MLR Institute of

Technology
Laxman Reddy Avenue, Quthbullapur (M), R.R. Dist - 500 043.
www.mlrinstitutions.ac.in Email: principal@mlrinstitutions.ac.in

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LAB MANUAL
(A.Y.2016-17)

Document No: DATE OF Compiled by: AUTHORISED

ISSUE: B Prasanth BY
MLRIT/ME/MOS/ K Guru Brahmam Dr. S. Madhu
LAB MANUAL 13-06-2016 S Girish

Verified By: MECH (HOD)

G.Ananda Rao

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COURSE OBJECTIVES:

I. To study the mechanical properties of material used in engineering

field.
II. To analyze practically tensional behavior a material.
III. To study the mechanical behavior of the material against sudden shock
and impact loads in dynamic nature.
IV. To study the deflections of beams under concentrated loads.
V. To understand the hardness properties of material against indentation.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

a. Ability to understand the ductile behavior of mild steel, estimation of

percentage of elongation, and able to plot the graph between stress and
strain.
b. Ability to determine modulus of rigidity and evaluate maximum torque
that can be transmitted through a shaft.
c. Ability to calculate the toughness and energy absorption of machine
members in automobile, locomotive and etc against impact loads.
d. Ability to evaluate the natural frequency of structural beams using
static deflection.
e. Ability to understand the wear and tear in sliding components in
machines and engines.

f.

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S. No. Name of the experiment Page. No.

1. Tensile test 4

2. Deflection test on Simple supported Beam 9

3. Deflection test on Cantilever Beam 12

4. Torsion Test 15

Hardness test
5. a) Brinell hardness test 19
b) Rockwell hardness test

6. Test on springs 24

Izod -Impact test

7. 28

Charpy- Impact test

8. 32

9. Compression Test 36
38
10. Shear Test

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 EXPERIMENT NO:1
TENSILE TEST

AIM: To conduct tension test on the given steel specimen

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Universal testing machine (UTM)

SPECIMENS REQUIRED: Mild steel rod of 10 mm diameter and 117 mm length, steel
role, vernier caliper

SKETCH:
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS:
The machine serves the purpose of conducting tension, compression and bending test. The
testing machine is operated hydraulically. Driving is performed by help of electric motor.
The machine is equipped with pendulum dynamometer. It is a recording device for
registering load deformation diagram.
DESCRIPTION OF PARTS:
Control panel:

The control panel consists of a power pack complete with drive motor and oil tank, control
valves, a pendulum dynamometer, a load indicator system and an autographic recorder.
Power Pack:

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The power pack generates the maximum pressure of 200 kgf/cm 2, the hydraulic pump
provides continuously non-pulsating oil flow. Hence the load application is very smooth.
Load Indicator System:
This system consists of a large dial and a pointer. A dummy pointer is provided to register
the maximum load reached during the test. Different measuring ranges can be selected by
operating the range selecting knob. An overload trip switch is in corporate, which
automatically cuts out the pump motor when the load range in use is exceeded. The load
ranges will be 4 positions. i.e., 0 to 40 KN
0 to 100 KN
0 to 200 KN
0 to 400 KN
Pendulum dynamometer:
This unit permits selection of favorable hydraulic ratios producing relatively small
directional forces. Pressurized oil in the loading cylinder pushes up the measuring piston
proportionately and actuates the special dynamometer system. The piston is constantly
rotated to eliminate friction. The dynamometer system is also provided with an integral
damper and ensures high reliability of operation. The load transmitted to the
dynamometer is transferred through a pendulum to the load indicator.
Autographic continuous roll load Elongation recorder:
This unit is of the pen and drums type and is supplied as standard.
Graph paper:
The graph paper which is to be there in the UTM machine is used to draw the stress.
Strain dig for the given material.
Graph Drum:
On which the graph paper is rolled. By which we can draw the stress Vs strain diagram for
the given material.
Elongation scale:
On this scale we measure the elongation (or) compression of the specimen. This is marked
from 0 to 20 cm.
Pen Holder:
This is placed above the graph drum, which is to be used for holding of the pen. While the
needle of the pendulum dynamometer is rotating this is to be moved, by using this pen
holder we can draw the stress-strain diagram.
Loading Platform:
On which we put the specimen for doing the compression. This loading platform is to be
moved in to upward direction by put on the upward switch of the driving motor. And it is
moved downwards my pressing the down switch of the driving motor.
Three-Phase Electric Motor:
This type of electric motor is used to give the power supply to the system by which we can
operate the driving motor properly. This power supply is given to the threading device of
the

THEORY:

