-
plored. The NV centre has an electronic spin ground state. Hence via electromagnetically induced trans-
parency (EIT) type ofschemes, photon amplitude and phase could be stored in electron spin states. The
electron spin stated dephasing time of NV centres is known to be long and will limit the maximal achievable
storage time for photons. On the other hand it is known, that the spin phase memory time depends on
the density of paramagnetic impurities in diamond and not on the phonon density. Hence spin dephasing
time and photon storage time in NV centres is optimized by careful materialpurification.In EIT a coherent
superposition between the spin ground state of the NV centre and light states are generated. Adiabatic
reduction of the control beam results in a transfer from light to spin states. A further element of this WP
this is thedemonstration of EIT. In solids a major complication in light storage arises from inhomogeneous
spectral broadening.The inhomogenous broadening should be as small as possible. We will measure the
reduction of the group velocity of asignal light pulse propagating through diamond containing NV centres
will be measured. The delay caused by the abovementioned effects is calculated to be t=(1/vg-1/c)L=L/c
g2N/O2, where L is the sample length. The pulse delay thusdepends on the number of defect centres in-
volved and the control field strength. What is not included in the equation isthe inhomogeneous distribution
of transition frequencies in solids. Here we were recently able to reduce this distribution down to 7 GHz.
Yet this is still on the order of the Fourier width of the pulse and hence we will find a distribution of values
for O in the above equation. Different group velocities will be the result as well as a reduction in the overall
effect. Our aim is to achieve an as small a possible inhomogeneous broadening and to maximize the EIT
effect. The coupled light spin states are called polariton states: The key feature of the polariton state is, that
it involves defectcentre excitation in an optically dense, many defect centre system, which allows for a robust
quantum state transfer. It isimpossible to say which defect centre absorbed a photon. This implies that the
signal photon couples to collective spinstates. Following this line of argumentation the polariton state is a
collective state of N defect centre spins and onemight wonder what the dephasing properties of this state is.
Indeed it is predicted that the N particle state is very robustagainst dephasing. It is our aim to measure the
dephasing properties of these multiparticle states.
Deliverables:
D 1.2.1 Measure phase memory times for ultrapure high NV density diamond (month 12)
D 1.2.2 Generation and retrieval of electron spin coherence by optical pulses. (month 24)

M 1.2.1 Evaluate the strategy to achieve spin phase memory times beyond 0.1 ms. (month 9)
M 1.2.2 Evaluate the achievement of large amplitude EIT (month 12)
M 1.2.3 Evaluate strategy to maximize lambda transition amplitude on NV centrer. (month 18)
M 1.2.4 Evaluate optimal optical pulse sequence for electron spin Raman transitions. (month 21)
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WP 1.3: Semiconductor nanotechnology

Partner ID: TREL UBRISTOL
Months: 17 3
Objectives:
The goal of this WP is to investigate the possibility of using semiconductor nanotechnology for quantum
memories. The photonic qubit will be stored in the spin degree of freedom of an excess electron confined
within the quantum dot(s) or impurity atom(s). Integrated optical cavities should allow good input/output
coupling efficiencies.
During the second 18 months of the project we will concentrate on developing semiconductor devices which
can be used for photonic memory applications.
- Charge control. The radiative decay of excitons excited in quantum dots can be suppressed by removing
one of the carriers from the quantum dot, potentially allowing long storage times of the remain carrier.
Controlling the carrier population of single quantum dots can be achieved by introducing doping and tunnel
barriers into the growth structure.
- Input/output coupling. Building on previous work on integrating optical cavities into semiconductor struc-
tures, coupling efficiencies will be optimised and cavities will be integrated into devices designed with pho-
tonic memory applications.
- Single dot isolation. Techniques for isolating single quantum dots for study in elaborate electronic structures
will be developed.
Deliverables:
D 1.3.1 Measure and calculate the input/output coupling efficiencies for a single photon and a quantum
dot. (month 12)
D 1.3.2 Demonstrate photonic memory in a device containing quantum dots (month 24)
D 1.3.3 Present the results of studies on 2-D photonic crystal microcavities (month 24)

M 1.3.1 Develop tools for calculating the Q-value and coupling efficiencies of semiconductor cavities
(month 9)
M 1.3.2 Evaluate techniques for fabrication of semiconductor cavities containing a low number of quantum
dots (month 9)
M 1.3.3 Develop a device which allows charge tuning of quantum dot emission in a structure containing an
integrated cavity and a tunnel barrier (month 18)
M 1.3.4 Achieve >30% coupling from a microcavity single photon source (month 24)
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WP 1.4: Single Trapped Atoms

Partner ID: LMU UG
Months: 27.5 5.5
Objectives:
This project aims to develop quantum memories based on single optically trapped 87 Rb atoms. The memory
qubit is realized by two Zeeman sublevels (mF = 1) of the F = 1 hyperfine ground level. Considered proto-
cols for applications in long distance quantum communication are based on entanglement between the inter-
nal atomic spin state and the polarization of a spontaneously emitted single photon at a wavelength suitable
for low-loss communication over large distances. Especially for future applications like quantum networks
or the quantum repeater it is mandatory to achieve entanglement also between separated quantum proces-
sors. For this purpose, our approach to generate entanglement between single atoms and single photons
forms the interface between atomic quantum memories and photonic quantum communication channels,
finally allowing the distribution of quantum information over large distances (in our case at least several 100
m). Based on the recently demonstrated atom-photon entanglement the objectives for the next 18 months
(period 2) are:
(i) Prepare the state of an atomic quantum memory at a remote location via a quantum teleportation protocol.
(ii) Study and improve coherence time of atomic qubit, in order to demonstrate the feasibility of long-distance
atom-photon entanglement.
(iii) Develop an ultra-fast highly-efficient atomic state detection technique for a first loophole-free test of Bells
inequality.
The quantum states of a single photon and the emitting atom become entangled during the emission pro-
cess. This entanglement can be utilized for quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping protocols to
write photonic qubits into atomic quantum memories and similarly to read the atomic states onto photonic
communication units. The work during the next 18 months comprises:
(i) Remote state preparation of atomic qubit: Based on the recently demonstrated atom-photon entangle-
ment we intend to realize a first quantum communication protocol, namely the remote preparation of the
atomic quantum memory via teleportation of an arbitrarily prepared quantum state of a single photon. This
method uses expansion of the Hilbert space of the photon of the entangled atom-photon pair with subse-
quent complete Bell-state analysis. Being formally equivalent to quantum teleportation it enables the transfer
of a known photonic qubit to the atomic quantum memory. To evaluate the performance of this protocol a
full tomography of the prepared atomic state has to be performed. This experiment should mark a first step
towards the efficient writing of an quantum memory via quantum teleportation from light to matter.
(ii) Improve atomic coherence time to 10 microseconds: For applications of atom-photon entanglement in
long distance quantum communication decoherence processes in our case decoherence of the atomic spin
state due to fluctuating external magnetic fields - become dominant, reducing the atom-photon entanglement
fidelity and therefore gate fidelities. We plan to improve the atomic coherence time up to 10 microseconds by
implementing an actively feedback controlled magnetic field compensation. This work will be an important
step to optimize the usability of our quantum memory for long-distance atom-photon entanglement and
therefore for a possible quantum repeater application.
(iii) Ultra fast ionisation detection of the atomic qubit: We will implement a new atomic state detection tech-
nique which should allow to read out the atomic qubit within a few 100 ns. In combination with the already
implemented STIRAP-technique we plan to laserionize a single Rb atom depending on its internal spin state
and detect the ionisation fragments with so-called Channeltron electron muliplier.
(iv) Long-distance atom-photon entanglement: Investigate, as a first step towards the generation of entan-
glement between separated quantum memories, atom-photon entanglement over a distance of 300 m.
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Deliverables:
D 1.4.1 Observation of atom-Photon entanglement (month 12)
D 1.4.2 Remote preparation of atomic quantum memory (month 18)

M 1.4.1 Efficient detection of atomic states ( > 95%) (month 6)
M 1.4.2 State tomography of an entangled atom-photon state (month 9)
M 1.4.3 Improve atomic coherence time to 10 microseconds (month 18)

M 1.4.4 Ultra fast ionisation detection of the atomic qubit (month 24)
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WP 1.5: Room-Temperature Atomic Vapour

Partner ID: NBI UOXF.DU
Months: 14 5
Objectives:
Demonstrate quantum memory based on room-temperature atomic vapour and dispersive light-atoms inter-
action plusquantum feedback.
We will continue our recent work on quantum state storage using vapour cells [Julsgaard2004]:
- light-to-atoms quantum teleportation
- memory for entangled light states
- long distance atomic entanglement
- quantum teleportation of atomic memory states
- quantum memory read-out.
Deliverables:
D 1.5.1 Measurements of the fidelity of quantum storage of light via light-to-matter teleportation
(month 12)
D 1.5.2 Investigation of the ways to improve the fidelity of recording into atomic memory implementing
squeezing operations on atoms and light (month 24)

M 1.5.1 Optimization of the experimental light-atoms interaction parameters for the teleportation protocol
(month 6)
M 1.5.2 Conclusion on the feasibility of the light-to-atoms quantum teleportation protocol based on a single
atomic ensemble in magnetic field (month 9)
M 1.5.3 Generation of a spin squeezed initial state of atoms towards improved fidelity of quantum memory
protocols (month 18)
M 1.5.4 Adapting the squeezed light source and coupling it to the memory experiment towards improved
fidelity of quantum memory protocols (month 24)
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WP 1.6: Cold Atoms

Partner ID: NBI
Months: 15
Objectives:
We will develop the interface between light and ensembles of cold atoms with the goal to demonstrate
(pseudo) spinsqueezing at the Cesium transition, and to store and recall light states with higher-than-
classical fidelity
Work within the first 18 months consists of:

- dipole trapping of ensembles of cold Caesium and Rubidium ensembles.
- Strong light-ensemble coupling with less atoms and shorter light pulses allows multi-pass protocols with-
enhanced capabilities.
- demonstration of applications to quantum memory and to spin squeezing at the Cs clock transition whichen-
ables to improve the sensitivity of atom clocks.
- develop a single photon and Fock state source compatible with atomic quantum memory (frequency tun-
able,narrowband). Towards this end we will employ cavity enhanced downconversion with the goal of 5 nsec
lightpulseswith repetition rate up to 105 Hz, Fourier limited in space and time. Initially the source will be
tunablearound the Cesium resonance at 852 nm wavelength. This source can in the future be tailored to
other mediaincluding solid state implementations.
Deliverables:
D 1.6.1 Quantum non-demolition measurements of the quantum state of cold Cs atoms at the clock tran-
sition. (month 12)
D 1.6.2 Quantum non-demolition measurements of a quantum state using the Cs clock transition.
(month 24)
D 1.6.3 Investigation of quantum properties of light coupled to the Rb BEC (month 24)

M 1.6.1 Preparation of the coherent spin state on Cs clock transition (month 6)
M 1.6.2 Measurements of the population difference of Cs clock transition levels with the light probe
(month 9)
M 1.6.3 Establishing side effects of the non-destructive probing such as differential light shifts. Implement-
ing a protocol for the correction of such effects. (month 15)
M 1.6.4 Assessment of alternative measurement strategies such as polarization spectroscopy of trapped,
cold ensembles of atoms. (month 18)
M 1.6.5 Technology transfer of the techniques developed for cesium atoms in this project to trapped Bose-
condensed rubidium atoms. Measurement of quantum statistics of light coupled to Rb BEC..
(month 21)
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WP 1.7: Comparison

Partner ID: UNIGE ULUND USTUTT TREL LMU NBI
Months: 5 1 1 1 1 1
Partner ID: UBRISTOL IPSAS CNRSGRE UG UMK HPLB
Months: 1 6 4 1 1 5.5
Objectives:
The objective of this workpackage is to compare, evaluate and analyse the different approaches to quantum
memory for applications in quantum communication and computation.
This subproject unifies various approaches towards quantum memory. They differ in the interaction used, in
the materials employed, and allow coding of quantum information into different degrees of freedom of pho-
tons. Apart from the fundamental interest in quantum state mapping between photons and atoms, we have
to keep in mind that this SP should provide a tool for quantum communication and computation, in particular
quantum networks and quantum repeater that will be addressed in SP2 and SP3. It is therefore important
to analyse the different activities within SP1 with respect to applications and to continuously compare the
schemes pursued within the sub-project inorder to improve their development. Obviously, this evaluation
goes hand in hand with activities in SP2 and 3, and also feeds into the architecture part of the theory sub-
project (SP5.5). The participants of SP1, together with interested partners from SP5.5 will meet regularly
every 12 months for a workshop. The first meeting will serve to identify relevant issues, for instance
- Review (known) tasks where quantum state storage is of use (e.g. source of single photons on demand,
buffer,quantum repeater,. . . ).
- Pinpoint the necessary properties of a memory to accomplish these tasks (e.g. necessity to interface
with a specific degree of freedom, long storage time, possibility to verify the loading of a memory in a non
destructive way,. . . ).
- Analyze the different approaches regarding these properties and hence suitability for certain tasks. This
includes quantification of fidelities of specific storage/retrieving processes, analysis of decoherence mecha-
nisms and studies of means to reduce their effects. We will also develop test of performance of a quantum
memory, i.e. specify the minimal set of requirements needed to judge a realization successful.
- Study applicability of the different approaches to other other materials to identify their suitability as optical
quantum information storage or buffering elements. In this context, we also plan to extend and general-
ize theoretical studies of non-linearities in EIT for integration of quantum gates and quantum optical stor-
age[Beausoleil2003, Beausoleil2004] in few-qubit optical devices. It is envisaged that this will be an iterative
process from year to year as advances in our understanding, both experimentally and theoretically, progress
throughout the term of the project.
Deliverables:
D 1.7.1 Interim results of the comparison, evaluation and analysis of the different approaches to quantum
memory for applications in quantum communication and computation (month 12)
D 1.7.2 Updated results on the comparison, evaluation and analysis of the different approaches to quantum
memory for applications in quantum communication and computation. (month 24)
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M 1.7.1 Define main criteria that has to be met by efficient quantum memory and storage devices
(month 5)
M 1.7.2 Quantify performance of quantum storage devices (month 9)
M 1.7.3 Review of criteria that has to be met by efficient quantum memory and storage devices. (month 18)
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Partner ID: IMPERIAL
Months: 3
Objectives:
This workpackage will take care of the overall management of the subproject and taking care of good col-
laborationswith other subprojects
WP Management will arrange (with the help of local organizers) regular meetings or workshops at the partner
sites inrotation and will be responsible for the scientific program. Such meetings across the entire sub-project
are intended toenable co-ordination of the research effort and to manage the realization of deliverables, as
well as raise awareness ofthe facilities and expertise of the different partners and identify opportunities for
collaboration.
Deliverables:
D 2.0.1 Management report (month 12)
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WP 2.1: Photon sources for quantum networks

Partner ID: EPFL UOXF.DU TREL UMK LMU FAU
Months: 13.5 8 35 4 12.5 7
Partner ID: Elsag ICFO
Months: 13 35
Objectives:
Network-compatible sources of single and entangled photons with information coding that will yield better
performanceof quantum protocols.
Reliable and robust sources of photons will be developed suitable for concatenation and for interconnection.
Some key characteristics of the sources are:
(a) High brightness (ie., many entangled pairs per unit time per unit solid angle)
(b) High mode quality (ie., no unusable correlations and potential for fiber coupling)
(c) Engineered entanglement (ie., controlled correlations between several degrees of freedom)
Three approaches will be used: quasi-deterministic emission from single quantum dots, and spontaneous
scattering from parametric generators, either in (2) or (3) media. These avenues offer the potential to
generate both single photons for use, for example in a KLM-type quantum logic gate, and photon pairs
entangled in several degrees of freedom.
(1) Engineered nonlinear structures: One activity will focus on developing sources and detectors for gener-
ating multipletsof photons in pure states at appropriate wavelengths using engineered non linear materials.
Nonlinear optical structures, such as quasi-phase-matched materials and waveguides will be used to pro-
duce single photons conditional on the detection of a herald, or entangled pairs, by the concatenation of
several single structures. The structures will be designed so that the space-time mode characteristics of
the photons generated are of a prescribed form. Alternatively, control of the space-time character of the
pump in bulk crystals may provide similar results. These approaches will yield hyperentangled states of
single photons and photon pairs. A key goal is to develop a set of sources that can be integrated into a
network at distant locations yet yield high-visibility quantum interference at other configurable network ports.
A second activity will explore parametric processes in dispersion-controlled fibers. These provide the possi-
bility for harnessing (3) nonlinearities efficiently by controlling the dispersion of the fibers themselves. Such
sources are also inherently compatible with integrated networks.
(2) Microcavity-enhanced single-emitters: A third activity will be concerned with the development of single
emitter sources, which offer the possibility for both single and entangled photon pairs on demand. We will
develop growth and processing techniques to produce low densities of III-V quantum dots emitting close to
1300 or 1550nm, so that the emission wavelength is tailored to one of the fibre optic transmission bands for
long-distance quantum networking overoptical fibres. Structures will be fabricated to allow the emission of a
single long wavelength quantum dot to be isolated and its opticalproperties studied, and advantage will be
taken of the Purcell effect to push toward Fourier-transform limited single photons. The coupling of a single
QD to a semiconductor waveguide, including with a photonic crystal structure, will be investigated as an
alternative approach to achieving high collection efficiency. Single photon emission from a longwavelength
quantum dot will be demonstrated and device performance assessed. A significant part of this work involves
developing the experimental techniques required to characterise these sources. Another challenge for the
current generation of quantum-dot-based sources is to generate entangled photons. In this segment of
the workpackage we will design and realise entangled photon sources which are based upon sequentially
emitted photons from the quantum dot. We will implement time-bin qubit encoding to allow long-distance
distribution of the entangled photons, as well as investigate the viability of other encoding schemes. We will
also extend this photon pair source to time-bin encoding schemes which are robust for transmission over
fibre optic networks. This approach to coding will also link to the study of qudit-based protocols in WP 2.4
Source verification: These sources will be tested by demonstrations of standard interference phenomena
(such as usedin KLM-type CNOT gates) and by implementing the novel few-qubit algorithms in WP 2.5.2.
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Deliverables:
D 2.1.1 Observation of two-photon interference with two successive single photons emitted by a single
semiconductor quantum dot (month 12)
D 2.1.2 Entanglement in position and time between two successive single photons from a single semicon-
ductor quantum dot (month 24)

M 2.1.1 Single-emitter single-photon sources for quantum networks based on QDs (month 6)
M 2.1.2 Conditionally-prepared single-photon sources for quantum networks based on nonlinear optics
(month 9)
M 2.1.3 Demonstration of Purcell enhancement of single-quantum dot emission at 1300 nm in photonic

crystal or micropillar cavities (month 24)
M 2.1.4 Demonstration of the purity of free-space and fiber-coupled single photons generated using asym-
metric GVM. (month 24)
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WP 2.2: Network hardware