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 The Universal Testing Machine (UTM) mainly consists of two units
1. Loading unit and
2. Control panel
The specimen is tested on the loading unit and the corresponding readings are taken
from the dial fixed, to the control panel. The main hydraulic cylinders fitted in the
centre of the base and the piston slides in the cylinder when the machine is under
operation. A lower table is rigidly connected to an upper cross head by two straight
columns. This assembly moves up and down with the main piston.
The test is conducted by fixing the specimen in between the lower and upper
crossheads by jaws inserts. An elongation scale is also kept sliding which is fitted
between lower table and upper crosshead.
The two valves on the control panel at the right side and the other one at the left side
are used to control the oil flow in the hydraulic system. The right side valve is a
pressure flow control valve and the left side valve is a return valve to allow the oil
from the cylinder to go back to the tank. Control panel also consists of dynamometer
which measures and indicates the load on the specimen.
PROCEDURE:
1) Measure the gauge length and diameter of given specimen
2) Fix the load range by placing counter weights on the balancing pendulum at the
back of the machine.
3) Hold the specimen vertically in upper and lower jaws of the UTM and adjust the
machine to read zero.
4) Before applying the pressure adjust the pencil to the graph roll.
5) Now, push the ON button on the control panel, then tension increases on
specimen due to movement of upward motion in upper jaw .
6) Note down the reading when pointer slow down on dial indicator which is known
as yield load.
7) Continue the tensile load on the specimen
8) Take the reading when the pointer will have maximum deflection which is known
as ultimate load.
9) After the ultimate point the pointer will move backward
10) Take the reading when the specimen breaks.
11) Remove the broken pieces of the specimen from the machine and safely switch off.
OBSERVATIONS
Diameter of rod do = mm
Original length (Gauge length) of rod Lo = mm
Yield point load Py = KN
Ultimate load Pu = KN
Breaking load Pb = KN
Diameter of the rod at neck df = mm
Gauge length after elongation lo = mm
2
Original area of cross section, Ao = (/4)do
Area of cross section at neck, Af = (/4)df2

Calculations:

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Stress at yield point = Yield load/ Original area N /mm2
Ultimate stress = Ultimate load/ Original area N /mm2
Actual breaking stress = Breaking load/ Original area N /mm2
Percentage reduction in area = (Ao Af ) / Ao x 100
Percentage elongation = (Lo-Lf)/Lo x 100
Original Length Lo = mm
Final Length Lf = mm

RESULT: Percentage of elongation =

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Carefully switch ON the machine
2. Hold the loads carefully, so that it doesnt fall on your feet and gets you
injured.
3. Set the dial corresponding to the load applied.
4. While operating the machine do not touch the rod column along which the
piston moves
5. Be careful while testing the specimen between the jaws of the UTM

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 6. Keep your hands away from the parts of the UTM, after the specimen is fixed
in the jaws of the machineViva Questions:
1. Define stress?
Force / area
2. Define strain?
e = change is dimensions/ original dimensions
3. Why we are using only
rectangular threading in the
UTM?
A. Power supply
is more in
rectangular
threading to lift
the loading
platform.
4. Define youngs
modulus of elasticity.
A. It is the ratio of
shear stress to
the shear strain
5. What is the unit for youngs modulus of elasticity?
A.
KN/mm2
6. What is the purpose of UTM?
A. The machine serves the purpose of conducting tension compression and
bending.
7. What is the purpose of dynamometer?
A. The dynamometer which measures and indicates the load on the specimen.
8. What is the purpose of graph paper
A. The graph paper is used to draw the stress strain dig.
9. Define tensile stress.
A. when a section is subjected to two equal and opposite pulls and the body
tends to increase its length, the stress induced is called tensile stress.
10. What is the maximum pressure which generates in the power pack?

A. 2000 kgf/cm
11. What is elastic limit?
A. Within this limit stress is directly proportional to strain.
12. Define unit stress.
A. Unit stress represents the resistance developed by a unit area of cross
section
13. Define volumetric strain.
A. It is a ratio between the change in volume and original volume of the body
14. Define elastic limit.
A. There is always limiting value of a load up to which the strain totally on the
removal of the load, the stress corresponding to this load is called elastic
limit
15. Define modulus of elasticity.
A. the ratio between tensile stress and tensile strain or compressive stress to
compressive strain is termed as modulus elasticity
16. What is the relation between the modulus of elasticity (E) and modulus of rigidity?
A. E = 2C (1+1/m)
17. What is Poissons ratio?

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 A. The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is known as poisons ratio
18. What is the relation between E,K & C?
A. E = 9KC/3K+C
19. What is linear strain?
A. Linear strain is the deformation of the bar per unit length in the direction of
the force.