Partner ID: PIR CNRSGRE UMK UOXF.DU KTH
Months: 6.5 2.5 4 7 3.3
Objectives:
Development of photon number resolving detectors and active optical elements for photon manipulation and-
measurement. This will facilitate acceptance of new quantum technologies by both scientific and industrial
environments and their incorporation into wide practice by developing integrated quantum measurement
devices (sensors)
Many key protocols for quantum computation and communication require the ability to distinguish between
discrete numbers of photons. Examples are the operation of a KLM sign-shift gate and the generation of
entanglement using Procrustean methods. Two approaches to the development of photon number resolving
detectors will be pursued.
Mode-multiplexed detectors:
The second activity will be the optimization of photon-number resolving detector using standard APDs.
These have the important feature that the number of photons are never overcounted when the modesare
properly orthogonal. The main issues are the invertability of the characteristic matrix, the losses via multiple
splittings, and the preparation fidelity due to vacuum suppression. The performance of this photon number
resolving detector will be studied experimentally and simulated theoretically. This will involve the use of
multimode as well assingle mode fibers and couplers, to increase the collection efficiency, as well as the
development of a rapiddiscriminator system that will allow time-gating of the multiple APD firings with respect
to pump laser. The role of fast-pulsing in determining the measured count statistics will also be studied. The
possibilities for using the detector as aweak field homodyne measurement device (for quantum state and
process tomography, for example) will also be examined experimentally and theoretically.
Superconducting detectors:
This activity will work toward the demonstration of a high speed and low dark count single photon counter
based on superconducting technology. The detector will be released associated with the electronics for
proper conditioning of the superconducting chip and for amplification of the detected signals.
Optoelectronic modulators and switches:
A third activity will be the design and realization of integrated optical elements, such as PBG fibers, suitable
for compact, computer insertable, opto-electronics apparatus will be pursued.These will be used for a hybrid
quantum communications link operating an MHz bit distribution rates, and will be suitable for high-fidelity
transmission of entangled states.
Deliverables:
D 2.2.1 Working prototype of improved single photon counting superconducting detector (month 12)
D 2.2.2 Testing of SSPDs at higher frequencies with preliminary electronic front-end, providing interface to
terminal units (month 24)
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M 2.2.1 Characterization and testing of TMD and superconducting detection apparatus (month 6)
M 2.2.2 Realization of optimal photon-number resolving detector using standard APDs (month 9)
M 2.2.3 Testing and improvements of TMD and SSPDs performances (month 18)
M 2.2.4 Testing and improvements of photon number resolving detectors using standard APDs.
(month 22)
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WP 2.3: Multi-photon networks

Partner ID: LMU OEAW UOXF.DU KTH Elsag
Months: 2.5 13 4 4 3
Objectives:
Demonstrate multipartite entanglement of various classes, and use it to improve network performance
Robust networks that are to be of use beyond communications will require several entangled particles,
either directly for computation or for error correction to preserve a logical qubit or qudit. This requires the
development of new hardware in combination with proper application of sources for the construction of
complex multi-partite entangled states using photonic qubits.
Demonstration of various multi-photon states:
This workpackage will address the issues of concatenating several pair-generating sources to the production
and distribution of such states. The sources themselves will be those developed in WP 2.1. So far one of
our goals was the production and characterization of GHZ, W, Cluster and other inequivalent classes of
4-party states, as well as 5-party states such as graph states suitable for error correction. Some of these
states could already be successfully investigated during period 1. In period 2 we will, based on the achieved
results, continue to go further in this direction:
There is still a variety of multi-partite entangled states with different, particular properties which might be
useful for different and new complex quantum communication protocols and networks. We will investigate
combinations of different photon pair sources for the observation of new four photon states and the influence
of higher order emissions from SPDC or weak coherent beams for the observation of five photon states.
From that point of view it will be important to thoroughly characterize the experimentally observed states
with respect to the theoretical ideal states. For that characterization we will use tomographic procedures or
appropriate witnesses to demonstrate membership in the respective entanglement class. However usually
these methods involve a high experimental effort which is often even not feasible. Therefore it will be es-
sential to reduce the number of necessary measurements to a minimum. To this end one might exploit the
characteristic properties of the state under investigation. That was already partially successfully done during
period 1 and we will continue in this direction (possibly including as well results from WP2.6).
For the observation of particular multi-photon states the concatenation of different sources via linear optics
quantum logic (LOQL) gates will be be necessary. Furthermore the application of gates, which are stable
enough to work in multi-photon experiments enable the performance of quantum communication protocols
within a network. For example that will allow Bell sate analysis in quantum state teleportation.
Remote state preparation is the variant of quantum state teleportation in which the sender knows the quan-
tum state to be communicated. We will investigate the possiblity of performing remote and delayed prepara-
tion of entangled states of 4 or more photons, such as Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state or two pairs of the
Bell-state. By these schemes, only classical communication and projective measurements are enough for
the remote state preparation of some special chosen multiparticle entangled states. Interesting situations
arrise in delayed-choice experiments in which entangled state is produced a posteriori, after the entangled
photons have been registered. For example, in entanglement swapping experiment the two photons coming
from two sources can be detected before the Bell-state measurement has been performed. Alternatively,
instead of a Bell-measurement one could measure the polarization of the two photons individually which
would result in a separable product state.
Hyperentangled-photon generation:
A second activity will add further complexity in the form of hyperentangled photons, in order to investigate the
advantages of qudit codings for increased network performance. In this activity we will investigate multipartite
entanglement in the different LOCC-classes for qudits.
Nonclassical interference in planar waveguide structures:
A third activity will address the usage of integrated optics for multi-photon networks which will offer new
prospects. The difficulty in both aligning and stabilising bulk optical arrangements makes concatenation
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of even two CNOT gates a challenge. Integrated optics provides a route to achieving this, since it allows
many interferometers to be cascaded on a single chip, in a compact and stable configuration. Integrated
multi-mode interferometers are now being employed for classical information processing devices, and show
great promise for translation to the quantum regime. In particular, silica on silicon is one of the few industry
standard optical waveguide material systems available today, and offers unique advantages for realising
quantum gates. OXF.DU has a ongoing collaborations with the Optoelectronics Research Center at the
University of Southampton. Custom waveguide structures will be purchased from the ORC for the above
applications.
Deliverables:
D 2.3.1 Demonstration of 4-photon cluster state preparation (month 12)
D 2.3.2 Quantum Teleportation with LOQL (Linear Optics Quantum Logic) Bell-state analyzer. (month 24)

M 2.3.1 Steps tpward experimental demonstration of a four photon cluster state (month 6)
M 2.3.2 Feed-forward capability in measurement based quantum logic (month 12)
M 2.3.3 Observation of a four photon W state. (month 18)

M 2.3.4 Demonstration of remote and delayed-choice entangled state preparation in multi-photon net-
works. (month 24)
M 2.3.5 Coupling light into waveguide interferometers and observing stable interference. (month 24)
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WP 2.4: Qudits and continuous variables

Partner ID: IMPERIAL KTH UOXF.DU UNICAM UMK LMU
Months: 8 2.2 7 10.5 4 4
Partner ID: ULB ICFO OEAW
Months: 7 21 7
Objectives:
Theory and experiment exploiting the rich structure of photons (in both discrete and continuous degrees of
freedom) to build error correction and avoidance schemes and to implement few-qubit algorithms.
We will explore how different degrees of freedom can be manipulated coherently both separately and jointly.
This freedom will be exploited in new protocols making use of different degrees of freedom of light, in
instances of controlled manipulation of mechanical degrees of freedom, and in quantum error correction and
protection schemes. This workpackage also embodies work towards closing the detection loophole in test
of local hidden variable theories, and theoretical studies of quantum channel capacities.
Sources: We will develop sources of frequency entangled light. Sources of frequency correlated and an-
ticorrelated photons are studied, as well as of uncorrelated photons, to render sources suitable for further
light manipulation in quantum protocols.
Measuring joint spectra of photon pairs: We will construct compact common-path Mach-Zender interfer-
ometers for measuring joint spectra of photon pairs, and also inverting Sagnac interferometers for measuring
wave fronts. We aim to use these interferometers for characterizing down-conversion sources.
Independent control of discrete and continuous degrees of freedom: Assess and develop techniques
for the independent control of polarization and the transverse wavevector, orbital angular momentum or
frequency/time-bin modes of photons, as well as coupling between them. These can be viewed as single
qubit or qudit operations, and will establish a toolbox for hyperentangled quantum states.
Protecting against noise by active control and passive control: A central aim of this workpackage is
the experimental realization and the development of theoretical models to quantum error correction and
protection schemes. We will design a parity-kick version of bang-bang decoupling to reduce the noise in
the transmission of quantum optical signals into optical fibers. The use of phase shifters, which will act on
the dynamics on the qubits modifying the system properties (decoherence), will allow a decoupling from
the reservoir. A realistic description of the decoherence in optical fibers will be considered. Estimation of
the characteristic distance on which decoherence happens and the phase shifters have to be inserted. We
will also investigate new quantum communication protocols using space and time degrees of freedom of a
single photon together with its polarization for realizing the quantum channel coding theorem. We will use
full bosonic character of optical fields for hybrid encoding schemes [Ball2004] that exploit several degrees
of freedom at once including various decoherence effects such as linear losses or lack of absolute phase
reference between the communicating parties [Walton2003]. Using higher dimensional systems one can
implement error filtration which enables one to reduce the amount of noise in an entangled system by using
only linear optics elements.
Joint operations on field modes: Design and implementation of joint quantum operations between, say,
polarization mode and other field degrees of freedom. In particular basic quantum logic elements such as
controlled NOT or controlled phase gates will need to be demonstrated, as they are used in any interesting
application. The range of linear optical gates that we need will be extended beyond the CNOT, possibly to a
SWAP or reverse teleportation configuration. These will also be needed for fully efficient state measurement,
as well as techniques for multi-qudit projective measurements for use in the protocols. A key activity of this
workpackage is also the exploitation of orbital angular momentum of photons, when qutrits are encoded into
Laguerre Gaussian modes, in applications such as error filtration.
Exploitation of mechanical degrees of freedom: A promising new approach in this workpackage is not
only concerned with optical continuous-variable degrees of freedom of light, but also those of mechanical
systems, in particular with a high reflectivity, high-Q micromechanical Bragg mirror interacting with light. We
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will investigate theoretically as well as experimentally passive cooling by appropriately exploiting radiation
pressure effects, and study instances of quantum state engineering of mechanical degrees of freedom. Such
optomechanical entanglement could also be used for detecting weak mechanical forces.
Communication capacity of Gaussian channels in a quantum network: An important question that
will occur in theattempt to build quantum networks is the maximum achievable information rate (i.e., the
capacity) of each communication link. In particular, there has been an important research effort recently
devoted to Gaussian quantumchannels, which is a very natural model for optical links e.g. optical fibers.
This is a theoretical problem, but which has important consequences on the realization of practical quantum
networks. We intend to investigate the capacity of Gaussian channels with memory and the possibility to
enhance it using entangled continuous-variable states.
Deliverables:
D 2.4.1 Experimental creation of a tunable source of correlated, anticorrelated or even uncorrelated pho-
tons for their use in the implementation of quantum information protocols based on frequency
entanglement (month 12)
D 2.4.2 Integrated devices for modal characterisation of single photon sources (month 24)

M 2.4.1 First verification of the building of a frequency correlated source of frequency correlated photons
(month 6)
M 2.4.2 Extension to frequency anticorrelated and uncorrelated photons (month 9)
M 2.4.3 Realization of efficient laser cooling of mechanical micromirrors (month 24)

M 2.4.4 Development of a source of bandwidth-tailored entangled photons for its use in higher dimensional
quantum communications and cryptography (month 24)
M 2.4.5 Development of a setting for bang-bang decoupling to reduce the noise in the transmission of
quantum optical signals into optical fibers (month 36)
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WP 2.5: Multi-particle and qudit entanglement purification and algorithms

Partner ID: IMPERIAL UOXF.DU OEAW LMU ULB UBRISTOL
Months: 12 15 13 4 12 4
Objectives:
Experiments and theory for realizing key protocols for entanglement distribution over networks and their
exploitation inquantum algorithms.
This workpackage will apply the larger information capacity of photons coded into more than two states
(qudits) to quantum communication networks, by exploring the possibilities of using them in teleportation
and other protocols. It will be necessary to develop new technologies, and improve existing ones. Once
basic quantum gates between the polarization and other degrees of freedom of an individual photon have
been realized these can be used for several applications. In particular, we are interested in protocols for
which no qubit based solutions are known. The quantum gates between the several degrees of freedom of
an individual photon that will be developed in WP2.4 will be used to experimentally implement the algorithms.
Entanglement generation using Procrustean methods: An important function of a quantum network is
to allow the distribution of entanglement to a set of nodes. The transmission of light over a network will
necessarily corrupt the state, making it non-optimal for many protocols. Even with appropriate coding, it is
likely that purification schemes will be needed to enhance the degree of entanglement to useable levels. A
number of possibilities exist for entanglement concentration, and we propose to implement some of these
using tools to be developed during the course of the project. In particular, we will implement a version of
Procrustean protocols using high-brightness sources with quantumcorrelated photon numbers and number
resolving detectors.
Iterative entanglement concentration: The experiments will be performed on continuous variables en-
coded into the optical field, in the limit of a few photons per pulse. The conditioning of the states will be
done by measurement. The primary goal is to assess the feasibility of protocols for enhancing entanglement
at remote locations using realistic sources, detectors and linear optics and a more distant foal will be to
demonstrate the concatenation of two stages of conditioning, in order to show the power of iteration. A com-
plete continuous variable entanglement-swapping scheme, based on the previous developed techniques of
combined photon-number resolved and homodyne detection, will be realized.
Error correction: Of particular interest from a communication point of view will be the implementation of
error detection or error correction codes on single photons employing the polarization and field mode. Theo-
retical work will establish optimal schemes for protecting the polarization degree of freedom by entangling it
with other degrees of freedom. Given that the Hilbert space for the field mode can have a high dimensionality
it could provide enough space for error correcting codes. Experimental production of entangled qu-quads (4
dimensional systems) will lead to the demonstration of error filtration to produce entangled qubits of higher
quality than in the absence of error filtration. (This is the analogue for entanglement of the experiment
already realized by ULB for reducing noise in a QKD system).
We will also investigate experimental methods to manipulate the orbital angular momentum states of pho-
tons with computer generated phase holograms via a spatial light modulator (SLM). This new method will
drastically increase the possibilities for transformations of these states, as the computer generated hologram
offers the flexibility of producing and tuning the desired phase modulation in real-time. This method will en-
able us to investigate higher dimensional entanglement with more accuracy and flexibility as is presently
possible.
Loophole-free Bell tests: Partners ULB and CWI have shown that by using higher dimensional entangled
systems one can hope to close the detection loophole in non-locality tests. The detailed way to carry out
such tests will be investigated in section architectures. However it is clear that a significant increase in
the dimensionality of the entangled systems will be necessary. To this end partner ULB, building on the
setup used for the error filtration experiment discussed above, will carry out non-locality tests on entangled
4 dimensional systems. These non-locality experiments will be based on the 4 dimensional Bell inequality
recently discovered independently by Cabello. The ULB experiments will be based on a modular architecture
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in which successive unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers are used one behind the other. It is thus in
principle relatively easy to double the dimensionality of the system. If the experiments using 4 dimensional
systems are successful, one could even envisage manipulating 8 dimensional entangled systems.
Quantum relays for entanglement distribution over long distances: Quantum relays have been proven
to be a viable method to enhance the distance over which entanglement can be distributed. Even though
they are less powerful than quantum repeaters, they are much closer to an experimental realization since
they do not require a quantum memory. This concept has been recently demonstrated for qubits, but it
is still unknown whether it is applicable to qudits and, even more interestingly, to continuous variables. In
the latter case, this may be a good way to circumvent the main drawback of continuous-variable quantum
communication namely its limited range. Further protocols that will be developed in the SP Theory, assuming
ideal conditions, will also be adapted to more realistic experimental configurations within this WP, including
such things as photon loss, detector inefficiency and dephasing.
Coin tossing: Recent experiments have focused on bit string generation that is easier to realize experimen-
tally than tossing a single coin. We will attempt to realize an experiment in which a single coin is tossed in
such a way that no party can bias the coin maximally (this is impossible classically). The above experimen-
tal realizations will crucially depend on input from Workpackage 5.3 Quantum Commerce for the design of
improved protocols for coin tossing.
Fingerprinting: In addition to the standard gate array model it will be explored whether it is possible to
implement complicated operations (long sequences in the gate array model) in single steps on the field
modes. The abstract scheme for quantum fingerprinting [Buhrmann2001], will be formulated employing both
discrete and continuous degrees of freedom. The impact of imperfections will be explored and the possibility
of error correction will be investigated. The implementation will be optimised for the specific experimental
parameter ranges that are available. An experimental demonstration of Quantum Fingerprinting and/or
Digital Signatures may be undertaken, depending on whether suitable methods for implementing these
protocols using current technology can be found.
Deliverables:
D 2.5.1 Theoretical optimization and experimental demonstration of the basic elements of an entanglement
concentration apparatus (month 12)
D 2.5.2 Demonstration of multiphoton interference using pure-state photonic wavepackets. (month 24)

M 2.5.1 Optimized entanglement generation protocol for realistic experimental setting (month 6)
M 2.5.2 Prototype for an optical entanglement distillation scheme. (month 12)
M 2.5.3 Steps towards the creation of 6-photon experimental test bed (month 24)
M 2.5.4 Generation of pure-state photonic wavepackets directly from conditionally prepared number-en-
tangled states. (month 21)
M 2.5.5 Experimental demonstration of new algorithms for one-way quantum computer. (month 18)
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WP 2.6: Testing small-scale quantum networks and devices

Partner ID: HPLB IMPERIAL Elsag LMU UOXF.DU
Months: 5.5 7 2 4 3
Objectives:
Develop methods for the verification of quantumlevel operation of networks and few-qubit quantum devices
withoutfull quantum state measurement.
Network and quantum device performance assessment demands a set of tools and protocols to verify its
operation. This activity will be directed toward the experimental implementation of a suite of tools for this
purpose, incl. tomography, measures of entanglement that are feasible for large systems and demonstration
of few-qubit algorithms, such as datahidingand secret sharing. Several basic problems will be analyzed and
where possible, experimentally implementedusing the technologies developed elsewhere in this subproject,
along with theoretical tools developed in this WP. The goals of this research are
(1) to apply these methods to efficient characterization of the network channels and sources,especially for
qudit and continuous variable states,
(2) to search for optimal scalable methods to characterize largersystems, and
(3) to implement the protocols experimentally for few logical qubit systems composed of photons.
Specific to year two:
Research will be pursued on the generation of further toolbox components for the non-tomographic testing
of quantum states and processes, complementary to those developed in year one. Once one deviates from
full tomography, it is important to provide a range of possible tests, so that particular experimental routes
have options. Certain operators may be easier to measure for some experimental systems, so a range of
toolbox components is desirable. Research will also be pursued (linking with WP 2.3) implementing non-
tomographic toolbox approaches in an experimental setting.
Two specific examples:
Theory: Application of state and process comparison methods to understand the limitations of a (possibly
small) finite number of samples from quantum experiments. Experiments may only provide a finite number
of samples of a quantum state to be analysed, or a known quantum state acted upon by a process where
it is the process to be analysed. Rather than attempting inaccurate tomography, it can be asked what can
be learnt about the quantum state or process from a quantum state comparison perspective, potentially with
some known state or states as a benchmark. Deliverable: A contribution to the growing toolbox of theoretical
techniques that can be applied to the analysis of few-qubit states and processes.
Experiment: Application of non-tomographic measures of entanglement to multi-photon experiments. In
multi-photon experiments it is of vital importance to obtain maximal information regarding the quantum state
under investigation through a minimal number of local measurement settings. Recently it was shown that
witness-operators can be used to deduce a bound on the value of particular entanglement measures. This
approach will be applied to a four-photon Dicke state (with input also from WP2.3). This forms a particularly
interesting scenario for the Dicke state since, due to its symmetry, only a two-setting witness-operator is
required. Deliverable: Demonstration of a two-setting witness-operator on a four-photon Dicke state.
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Deliverables:
D 2.6.1 Toolbox components for the assessment of properties of quantum states and processes without
the need of full state tomography (so based on incomplete data), aimed at experimental testing of
optical and other device (month 12)
D 2.6.2 Further toolbox components for the assessment of quantum states and processes without full
tomography. (month 24)
D 2.6.3 First experimental testing of non-tomographic toolbox components in an optical setting.
(month 24)