EXPERIMENT NO: 2
DEFLECTION TEST ON SIMPLE SUPPORTED BEAM
Aim:
To conduct deflection test on simply supported beam and verify the Maxwells
reciprocal theorem
Apparatus:
Simply supported beam, dial gauge or dial test indicator and dead weights.
Specification:
Type of beam used : MS flat
Width of beam (w) : 4.64 cm
Depth of beam (d) : 0.27 cm
The specimen is rectangular cross sectional steel beam.
A weight holder with a sliding hook and weights of 1 kg, 4 kg, 10 kg and 25 kg is
given.
Sketch:

Description of apparatus:
Beam:

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 The beam which is to be used here is of simply supported beam having width (w) is 4.64
cm and the depth (d) is 0.27 cm
Theory:
The bending test apparatus consists of a long rectangular steel bar resting on stands at both
the ends. On this horizontal steel bar, two sliding supports rest vertically. A dial guage
with a pointer on its head is provided, which can be adjusted with the nut provided.
Maxwell reciprocal theorem:
The Maxwell reciprocal theorem states that the deflection of a beam at any intermediate
point D due to the load at the point C will be same as the deflection at point C due to the
load at point D.
Procedure:
a. Measure the cross section (w,d) of the beam and length (L) between two supports.
b. Arrange the beam on the two supports having equal distance from both ends.
c. Place the dial guage at D under the beam touching the flexible pin to the beam
d. Set the weight holder on the beam at B by hanging its hook.
e. Set the dial guage pointer to initial point (i.e., zero)
f. Now apply load at point B and note down the deflection at D and also at B.
g. Gradually increase the load step wise and note down the deflection at D and
B for each loads.
h. Exchange the dial indicator to B and weight holder to D.
i. After changing the positions repeat the same procedure that note down the
deflection at B by applying load stepwise at D
Table 1:
S No. Load Deflection at D Deflection at B in Theoretical
Applied at in mm mm deflection at B
B (kg) W wa2b2/3EIL
1.
2.
3.

Table 2:

S No. Load Deflection at B

Applied at in mm
D (kg) W
1.
2.
3.

MODAL CALCULATION FOR DEFLECTION

Maximum deflection when load W acting at the centre of the beam d = wa2b2/3EIL
Distance from left end A to B (a)=
Distance from right end C to D(b)=
Youngs modulas E=
Moment of inertia I=wd3 /12
(w=width of beam and d= depth of beam)

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Length of beam L=
Precautions:
1. Be sure that the distance marked on the beam is equal.
2. Before applying load do not forgot to set the dial guage pointer to the initial point
end.
3. Make sure there is nothing placed on the table except the apparatus a smallest
pressure on the table can soil the experiment.
4. Make sure that the beam and load are placed in the proper position

Result:
From the above experiment we observe that the deflection at B end is equal to the
deflection at end D so that the Maxwells reciprocal theorem is proved.

Viva questions:
1. Define beam?
A. Beam is structural member, which is acted upon by a system of external
loads at right angles to the axis.
2. What is meant by bending?
A. Bending is defined as the deformation of a bar produced by loads acting
perpendicular to its axis.
3. Define plane bending?
A. If the plane of loading passes through one of the principle centroidal axis of the
cross section of the beam; the bending is said to be plane or direct bending.
4. Define oblique bending?
A. If the plane of loading does not pass through one of the principle centroidal axis of
the cross section of the beam, the bending is said to be oblique.
5. Explain the types of loads?
A. The loads will be divided into i) point load ii) distributed load
6. Define point load?
A. A point load is one, which is considered to act at a point.
7. Define distributed load?
A. A distributed load is one which distributed or spread in some manner over the
length of the beam
9. Define UDL?
A. If load distribution is said to be uniform through out the length then that load is
called uniformly distributed load
10. Explain the types of beams?
A. a) Cantilever beam b) Simply (or) freely supported beam c) Over hanging beam
d) Fixed beam e) Continuous beam
11. Define Maxwells reciprocal theorem?
A. The Maxwell reciprocal theorem states that the deflection of a beam at any intermediate
point D due to the load at the point C will be same as the deflection at point C due to
load at point D
12. What is bending equation?
A. M/I = b / Y
16. What is the Deflection of beam or specimen?

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A. = wl3/48EI
17) Define load?
A. The combine effect of external forces acting on a body is called load.
18) Define cantilever beam?
A. A cantilever is a beam whose one end is fixed and the other end is free.
19) Define over hanging beam?
A. A over hanging beam is one in which the supports are not situated at the ends i.e., both
the ends project beyond the support.
20) Define simply supported beam?
A. A simply supported beam is one whose ends freely rest on walls or columns or knife
edges.

EXPERIMENT NO 3
DEFLECTION TEST ON CANTILEVER BEAM
Aim:
To conduct deflection test on Cantilever beam .
Apparatus:
Cantilever beam, dial gauge or Dial test indicator
Specification:
Type of beam used : MS flat
Width of beam : 4.64 cm
Depth of beam : 0.27 cm

The specimen is to be tested in a rectangular steel beam.

A weight holder with a sliding hook and weights of 1 kg, 4 kg, 10 kg and 25 kg is given.
Description of apparatus:
Beam:

The beam, which is to be used, is of cantilever beam having width of the beam is
4.64 cm and the depth is 0.27 cm
Weights:

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 The weights are of 1Kg, 4kg, 10kg, 25kg
Theory:
The bending test apparatus consists of a long rectangular steel bar resting on stands
at one end fixed and the other end free. A dial guage with a pointer on its head is
provided, which can be adjusted with the nut provided.

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the dimensions of the beam
2. Fix dial gauge at free end of the beam.
3. Put loads at a distance a1 from fixed support.
4. Note down the deflections at free end of the beam by using dial gauge
5. Repeat the experiment for different loads at a1 and note down the deflections
at free end
6. Put the load at a distance

Table 1

S Load applied a1 (kg) Deflection at free Theoretical Deflection at

No. end free end

Table 2

S Load applied a2 (kg) Deflection at free Theoretical Deflection at

No. end free end

Table 3

S Load applied a3 (kg) Deflection at free Theoretical Deflection at

No. end free end

1 =wa3 /3EI
2=(L-a)wa2 /3EI

ymax =1+2
=(wa3 /3EI)+[(L-a)wa2 /3EI]
=(3L-a)wa2 /3EI

Where E = youngs modulas

I= moment of inertia

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 Precautions:
1. Be sure that the distance marked on the beam is equal.
2. Before applying load do not forgot to set the dial guage pointer to the initial point
end.
3. Make sure there is nothing placed on the table except the apparatus a smallest
pressure on the table can soil the experiment.
4. Make sure that the beam and load are placed in the proper position
Result:
From the above experiment the deflection of the beam at L/2nd and L/4th is increasing.
That is deflection for cantilever increases from fixed end to free end.

Viva questions:
1. Define beam?
A. Beam is structural member, which is acted upon by a system of external loads at right
angles to the axis.
2. What is meant by bending?
A. Bending is defined as the deformation of a bar produced by loads acting perpendicular
to its axis.
3. How many types of bending?
A. a) plane bending,
b) Oblique bending.
4. Define plane bending?
A. If the plane of loading passes through one of the principle centroidal axis of the cross
section of the beam; the bending is said to be plane or direct bending.
5. Define oblique bending?
A. If the plane of loading does not pass through one of the principle centroidal axis of the
cross section of the beam, the bending is said to be oblique.
6. Explain the types of loads?
A. The loads will be divided into i) point load ii) distributed load
7. Define point load?
A. A point load is one, which is considered to act at a point.
8. Define distributed load?
A. A distributed load is one which distributed or spread in some manner over the length of
the beam.
9. Define UDL?
A. If load distribution is said to be uniform through out the length then that load is called
uniformly distributed load.
10. Explain the types of beams?
A. a) Cantilever beam
b) Simply (or) freely supported beam

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 c) Over hanging beam
d) Fixed beam
e) Continuous beam
11. Define Maxwells reciprocal theorem
A. The Maxwell reciprocal theorem states that the deflection of a beam at any intermediate
point D due to the load at the point C will be same as the deflection at point C due to
load at point D
12. What is meant by gradually applied load?
A. The body is said to be acted upon by a gradually applied load if the load increases from
zero and reaches its final value stepwise is called gradually applied load.
13. Define suddenly applied load?
A. When the load is applied all of a sudden and not stepwise is called suddenly applied load.
14. Define impact load?
A. the load which falls from a height or strike the body with certain momentum is called
impact load.

EXPERIMENT NO 4
TORSION TEST
Aim:
To conduct torsion test on the shaft of given material and to determine its Modulus of
rigidity
Apparatus:
Vernier calipers, steel rule, specimen and spanner
Specimen and materials:
The given specimen is a round mind steel rod of 12mm Diameter and of length
105mm.
Specifications:
Make : Associated Scientific Corporation.
Max : Torque Capacity 50 kgm.

Electric motor type :3

Drive motor power : 2.0 H.P.
Testing speed of motor : 1.5 RPM
Type of dynamometer : Pendulum type
Oil used in damper cylinder : Veedol Avalon 220 (or) its equivalent oil.
Size of inserts used : (16x16) mm
Sketch:

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Description of apparatus:
Bed:
This is supported for the motor accessories and torque arm.
Measuring Panel:
It is having 2 needs one is free and other is attached with gear mechanism. In this we are
measure the torque applied in Kgm.
It is having 3 positions that are 10kgm, 25kgm, and 50Kgm. We are selected by selecting
load selecting knob.
L and T switch:
To control the motor rotation one is clockwise and other is anti clockwise.
Angle measuring disc:

This is measured the angle of the specimen. It is marked from 0 to 360 .

Zero adjusting knob:
It is situated in the measuring panel. By rotating it we can adjust the load indicating
needle to zero.
Pendulum Dynamometer:
This unit permits selection favorable hydraulic ratios producing relatively small
frictional force. Pressurized oil in the loading cylinder pushes up the measuring piston
proportionately and actuates the special dynamometer system. The piston is constantly
rotated to eliminate friction. The dynamometer also provided with an integral damper and

16
ensures high reliability of operation the load transmitted to the dynamometer is transferred
through a pendulum to the load indicator.