M 2.6.1 Toolbox components for testing specific small-scale (few-qubit) quantum device (month 9)
M 2.6.2 Scalable schemes to assess devices, testable on small-scale (few-qubit) optical system
(month 12)
M 2.6.3 Additions to the toolbox based on state and process comparison methods to understand the limi-
tations of a (possibly small) finite number of samples from quantum experiments. (month 24)
M 2.6.4 Quantum optical experimental demonstration of a two-setting witness-operator on a four-photon
Dicke state. (Note: This uses input from WP 2.3.) (month 24)
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Partner ID: OEAW
Months: 3
Objectives:
- Coordination of activities
- Organization of workshops
- Foster exchange of knowledge and tools
Within the management workpackage it is our goal to make sure that the diverse realizations of quantum
channels willprofit from each other and from common developments of components such as sources, de-
tectors and electronics forclassical communication and data processing. For this purpose we want to bring
together experimentalists from the various partners so that they can discuss commonaspects of their type
of quantum communication link at small workshops. Management will make sure that solutions toproblems
in one realization will be disseminated within the SP. As a result of this workshop we will create a review of
the status quo of quantum repeater implementations and acomparative study on the various quantum link
technologies. The development of suitable sources for each type of link is likely to have common elements.
Tools for the simulationof entangled photon pair sources should be designed to be suitable for all kinds
of sources to avoid paralleldevelopment. The management will ensure that everyone working on quantum
repeaters will have access to these tools.
Deliverables:
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WP 3.1: Quantum Channels

Partner ID: OEAW UNIGE LMU UG
Months: 11 8 9 2
Objectives:
- Decoherence and loss mechanisms in various quantum channels
- Link optimization and automation technology
- Alignment of the channel and stabilization and active compensation of polarization both in free-space and
fibre based links
In this workpackage we will investigate the decoherence and depolarization mechanisms as well as absorp-
tion losses in practical realizations of quantum channels and we will find optimal coding strategies in order to
reduce these effects. We are also studying the different architectures for quantum channels, and networks,
that would optimise practical systems. This could involve quantum memories and in particular, multi-photon
quantum memories, which will be investigated within period 2. In particular, the following quantum commu-
nication links will be investigated:
(1) Fiber time-bin qubits are very suitable for long distance application in regular telecom networks.
(2) Fiber polarization qubits have mainly been investigated for visible and near infrared wavelengths suitable
for detection with low-noise, high efficiency silicon avalanche diodes. They are well suited to connect to the
most successful realizations of photonic quantum information processing.
(3) Free-space links are used if no fiber connection is available and there is a need for bridging distances on
a global scale.
For all of these links it is necessary to know the decoherence mechanisms in great detail. For fibers the
influence of various dispersion mechanisms, temperature and acoustic noise must be studied. While many
things are known in the context of classical telecommunication we are sometimes surprised by the perfor-
mance of fibers at different wavelengths and with regards to their polarization properties. For free-space
links the decoherence mechanisms are not fully known. The best encoding has not yet been identified.
We expect solar background and scattering. We will study the dependence of the link quality with weather
conditions. Once the noise processes are clear we can start to optimize the various quantum channels. In
fibers using polarization this could involve automizing the polarization compensation. For free-space links
pointing and tracking must be considered and possibly adaptive optics.
Due to various atmospheric influences such as changes of the atmospheric layering and temperature and
humidity gradients, the apparent bearing of the receiver station varied on timescales of tens of seconds
to minutes. Hence in previous experiment the alignment of the transmitter telescope was only controlled
automatically by a one way closed-loop tracking system using a 532 nm beacon laser shining from the
single photon transmitter backward. Among goals to be realized within the period 2 is a two way closed-loop
tracking system, where both, the sender and the receiver, are actively stabilized.
Deliverables:
D 3.1.1 Comparison of fiber and free-space transmission of qubits (month 12)
D 3.1.2 Demonstration of polarization entanglement maintained over 12 hours in installed Telecom fibres
over 20km (month 24)
D 3.1.3 Report on quantum channel architectures using multi-photon quantum memories. (month 24)
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M 3.1.1 See two-photon interference signal after transmission of photons through >500m fibre (month 12)
M 3.1.2 Successful transmission of entanglement over >5km free-space link (month 9)
M 3.1.3 Feasibility study of quantum channel architectures using multi-photon quantum memories
(month 18)
M 3.1.4 Long-time (> 3 hours) maintenance of a free-space long-distance quantum communication link
(month 18)
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WP 3.2: Advanced sources of entangled photon pairs

Partner ID: CNRSGRE OEAW UNIGE UBRISTOL Elsag KTH
Months: 19 14 10 2 2 10
Partner ID: IDQUAN ULB
Months: 29 4
Objectives:
Develop sources of entangled photon pairs that: (1) have tailored spectral and temporal properties, (2) are
compact, (3) emit only one pair at a time
EPR Do-it-youself souce tool kit where quantum violations of Bells inequalities can be demonstrated in a
small device usable in Universities an high schools.
The objective of this WP is the development of integrated solid-state technologies for the manipulation of
photonic qubits together with further development of polarization entangled photons with high brightness.
This will facilitate acceptance of new quantum technologies by both scientific and industrial environments
and their incorporation into wide practice by developing integrated quantum measurement devices (sensors)
and compact quantum circuits. Linear-optical quantum devices will be implemented on a single chip by
integrating single-photon sources, optical waveguides, interferometers and single-photon detectors. Initially
the activity will be focused on the single components, such as single-photon sources using quantum dots,
waveguides, interferometers and single-photon detectors based on superconductors. One final goal will be
the demonstration of optical quantum devices in a nonlinear optical or in semiconductor waveguides.
The objective of this WP is the development of integrated solid-state technologies for the manipulation of
photonic qubits. This will facilitate acceptance of new quantum technologies by both scientific and industrial
environments and their incorporation into wide practice by developing integrated quantum measurement
devices (sensors) and compact quantum circuits. Linear-optical quantum devices will be implemented on
a single chip by integrating single-photon sources, optical waveguides, interferometers and single-photon
detectors. Initially the activity will be focused on the single components, such as single-photon sources
using quantum dots, waveguides, interferometers and single-photon detectors based on superconductors.
One final goal will be the demonstration of optical quantum devices in a nonlinear optical or in semiconductor
waveguides.
1. Time-bin qubits for long distance quantum communication in fibers at telecomwavelength.
A bright source of narrowband time-bin entangled photons will be developed based on parametric down con-
version from PPLN waveguides to match the strict requirements of telecommunication networks. The high
conversion efficiency will enable to use low power lasers, while filtering the emitted photons to a bandwidth
of less than 1nm.
The objectives towards high efficient PPLN waveguides includes the follwoing actions:
- Characterize different approaches for efficient photon-pair coupling from the waveguide into an optical fiber.
Collection of photon pairs can be done either with fiber pig-tailing, or by use of microscope objectives.
- Actively or passively stabilize narrow-band filters around the degeneracy point in order to spectrally sepa-
rate the two photons of a pair.
- Preliminary measurements on the telecommunication network will fix the minimum coherence length of
entangled photons. Based on these results, stable bulk pump time-bin interferometers will be developed.
- Stable analysing interferometers for time-bin qubits will be developed. These interferometers will be realized
using optical fibers and Faraday mirrors and will be phase locked to a stable reference laser.
- Demonstration of a bright narrow-band source of entangled photons at telecommunication wavelength.
2. Polarization qubits for long distance quantum communication at NIR wavelength.
We will investigate the improvement and integration of polarization entangled photon pair sources for use
with long-distance fiber and free-space links, as well as in satellites. The candidates are: Parametric down-
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conversion from picoscond-pulsed pump lasers. Polarization entanglement from PPKTP or similar quasi-
phase matched nonlinear media- Integration of parametric down-conversion together with a design for an
possible integration in micro-optics. Entangled pairs from non-linearity in photonic crystal fibre. In order to
reduce size and improve on efficiency and long term stability, a nonlinear crystal with an inscribed waveguide
will be employed. The waveguide is fiber pigtailed to ensure seamless connection between the source and
the fiber distribution network.
3. Entangled photon pairs from quantum dots
A third line of research will concentrate on sources of entangled photon pairs from quantum dots that will
produce at most one photon pair at a time. This feature is particularly important for experiments that use
multiple sources. Previous work focused on the creation of polarization entanglement [Benson2000] and
has been realized by TREL within QAP [SYA1-06]. Here we aim to produce time-bin entangled photons
[Franson1989, Simon2005] instead, which are particularly well suited for quantum communication over long
distances [Marcikic2003].The photon pairs will be produced by the biexciton-exciton cascade from isolated
epitaxial quantum dots. CNRSGRE will investigate this possibility with CdSe/ZnSe dots with an emission
wavelength between 500 and 550 nm. U OF W will investigate InAs/GaAs quantum dots at around 930nm.
The main requirement is a coherent double pump scheme. Entanglement will be detected by interferometers
with a matching path length difference.
4. Development of fiber-based sub-systems and laser sources for practical demonstration of new optical
measurement schemes.
This includes:
- Investigation of single photon generation in a waveguide using semiconductor quantum dots
- Investigation of semiconductor-based nonlinearities for generation and processing of single- and entangled
photon states on a chip
- Demonstration of a first group of fiber-based devices suitable for quantum optics experiments entangled
state generators, optimized modulators phase and polarization controllers, etc.) Confidential15848 QAP
version 31/05/2005 Approved by EC 06/06/2005 109 of 158
- Realisation and characterisation of Mach-Zehnder interferometers and/or directional couplers for demon-
strating switching of single photons in a GaAs waveguide
- Development, manufacturing, and characterization of integrated optical devices using waveguided non-
linear optical substrates. CNRSGRE will show the saturated absorption of a single InAs/GaAs quantum dot
in a micropilar microcavity and will investigate the possibility of achieving this giant non-linearity in photonic
crystal microcavities.
- Investigation of nonclassical (two-photon) interference with photons propagating in a semiconductor waveg-
uide.
- Demonstration of a high speed and low dark count single photon counter based on superconducting tech-
nology. The detector will be released associated with the electronics for proper conditioning of the supercon-
ducting chip and for amplification of the detected signals- Evaluation and design phase of Bell Do-it-yourself
Toolkit
- Analysis of existing components on a cost/performance basis for the Bell Do-it-yourself Toolkit- Choice of
wavelength for pump laser and entangled photons for the Bell Do-it-yourself Toolkit Realization and test of a
prototype of an entangled photon source for the Bell Do-it-yourself Toolkit.
5. Development of photon number resolving detector. As CMOS technology has a high yield and is very
homogenous, it allows contemplating the development of large detector arrays for the visible spectral range
incorporating processing and quenching electronics. Such arrays would not only make it possible to real-
ize compact multi-pixel detectors, but they would also enable the development of photon number resolving
detectors. By connecting the Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes in parallel and ensuring that the optical
signal is spread over the whole array, one obtains a signal that is proportional to the number of photons
detected. This type of detector works in a similar way to photomultipliers is thus known as silicon photo-
multiplier (SiPM). This technology currently generates a lot of interest, with companies such as Hamamatsu
Photonics having active development projects. A compact and robust detector allowing to resolve the num-
ber of photons finds lots of applications in quantum information processing. IDQUANT will investigate the
development of SiPM detectors.
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Deliverables:
D 3.2.1 Narrowband, bright entangled photon pair sources (month 12)
D 3.2.2 Demonstration of a collinear, wavelength non-degenerative polarization entangled photon source

(month 24)

M 3.2.1 Demonstration of narrow band bright time-bin entangled photon source (month 6)
M 3.2.2 Demonstration of polarization entanglement from ps-pulsed lasers (month 12)
M 3.2.3 Interference between photons from two independent narrow band energy-time entangled sources
(month 18)
M 3.2.4 Polarization entangled photon source operating at 1550 nm wavelength (month 24)
M 3.2.5 Saturated absorption of a single semiconductor quantum dot in a microcavity (month 24)
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WP 3.3: Long distance fiber-optic quantum relays and purification

Partner ID: UNIGE OEAW UBRISTOL UG KTH
Months: 9 29 3.5 9.5 9
Objectives:
Build a quantum relay over large distances using the optical fibers both in dedicated fiber links and in existing
1. In this workpackage the partners will first explore the possibility to synchronize two entangled photons
sources. The success of this step will allow continuing with the second part of the WP in which it will be
investigated technologically the best solution for synchronizing two distant lasers. Different approaches will
be considered including synchronization of lasers on external clocks, or with respect to one another. Towards
the goal of demonstrating synchronization of two distant lasers, the following three aspects will be covered:
(1) repetition rate and stability, (2) centre wavelength locking and (3) pulse duration locking. In one of the
possible approaches phase locking of two independent pump time-bin interferometers over large distances
will be explored. This point is essential since stability of pump time-bin phase is crucial in the visibility of
correlation interferences. After successful development of a ps pump source for entangled time-bin photon
pairs, the feasibility of this sources for synchronisation with a Ti-saphire laser running in the ps regime
will be explored. By synchronising two independent ps lasers sources we expect to observe Hong-Ou-
Mandel interference between two independent sources of entangled time-bin photon pairs that are optimised
for long distance fibre optic transmission. In an alternative approach purely electronic synchronization of
independent lasers without any optical link between them will be followed. After successful synchronization
in laboratory we plan to implement the next step for realistic long-distance quantum networking by locking of
independent lasers which are separated over large distances.
2. In the second part of this WP, a quantum relay will be developed and tested for quantum teleportation and
entanglement swapping. This will include implementation of interferometric Bell-state analysis for distant
sources. If information is encoded in two degrees of freedom of the same photon we know that one can
perform the Bell state analysis with 100% efficiency. We will investigate the schemes where the polarisation
or path information on one photon is entangled with that of another in a parity gate. This will allow path
and polarisation information from different sources to be written onto the photon and analysed in a high
efficiency Bell-analyser. It will also in principle allow more efficient CNOT gates to be implemented and few
qubit applications. The different parts of the relay will be assembled inside the laboratory and tested in the
quantum relay configuration. Same experiments will be demonstrated outside the lab using already existing
fibers.
3. The third part is concerned with implementing the purification of entanglement where two or more photon
pairs will be transmitted over a long distance fiber link. The degradation of the entanglement that occurs
during transmission will be corrected by purification of entanglement. To this end we will implement a linear
optic scheme that so far has only been demonstrated in a local setting. By sending the two photon pairs
to be purified through optical fibre in short succession we expect that purification can be implemented over
long distances.
Deliverables:
D 3.3.1 Locking of remote lasers (month 12)
D 3.3.2 Hong-Ou-Mandel dip between independent ps pumped entanglement sources (month 24)
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M 3.3.1 Remote Bell-state analysis achieved (month 9)
M 3.3.2 Two remote sources of entanglement operating synchronousl (month 12)
M 3.3.3 Synchronisation of ps lasers (month 18)

M 3.3.4 Demonstration of entanglement swapping from independent lasers (month 18)
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WP 3.4: Terrestrial and satellite free-space quantum communication

Partner ID: OEAW LMU UBRISTOL
Months: 21.5 9.5 4
Objectives:
Demonstrate quantum communication via free-space telescope links and work towards a realization of trans-
mission of qubits from and to a satellite.
Free space links may be suitable for situations where no fibers are available or difficult to install. A typical
link consists of two telescopes with a free line of sight in between them. In WP 3.1 we will investigate the
technology and stability for establishing and maintaining such a link reliably. Once we have established
them we will try a series of quantum communication experiments. Notably, for free space links there is no
equivalent of experiments with coiled fibers, therefore everything will have to be done remotely.
One of the main results achieved in the period 1 was distribution of entanglement through a free-space
link over more than 144km including an experimental test of Bells inequality - which is is already 30% of
the distance to the international space station ISS. Other important achivemement is the first experimental
demonstration of a single photon channel between a low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a receiver station on
Earth (the ASI Matera Laser Ranging Observatory, MLRO). The next steps are the experiments designed
for the state analysis of two photons transmitted through a common telescope link and observation of two-
particle interference. These goals were not fully achieved in period 1, and are planned for period 2. If the
results are promising we will dothe same with two separate, parallel links. The two-particles inetrference
is the nessesery condition for a Bell-state analysis of the transmitted photons which is an important
ingrediant for a quantum teleportation over a long-distance free-space link providing a flexible way of
interconnecting remote quantum computers.
Going to Space with quantum communication will involve major changes to existing experimental designs.
Brokendown into the key components we intend to work on Satellite-based components:
Sources of entanglement need to be integrated into small optical terminals. We want to extend the work
done in WP3.2 to yield efficient, compact, and robust sources of entangled photon pairs with high entangled
photon flux. Micro optics and quasi-phasematched materials may be suitable solutions.
Ground stations: Pointing and tracking and acquisition including accurate timing of ground station is a stan-
dard problem in satellite laser ranging. However, these stations are not normally suitable for receiving single
photons. We will need to devise modifications to present optical setups in the present realization of optical
ground stations.
Transmission: Polarization is not the only possible encoding, and so far not very much is known about
the transmission of single photons through the atmosphere from and to a satellite. We intend to do some
preliminary studies involving laser ranging ground station and satellites.
Deliverables:
D 3.4.1 Specification of requirements of entanglement sources on satellites (month 9)
D 3.4.2 Comparison of the atmospheric influences on a one- and two-photon transmission for the satellite
quantum communication (month 24)
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M 3.4.1 Single link Bell-state analysis (month 6)
M 3.4.2 Measurement of single photons reflected off a ranging satellite (month 12)
M 3.4.3 Single link two-particle interference (month 24)

M 3.4.4 Transmission of an entangled photon pair over a long-distance (>500m) free space link (month 18)
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WP 3.5: Creation of entangled states of single atoms and photons by interference

Partner ID: USTUTT
Months: 11.5
Objectives:
- Engineer entanglement between distant NV defects in diamond using interference effect and state projec-
tion via measurement.
- Realization of photon polarization entanglement from distant defect in diamond
Spin-State-selective fluorescence is used for entanglement generation between electronic spin degrees of
freedom. Our approach is stimulated by recent experimental progress in single photon generation by means
of NV defects in diamond. This system offers many attractive features including optically accessible elec-
tronic and nuclear spin degrees of freedom, potential optoelectronic integrability, and fast operation. The
workprogram includes following steps.
Engineer entanglement between two distant NV defects in diamond using interference. Two defects in di-
amond will be written using ion implantation with high positioning accuracy. Entanglement between two
defects in diamond will be achieved in interference experiment as a consequence of two facts. First, impos-
sibility to distinguish from which atomthe photon was emitted. Second, projection postulate indicates that
after photon detection the state is transformed to one, which is compatible with outcome of the measurement.
Characterization of entangled states will be realized by local readout of the internal spin state of NV defect.
Errors associated with positioning of defects and limited photodetectors efficiency will be investigated. Cre-
ation of entangled states with large number of defects. The scheme will be scaled up for larger number of
qubits. By using more photodetectors and observing more detection events. Realistic imperfections, such
as limited selection rules and detector efficiency, will be taken into account in evaluation of the success
probability and entanglement fidelity for this scheme. Realization of photon polarization entanglement using
single NV defects. Finally, entangled state of flying qubits will be realized.
Deliverables:
D 3.5.1 Writing NV defect patterns in type IIa diamond (month 9)
D 3.5.2 Swap of electron spin coherence and entanglement to nuclear spins. (month 24)

M 3.5.1 Evaluation of production yield for different ion implantation strategy (month 6)
M 3.5.2 Evaluate the defect positioning accuracy (month 8)
M 3.5.3 Evaluate optimum method to generate electron-nuclear spin coherence (month 18)
M 3.5.4 Evaluate robustness of nuclear spin coherence during measurement on electron spin (month 21)
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Partner ID: USIEG
Months: 3
Objectives:
WP Management will arrange (with the help of local organizers) meetings or workshops and will be re-
sponsible for the scientific program. Such meetings across the entire sub-project are intended to enable
co-ordination of the research effort and to manage the realization of deliverables, as well as raise aware-
ness of the facilities and expertise of the different partners and identify opportunities for collaboration.
Deliverables:
D 4.0.1 Management Activity Report (month 12)
D 4.0.2 Management Activity Report (month 24)
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WP 4.1: Rare Earth Ion-doped Crystals

Partner ID: ULUND TU-Munich
Months: 13 1
Objectives:
The objective is to develop a several qubit quantum computer based on rare-earth-ion doped crystals and
use it as a test-bed for trying out optimum pulses and pulse sequences for quantum operations, developed
by partner LMU. The approach is to initially work with a many instance implementation that can support a
few qubits system and simultaneously develop a single instance implementation based on single ion readout
which can support a several qubits system.
The multiple instance approach is carried out in Pr doped Y2SiO5 at 605 nm. The Pr:Y2SiO5 system
has optical coherence times of the order of 100 microseconds and qubit coherence times of the order of
500 microsecond up to almost a second, depending on magnetic field. During the first year of QAP a laser
system with a drift of less than 1 kHz/s and a coherence time longer than 100 microseconds was constructed
and tested.
Using acousto-optic modulators controlled by arbitrary function generators optical pulses with arbitrary am-
plitude and phase are generated and sent into the rare earth crystals manipulating the ion quantum states.
Near future plans are to carry out high fidelity single-qubit operation, two-qubit gate operations and, if the
signal-to-noise ratio is sufficient, three qubit operations for optimised sets of excitation pulses and excitation
pulse sequences.
After the first year more emphasis will now be put on the single ion readout scheme. The current candidate
is Ce doped Y2SiO5 and this will be tested during the coming year. The deliverable D4.1.1 on the ensemble
system still is pending after the first year, the deliverable D4.1.2 has therefore been pushed forward in time.
The new milestones and deliverables concern the single instance approach.
Deliverables:
D 4.1.1 Pulse sequences developed (e.g. by TU-Munich) using optical control theory will be used to opti-
mize the fidelity of two qubit operations in rare earth doped crystals (month 12)
D 4.1.2 Test of optimum pulse sequences from WP4.3 for two and three-qubit operations (month 18)
D 4.1.3 Characterise the possibilities to use the 4f-5d zero phonon transition in Ce doped Y2SiO5 as a
read-out ion for the single instance scheme by determining whether it can be trapped in a non-
fluorescent state and, if so, how fast it returns to the fluorescent state. (month 24)

M 4.1.1 Agreement with TU-Munich about what type of pulse sequences to try out (month 6)
M 4.1.2 Fluorescence detection of qubits. Calibration of fluorescence signal strength as a function of the
number of ions in an ensemble qubi (month 9)
M 4.1.3 Determine homogeneous line width, inhomogeneous line width and oscillator strength of the 4f-5d
zero phonon transition in Ce doped Y2SiO5 (month 18)
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WP 4.2: Simulation of Quantum Phase Transition

Partner ID: USTUTT
Months: 4
Objectives:
Pairs of Nitrogen vacancy centres in diamond with distance less than 10 nm shall be created and entan-
glement shall beobserved.Clusters of 5 to 10 defect centres are generated by implanting nitrogen atoms in
ultrapure diamond materials (type IIa diamond).
Defect centre clusters are generated by implanting nitrogen atoms in ultrapure diamond materials (type IIa
diamond). In order to achieve a sufficient coupling strength via optical or magnetic dipole interaction one
needs distances between the defect centres not larger than 50 nm. To generate clusters with such defect
centre distances we will either randomly implant nitrogen atoms or implant them with high lateral precision.
Deliverables:
D 4.2.1 Creation of defect center pairs with distances less than 10 nm (month 12)
D 4.2.2 Observation of ground state spin entanglement in pair by raman transition (month 18)
D 4.2.3 Entangle single electron spin with single nuclear spin (month 24)

M 4.2.1 Generation of defect centre pairs with magnetic dipole interaction of 10 MHz and dephasing times
larger than 0.1 ms (month 6)
M 4.2.2 Observation of ground state spin coherence generated by optical Raman transitions (month 9)
M 4.2.3 Determine phase memory time for different nuclear spins (month 18)
M 4.2.4 Evaluate fidelity of state preparation for different robust pulse schemes (month 21)
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WP 4.3: Optimal Control of Quantum Systems with Finite Degrees of Freedom: Spins
and beyond

Partner ID: TU-Munich IMPERIAL ULUND USTUTT MACQ UQ
Months: 6 1 2 1 4 2
Objectives:
Generalise and adapt optimal control tools to concrete experimental settings beyond conventional liquid-
state NMR.
In period 2, we will apply the generalised optimal control tools and computer programs to specific problems
in various experimental settings: this includes not only
(1) the SP4 partners but also
(2) an ongoing collaboration on superconducting Josephson charge qubits (Spoerl et al., Phys. Rev. A, in
press; substantial extension in continuation of quant-ph/0504202) and
(3) a new collaboration with Univ. Melbourne, Australia on the setting of the KANE computer.
A user-friendly MATLAB programme package has been provided and is distributed and maintained by TUM
for generating time-optimal unitary modules by sequences of evolutions under the system Hamiltonian and
experimentally available controls for spin and pseudospin systems. Also on the level of single-qubit opera-
tions, tools for generating robust and broadband pulses are available from TUM. They will be extended to
closed-loop feedback controls.
We will address ion-doped crystals (WP 4.1) for broadband pulses in 3-level systems and preparation of
superpositions on 2-level subsystems; electron spins in nitrogen vacancies of diamonds (WP 4.2); ion traps
(WP 4.6) for quantum gates with 13 qubits; Josephson charge qubits for decoherence-avoiding protocols,
and KANE settings for cross-talk free quantum operations. The common focus is to obtain
(a) robust and fault-tolerant high-fidelity pulses and gates,
(b) time-optimal multi-qubit gates,
(c) best approximations to unitary target modules in the presence of relaxation (along the lines of quant-
ph/0609037).
The numerical optimisations can partly be backed by algebraic analysis of experimental controllability. For
larger systems (see also WP 4.4), we have recently developed parallelised C++ versions of our programmes
for high-speed parallel clusters, to which the TUM has been granted access.
Deliverables:
D 4.3.1 Computer programmes tailored for experimental setup in techniques other than NMR (mostly MAT-
LAB; C++) (month 12)
D 4.3.2 Userfriendly MATLAB package for time-optimal decomposition of a unitary target module into a
sequence of evolutions under drift and experimentally available controls. The package will be
presented and distributed at SP4 Meeting scheduled for March 2007. (month 18)
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M 4.3.1 Numerical simulation and optimal control of experimentally accessible superconducting devices
(month 6)
M 4.3.2 Numerical simulation and optimal control of quantum gates in ion traps (month 9)
M 4.3.3 Simulation and experimental verfication of optimal-control based improvements within SP4 and
beyond. (month 24)
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WP 4.4: Modelling Quantum Computers with 5 and More than 10 Qubits

Partner ID: TU-Munich
Months: 3.5
Objectives:
Demonstrate experimental quantum calculations and Hamiltonian simulations on 5-12 qubits; provide easy-
to-handle platform for quantum simulations with 5 spin-qubits; make more than 10 qubit systems available
to partners; provide customised spin-topology hardware in simple cases.
In period 1, we extended our software to handle optimal controls of larger systems (10 qubits) by parallelising
the C++ code for high-performance parallel clusters (Gradl et al., Proc. EUROPAR 2006, Lect. Notes
Comput. Sci. 4128, 751 (2006).)
In period 2, we will apply optimal control to the quantum compilation problem of translating unitary modules
into the machine language of controls in systems of 1-10 qubits. We give general recipes how these 1-10-
qubit modules can be recursively used for quantum compilation in larger systems in order to be fast and fight
decoherence.
Moreover, aspects of quantum simulations of algorithms on spin ensembles will be discussed.
Having synthesised the heteronuclear 5-spin system a-fluoro-diethyl-N,N-dimethyl-phosphonoacetamide, a
handy 5-qubit ensemble simulator is provided.
Deliverables:
D 4.4.1 Restricted test bed for quantum computational simulations on few-qubit systems. Extension of
hardware beyond 10 qubits (month 12)
D 4.4.2 Recipes for recursive quantum compilation by optimal control giving time-optimised quantum ma-
chine code. (month 24)
D 4.4.3 Simulating quantum algorithms (Deutsch as well as new topological ones) on spin ensembles.
(month 24)

M 4.4.1 Numerical simulations on spin systems with 5 qubits. (month 6)
M 4.4.2 Test on spin systems with 5 qubits and numerical simulations for 10 qubits (month 9)
M 4.4.3 Scalability and controllability analysis of quantum ensembles; experimental simulation of quantum
algorithms by ensembles. (month 24)
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WP 4.5: Hamiltonian Simulation and Decoherence-Free Subspaces

Partner ID: TU-Munich IMPERIAL MACQ USTUTT
Months: 3.5 1 4.5 1
Objectives:
(1) Efficient simulation of quantum systems with N-qubit interactions.
(2) Provide time-optimal or decoherence-protected realisations.
(3) Study effect of different regimes of relaxation and establish usefulness of decoherence-free subspaces
for few-qubit simulations under realistic conditions.
In period 1, we provided a numerical algorithm for systematically finding best approximations to unitary
target modules in the presence of explicit relaxation (Schulte-Herbruggen et al., quant-ph/0609037). There
we also established algebraic reachability under ZZ and XXX interactions.
In period 2, we will extend our super-operator based computer code for addressing open systems. In con-
crete settings, e.g. for superconducting Josephson devices, we will scrutinise optimal working point strate-
gies and bang-bang controls.
On a broader scale, we will generalise gradient-flow methods on groups, subgroups and semigroups (thus
embracing dissipation).
Deliverables:
D 4.5.1 Time-optimal quantum simulations and description of reachability and controllability in experimen-
tal settings (month 12)
D 4.5.2 Application of optimal control algorithms to open dissipative systems: e.g. to find optimal-working-
point strategies in paradigmatic model systems such as Josephson charge qubit devices.
(month 24)
D 4.5.3 Extension of gradient flow methods from groups to subgroups, and semigroups (thus embracing
relaxation). (month 24)

M 4.5.1 Establish limits on reachability and controllability in 2 and 3 qubits for ZZ, XY and XYZ coupling
(month 6)
M 4.5.2 Establish limits on reachability and controllability in 3 qubits under Redfield-type relaxation
(month 9)
M 4.5.3 Explore limits of reachability and controllability in open systems with advanced (e.g. non-Markovian)
models of dissipation. (month 24)
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WP 4.6: Ion trap quantum simulation

Partner ID: USIEG
Months: 19
Objectives:
In order to advance towards generating and analysing many-body entangled states and carrying out quan-
tum simulations using a collection of ions that interact via long range spin-spin coupling, the next step will
be to test and characterise a novel ion trap. Trapping, laser cooling, and state selectively detecting Yb+ ions
in this new ion trap will be demonstrated.
After the design and building phase of the ion trap itself including magnetic field generating elements was
concluded, the trap has to be mounted in a carefully designed vacuum recipient that includes optical ports
and feedthroughs for electrical, rf and microwave connections. Furthermore, several laser light sources
suitable for laser cooling and scattering of resonance fluorescence have to be built. These light sources were
designed and the necessary mechanical and electronic components have already been built. In addition,
collecting and detecting resonance fluorescence from the ions requires attention in order to obtain a faithful
image of the ion chain and optimise the overall state selective detection efficiency. These steps will be
undertaken in order to allow for testing and characterising the novel ion trap.
Deliverables:
D 4.6.1 A new ion trap with magnetic field coils has been designed. (month 12)
D 4.6.2 Trapping, laser cooling, and and detecting Yb+ ions in a novel ion trap is demonstrated. (month 24)

M 4.6.1 Ion trap has been designed and built. (month 6)
M 4.6.2 Magnetic field generating elements have been designed and built (month 9)
M 4.6.3 Laser light sources delivering light near 369 nm, 935 nm and 638 nm are ready. Optical compo-
nents for imaging of trapped ions have been developed and built. (month 18)
M 4.6.4 New vacuum recipient with all optical and electrical interfaces is built, leak tested and ready to
mount ion trap. (month 21)
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WP 4.7: Entanglement Generation/Propagation, Phase Transitions and Adiabatic
Algorithms in Interacting Quantum Systems

Partner ID: IMPERIAL IPSAS UB TU-Munich HERT
Months: 10 2 10.5 2 6
Objectives:
Understand the static and dynamic entanglement properties of quantum many body systems with the focus
on those models that are physically realizable. A relation between entanglement and critical behaviour and
the role of quantum correlations in phase transitions shall be established, and tools will be developed that
may help to detect critical points by analyzing the entanglement properties of a quantum system.
At IMPERIAL recently methods have been developed to create long distance entanglement in quantum many
body systems without the use of detailed local control [Eisert 2003,Plenio 2004,Plenio 2004b]. The first of
these was in the context of nano-mechanical oscillators while the other two made systems independent
considerations that apply in principle to ion traps, photonic crystals, optical lattices etc.
- The study of these approaches will be continued with the aim of maximizing the entanglement generation or
transfer efficiency, the minimization of the local and temporal control requirements as well as the optimisation
of the execution time of these protocols. In this respect we will make use from techniques from optimisation
theory that we have previously applied to the study of quantum entanglement [Boyd 2004,Audenaert 2001]
and to make use of the workpackages and experience offered by TUM.
- These system independent considerations will be placed in the context of experimental realizations that
are being considered in this IP, i.e. ion traps and distributed quantum dots to provide these groups with
interesting demonstrator experiments. Furthermore, arrays of coupled micro-cavities in various physical
realizations will be explored.
- These procedures will be optimised for realistic experimental settings to propose realisable experiments.
This effort also link to those in WP4.2,4.6 and 4.9.
- Using recently proposed computationally feasible measures of entanglement previous work will be ex-
tended [Stelmachovic2004, Osterloch2002, Vidal2003] and entanglement behaviour will be described at the
critical points. This involves solving the models of many-body systems (calculate eigenvectors and eigen-
values of the corresponding Hamiltonian) and analyzing their entanglement properties with main focus on
ground and thermal states. Starting with two-partite entanglement the goal is to calculate entanglement for
any set of particles. However, due to the complexity of the systems the priority is to look for and subsequently
analyze those states which exhibit peculiar behaviour. (IPSAS)
- Renormalization group transformations for spin systems will be studied analytically. The main and novel
idea is to represent states through their entanglement rather than their components in a computational ba-
sis. This change of point of view allows for very efficient simulations and may also uncover the purported
irreversibility of renormalization group transformations. The initial steps in this research lines correspond
to identify an efficient representation of states based on their internal entanglement. Then, an explicit con-
struction of quantum coarse graining must be achieved. The study of fixed points will, in turn, be the central
goal of the project.
- We will continue the exploration of different representations of entanglement in spin systems so as to max-
imize their efficient numerical simulation. Novel development that have emerged in work of project partners
[APD1-06] will be pursued and extended. The resulting techniques will be applied to the time-evolution of
large quantum systems in connection with quantum algorithms including gate models and adiabatic quantum
computation.
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Deliverables:
D 4.7.1 The simulation of a quantum algorithm on large quantum many body systems with more than 30
qubits and investigation of of characteristic static and dynamic entanglement properties at quantum
phase transitions and in field theories (month 12)
D 4.7.2 Simulation of quantum algorithms with the RAGE formalism developed in M 4.7.3 (month 24)

M 4.7.1 Computation of scaling behaviour of entanglement in a harmonic system and the field limit and
study of dynamics near a phase transistion. (month 6)
M 4.7.2 First simulations of quantum algorithms on quantum many body systems (month 9)
M 4.7.3 Develop renormalization group approach with graph enhancement (RAGE) based on the unifica-
tion of weighted graph state approach and the matrix product state methods. (month 18)
M 4.7.4 Development and testing of computer code of RAGE algorithm developed in M 4.7.3 (month 21)
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WP 4.8: Simulating quantum phase transitions in ion traps, circuit QED, and optical
lattices

Partner ID: IPSAS UQ
Months: 3 10
Objectives:
Extend recent work on simulating quantum phase transitions of many body models [Barjak2003] in quantum
computingimplementations, and seek realisable models to demonstrate this effect.Theoretically investigate
the problem of reading out information from optical lattices by certain physical manipulations.These include
the manipulations of the expanding atomic cloud by optical fields, and the application of quantum logicnet-
works on the system.
Various analytical and numerical tools will be used to analyze ground states of corresponding physical hamil-
tonians.
Deliverables:
D 4.8.1 Develop ion trap schemes as analogue devices for obtaining information on the multipartite entan-
glement in the ground state of systems that undergo quantum phase transitions. (month 12)
D 4.8.2 Entanglement properties at quantum phase transitions for trapped ions, cavity QED, and optical
lattices. (month 24)

M 4.8.1 Specification ion-trap models that can demonstrate (simulate) quantum phase transitions
(month 6)
M 4.8.2 Specify experimental scheme for demonstrating a Jahn-Teller quantum phase transition in a circuit
QED and ion trap implementation. (month 9)
M 4.8.3 Analysis of level crossings in the ground state for systems of trapped ions, cavity QED, optical
lattices (month 22)
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WP 4.9: Testing for decoherence sources and quantum state/process estimation

Partner ID: MACQ IPSAS USTUTT TU-Munich
Months: 4 1.5 2 1
Objectives:
The de-bugging of large multi-qubit processors will pose a very significant challenge in the near future. Even
for N qubit processors, when N>4, the full execution of quantum process tomography will be prohibitive and
thus alternatives will need to be developed which can help identify the sources of systematic errors. These
errors will primarily be due tothe system experiencing decoherence but they may also be due to imperfect
quantum control/initialisation or readout. For large quantum registers we aim to develop efficient tools for
the identification of the primary decoherence channels and their remediation. We will develop tools for the
description (estimation) of a state of a quantum system and the description of the action of an unknown
quantum channel. We will work in close collaboration with the experimental groups performing WP4.2,
WP4.4, and WP4.6 to develop operational models.
- The primary tool that is used to test the accuracy of quantum control is via quantum process tomography.
This technique involves the execution of a given process on a full set of input probe quantum states, the re-
sulting quantum state tomography, and post-processing of the acquired data. As the system size increases,
the number ofinput probe states one requires grows quadratically while the entire process tomography ef-
fort grows quartically. Rather than utilise the full set of input probe states we will develop an hierarchical
process tomography technique where one restricts the (now incomplete [Ziman2004]) process tomography
to probe an adjustable fraction of the possible quantum process maps. We will use this to estimate the
dominant decoherence rates and decoherencechannels. We will examine the possibility of feeding back this
information to adaptively steer the processtomography towards the most damaging decoherence channels
for investigation and repair.
- We will build a fully numerical model of quantum process tomography (with associated measurement
noise), and for a one and two qubit system (Month 6).
- From a number time-sequenced snapshots of the quantum processes exhibited by a decohering system,
we willbuild a numerical estimation of the overarching Linblad evolution superoperator. We will attempt to
gauge the accuracy of this estimation as a function of the temporal sampling of the process tomograms of
the decoheringsystem (Month 10).
- We will examine the effect of using a reduced number of input probe quantum states in the quantum
processtomography, and their effect on the estimation of the Linbladian. We will then execute some initial
numerical experiments on whether one can use these observations to develop the hierarchical process
which will identify that portion of the Linbladian which gives rise to the largest levels of decoherence (Month
12).
- Once the most damaging portion of the Linbladian is identified, we will develop pulse sequences to remove
this portion of the decohering channel from the system (Month 15).
- By looking at how the above developed hierarchical-adaptive processes scales from 2 to 3 and more qubits,
we will explore the scalability of the method to larger spin systems (Month 12-18).
- Execution of the above in a physical Quantum Simulation system (month 12-18).
- Process reconstruction schemes will be developed based on complete and incomplete experimental data.
Mainattention will be paid to single qubit and two-qubit channels .
- These methods will be applied for the reconstruction of data from experimental groups in the network
(groups of Profs. Ch. Wunderlich and A. Zeilinger and others) (Month 8-18). A more detailed mathematical
description of the structure of quantum operations will be developed.
144 of 182
Deliverables:
D 4.9.1 Numerical Modelling of steered and adaptive quantum process tomography in a one qubit and two
qubit system (month 12)
D 4.9.2 Experimental data analysis for decoherence channels. Here we will perform various types of
Quantum Process Tomography on experimental data from ion trap experiments from USIEG.
(month 18)
D 4.9.3 Routines for estimating Pointer-basis Decoherence maps. Here we will develop estimation proto-
cols to determine the reduced parameter set of Decoherence-maps which diagonalise a qubit and
two-qubit density operators. (month 24)