3 (phase) electric motor:

It is used to give power supply to the system
Theory:
The torsion testing machine is designed for conducting torsion and twist tests on
various metal wires, tubes and steel materials. Torque measurement is by pendulum
dynamometer system. Torque ranges can be adjusted.
The torsion machine consists of two chucks, which provides a firm of grip to the
specimen by means of jaws. One of the chucks is at fixed end and other at movable end. A
motor is provided to transmit power. This sliding is mounted on a frame like bed. There is
a dial guage which shows load. And the load is set by load setter and corresponding unit
weight is loaded on the weight stand which is like a pendulum behind the machine. The
static movement of this pendulum counter balances the applied torque. There is a lever
provided to transmit rotating power to the chuck. The measurement of the applied torque
is achieved with pendulum dynamometer and indicating constructions. The accuracy of the

torque indication is 1% above the 1/5 of the range selected.

Modulus of rigidity:
Modulus of rigidity is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain and is denoted by G. It
is also called shear modulus.
Modulus of rigidity G = shear stress/shear strain.

G=f /
Torque:
Tangential force acting on a member tends to twist it. The twisting or turning effect of
a force is called torque. A member subjected to torque is said to be under tension

Torsion equation: T/J=G /L

Where
T= Torque or twisting moment, (N mm)
J= Polar moment of inertia, (mm4)

G= Rigidity modulus, (N/mm )

= Angle of twist, in radians.

L = length of the specimen (mm)
From torsion equation the angle of twist is given as

=TL/GJ.
Procedure:
Measure the diameter of the specimen .

Select the specimen to suit the size of the dogs and clamp it in the machine by
adjusting the length of the specimen by means of the sliding spindle.

17
 Choose the appropriate torque range by capacity change lever.
Set the load by torque pointer to Zero.
Set the angle measuring scale and the driving spindle to Zero.
Carry out loading such that shift rotates in clockwise direction.
Observe and record the readings i.e. the torque and the indicator of the machine
and angle of twist from the angle measuring scale.
Table :

S.No Load applied Torque T Modulus of

Angle (N-mm)
Newtons Angle
2
kg rigidity(G) N/mm
(Radians)
f (Degrees)

Polar moment of inertia(mm4)

J= d /32
Sample calculations:
Gauge length of the specimen=
Diameter of the specimen=

Polar moment of inertia J= d /32=

Torsion equation:

T/J= /R=G /L

G=TL/ J
Where T=Torque applied
L= Length of the specimen

= Angle of twist in radians

J = polar moment of inertia in mm

G=Modulus of rigidity in n/mm
Precautions:
1. Be careful while switching ON the machine.
2. Carefully grip the specimen in to the jaws of the chuck.
3. Do not forget to set all the pointer to Zero.
4. Make sure the readings you are your taking is with in the specimens elastic limit

Result:

The modulus of rigidity for the given specimen is

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 Viva questions:
1. Define torque.
A. The torque is the turning effect of a force about the axis of rotation
2. Define limit of proportionality.
A. In this limit stress is directly proportional to the strain. If we draw a stress V/s strain
diagram we got draw a straight line up to this limit
3. What is elastic limit?
A. There is always a limiting value of a load upto, which the strain totally on the removal
of the load, the stress corresponding to this load is called the elastic limit.
4. Define modulus of rigidity.
A. Modulus is the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain
5. What is the torque equation?

A. T/J = /R = G /L
6. What is the torsion equation?

A. T/J = G /L

=TL/GJ
9. What is volumetric strain?
A. The ratio between the change in volume and original volume of the body is called
volumetric strain.
10. What is strain energy?
A. It is the energy stored in a body when stressed in the elastic limit.
11. What is meant by resilience?
A. The total strain energy stored in a body is known as resilience
12. Define elasticity?
A. The property of certain materials returning back to its original position after the
removal of external force is known as elasticity
13. What is bending equation?
A. M/I = b / Y
14. What is the Deflection of beam or specimen?
A. = wl3/48EI
15. Define load.
A. The combine effect of external forces acting on a body is called load.
16. Define cantilever beam.
A. A cantilever is a beam whose one end is fixed and the other end is free.
17. Define over hanging beam.
A. A over hanging beam is one in which the supports are not situated at the ends i.e., both
the ends project beyond the support.
18. Define simply supported beam.
A. A simply supported beam is one whose ends freely rest on walls or columns or knife
edges.
19. Define fixed beam.

19
A. A fixed beam is one whose both ends are rigidly fixed or built is into its supporting
walls or columns
20. Define continuous beam.
A. a continuous beam is one which has more than two supports.