M 4.9.1 Numerical model of Quantum Process Tomography for one and two qubit systems incorporating
general physical decoherence processes and possible unphysical post-data-acquisition errors
(month 6)
M 4.9.2 Numerical Estimation of Linblad superoperators and associated decoherence rates in 1 and 2 qubit
systems (month 10)
M 4.9.3 Experimental data analysis for decoherence channels (month 21)

M 4.9.4 Decoherence hypothesis testing (month 22)
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Partner ID: ULB
Months: 3
Objectives:
Effective Management of SP5: Quantum Theory and coordination of collaborations with other SubProjects
This workpackage will be coordinated by the subproject leader, Serge Massar (ULB). Effective management
of SP5will be carried out through regular contact with the coordinators of workpackages 5.1 to 5.6. In
particular, the following activities will be undertaken:
- Organise one or more workshop(s) bringing together the partners involved in SP5 Quantum Theory to
facilitate exchange of ideas
- Organise together with other subprojects one or more topical workshop(s) on specific subjects, such as
quantum simulations,testing quantum systems, protocols for quantum commerce.
Deliverables:
D 5.0.1 Management Report (month 12)
D 5.0.2 Management Report covering year 2 (month 24)
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WP 5.1: Algorithms and Complexity

Partner ID: Tel-Aviv. U. IPSAS IMPERIAL UBRISTOL CWI UPS
Months: 7 4.2 3 2.7 3.6 10
Partner ID: ULB U of W MACQ
Months: 2 3 3.5
Objectives:
- Develop new quantum algorithms for lattice problems, for the hidden subgroup problem, for graph problems.
- Establish the capacity of small scale and possibly noisy quantum systems to simulate quantum dynamics
(work carried out in close collaboration with subproject SP4 Quantum Simulations).
- Improve our understanding of quantum complexity classes.
- Spinoffs: obtain, using quantum techniques, results on classical computation; improve the DMRG method
forclassical simulation of solid state systems.
This workpackage will be coordinated by Oded Regev (TEL AVIV U.). Work on quantum algorithms, simula-
tion of quantum systems, complexity classes, and spinoffs will be carried out as a tight collaboration between
physicists and computer scientists. This work will depend on results obtained in WP5.2Algorithmic Methods.
In particular, we will:
- Investigate new quantum algorithms for lattices problems and new connections between quantum comput-
ing andlattice-based cryptography;
- Find new algorithms for the Hidden Subgroup Problem and applications thereof;
- Determine the space requirements of quantum algorithms through the use of time-space tradeoffs;
- Analyze quantum phase transitions, improve the DMRG method, and determine the power of quantum
cellularautomata;
- Look for relationships among quantum complexity classes, and between quantum complexity classes ones;
- Find proofs of classical results based on quantum arguments.
Deliverables:
D 5.1.1 New quantum algorithms, improved simulation of quantum systems, new relationships among
quantum complexity classes, or new classical results that use quantum arguments. (month 12)
D 5.1.2 Find more quantum algorithms, improved simulation of quantum systems, new relationships among
quantum complexity classes, or new classical results that use quantum arguments (month 24)

M 5.1.1 Evaluation of possible approaches to quantum algorithms for lattice problems, for the hidden sub-
group problem, and for graph problems (month 6)
M 5.1.2 Improvements of simulation methods, such as DMRG; Overview of time complexity of quantum
computational modules (e.g. QFT) in various experimental settings (nmr, charge qubit, ion traps
...) (month 9)
M 5.1.3 Evaluation of new approaches to quantum algorithms for lattice problems, for the hidden subgroup
problem, for graph problems, and for classical results based on quantum arguments (month 21)
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WP 5.2: Algorithmic Methods

Partner ID: UPS IMPERIAL UBRISTOL CWI IPSAS ULB
Months: 7 1 2.7 3.6 4.2 3
Partner ID: U of W Tel-Aviv. U.
Months: 3 5
Objectives:
In order to obtain substantial progress on algorithmic questions new algorithmic techniques have to be
developed. Todate, there are only a few such techniques, and most efficient quantum algorithms rely on
the quantum Fourier transform. But some promising new techniques have been introduced recently, such
as quantum random walks,adiabatic quantum computing, and the use of perturbation theory in quantum
algorithms. This workpackage will bedevoted to research into new algorithmic techniques and further study
of existing methods. Results from this workpackage will serve as input for workpackage 5.1.
This workpackage will be coordinated by M. Santha (UPS). New algorithmic techniques for quantum com-
putation will be discovered and existing techniques improved upon through a close collaboration between
physicists and computer scientists. Results from this workpackage will be used inWP5.1 Quantum Algo-
rithms and Complexity
In particular, we plan to:
- Use quantum walks for state generation, and as an algorithmic tool;
- Apply adiabatic computation as a tool in algorithmic construction and investigate its usefulness for fault
tolerance;
- Investigate the power of perturbation theory as a tool in constructing quantum proofs and quantum algo-
rithms.
Deliverables:
D 5.2.1 Improved analysis of existing algorithmic techniques for generating new quantum algorithms.
(month 12)
D 5.2.2 Further analysis of existing algorithmic techniques for generating new quantum algorithms
(month 24)

M 5.2.1 Improvement of existing algorithmic techniques for quantum computation (quantum random walks,
adiabatic quantum computation, perturbation theory) (month 9)
M 5.2.2 Improvement of existing algorithmic techniques for quantum computation (including quantum ran-
dom walks, adiabatic quantum computation, perturbation theory) (month 21)
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WP 5.3: Protocols for Quantum Commerce

Partner ID: CWI FAU UBRISTOL IMPERIAL UNIGE UQ
Months: 7.2 3.5 2.7 1 3.6 1.5
Partner ID: ULB ICFO U of W Tel-Aviv. U. UCAM-DAMTP UG
Months: 4 5.7 3 3 4.5 2
Objectives:
This workpackage is oriented to the analysis of Quantum Multi-user Protocols, different from Quantum Key
Distribution. One of the objectives will be to construct new communication protocols providing results without
analogue in Classical Information Theory. A second objective will be to analyze those schemes that already
give a significant improvement over their classical counter-parts. On the one hand, a better understanding of
these protocols will be very helpful in the search for new schemes. On the other hand, it will allow reducing
the experimental requirements for their practical implementation in a few-qubit system.
This workpackage will be coordinated by H. Buhrman (CWI). The main goal is to design new Quantum
Commerce protocols. The analysis ranges from very theoretical aspects to what is now feasible with current
technology. The studyof these protocols will always have to be compared with the analysis of architectures
(WP5.5). More precisely, work will focus on:
- Analyze existing protocols for quantum commerce, such as communication complexity, coin tossing, quan-
tum digital signatures, private information retrieval, secret sharing.
- Discover new tasks impossible in Classical Information Theory that are feasible using the quantum com-
munication.
- Look for quantum versions of existing classical concepts, like one-way functions
- Identify the intrinsic quantum features of all these schemes
- Propose methods to realise experimentally realise these protocols (in close collaboration with WP2.6).
Deliverables:
D 5.3.1 Noise resistant method to realize string commitment and string flipping (month 12)
D 5.3.2 Security analysis of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) schemes whose security is independent
of the devices in the practically important case when the eavesdropper is limited by quantum
mechanics. (month 24)

M 5.3.1 Evaluation of suitability of existing Quantum Multi-User protocols using present experimental tech-
niques (month 6)
M 5.3.2 Analysis of quantum finger-printing in the few-qubit regime (month 9)
M 5.3.3 New or improved protocol for quantum commerce (month 18)
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WP 5.4: Toolbox for Quantum Multi User Protocols

Partner ID: ICFO FAU UBRISTOL CWI UNIGE ULB
Months: 5.8 3.5 2.7 3.6 4 4
Partner ID: UQ U of W UCAM-DAMTP UG IMPERIAL
Months: 1.5 3 4 2 3.5
Objectives:
The aim of this workpackage is to provide general tools for the analysis of the existing and new Quantum
Multi-user Protocols. One of the main objectives will be to establish links between the different resources
appearing in any of these protocols, such as bits, qubits, ebits (entangled bits) or secret bits. A special
emphasis will be given to multi-partite entanglement. Apart from their fundamental interest, these results will
be useful for finding experimental implementations of these schemes feasible with present-day technology.
This workpackage will be coordinated by A. Acin (ICFO). The work has to be very inter-disciplinary: the idea
is to find a description of physical features, such as entanglement, in terms of information resources, such
as random or secret bits. The use of numerical techniques will also play an important role, in connection
also with the simulation workpackage (WP4). In particular, the analysis will focus on:
- Understanding and quantifying quantum correlations in term of classical resources- Investigating the power
of quantum memories
- Analyzing communication scenarios more complex than the single-sender-single-receiver scheme
- Studying general entangled states using numerical tools that have recently been found
- Entangled states allowing quantum computation
Deliverables:
D 5.4.1 Establish laws for the inter-conversion of classical and quantum resources (month 12)
D 5.4.2 Simulation using classical resources of (possibly noisy) maximally entangled states in arbitrary
dimension. (month 24)

M 5.4.1 Simulation of multipartite entanglement using other resources (month 6)
M 5.4.2 Find optimal ways of processing established quantum correlations using statistical technique
(month 9)
M 5.4.3 Establish tradeoffs between non local correlations, shared randomness and classical communica-
tion in communication complexity problems. (month 18)
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WP 5.5: Architectures

Partner ID: UMK IMPERIAL FAU UBRISTOL UNIGE CNRSGRE
Months: 6 4 1.5 2.7 3.7 5
Partner ID: ULB USIEG U of W HPLB TU-Munich MACQ
Months: 4 1 3 1.9 2 2
Partner ID: UCAM-DAMTP UG UQ
Months: 4 2 1.5
Objectives:
In this workpackage we will develop new architectures for QIPC, concentrating both on the realization of
QIPC in VSHFLc physical systems and on more system independent aspects such as general properties of
fault tolerance. Work on this workpackage will be carried out in close collaboration with all other subprojects.
This workpackage will be coordinated by K. Banaszek (UMK). The aim of the workpackage is to develop
new methods for QIPC in VSHFLc physical systems, as well as to improve existing ones. The effort will
concentrate on three areas:
1. Improvements and optimisation of present schemes by exploiting VSHFLc features of physical
systems used to implement QIPC protocols
In the optical domain, we anticipate that this can be achieved by using simultaneously all the available
degrees of freedom of photons in the discrete case (an activity connected with WP2.4 and WP 2.5) and by
UHQHPHQWs of iterative protocols involving successive measurements andmanipulations of Gaussian states
of light in the continuous case. For QIPC implementations in matter, we plan to develop further the capacities
of atomic ensembles, addressing in particular methods for storing the quantum state of light (in collaboration
with SP1 and VSHFLFDOOy WP1.7), as well as to propose improved and faster gates for ion trap quantum
computation.
2. Development of novel architectures for QIPC
This direction includes studies of novel sources of entangled photons (close collaboration with WP 2.1, WP
3.2, and WP 5.1) and non-linear optical approaches (such as those based on Electromagnetically Induced
Transparency, EIT) with a view to considering all-optical architectures for few-qubit QIPC, and their potential
for scalability. For spin systems, we will study QIPC with single spins in a new type of quantum dots that
can be fabricated in controlled sizes and at well GHQHd locations within heterostructured semiconductor
quantum wires. We will study how several nanowires can becoupled optically, via single-photon detection,
to construct more complex quantum computer architectures.
3. Construction of architectures with limited resources
We will optimise ways of manipulating several qubits when only limited operations are available (in collabo-
ration with WP 4.3) and develop methods for quantum error protection, detection and prevention while taking
into account concrete constraints of VSHFLc physical systems (in collaboration with WP2.4, WP3.1, WP3.3,
WP4.5). This will enable us to provide reQHG, more realistic threshold results for fault tolerant
computation.
Deliverables:
D 5.5.1 Improved methods for implementing QIPC in VSHFLc physical systems for use in the other subpro-
jects (month 12)
D 5.5.2 Theoretical analysis of state preparation and execution of quantum information processing proto-
cols in light-matter systems under realistic constraints (month 24)
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M 5.5.1 Analysis of photonic states in multiple degrees of freedom for entanglement generation, gates, and
operations (month 6)
M 5.5.2 Theoretical description of interfacing quantum dot spins and atomic ensembles with light for QIPC
implementations (month 9)
M 5.5.3 Quantum information processing and communication protocols that make the optimal use of avail-
able physical resources (month 24)
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WP 5.6: Testing quantum systems

Partner ID: IPSAS MACQ IMPERIAL UNIGE CNRSGRE UPS
Months: 4.1 7 4 1.2 1 4
Partner ID: TU-Munich UMK UCAM-DAMTP UG HPLB
Months: 1.8 2 4 2 3.6
Objectives:
Develop methods to test quantum states or quantum operations when the system is large so that com-
plete tomography is impossible. Develop similar methods when experimental constraints are present (only
a restricted set of measurements/state preparation is possible). This workpackage will have important im-
plications for all other subprojects. It will be carried out in close collaboration with WP2.6, WP3.1, WP4.10,
WP5.1 which consider the same general problem, but in the case of the specific systems considered in these
subprojects.
This workpackage will be coordinated by Mario Ziman (IPSAS). We will develop generic methods to test
quantum states and processes for systems not amenable to complete state tomography (which requires
exponential effort as a function of qubit number). Such generic approaches can be based on fundamental
aspects of quantum information theory and thus provide links between experimental and theoretical studies
directed at specific systems. Experimental and practical constraints, such as the ability to perform only a
limited set of measurements, state preparations or quantum gates, will be considered. These constraints
may be particularly relevant for the testing of new experimental systems and schemes in the short term.
Examples of new generic testing are:
- Development of novel and more efficient methods to test specific properties of multiparticle entangled
states, such as cluster and graph states, for instance using generalisations of the entanglement witness
methods, or using nonlocality tests.
- Development of the methods for testing quantum processes, for instance using general statistical methods
such as the maximum likelihood and Bayesian method, or building upon the methods developed by computer
scientists.
- Development of methods for estimation of quantum processes when only incomplete information is avail-
able
- Propose new ways to characterise quantum channels. The goal will be to propose novel characterisations
of channels and study their properties, so as to better understand the mathematical structure of quantum
operations.
Some constraints, and also the specific forms of decoherence that arise, are realisation-dependent, so it
is anticipated that the application of generic quantum testing to specific realisations will require specific
modifications or specialisations. This subproject will strongly benefit from an interdisciplinary approach, and
we plan to organise during the first year of the project a topical workshop around this theme.
Deliverables:
D 5.6.1 New and improved generic methods to test quantum states and processes for application in other
subprojects. (month 12)
D 5.6.2 Characterization of process tomography methods. (month 24)
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M 5.6.1 We will relate the two schemes of complete process reconstructions (month 6)
M 5.6.2 We will propose tests for single qubit and two-qubit unitary processes. (month 9)
M 5.6.3 Unambigous discrimination of quantum operations. (month 18)
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9 Project Resources and Budget Overview
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Confidential
9.1 Project Effort Form Full Duration (48 months)
ULB
U of W
HPLB
UB
OEAW
PIR
DAMTP
IPSAS
UPS
FAU
ICFO
UQ
UG
USIEG
CWI
NBI
USTUTT
ULUND
UMK
Elsag
EPFL
UNICAM
KTH
IMPERIAL
LMU
TREL
UBRISTOL
CNRSGRE
UOXF.DU
UNIGE
Tel-Aviv U.
IDQUANT
TU-Munich
UCAM-
MACQ
HERT
Total
RTD/Innovation
activities
SP1 12 8 57 54 8 60 18 28 11 2 0 0 13 36 307
SP2 54 25 98 8 37 13 38 66 110 11 26 35 13 27 21 19 70 671
SP3 19 37 54 30 8 151 23 58 9 19 38 446
SP4 38 13 24 48 23 36 21 34 12 25 274
SP5 2 25 33 17 27 36 25 12 15 52 34 23 30 30 11 15 16 34 16 25 495
Total research 40 50 111 42 98 62 36 131 138 63 63 37 80 60 217 64 64 133 30 30 21 33 58 49 44 44 13 27 21 34 48 57 148 12 50 2193
Demonstration
activities
Total 0
demonstration
Training
activities
SP1 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 26
SP2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 38
SP3 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 26
SP4 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24
SP5 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 42
Total training 2 6 6 4 2 8 2 6 16 8 4 2 16 10 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 6 4 4 2 4 156
Consortium
management
activities
SP1 16 6
SP2 6 16
SP3 16 6
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Confidential
SP4 6 16
SP5 16 6
Total 6 0 6 0 80 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110
consortium
management
TOTAL 48 56 123 46 180 70 38 137 155 71 67 54 102 62 227 70 68 137 32 32 23 39 60 53 48 48 15 29 23 53 54 61 110 14 54 2459
ACTIVITIES
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9.2 Project Effort Form
UB
UQ
UG
NBI
PIR
FAU
CWI
ULB
KTH
UPS
Total
LMU
UMK
ICFO
Elsag
EPFL
TREL
HPLB
HERT
IPSAS
MACQ
OEAW
U of W
USIEG
UNIGE
ULUND
IDQUAN
USTUTT
UNICAM
UOXF.DU
IMPERIAL
Tel-Aviv U.
TU-Munich
UBRISTOL
CNRSGRE
SP1 5.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 28.5 30.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 0.0 9.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 UCAM-DAMTP
0.0 6.5 0.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 158.5
SP2 44.0 30.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 27.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 19.0 0.0 33.0 0.0 0.0 56.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 12.0 18.0 6.5 13.5 10.5 0.0 0.0 9.5 35.0 0.0 0.0 333.0
SP3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 0.0 18.5 27.0 19.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 78.5 11.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 19.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 229.5
SP4 0.0 12.0 6.5 0.0 22.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.0 0.0 17.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 12.5 121.5
SP5 0.0 16.5 12.5 8.5 1.0 13.5 18.0 0.0 12.5 6.0 4.5 21.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 15.0 15.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 3.8 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.5 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 229.8
Total: 49.0 58.5 25.0 15.5 23.0 31.0 18.0 74.0 69.5 31.5 16.5 21.0 43.0 30.0 111.5 28.5 26.0 67.5 15.0 15.0 10.5 16.5 29.0 20.8 21.0 20.0 6.5 13.5 10.5 16.5 26.0 28.5 53.0 6.0 25.0 1072.3
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9.3 IP Overall budget for the full duration of the project
Financial Information (Integrated Project)