EXPERIMENT NO: 5
A) BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
Aim:
To determine the Hardness number of the given specimen by using Brinell hardness test
Apparatus:
Brinell hardness test machine. Micro scope
Materials required:
Test specimen
Specifications:
Make : Associated scientific corporation
Type of test done : Brinell hardness test
Indents used : 10mm steel ball
Load selection : 3000 kgf .
Sketch:

Description of apparatus:
Loading handle:
It is used to apply the load. If we move this handle towards us we are release the load,
where as we put the loading handle in perpendicular direction we apply the load on the
specimen.
Load selector:
It is used to select the required load.
Indenter holder:It is used to hold the indenter. The Indenter is useful to create the
impression.
Elevating Screw: It helps us to create impression by rotating it into the upward direction.
Hard wheel:
It is used to move the elevating screw upwards.
Knurling thumb screw:
It is used to select the required load. It is having 3 positions i.e., 100, 150 & 187.5
Theory:

20
Hardness:
It is defined as the ability of a material to resist abrasion, scratching (or) indentation. This
is the desirable property for the parts subjected to wear.
Brinell Hardness number:
Brinell hardness tester consists of penetration, the specimen at predetermined load. After
removing the load, the diameter of indentation is measured, and Brinell hardness number
(BHN) is calculated using following relations.

BHN=2P/ D (D- -d )
Where p = applied load in N
D = Diameter of ball in mm
d= diameter of indentation in mm

PROCEDURE:
i) The given specimen is placed in the Brinell hardness test
machine
ii) Using the align keys; the indent is placed in a position perpendicular to the M.S
piece placed in the apparatus.
iii) At first, a minor load is applied at the specimen and then a load is chosen after
the dead load is removed, and it corresponds to the major load of the specimen
given.
iv) After unloading the Brinell hardness number is noted.
v) Thus for increasingly, varying loads of various positions for different specimen.
The Brinell hardness test is noted by noting down the diameter of the indent
and the corresponding hardness number is found in the Brinell chart.
PRECAUTIONS:
i) The given specimen material must be kept tangentially to the indent in the
apparatus.
ii) Make sure that, when the load is applied, the apparatus should not be disturbed
by any external means.
iii) Be careful while checking the indentations diameter.
TABULAR COLUMN:

BHN=2P/ D (D- -d )
RESULTS:
The Brinell hardness number of the given M.S specimen material is ______

21
 B) ROCKWELLS HARDNESS TEST
Aim: To determine the hardness of the given specimen material (mild steel - MS) using
the Rockwells hardness testing machine.
Apparatus required:
Rockwells hardness testing machine, the given specimen material, indentor, align key.
Specifications:
Make : Associated scientific corporation
Type of test done : Rockwell hardness test
Indentions used : Diamond cone 1200, 1/16th (or) 1.5875 mm 5 steel,
Sketch:

Description of apparatus:
Loading handle:
It is used to apply the load. If we move this handle towards us we are release the load,
where as we put the loading handle in perpendicular direction we apply the load on the
specimen.
Load slector:
It is used to select the required load.
Specification plate:
In this specification plate we are having three types of scales:
1.Standard scale:
In this A, B & C types of scales are available.
A & C consist of a diamond cone penetrator having the angle 1200.
B consists of a steel ball having the dimensions of 1/16 = 1.588 mm.
2.Additional Scale:
In this scale D, E, F, G, H &K types of available. In this one also diamond cone and steel
ball penetrator are present.
3.Additional scale for plastic ETC:

22
 In this L, M, P, R, S &N types are available
In this scale, only steel ball penetrator is available
Indenter holder: It is used to hold the indenter. The indentor is useful to create the
impression.
Elevating Screw: It helps us to create impression by rotating it into the upward direction.
Hand wheel: It is used to move the elevating screw upwards.
Knurling thumb screw: It is used to select the required load. It is having 3 positions i.e.,
100, 150 & 187.5

THEORY:
The resistance of a material to plastic deformation against indentation scratching,
abrasion or cutting is Hardness. The hardness of a material by Rockwell hardness test
method is measured by the depth of penetration of the indenter. The depth of penetration
is proportional to the hardness. Both ball and diamond cone type indenters are used in this
test. There are three scales on machine for taking hardness readings.
Scale A: With load 60 kgf or 588.4 N and diamond indenter is used for performing tests
on this steel and shallow care hardend steel.
Scale B: With load 100 kgf or 980.7 N and ball indenter is used for performing tests on
soft steel, malleable iron, copper is aluminum alloys.
Scale C: With load of 150 kgf or 1471 N and diamond indenter is used for hard steel, hard
cast steel, deep case hardened steel and other metals which are harder.
First minor load is applied to overcome the film thickness on the metal surface. Minor
loads also eliminate errors in the depth of the measurements due to spring of the machine
or setting down of the specimen and table attachments.
The Rockwell hardness is derived from the measurement of the depth of the impression.
Ep: depth of penetration due to minor load of 98.07 N
Ea: increase in depth of penetration due to major load
E: Permanent increase of depth of indentation under minor load at 98.07N even
after the removal of major load.
This method is suitable for finished or machined parts of simple shapes.
Procedure:
1. Select the load rotating the knob and fix the suitable indenter
2. clean the test piece and place on the special anvil or work table of the machine
3. Turn the capstan wheel to elevate test specimen into contact with the indenter
point.
4. Further the turn the wheel for three rotations forcing the test specimen against the
indenter. This will ensure that the minor load of 98.07 N has been applied.
5. set the pointer on the dial at the appropriate positions
6. push the lever to apply the major load
7. As soon as the pointer comes to rest pull the handle in reverse direction slowly
this release the major load but not the minor load. The pointer will how rotate in
the reverse direction.
8. the Rockwell hardness can be read from the dial on the appropriate scale after the
pointer comes to rest
Observations
3) Hardness scale used

23
 4) Minor load
5) Major load
6) Hardness number from the scale
Precautions:
1. Apply little mobile oil once a weeks on the elevating screw
2. Neglect first one or two readings whenever indentor or anvil is changed
3. The surface of the specimen must be flat and clean
4. Install the machine in a room which is free from vibrations, dust /smoke.
5. Do not test too close to the edge of specimen or near to earlier indentation.

Results: Rockwell hardness number of the given M.S material is ___________

Viva Questions:
1. Define hardness?
A. It is defined as ability of material to resist abrasion, scratching or indentation.
2. How many positions of knurling thumb screw?
A. Three positions
3. What are the positions of knurling thumbscrew?
A.100, 150 & 187.5kgm
4. What is the type of indenter used for Rockwell hardness testing machine?
A.1/16 ball indenter
5. What is the type of indenter used for Brinell hardness testing machine?
A.2.5 ball indenter
6. Which type of indenter used for hard materials?
A. Diamond indenter
7. Write down equation for calculating hardness number using Brinell hardness test?

A. BHN=2P/ D (D- -d )
8. Define toughness?
A. Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rupture
9. Define malleability?
A. This is the property by virtue of which material may be rolled in thin sheets with out
rupture.
10. What are the different types of ferrous materials?
A cast iron, steel & alloys, silicon steels high-speed steel, spring steel.
11. What are the different types of non-ferrous materials?
A. Cu, Al, Zn, lead and alloys brass bronze &dura Al
12. Define mechanical properties?
A. The microscopic properties of materials under applied force (or) loads are called
mechanical properties
13. Define toughness?
A. Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rupture
14. Define malleability?
A. This is the property by virtue of which a material may be rolled into thin sheets
15. Define mechanical properties?

24
A. The microscopic properties of a material under applied forces (or) loads are called
mechanical properties

EXPERIMENT NO:6
SPRINGS TEST
Aim:
To determine the Stiffness of a close coil and open coil springs.
Apparatus required:
Spring test machine, closed coil spring, open coil spring and scale
Specifications:
Make : Tech track, Haryana, India.
Mode of operation : Hand operator, Hydraulic pump.
Dia of spring coil : 4.64 cm
Number of turns of spring coil : 54
Dia of loading platform : 33.8 cm
Max. Load capacity : 2000 kg
Sketch:

Description of apparatus:
Pumping handle: It is used to pump the hydraulic oil.
Loading unit:
It consists of a panel. The main hydraulic cylinder is fitted in the center of the panel and
the piston slides in the cylinder. Special material used for cylinder and piston and there
careful precision machining including individual lapping have increase the accuracy of the
machine to great extent. The pump is a positive displacement type pump. This assures a

25
continuous pressure non pulsating oil current for the smooth application of load on the
specimen. The pump is fitted to the tank cover from bottom, which makes it easily
assessable. Belt tightening or loosing can be achieved very easily and the motor can be
looped at the desired position by check nuts.

Valves: Two valves on the control panel. One at the right side and the other at the bottom
side. The right side valve is a return valve. This valve allows the oil from the cylinder to
go back to tank, there by reducing the pressure guage in the cylinder and then the working
piston comes down. If the returns valve is closed, oil delivered by the pump passes
through the central value to the cylinder and the piston goes up.

Pressure guage:
Pressure guage is a unit which measures the load on the specimen. The overall accuracy
of the machine depends mainly on the accuracy of the unit depends on pressure guage.
Consists of the cylinder in which the piston reciprocates top is connected with the pressure
guage. So the oil pressure under the work piston is transmitted to the pressure guage.
This pressure represents the measurements of the load on the specimen.
The bottom valve is provided for the flow/pressure of oil for slow/fast. Adjust the value
according to the equipment.
Measuring scale:
The scale is used to measure the deflection and it is vertically fitted along the rod.
Theory:
Stiffness:
The resistance of a material to elastic deformation is called stiffness. A material which
suffers light deformation under load has high degree of stiffness.

It is denoted by K

Thus stiffness K = Load (P)/ Unit deflection ( l)

Where, load (p) is kg

Deflection ( l) in mm.
The change in length is given by kg/mm
Spring:

The springs are resilient member and extensively used to absorb shocks.
There springs are of two types.
1) Helical spring and
2) Leaf or laminated spring

Helical spring: The helical spring formed by coiling or wire in the form of helix.

Procedure:
1. Measure the wire diameter, length of spring and mean diameter of coil.
2. Fix the open coil spring in a position provided.
3. Make sure that the hydraulic valve is closed.