RTD28 and innovation-related30 Demonstration Training activities31 Consortium Total
29 32
activities activities management
Participant Cost Costs ( ) Requested Costs Requested Costs ( ) Requested Costs ( ) Requested Costs ( ) Requested
n26 model27 grant to the ( ) grant to grant to the grant to the grant to the
budget ( )27 the budget budget ( )27 budget ( )27 budget ( )27
( )27
1 AC 738,280 738,280 0 0 635,000 635,000 1373280 1373280

2 AC 623700 623700 0 0 0 0 0 0 623,700 623,700
3 AC 227,700 227,700 0 0 227,700 227,700
4 AC 138,600 138,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 138,600 138,600
5 AC 277,200 277,200 0 0 0 0 0 0 277,200 277,200
6 AC 415,800 415,800 0 0 0 0 0 0 415,800 415,800
7 FC 336,600 168,300 0 0 0 0 0 0 336,600 168,300
8 AC 470,250 470,250 0 0 0 0 0 0 470,250 470,250
9 AC 633,600 633,600 0 0 135,000 135,000 6,000 6,000 774,600 774,600
10 FC 356,400 178,200 0 0 0 0 0 0 356,400 178,200
11 AC 266,772 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 266,772 0
12 FCF 316,800 158,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 316,800 158,400
13 AC 297,000 297,000 0 0 135,000 135,000 6,000 6,000 438,000 438,000
14 AC 247,500 247,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 247,500 247,500
15 FC 960,300 480,150 0 0 0 0 0 0 960,300 480,150
16 AC 475,200 475,200 0 0 0 0 0 0 475,200 475,200
17 AC 435,600 435,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 435,600 435,600
18 AC 366,300 366,300 0 0 0 0 0 0 366,300 366,300
19 AC 168,286 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168,286 0
20 AC 118,800 118,800 0 0 0 0 0 0 118,800 118,800
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Confidential
21 AC 79,200 79,200 0 0 0 0 0 0 79,200 79,200

22 FC 356,400 178,200 0 0 0 0 0 0 356,400 178,200
23 FCF 475,200 237,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 475,200 237,600
24 AC 329,670 329,670 0 0 0 0 0 0 329,670 329,670
25 AC 138,600 138,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 138,600 138,600
26 FC 356,400 178,200 0 0 0 0 0 0 356,400 178,200
27 FC 356,400 178,200 0 0 0 0 0 0 356,400 178,200
28 AC 148,500 148,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 148,500 148,500
29 AC 138,600 138,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 138,600 138,600
30 AC 158,400 158,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 158,400 158,400
31 AC 158,400 158,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 158,400 158,400
32 AC 217,800 217,800 0 0 0 0 0 0 217,800 217,800
33 FC 673,200 336,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 673,200 336,600
34 AC 54,450 54,450 0 0 0 0 0 0 54,450 54,450
35 AC 357,270 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 357,270 0
(Sub)-total( )33 11,869,178 8,983000 0 0 270,000 270,000 647,000 647,000 12,786,178 9,900,000
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9.4 Budget for the second 18 months Confidential
A3 Form covering month 13-31
RTD and innovation-related Demonstration Training activities Consortium management Total

activities activities
Participant Cost Costs () Requested Costs () Requested Costs () Requested Costs () Requested Costs () Requested
no. model grant to the grant to the grant to the grant to the grant to the
budget () budget () budget () budget () budget ()
1 AC 301,540 301,540 0 0 0 0 238,375 238,375 539,915 539,915
2 AC 300,000 300,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 300,000 300,000
3 AC 99,838 99,838 0 0 0 0 99,838 99,838
4 AC 75,953 75,953 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,953 75,953
5 AC 130,000 130,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 130,000 130,000
6 AC 180,081 180,081 0 0 0 0 0 0 180,081 180,081
7 FC 336,600 168,300 0 0 0 0 0 0 336,600 168,300
8 AC 159,958 159,958 0 0 0 0 0 0 159,958 159,958
9 AC 290,580 290,580 0 0 67,500 67,500 2,250 2,250 360,330 360,330
10 FC 135,747 67,874 0 0 0 0 0 0 135,747 67,874
11 AC 133,387 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 133,387 0
12 FCF 127,252 63,626 0 0 0 0 0 0 127,252 63,626
13 AC 120,000 120,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 120,000 120,000
14 AC 120,073 120,073 0 0 67,500 67,500 2,250 2,250 189,823 189,823
15 FC 400,000 200,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 400,000 200,000
16 AC 151,794 151,794 0 0 0 0 0 0 151,794 151,794
17 AC 156,954 156,954 0 0 0 0 0 0 156,954 156,954
18 AC 134,659 134,659 0 0 0 0 0 0 134,659 134,659
19 AC 84,142 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84,142 0
20 AC 61,982 61,982 0 0 0 0 0 0 61,982 61,982
21 AC 43,560 43,560 0 0 0 0 0 0 43,560 43,560
22 FC 169,553 84,777 0 0 0 0 0 0 169,553 84,777
23 FCF 148,508 74,254 0 0 0 0 0 0 148,508 74,254
24 AC 146,959 146,959 0 0 0 0 0 0 146,959 146,959
25 AC 39,577 39,577 0 0 0 0 0 0 39,577 39,577
26 FC 118,505 59,253 0 0 0 0 0 0 118,505 59,253
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27 FC 127,758 63,879 0 0 0 0 0 0 127,758 63,879

28 AC 79,766 79,766 0 0 0 0 0 0 79,766 79,766
29 AC 65,423 65,423 0 0 0 0 0 0 65,423 65,423
30 AC 94,719 94,719 0 0 0 0 0 0 94,719 94,719
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31 AC 80,172 80,172 0 0 0 0 0 0 80,172 80,172

32 AC 100,610 100,610 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,610 100,610
33 FC 258,368 129,184 0 0 0 0 0 0 258,368 129,184
34 AC 25,468 25,468 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,468 25,468
35 AC 178,413 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 178,413 0
(Sub)-total() 5,177,898 3,870,810 0 0 135,000 135,000 242,875 242,875 5,555,773 4,248,685
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9.5 IP Management level description of resources and budget

9.5.1 Description of requested resources
Scale:-- The project has identified five key targets, quantum memories & interfaces, networks, repeaters, simulations and
theory, which span the research areas within quantum information science most likely to give rise to near-to-medium term
qubit applications. Although many of the partners are involved in more than one SubProject, achieving real progress in these
areas entails significant effort. The project contains 35 partners, of which 4 are non-EC, and 5 of which are industrial partners.
The industry partners contribute 16.7% of the total project effort while the Australian and Canadian non-EC partners have
reciprocal funding schemes in their countries to support their project effort should this project be funded.
Cost per Person Month:-- The average cost per person month in the project is approximately 4,000, and the appointment of
postdoctoral researchers by most partners is expected. The budgets have been computed per subproject and average just under
2M per SubProject.
Training/Scientific Meeting Budgets:-- All training and scientific meeting activities which are wholly contained within a
single SubProject are funded through the partneUs own funds. When such activities involve two or more SubProjects, internal
funding requests can be made to the relevant executive committees. We have allocated 67,500/annum to cover all the
training and scientific meeting activities, while we have allocated a further 10,000/annum to cover all innovation related
training activities . The primary training and scientific meeting budgets must cover QAPs contribution to the running of a
yearly summer school and primary scientific meeting, in cooperation with other FET QIPC Integrated Projects.
Executive Committee Management:-- A budget of 15,000/annum is allocated to the chair-partners of the two training and
scientific meeting executive committees. These partners will receive the internal project requests for funds to cover such
activities, and, through consultation with their committees, either approve, decline or modify the requests. These budgets also
cover the yearly planning meeting for the projects annual summer school and primary scientific meeting.
Central Project Office Management:-- A budget of ~ 160,000/annum is allocated to cover the Central Project Office. This
will provide the project with Project Manager and support staff (part time secretary and computer support), and will cover the
costs of producing dissemination materials, maintaining the project website, administration of the contractual and financial
affairs of the project as well as travel in connection with project coordination. Further, as the Project Administrator will also
provide the necessary local support for the projects larger training and scientific meeting activities, the Central Project Office
budget will also cover the costs of this local support provision.
9.5.2 Contributions of resources of AC partners
The following list describes the resources to be provided by the partner institutions to the QAP project.
UOXF.DU: The QAP activities at Oxford are supported by a permanent academic staff member, Prof. Ian Walmsley, whose
salary is paid fully by the University of Oxford, and Dr. D. Browne, who is supported by Merton College, Oxford. A further
researcher, Dr. Zhongyang Wang, will contribute in part of the project. He is funded by the UK EPSRC QIP-IRC.
IMPERIAL: The Imperial College QAP activities are supported by the permanent academics Prof MB Plenio, Dr Jens Eisert,
Dr. S Scheel and Dr. T Rudolph whose salaries are fully covered by Imperial College and Dr S Virmani whose salary is
covered by the Royal Commission of the Exhibition of 1851. A further postdoc, Dr M Hartmann will contribute to the project,
funded by the UK QIP-IRC of EPSRC.
USEIG: The University of Siegen QAP activities are supported by the academics Prof Christof Wunderlich and Dr. Christoph
H. Balzer whose salaries are fully covered by the University of Siegen. In addition, Dipl.Phys. Alexander Braun and Nuala
Timoney, BA will contribute to the project whose salaries are also fully covered by the University of Siegen.
ICFO: The ICFO QAP activities are supported by the permanent academics: Prof. Juan P. Torres, whose salary is fully
covered by ICFO and the Polytechnic University of Catalonia Dr. Antonio Acin, salary fully paid by Government of Spain
through a Ramon y Cajal contract. And by post docs: Dr. Gabriel Molina Terriza, Dr. Martin Hendrych and Dr. Alejandra
Valencia, post docs whose salary is fully paid by ICFO qnd other research grants coming form the Government of Spain and
Autonomous Government of Catalonia. And by students: PhD students Miguel Navascues, Joonwoo Bae, Yana Deyanova, N.
Gonzalez and Shi Xiaojoan, fully paid by ICFO and different grants from the Government of Spain and Autonomous
Government of Catalonia
UNIGE: The University of Geneva QAP activities are supported by two permanent academics, Prof N. Gisin and Hugo
Zbinden, whose salaries are fully covered by the University of Geneva. Two post-docs, Dr W. Tittel and Dr Alexios Beveratos
will also contribute to the project, completed by two experimental and one theoretical PhD students. Funding of the non-
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permanent researchers will be ensured by the QAP project and by the Swiss National Center for Competence and Research
Quantum Photonics.
The University of Geneva has more than ten years experience in the field of experimental quantum communication at
telecommunication wavelengths and, correspondingly, features extensive experimental equipment that also enables to
investigate quantum state storage in rare-earth-ion doped solids at cryogenic temperature. Equipment includes a femtosecond
Ti:Sapphire laser, tunable lasers at telecommunication wavelengths, a variety of entangled photon-pair sources, actively
stabilized interferometers, single photon counters at various wavelengths, diverse apparatuses for sensing properties of optical
fibers (optical time domain and frequency domain reflectometers, polarization mode dispersion analyzers), Erbium doped
fiber amplifiers, a pulse-tube cooler (minimum temperature 2.5 K), fast intensity modulators and oscilloscopes (both up to
several GHz bandwidth).
CNRSGRE: The Laboratoire de Spectromtrie Physique (CNRSGRE) activities for QAP are supported by 4 CNRS permanent
staff. Half of the salaries of J.P. Poizat and C. Simon will be covered by QAP. The other half will be supported by the CNRS.
R. Andr and H. Mariette spend 50 % of their time for QAP. Their salaries are fully supported by the CNRS. The
experimental equipement already in the lab is worth more than 250 000 euros.
EPFL: EPFL QAP activities are coordinated by Prof. A. Fiore (corresponding to 2 persons.month / 2 years, approx. 15 k ),
whose salary is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. Further support on QAP activities will come from two
PhD students, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (36 p.m. / 2 years = 70 k ), consumables and equipment
depreciation (approx. 15 k )
NBI: The Niels Bohr Institute activities are supported by the permanent academic Prof. E.S. Polzik whose salary is fully
covered by NBI, Copenhagen University. A research associate professor on a temporary contract, Dr. J.H. Muller is paid also
by Copenhagen University. Postdocs C. Hettich and N. Kjaergaard are paid by the Danish Quantum Optics Center -
QUANTOP. QUANTOP Center provides the equipment and resources necessary for conducting the projects
UHERT: The University of Hertfordshire QAP activities are supported by Dr Susana Huelga, a permanent academic whose
salary is fully covered by the University, and Dr Dimitris Tsomokos, a post-doctoral research assistant funded by the QIP-IRC
of the EPSRC, the UK Research Council for Physics.
UQ: The UQ partner consists of the permanent academic staff Prof Gerard Milburn and Assoc. Profs Tim Ralph and Andrew
White. Milburn and Ralph salaries are covered by the University of Queensland and the Australian Centre for Quantum
Computer Technology, Whites salary is covered by the University of Queensland. In addition a Senior Research Fellow,
Assoc. Prof Andrew Doherty, will participate in the project funded by Milburn's Federation Fellowship grant. This partner
does not receive any financial support form the EU but will seek support form the Australian Federal Government through the
Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST) that has a special scheme (IST) to support EU sixth framework
projects.
ULB: The Universit Libre de Bruxelles QAP activities are supported by the permanent academics Dr. Serge Massar whose
salary is fully covered by the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Profs. Nicolas Cerf, Philippe Emplit whose
salaries are fully covered by ULB. One postdoc, Dr. Koji Maruyama, presently funded by the Action de Recherche Concerte
(ARC) de la Communaut Franaise de Belgique, will contribute to the project. Several PhD students, and in particular
Edouard Brainis, Louis-Philippe Lamoureux, Anh-Tuan Nguyen, Raoul Garcia Patron Sanchez, presently funded by the ULB,
by the Fonds pour la Recherche dans lIndusWULHHWO$griculture (FRIA), by the Action de Recherche Concerte (ARC) de la
Communaut Franaise de Belgique, will also contribute to the project.
The Service dOptique et dAcoustique headed by Prof. Philippe Emplit where the experimental activities will take
place has a long history of research in non linear optics. Most of the equipement in the laboratory may be used in QAP
activities. In addition to standard laboratory equipement, the laboratory possesses several high power lasers, including a
Tsunami-Opal system (Spectra-Physics), a Tsunami laser (Spectra Physics), a high power YAG laser, a high power Erbium
Doped Fiber Amplifier. The laboratory is also equipped to carry out quantum information experiments at telecommunication
wavelengths, including two ID200 single photon detectors (IDQuantique), and several electronic modules such as pulse and
pattern generators.
UNICAM: The University of Camerino QAP activities are supported by: Tombesi Paolo - Professor - mm 2 - cost 20 kEur :
Vitali David - Associate Professor - mm 3 - cost 15 kEur: Mancini Stefano - Researcher - mm 5 - cost 20 kEur: Di Giuseppe
Giovanni - Researcher - mm 5 - cost 20kEur: Cer Alessandro - PhD student - mm 6 - cost 6kEur, whose salaries are fully
covered by University of Camerino for a total cost of 81kEur. The other 22 mm will be covered by a contract paid with QAP
funds. The experimental equipment the group has and will be partially used for the project is the following: diode laser -
10kEur: single photon detector - 25kEur: electronic and motion control - 25kEur. The total cost of the equipment is 60kEur.
TUM: The QAP activities at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM) are supported by the permanent academics Prof
SJ Glaser and Dr Raimund Marx whose salaries are fully covered by the TUM. Dr. Thomas Schulte-Herbrueggen is funded in
part by the Bavarian Network of Excellence (ENB). The experimental equipment of the Bavarian NMR Centre at the TUM
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will be used for the experiments. This includes state of the art NMR spectrometers at 250 MHz, 500 MHz, 600 MHz, 750
MHz and 900 MHz.
UMK: Nicolaus Copernicus University (UMK:27) will support the QAP activities by covering fully the salary of Dr Konrad
Banaszek who is the principal researcher and providing facilities for doctoral students involved in the project. It will also
make available the infrastructure of the National Laboratory for Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, in particular a
femtosecond laser system consisting of a Ti:Sapphire oscillator and a regenerative amplifier, single-photon counting modules
for visible wavelengths, and coincidence electronics.
Tel Aviv: The Tel Aviv University QAP activities are supported by the permanent academics Dr. O. Regev, Dr. A. Ta-Shma,
Prof. L. Vaidman, and Dr Benny Reznik whose salary is covered by Tel Aviv University.
USTUTT: The University of Stuttgart QAP activities are supported by the academics Prof. Joerg Wrachtrup, Dr. Fedor
Jelezko and Dr. Carsten Tietz whose salaries are fully covered by University of Stuttgart. Experimental work is supported by
University of Stuttgart and German Science Foundation (DFG), with tunable cw and pulsed laser systems (Coherent 699-
21/899-21and Coherent Mira). Additionally, confocal fluorescence microscope operating at 1.6-300 K and equipment for
time-resolved fluorescence measurements are installed from DFG funding. All equipment is placed in the labs of the 3.
Physical Institute at the University of Stuttgart.
KTH:The effort at KTH are supported by the Academics Prof. Anders Karlsson and Prof. Gunnar Bjrk, both who are not
funded by QAP. Two postdoc s(non-funded) Jos-Luis Romero and Sebastien Sauge, as well as graduate students Maria
Tengner, Anders Mnsson and Piero Mana will contribute to the project. None are funded by QAP. The KTH quantum optics
laboratory infrastructure consists of Ti:Sapphire lasers and other lasers, as well as for single-photon and entangled state
characterisation both for the 800 and 1550 nm wavelength region. The quantum optics laboratory is part of KPRC- the Kista
Photonics Research Center, which host the largest R&D activities in Photonics in Sweden.
LMU: The LMU-group supplies over two set-ups for multi-photon and for atom-photon experiments, respectively. They
represent a worth of about 150 k each and 6 years of man power to install them. Infrastructure of mechanics and electronics
workshops are made available in addition to access to optical test equipment. Prof H. Weinfurter (permanent staff, 20% of
time) and one post doc (salary covered by University, full time) contribute to the project. After significant budget cuts an
additional PhD student will have to be employed from other sources (German science foundation) to reach critical mass for
the planned experiments.
UBRISTOL: The Bristol University QAP activities are supported by the permanent academics Prof J.G. Rarity, Prof R. Josza,
Prof N. Linden, Dr M. Cryan, Dr A Winter. Two postdocs funded by EPSRC QIP IRC and at least 4 students funded under
EPSRC departmental training awards and other sources will contribute to the project.
UCAM-DAMTP : The Cambridge-DAMPT (UCAM-DAMTP ) activities are supported by the permanent academics, Prof.
Artur Ekert, and Dr. Adrian Kent whose salaries are completely covered by the University of Cambridge.
ULUND:Additional efforts and funds will be invested in the QAP project by University of Lund. To carry out the QAP
project we will need to run experiments in our laboratories at least 75 laboratory days per year. The group representing QAP
partner 17, ULUND, belongs to the EC Integrated Infrastructure Initiative Lund Laser Centre (LLC). In contract RII3-CT-
2003- 506350 the cost per laboratory day (for visitors coming from other groups and carrying out work at the LLC
laboratories) is specified to 1500. The QAP project will use the experimental facilities at LLC (at no extra costs) during four
years. With 75 days/year at 1500k/day this sums up to 450 k, which matches the funding provided by the EC to ULUND in
the QAP project.
FAU:The University of Erlangen will contribute further support to the QAP activities through the members of the Quantum
Information Theory Group in Erlangen, especially through the group leader Dr. N. Ltkenhaus.
UW: The University of Waterloo activities are supported primarily by the permanent faculty, Prof Michele Mosca, Prof
Gregor Weihs, Prof Andris Ambainis, Prof Richard Cleve, Prof Debbie Leung, and Prof Ashwin Nayak, whose salaries are
covered by the University of Waterloo. We also currently have one postdoc, Dr Elham Kashefi who will contribute to the
project, as well as an incoming postdoc (effective July 2005), Dr Scott Aaronson. They will both be funded by UW Institute
for Quantum Computing research grants.
UG: The University of Gdansk QAP activities are supported by the permanent academic Prof. M Zukowski, whose salary is
covered by University of Gdansk, and Ph. D. students W. Laskowski, T. Paterek and M. Wiesniak, whose stipends are
covered by University of Gdansk and Foundation for Polish Science. The administrative/technical worker Ms T. Bandura is
covered by University of Gdansk. We expect also to get a subsidy from the Ministry of Scientific Research and Information
Technology, for additional support expenses including administrative ones. The SPUB financing is usually up to 60% of the
EU funds for projects.
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MACQ: The Macquarie University QAP activities are supported by the permanent academic Prof. J. Twamley, whose salary
is fully covered by Macquarie University and the Centre for Quantum Computing Technology (CQCT). A further postdoc will
contribute to the project, and this will be funded by the CQCT.
IPSAS: The Institute of Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (IPSAS) QAP activities are supported by the permanent
academics Prof Vladimir Buzek, Dr Mario Ziman, Dr. Peter Stelmachovic and Dr. Martin Plesch whose salaries are fully
covered by Slovak Academy of Sciences.
10 Ethical Issues
10.1 Use issues
Does your proposed research raise sensitive YES NO

ethical questions related to:
Human beings X
Human biological samples X
Personal data (whether identified by X

name or not)
Genetic information X
Animals X
B. Proposers are requested to confirm that the proposed research does not involve:
Research activity aimed at human cloning for reproductive purposes,
Research activity intended to modify the genetic heritage of human beings which could make such
changes heritable7
Research activity intended to create human embryos solely for the purpose of research or for the purpose
of stem cell procurement, including by means of somatic cell nuclear transfer;
Research involving the use of human embryos or embryonic stem cells with the exception of banked or
isolated human embryonic stem cells in culture.8
YES NO
Confirmation : the proposed research involves X
none of the issues listed in section B
Further information on ethics requirements and rules are given at the science and ethics website at
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/science-society/ethics/ethics_en.html.
7
Research relating to cancer treatment of the gonads can be financed
8
Applicants should note that the Council and the Commission have agreed that detailed implementing provisions concerning
research activities involving the use of human embryos and human embryonic stem cells which may be funded under the 6th
Framework Programme shall be established by 31 December 2003. The Commission has stated that, during that period and
pending establishment of the detailed implementing provisions, it will not propose to fund such research, with the exception of
the study of banked or isolated human embryonic stem cells in culture.
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10.2 Other EC-policy related issues
ERA-Pilot QIST: Informing National Research Strategies
A number of partners in the project are also part of a proposed ERA-NET entitled: ERA-Pilot QIST, which, together with a
number of national funding bodies, will seek to bring greater synergies between the concerted research efforts of these nations
in quantum information science and technology. This project will interact strongly with the ERA-Pilot QIST in informing both
the ERA-NET and national governments on new qubit applications and their potential ramifications with regard to social
matters (improved services through QAP), European competitiveness matters (new QAP innovations developed only within
Europe), and security matters etc.
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A QAP Consortium Description
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A.1 Participants and Consortium
Short Institution Country Principal Researchers

Name
1 UOXF.DU University of Oxford UK I.A. Walmsley, D. Jaksch, D. Browne, J. Lundeen, L. Neves, Z.
Wang, G. Lorenz, O. Cohen, L. Zhang, J. Nunn, K. Surmacz
2 IMPERIAL Imperial College of Science, Technology UK M.B. Plenio, J. Eisert, K. Audenaert, M. Cramer, C. Dawson, M.
and Medicine Hartmann, K. Pregnell, A. Retzker, S. Virmani
3 IPSAS Slovak Academy of Sciences Slovakia V. Buzek, M. Ziman, P. Stelmachovic, M.Plesch, J.Kosik,
M.Sedlak, M.Fecko, D.Reitzner, P.Rapcan
4 FAU University of Erlangen Germany
N. Lutkenhaus, C. Silberhorn
5 USIEG University of Siegen Germany Chr. Wunderlich
6 UBRISTOL University of Bristol UK A. Winter, R. Jozsa, N. Linden, S. Popescu, J. Rarity
7 CWI Centre for Mathematics and Computer Netherlands H. Buhrman, R. de Wolf
Science
8 LMU Ludwig Maximillians University Germany H. Weinfurter, M. Weber, J. Volz
9 UNIGE University of Geneva Switzerland Group is led by Nicolas Gisin and also features Hugo
Zbinden. Researchers involved in this project include: R.T.
Thew, M. Afzelius, H. de Riedmatten, C. Simon, Matthaus
Halder, Jeroen van Houwelingen
10 CNRSGRE CNRS, Grenoble France J. P. Poizat, A. Auffeves-Garnier, R. Andre, H. Mariette
11 UQ University of Queensland Australia G. Milburn, T. Ralph
12 UPS Universite Paris-Sud France M. Santha, J. Kempe, I. Kerenidis, S. Laplante, F. Magniez
13 ULB Universite Libre de Bruxelles Belgium S. Massar, N. Cerf, Ph. Emplit
14 NBI Copenhagen University Denmark E. Polzik
15 OEAW Austrian Academy of Sciences Austria Anton Zeilinger, Markus Aspelmyer, Caslav Brukner, Thomas
Jennewein, Rupert Ursin
16 USTUTT University of Stuttgart Germany J. Wrachtrup, F. Jelezko
17 ULUND Lund Institute of Technology Sweden
S. Kroll
18 ICFO Polytechnic University of Catalonia Spain A. Acin, J. P. Torres
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Short Institution Country Principal Researchers
Name
19 U of W University of Waterloo Canada M. Mosca, A. Ambainis, R. Cleve, R. Laflamme, D. Leung,
A.Nayak
20 Tel-Aviv U. Tel-Aviv University Israel O. Regev, A. Ta-shma, Y. Aharonov, L. Vaidman, B. Reznik
21 UB University of Barcelona Spain
J. I. Latorre, R. Tarrach, E. Rico, R. Orus
22 HPLB Hewlett Packard Labs Bristol UK T. Spiller, W. Munro, P. Kok, S. Barrett, S. Popescu
23 IDQUAN Id Quantique Switzerland G. Ribordy, O. Guinnard
24 TU-Munich Technische Universitat
Munchen Germany
S. Glaser, T. Schulte-Herbruggen, R. Marx, A. Sporl,
R. Fisher,
N. Pomplun, U. Sander
25 UMK Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika Poland K. Banaszek, M. Karpinski
26 Elsag Elsag Spa Italy F. A. Bovino, A. Martinoli, M. Giardina, L. Masullo,
27 PIR Pirelli Research Laboratories Italy F. Fontana, E. Pessina, E. Borgonovo.
28 EPFL Ecole Polytechnique Fed
erale de Switzerland A. Fiore
Lausanne
29 UNICAM University of Camerino Italy P. Tombesi, D. Vitali, I. Marzoli, S. Mancini, G. Di Giuseppe
30 UCAM- Cambridge University UK A. Ekert, A. Kent, J. Oppenheim
DAMTP
31 UG Gdansk University Poland M. Zukowski
32 KTH Kungliga Tekniska Hgskolan Sweden
A. Karlsson, G. Bjork, M. Bourenanne, B. Hessmo
33 TREL Toshiba Research Europe Ltd UK Andrew Shields
34 HERT University of Hertfordshire UK S.F. Huelga, D. Tsomokos
35 MACQ Macquarie University Australia J. Twamley
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A.1.1 Description of the Consortium
University of Oxford (UOXF.DU:1)

The Clarendon Laboratory is one of three major laboratories of the Department of Physics at the University of Ox-
ford. The University is one of the worlds leading academic institutions, and the Department of Physics is among
the most highly rated in the UK. The Atomic and Laser Physics Sub-Department within the Clarendon Laboratory
houses research efforts in high-intensity light-matter interactions, ultracold atomic and molecular gases, quantum
information processing and ultrafast photonics. The Oxford node investigators, led by Ian Walmsley have signif-
icant experience in organizing and running large-scale collaborative research programs, including provision for
training of graduate students and postdocs.
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (IMPERIAL:2)

The physics department at Imperial College, one of the largestin the UK, is the highest rated department in the
latest UKResearch Assessment Exercise. The Quantum Optics and Laser Science group has a long tradition in
quantum information theory, theoretical quantum optics as well as experimental quantum optics. The quantum in-
formation activities contributing to QAP are part of the Quantum Optics and Laser Science group and, at the same
time, of the newly founded Institute for Mathematical Sciences. The group with its approximately 16 members is
led by by Prof Martin Plenio and the EURYI fellow Dr Jens Eisert. In the last year this group has published more
than 40 papers in leading journals. The group has strong links with other research groups in the UK, Europe and
North America.
Slovak Academy of Sciences (IPSAS:3)

Research Centre for Quantum Information of the Institute of Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences has
been founded in 2001 and is presently the most active basic research group in Slovakia withactive research
contacts with institutions across Europe, Northern and Latin America, Japan and Australia. The Centre is or
has recently been involved in the EU projects: IST-1999-11053 (EQUIP), IST-1999-13021 (QUBITS), IST-2001-
38877(QUPRODIS), IST-2001-38875 (QGATES), and coordinates the project MRTN-CT-2003-505089 (ConQuest).
Most of theresearch in the Centre is focused on quantum state and process reconstruction, multi-partite commu-
nication protocols,quantum simulations, application of quantum information theory to quantum statistical physics
(quantum phase transitions) and analysis of quantum decoherence and quantum entanglement. During its ex-
istence the group has published over 80 papers (including Nature and PRL papers). The Research Centre for
Quantum Information that is led by Vladimir Buzek has 12 members (6 PhD students) and many visitors from
abroad.
University of Erlangen (FAU:4)

The quantum information theory group of the University of Erlangen was founded in2001. The research interests
of the group are at the interface of quantum optics and quantum information theory. The grouptakes a special

interest in quantum key distribution. The main researcher of the group is Norbert Lutkenhaus who alsoestablished
the group.after having been involved with MagiQ Technologies in the US. The group is very well connected to-
experimental groups working in the area of QKD. The group is involved in the FP5 project RAMBOQ and FP6
projectSECOQC. A new experimental group in the framework of a Max-Planck Nachwuchsgruppe is currently
being established byChristine Silberhorn.
University of Siegen (USIEG:5)

The quantum optics research group at the University of Siegen has been newlyestablished. The group has re-
cently moved from Hamburg, Germany to Siegen and has long standing experience in trapping,cooling, and
coherently preparing individual trapped ions. Recent experimental work includes the demonstration of preciseand
essentially decoherence free arbitrary single qubit gates with trapped Yb+ ions[Wunderlich2003], the first exper-
imentaldemonstration of the self-learning estimation of an arbitrary quantum state [Hannemann2002], quantum
process tomographyof engineered decoherence, and the development of new concepts for QIP with trapped ions
[Mintert2001,Wunderlich2002].The group currently participates in the FP5 project QGATES. The Siegen team

presently also comprises of D. Bruser, Th. Collath, V. Elman, A. Khromova, M. Johanning, and N. Timoney.
University of Bristol (UBRISTOL:6)

The University organizes its academic affairs in some 60 departments and 15 research centres which are arranged
in six faculties. The university hosts over 12,000 students. In 1999, Bristol University simultaneously made three
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senior appointments in the quantum information theory: Richard Jozsa in Computer Science, Noah Linden in
Mathematics and Sandu Popescu in Physics. This established in Bristol one of the leading theoretical groups
worldwide in this rapidly developing area. The group is uniquely interdisciplinary in spanning three departments.
It has made fundamental contributions across the range of theoretical quantum information theory: in quantum
algorithms and communication, in entanglement, in quantum coding, and in a variety of theoretical aspects of
implementation of quantum information processing. Bristol University also hosts the experimental group of Prof.
John Rarity who has made pioneering contributions to the implementation of quantum cryptography.
Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI:7)

CWI is the Dutch nationally funded research centre in Computer Science with a research staff of about 200. The
group taking part in this proposal is the research group on Quantum Computing and Advanced Systems Research,
which is led by Harry Buhrman. Proposed work within this project will concentrate on quantum algorithms &
complexity, and quantum communication. The group has been and is currently involved in the community QIP
projects QAIP, QUIPROCONE and RESQ. Other research personnel include Ronald de Wolf.
Ludwig Maximillians University (LMU:8)

The Experimental Quantum Physics group at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, lead by Harald Wein-
furter, focuses on photonic quantum communication and experiments with entangled photons and atoms on the
foundations of quantum physics. It is a declared goal of the group to make quantum mechanics applicable by
investigating the basic principles and by devising the proper tools.The group has significant experience and con-
tributed to various key experiments in photonic quantum communication. Members of the team pioneered Bell-
state analysis [Weinfurter1994], the basic element of Quantum Dense Coding and Quantum Teleportation [Mat-
tle1996]. Moreover, the group developed novel techniques for efficient utilisation of parametric down-conversion
[Kurtsiefer2000], laser-diode pumped sources of entangled photon pairs [Volz2001, Trojek2004] and photonic
quantum logic for observing/analysing/applying multi-photon entanglement [Eibl2006]. The group recently ex-
panded its research activities towards quantum memories [Volz2006]. Researchers involved in this project in-

clude: Markus Weber, Jurgen Volz, Wenjamin Rosenfeld, Nikolai Kiesel, Daniel Schlenk, Christian Schmid, Pavel

Trojek, Henning Weier, Martin Furst, Tobias Schmitt-Manderbach, Florian Henkel, and Witlef Wieczorek. The
group participates inEU-projects on quantum cryptography (EQCSPOT), on quantum communication (QuComm)
and in the FP6-IP SECOQC
University of Geneva (UNIGE:9)

The University of Geneva is the second largest university of Switzerland. The group of applied physics/optics
(GAP Optique) focuses on quantum optics, quantum theory and metrology. It currently consists of 25 members. It
developed and advocated an extremely stable quantum key distribution set-up, demonstrated long distance quan-
tum entanglement and teleportation, and is at the forefront of the analysis of quantum correlations for quantum key
distillation. It recently expanded its research activities towards quantum memories. GAP-Optique has strong links
with numerous other research groups worldwide and with industry. They also have a strong participation in EU
projects (QuComm, RAMBOQ, SECOQC, EQCSPOT, RESQ, EQUIP). The group is led by Nicolas Gisin and also
features Hugo Zbinden. Researchers involved in this project include: R.T. Thew, M. Afzelius, H. de Riedmatten,
C. Simon, Matthaus Halder, Jeroen van Houwelingen.
CNRS, Grenoble (CNRSGRE:10)

CNRS, French national center for scientific research, is a public basic-researchorganisation. CNRS has 26,080
employees in 1,260 service and research units spread throughout the country and covers allfields of research. In-
terdisciplinary programs and actions offer a gateway into new domains of scientific investigation andenable CNRS
to address the needs of society and industry. The Laboratoire de Spectrometrie Physique is a Joint ResearchU-
nit (UMR 5588) set up by Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Universite Joseph Fourier
(UJF). The contribution to the present project concerns quantum optics and quantum information with semicon-
ductor systems. The two principal researchers involved in the proposed project are Jean-Philippe Poizat and
Alexia Auffeves-Garnier, who are experimentalists working on quantum optics with semiconductor quantum dots.

Further participating permanent researchers are Regis Andre and Henri Mariette, who are experts in the growth
of semiconductor nanostructures. The group also possesses state of the art in-house facilities for the growth of
II-VI and III-V semiconductor heterostructures by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE).
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University of Queensland (UQ:11)
The department of physics of the University of Queensland is a major player in the Australian QIP research
effort. The department is involved in the national Centre for Quantum Computer Technology of which UQs Gerard
Milburn is the deputy director. Research interests are in quantum memories, quantum simulations, teleportation
and few qubit algorithms. Other research personnel include Tim Ralph.
Universite Paris-Sud (UPS:12)

Researchers of Partner 12 at Universite Paris-Sud belong to the laboratory Laboratoire de Recherche en Infor-
matique (LRI) which is a French Joint Research Unit (JRU number 8623), depending on Universite Paris-Sud
(UPS) and Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Four year contracts are concluded between the
Universite Paris-Sud and the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). These agreements are prior
to the project and exist independently from the involvement of the JRU in the present project supported by the
European Community.
The joint research unit comprises some 150 researchers. The quantum group within LRIs research group on
algorithms, has become the leading French research group in quantum computing. The group has made important
contributions in quantum algorithms, complexity and fault-tolerant computing. They were involved in the FP5
project QAIP and in the FP6 project RESQ. The group is led by Miklos Santha and further features Julia Kempe,
eric
Iordanis Kerenidis, Sophie Laplante and Fred Magniez.
Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB:13)

The Universite Libre de Bruxelles was founded in 1834 and consists of 18Faculties and Schools distributed over
8 campuses and an academic hospital. The faculty body and staff total up 5,000 personsand the University has
acquired a leading position in the worlds academic community. It has many distinguished alumni,including three
Nobel Prize winners, several Francqui Prize winners, and a Fields Medal. Three groups are currently engaged
in research on quantum information theory at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles, one at the Ecole Polytechnique
(Prof. NicolasCerf and Prof. Philppe Emplit), and another at the Physics Department (Dr. Serge Massar). They
have initiated a long-termcollaborative research project aimed at building a strong pole of expertise in quantum
information and computation at theUniversite Libre de Bruxelles. They participated in the ESF programme entitled
Quantum Information Theory and QuantumComputation, in the 5FP project EQUIP and are coordinating the
FET project RESQ (5FP) and COVAQIAL (6FP).
Scientists involved in the project include, in addition to the above, Prof. Marc Haelterman, Dr. Kien Phan Huy,
Dr. Evgueni Karpov, Dr. David Daems, Dr. Jeremie Roland, Raul Garcia-Patron, Julien Niset, Anh Tuan Nguyen,

Stephane Clemmen.
Copenhagen University (NBI:14)

Research at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen concentrates on quantum state engineer-
ing for light, atoms and ions, including entangled, squeezed and other interesting states. Quantum information
processing, including quantum computing, quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography and quantum memory,
is one of the major directions of their research. Studies of ultra-cold atoms, both fundamental research on its
properties and dynamics, and applications for quantum information processing and precision measurements are
carried out theoretically and experimentally. The group is led by Eugene Polzik
Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW:15)

The participating group, headed by Anton Zeilinger, has two main areas of activity: experiments with entan-
gled photons and large molecules. The main interests of the group are the experimental demonstration of the
counter-intuitive features of quantum physics against the classical world and the exploitation of quantum physics
for technology. Major research achievements in this field include the first realization of the teleportation of a qubit,
represented by the polarization state of a single photon, diffraction of large macromolecules and the first realiza-
tion of one-way quantum computer. The main resource used in all our quantum information experiments is the
polarization entanglement of photon pairs produced in parametric down-conversion, which has been developed in
the group. The group has extensive experience with EC projects, e.g. the ground-breaking network The Physics
of QuantumInformation, whose achievements have become seminal for the whole field and opened up new areas
of research, was coordinated by them. The principal reserachers in the group include Markus Aspelmeyer, Caslav
Brukner, Thomas Jennewein, Rupert Ursin and Anton Zeilinger. Other reserarchers involved in the projects of
relevance for QAP are: Qarry Angie, Alessandro Fedrizzi, Thomas Herbst, Xiaosong Ma, Thomas Scheidl, Andre
Stefanov, Felix Tiefenbacher.
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University of Stuttgart (USTUTT:16)
Wrachtrup. Within the
The participating group from Stuttgart University is the Physikalisches Institut, led by Jorg
proposed project the group will concentrate on storing light states into spin states based on electromagnetically
induced transparency (EIT). As a storage medium Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond will be used. Fur-
thermore they will work on engineering entanglement between distant NV defects in diamond using interference
effect and state projection via measurement.
Lund Institute of Technology (ULUND:17)

The quantum information group at the department of Physics of Lund University belongs to the Lund Laser Centre
(LLC). The LLC is established at the Lund University, directly under the Rectorate, as an organization for laser,
optics and spectroscopy research. LLC is a European Major Research Infrastructure and belongs to the Integrated
Infrastructure Initiative LASERLAB-EUROPE. The quantum information group consists of 5 persons, led by Stefan
who has 15 years of experience in research on rare-earth-ion doped inorganic crystals. As part of the LLC
Kroll
the group has access to an extensive optics equipment park including 30 major laser systems.
Polytechnic University of Catalonia (ICFO:18)

The Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO) is a recently created research institute in the Polytechnic University of
Catalonia, inBarcelona, Spain. Its main interests cover most areas of the photonics sciences, including quantum
optics, nanophotonics andbiophotonics. Professor Juan P. Torres is the group leader of the Photonics Quantum
Information (PQI) group at ICFO. His main current interest are the search for new quantum ideas in multidimen-
sional Hilbert spaces, such as the frequency and thespatial shape of photons, as well as the engineering of
practical applications based on the principles of quantum information. Dr. Antonio Acin leads the Quantum In-
formation Theory Group within ICFO. The following scientists are also involved in this project: two post-doctoral
researchers, Alessandro Ferraro and Stefano Pironio, and five PhD students, Joonwoo Bae, Miguel Navascues,
Mafalda Almeida, Artur Garcia and Daniel Cavalcanti.
University of Waterloo (U of W:19)

The participating research group from the University of Waterloo (UW) is the Institute for Quantum Computing
(IQC). The IQC is a multidisciplinary institute with members from the Faculties of Engineering, Mathematics and
Science specializing in many aspects of quantum information including algorithms and complexity, cryptography,
error-correction, and several experimental approaches. The IQC also has strong collaborations with the Perime-
ter Institute for Theoretical Physics (PI) and several other centres of excellence in quantum computation across
Canada and abroad. There is long history of fruitful collaborations between members of the IQC and several of
the proposed partners in the EU, including the well-known work on the polynomial method for proving limitations
of quantum computers, quantum fingerprinting, private quantum channels, self-testing quantum apparatus, quan-
tum walk algorithms, reducing errors in algorithms with bounded-error inputs, and many other results in quantum
algorithms, complexity and cryptography. This Canadian participation will be led by Michele Mosca (Deputy Di-
rector, IQC) and include the involvement of other members including Andris Ambainis, Richard Cleve, Raymond
Laflamme, Debbie Leung (arriving autumn 2005), Ashwin Nayak, and Gregor Weihs and collaborators from other
Canadian universities
Tel-Aviv University (Tel-Aviv U.:20)

The school of computer science at Tel-Aviv University covers a vast area of subjects within computer science. One
of these areas is research on complexity issues and algorithms. From that group Oded Regev and Amnon Ta-
shma will take part in the proposed project. The will more specifically focus on algorithmic techniques, algorithms
for quantum simulation, lattice problems and the hidden subgroup problem, algorithmic methods such as random
walks, adiabatic computing and perturbation theory. The Quantum Group in Physics Department of Tel-Aviv
University will also contribute. This group was founded by Yakir Aharonov and it is one of the leading centres for
Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Lev Vaidman and Benni Reznik both belong to this group and will actively
work on the project.
University of Barcelona (UB:21)

The University of Barcelona recently established a quantum information theory group. This group has published
`
over 40 research papers and directed four PhD theses. The group is in close contact with the Institute de Ciencies
Fotoniques, also located in Barcelona and partner within this proposed project. The group, headed by Jose Ignacio
Latorre participated in the EU EQUIP and QUIPROCONE projects. Research focuses on optimal measurement
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strategies, characterization of entanglement for few qubit systems, relation between classical and information
theory, and analysis of entropy in many qubit systems. Other research personnel include Rolf Tarrach, Enrique
Rico and Roman Orus.

Hewlett Packard Labs Bristol (HPLB:22)

The Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) is a leading global manufacturer of computing, Internet and Intranet solu-
tions, services, communications products and measurement solutions. HP Laboratories is HPs central research
organization and its innovation engine, helping HP remain successful in current businesses and creating new
opportunities through technology innovation and research. Hewlett-Packard European Laboratories (HPLB) was
established in Bristol, UK in 1984 and currently employs around 150 researchers. Applied research includes Trust
and Security, Personal Appliances and Digital Imaging; longer term basic research includes cryptography and
quantum information processing. The QIP group includes Drs. Sean Barrett, Pieter Kok, William Munro and Tim
Spiller, and Professor Sandu Popescu who holds a joint appointment with Bristol University. Theoretical interests
in QIPC are widespread, from fundamentals (e.g. entanglement) through communication and cryptography to
QIPC hardware. Relevant previous EC project involvement: EQUIP, QUIPROCONE (Coordinator), RAMBOQ,
NANOMAGIQC.
Id Quantique (IDQUAN:23)
Id Quantique is a spin-off of the University of Geneva, Switzerland. and was created in 2001. Id Quantique has
the commitment to become a leader in novel secure communication systems based on quantum photonics. In
this domain, id Quantique launches two products: the Quantum Random Number Generator and a quantum key
distribution (QKD). In November 2001, Id Quantique was one of the recipients of the European Innovation Awards
from the Wall Street Journal Europe. It was also selected to represent Swiss technology at the 2002 Cebit in
Hannover, Germany, within the framework of the Technologiestandort Schweiz program. In June 2002 Olivier

Guinnard and Gregoire Ribordy were granted the annual prize of the de Vigier foundation.
Munchen
Technische Universitat (TU-Munich:24)
The participating research group from TUM is the group of SteffenGlaser,which forms part of the universitys
chemistry department, which is among the highest ranked departments of Germany. The group was formed in
1990 and pursues both theoretical as well as experimental interests in the fields ofquantum computation, quan-
tum control, and methodology of NMR spectroscopy. The group has achieved the first 5-qubitNMR quantum
computation, the first scalable implementation of Deutschs algorithm on thermal spin ensembles, timeoptimal
and decoherence-minimising NMR experiments, gradient flow algorithms for maximal coherence transfer. Spec-
troscopic experiments with optimized coupling or decoupling under dipolar, planar, isotropic interactions have
foundapplications in protein, DNA and RNA structure elucidation. A fruitful collaboration exists with the Bruker
spectrometercompany. Besides Steffen Glaser, the group consists of Thomas Schulte-Herbruggen, Raimund
Robert Fisher, Nikolas Pomplun, Uwe Sander.
Marx, Andreas Sporl,
Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika (UMK:25)

The Nicolaus Copernicus University (UMK) in Torun is the biggest university in northern Poland and ranks among
the top 5 Polish universities. The Institute of Physics of Nicolaus Copernicus University hosts the National Labo-
ratory for Atomic,Molecular, and Optical Physics. This laboratory has projects underway in the area of quantum
photonics and atom and ion trapping. Principal investigator is Konrad Banaszek. His scientific interests include
quantum communication, information theory, and quantum optics. In 2001 he was awarded the Fresnel Prize by
the European Physical Society.
Elsag Spa (Elsag:26)

Elsag spa, Finmeccanica Group, is a benchmark player in the Italian Information Technology marketwith about
3000 employees, e420m turnover in 2002 and dedicated business units addressing the following markets:
NationalSecurity, Defense, Industry, Banking & Insurance, Public Administration, Healthcare, Transportation, Util-
ities, Postalservices. Elsag performed QIPC research since 1987, participating in two key projects concerning
implementation of QKDsystems with industrially significant performance: EQCSPOT and MIUR. Elsags Quan-
tum Optics Laboratory and QuantumGroup, established in 2001, is actively involved in research on QIPC with
remarkable expertise in entanglement engineering,user synchronization, flexible software architecture for QKD
systems, quantum computing, dense coding. It currently holds 5patents on these subjects. Current R&D activities
are: multi-user quantum communication networks; practical design andengineering of specialty entangled-photon
179 of 182
states for QIPC; integrated design of optical processing circuits combiningnanophotonics, wave-guided devices
and PPNL structures on a single optoelectronic chip. The group works in cooperationwith Italian and foreign -
Europe and US - Universities and Research Institutions.
Pirelli Research Laboratories (PIR:27)

Pirelli Labs is the corporate research centre of the Pirelli Group, a major Italian industrial holding. During the last
20 years, the R&D lab (with 120 research staff) has accumulated a worldwide and renowned expertise in the field
of optical communications and photonics, testified by the success story of the development of the optical amplifier
systems that Pirelli introduced first in the world in their current implementation. The main projects pursued by
Pirelli aim to the launch of a new generation of photonic components based on periodic bandgap structures, and
to the development of new systems exploiting quantum optics concepts, in view of the application to photonic
transmission and other disciplines. The main researcher within the proposed project is Dr. Flavio Fontana, one
of the co-founders of the Pirelli industrial activities in photonics. Other research personnel include Dr. Enrico
Pessina and Elena Borgonovo. Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne (EPFL:30) The Institute of Quantum
Electronics and Photonics (IPEQ) at the
erale
Ecole Polytechnique Fed de Lausanne (EPFL:28)
The Institute of Quantum Electronics and Photonics (IPEQ) at theEPFL-Lausanne is composed of 4 groups rep-
resenting a total of approximately 80 collaborators. The Institute combinesadvanced epitaxial growth facilities
(2 MBEs, 2 MOVPEs and 1 HVPE system), a clean-room facility for device fabricationand state of the art opti-
cal characterisation tools. It has participated in 5 FP5 projects (PCIC, GSQ, Euronim, Vista,Supersmile). The
Quantum Devices research group investigates single-photon sources based on semiconductor quantum dotsand
on quantum dot lasers. Prof. Andrea Fiore is SNSF Assistant Professor at the IPEQ since October 2002. He
has a 10years research experience in the field of semiconductor devices (nonlinear optics, vertical-cavity lasers,
quantum dot lasers,and single-photon LEDs), is co-author of over 60 articles in refereed journals and has given
several invited talks atinternational conferences. He has been previously involved in one FP5 project (GSQ), two
COST actions (268 and 288) andone FP6 NoE (ePIXnet), and in several industrial collaborations at the European
and national level. Dr. David Bitauld and Dr. Nicolas Chauvin, who both joined the group in 2006, are postdoctoral
scientists working on QAP-related topics.
University of Camerino (UNICAM:29)

The University of Camerino is one of the oldest Universities in Italy. The Department of Physics comprises 11
different research groups active in theoretical and experimental physics. The Quantum Optics and Information
Group, led by Prof. Paolo Tombesi, is formed by one associate professor, D. Vitali, three researcher, I. Marzoli,
S. Mancini, G. Di Giuseppe, and graduate and undergraduate students. In the last five years the group has
carried out research in many sub-fields of Quantum Information Theory. Recently constituted, the experimental
laboratory of quantum optics is already concentrated on the realization and the study of quantum communication
on decoherent and noisy channels. The group is engaged in a number of national and international research
programmes. It is also the Coordinator of the STREP Quantum computing with trapped electrons (QUELE),
funded by the European Commission. The group has collaborative links to other international groups including
Orsay, Boston, Ulm, Paris, Oxford, and Brisbane.
Cambridge University (UCAM-DAMTP:30)

The CQC research groups contributions to the theory of quantum computation and quantum cryptography include
pioneering work on the relationship between physics and computation and the qualitative distinction between
classical and quantum computing, the invention of entanglement-based cryptography, and collaborative work on
the first demonstration of a quantum algorithm that outperforms all classical algorithms and on the development of
quantum privacy amplification techniques which (it is now understood) allow efficient quantum cryptography over
arbitrarily long distances.
Gdansk University (UG:31)

The Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics of the University of Gdansk is pursuing research in the areas
of quantum optics (light-matter interaction, pulse propagation), quantum information (foundations,channel capac-
ities, thermodynamics versus quantum information), quantum mechanics (foundations, Bells theorem, design of
quantum interferometric experiments), mathematical physics, atomic and molecular collision theory and computa-
tion, econophysics, and astrophysics. The principal researcher is Marek Zukowski (who is now the Director of the
180 of 182
Institute). Prof. Robert Alicki will contribute to the quantum memories and related problems. The current people
involved in the project include Ph D students: Wieslaw Laskowski, Tomasz Paterek and Marcin Wiesniak (they
are not employed in UG, they receive stipends from the Rector of UG and various foundations). We plan to hire
Wieslaw Laskowski with the QAP money for a reasercher position. The administrative staff is Ms Elzbieta Bandura
(fizetb@univ.gda.pl) and Anita Charkot (fizac@univ.gda.pl), they will be covered out of Polish funds. In November
2006 we have finally received the long promised SPUB funds for QAP from our Ministry of Higher Education and
Science, which will allow us to quickly expand our QAP activity. At least two new post-docs will join us soon. Mr
Marcin Pawlowski joined QAP as a junior reasearcher (15 Nov 2006), he will work parttime for us.
Kungliga Tekniska Hgskolan (KTH:32)

KTH is the largest Technical University in Sweden and is the co-ordinator of the major Swedish R&D program in
Photonics. KTH made early contributions to squeezed laser diodes, sub shot noise manipulation with semicon-
ductor light emitters, and on spontaneous emission control in light emitters. In the area of quantum information,
KTH demonstrated among the first quantum cryptography experiments in the third telecom window at 1550 nm,
and has also worked on quantum lithography, quantum interferometry and quantum imaging. KTH was involved
in the 5th framework projects QuComm and S4P and the 6th FP IP SECOQC, working on entangled state quan-
tum cryptography. Key Researcher is Anders Karlsson, who has been working in the area of quantum optics and
quantum information for the last ten years and was the project coordinator for the IST FET QIPC QuComm project.

Other personnel include Gunnar Bjork, Mohamed Bourenanne and Bjorn Hessmo.
Toshiba Research Europe Ltd (TREL:33)

Toshiba has been present in Europe for over 30 years, currently employing around 4700people on 9 different
sites. In support of its corporate activities, the company operates a global network of R&D laboratories,spending
about Euro 2.5 billion on R&D. Toshiba conducts research on a diverse range of topics, including semiconduc-
tors,telecommunications and speech technology. The main focus of the Cambridge Research Laboratory is in
the area of quantuminformation technology. The Quantum Information Group consists of around 20 members
and is led by Andrew Shields.They have pioneered a single photon technology which is based on semiconduc-
tor devices containing quantum dots. They arealso interested in practical realisations of quantum cryptography.
They are involved in the following EU funded projects in thearea of quantum information and/or nanotechnology:
SAWPHOTON, RAMBOQ, QUIPROCONE, SECOQC and the FP6Network of Excellence SANDiE.
University of Hertfordshire (HERT:34)

The quantum physics group is part of the School of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy. The group was es-
tablished in 1997,through the appointments of J.A. Vaccaro (OU), and later O. Steuernagel (Princeton) and S.
Huelga (IMPERIAL). It now hasfive staff members, including an EPSRC Advanced Fellow (J.Ruostekoski) and
a post-doctoral fellow (D. Tsomokos). Thegroups research focuses on quantum information theory, cold atoms
and quantum optics. In the last four years the group haspublished a significant amount of papers, including
11 Physical Review Letters. We hold extensive collaborations withEuropean, Australian, Japanese and north
American research groups. Recent grant support comes from the EPSRC, the BritishCouncil, Asahi Japan, The
Nuffield Foundation and the US Army and the European projects IST-2001-38877 (QUPRODIS)and the ESF-QIT
programme.
Macquarie University (MACQ:35)

The physics department at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, is host to a theory node of the Australia
NationalCentre of Excellence, the Centre for Quantum Computer Technology (CQCT). This node will be led by
Jason Twamley andwill initially contain 5 researchers. J. Twamley has previously had much experience with EC
projects and proposed and ledIST-1999-11617 (QIPDDF), IST-2001-37150 (QIPDDF-ROSES), and acted as a
partner in MRTN-CT-2003-505089(CONQUEST), and the ERA-NET Pilot QIST.. Together with Vladimir Buzek he
proposed as coordinator, QAP, which, dueto relocation to MACQ the coordinatorship passed on to others. The
group will concentrate within QAP on the testing ofquantum systems in SP4 and SP5.
181 of 182
Confidential
1.2. Sub-contracting
There is no proposed subcontracting in QAP
A.3. Third parties
N/A
A.4. Competive Calls

N/A
A.5 Third Country Participants
Non-EU countries are listed as no-cost partners in the QAP Consortium List.
182 of 182

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Confidential

SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME

Annexe I Revision 1 - Description of Work

Project acronym: QAP

1. PROJECT SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................... 4

2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................................... 5

4. RELEVANCE TO THE OBJECTIVES OF THE IST PRIORITY................................................................................. 10

5. POTENTIAL IMPACT ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

8. DETAILED IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FIRST 18 MONTHS ................................................................................. 51

APPENDIX A - QAP CONSORTIUM DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................... 172

Proposal Acronym: QAP

Strategic Objectives Addressed:

Proposal Abstract (copied from part A):

SP 1: Quantum memories & interfaces

SP 4: Quantum simulations & control

2.1.2 Project State-of-the-Art

Quantum memories and interfaces

Quantum simulation and control

% Nominate possible candidates for the steering committee of the cluster.

3. Participant List: QAP Consortium

4. Relevance to the objectives of the IST Priority

with the prominence given to the specific tasks of

Theoretical work should aim at further developing quantum information theory.

Consortium:-- As clearly evidenced in Figure

EU/US Competitiveness:-- it is both pragmatic and

5.1 Contributions to Standards:

5.2 Contributions to policy developments:

5.3 Risk Assessment and Related Communications Strategy:

6. Outline implementation plan

6.1.A Research, technological Implementation Plan by Subproject

SUBPROJECT 1: QUANTUM MEMORIES & INTERFACES

Objectives and Approach

Relations to other subprojects

WP 1.0 Subproject management

WP 1.1 Rare-Earth-Ion Doped Solids

WP 1.3 Semiconductor Nanotechnology

WP 1.4 Single Trapped Atoms

WP 1.5 Room-Temperature Atomic Vapour

WP 1.6 Cold Atoms

(workpackage leader: Eugene Polzik, NBI)

SUBPROJECT 2: QUANTUM NETWORKS

Objectives and Approach

The workpackages of the subproject are:

WP 2.0 Subproject management

WP 2.1 Photon Sources for Quantum Networks

WP 2.2 Network hardware

WP 2.3 Multi-photon networks

WP 2.4 Qudit and continuous variable networks

WP 2.5 Multi-particle and qudit entanglement purification and algorithms

WP 2.6 Testing small-scale quantum networks and devices

SUBPROJECT 3: QUANTUM REPEATERS

Objectives and Approach

.... A direct amplification and reshaping of quantum transmissions is not

The expected results include:

Relations to other subprojects

The following workpackage structure will be used for the subproject:

WP3.0 Subproject Management

WP3.1 Quantum channels

WP3.2 Advanced sources of entangled photon pairs

WP3.3 Long distance fibre optic relays and purification

WP3.4 Terrestrial and satellite free-space quantum communication

WP3.5 Creation of entangled states of single atoms and photons by interference

SUBPROJECT 4: QUANTUM SIMULATION & CONTROL

Objectives and Approach