26
4. Insert the pumping rod into the rod holder of the hand-pumping unit.
5. Now create pressure, inside the unit by pumping air by moving the rod up and
down till the deflection starts.
6. Note down the dial guage reading and the deflection on the scale in mm.
7. Increase the load and note down the deflection.
8. Now release the open coil and fixed the closed coil in a position provided.
9. Continue the experiments by noting the deflections to the corresponding loads.
10. Take at least 3 readings of deflections according to loads for both closed and open
coil springs.

27
Tabular column:

1. Closed coil spring

Length after Change in Theoretical
deflection length Stiffness of deflection
Load applied
S. No. l spring K, 8WD3N/Gd4
w kgx9.81
( l = L-l) N/mm
mm

2. Open coil Spring

S. No. Load Length after Change in Stiffness of Theoretical
applied w deflection length spring k, n/mm deflection
kgx9.81 l 8WD3N/Gd4
( l = L-l)
mm

Deflection = 8WD3N/Gd4
Where W- Load
D - Coil diameter
N - No. Of turns
G- Modulus of rigidity
d- wire diameter
Precautions:

1. Properly handle the pumping rod and prevent slipping from hand.
2. See that the release valve is fully tightened.
3. carefully change the spring as the spring used for compression is too heavy and
little slippery
4. Before starting cleaning of any arrangement the main should be put off.
5. The load when applied must be kept constant by tightening the knob provided for
this purpose.

Result:

Stiffness in closed coil spring =

28
 Stiffness in open coil spring =

Viva Questions:
1. What is meant by stiffness:
A. The resistant of a material to elastic deformation is called stiffness
2. Units of stiffness
A. Kg/mm
3. Define stiffness
A. It is defined as ratio of load and unit deflection
Stiffness (k) = load (p)/ unit deflection
4. Define spring
A. The springs are resilient members and extensively used to absorb shocks.
5. How many types of springs are there?
A. i) helical spring,
ii) Leaf (or) laminated spring
6. Define helical spring
A. Coiling the wire in the form of helix forms the helical spring.
7. Define load
A. The combined effect of external forces acting on a body is called load.
8. Define stress
A. Stress is defined as Force/area
9. Define tensile stress.
A. When a section is subjected to two equals and opposite pulls and the body tends to
increase its length, the stress induced is called tensile stress.
10. Define compressive stress
A. When a section is subjected to two equals and opposite pushes and the body tends
to decrease its length, the stress induced is called tensile stress.
11.What is elastic limit
A. within this limit stress is directly proportional to strain.
12. Define unit stress
A. Unit stress represents the resistance developed by a unit area of cross section
13. Define elastic limit
A. There is always limiting value of a load up to which the strain totally on the
removal of the load, the stress corresponding to this load is called elastic limit
14. What is the total stiffness when the springs are in series?
A. 1/K = 1/K1 + 1/K2
15. What is the total stiffness when the springs are in parallel?
A. K = K1 + K2
16. What are the different types of springs
A. Helical, Leaf, Torsion, Circular, Beveling & Flat
17. What is the strain energy stored in the springs
A. U = x W x ,
Where = deflection of the spring
18.How many types of helical springs are there?
i) Closed coiled helical springs,
ii) Open coil helical springs,

29
 iii) Tensile coiled helical springs,
iv) Compression helical springs
EXPERIMENT NO: 7
IZOD-IMPACT TEST
Aim:
To determine the impact strength of the given specimen .
Apparatus:
Izod testing machine, specimen, Vernier calipers, steels rule.
Specifications:
Make : tech track, haryana, India
Type of test carried out : Izod test
Angle of drop : 900
Speed of hammer at impact : 3 to 3 Mts.
Striking energy : 165f +3.4 J
Angle between top face of grips holding the specimen vertical is: 900 + 10
Angle of tip hammer :100 + 10
Specimen:

The given specimen is a rectangular cross section piece of metal with V notch on it.
Dimensions of specimen used : (75x10x10) mm With V notch at 28 mm

Depth is < 45

Sketch:

Description of apparatus:
The machine consists of
Pendulum type hammer:
A swinging pendulum that have an arm and head. This is used to strike the specimen.
This pendulum gives the required impact to the specimen. The hammer is used along
with the striker.

30
Hammer holder:
This is a spring-loaded and hand operated by means of a lever. It is having 2 positions one
is at 1400 for Charpy and other is at 900 for Izod. It is removed with the help of align key
by removing the bolts.
Hand break:
It is used to stop the swinging hammer care must be taken while stopping the swinging
hammer to avoid hand injury.
Vice:
It is used to grip the Izod specimen and suppore for the charpy specimen.
Dial guage:
The pointer of the dial guage moves along with the swinging hammer till the speed of the
hammer is restricted by any obstruction i.e., specimen.
It is having 2 types of graduations
For Izod test 0 to 164 other
For Charpy test 0 to 300
The striking hammer is fixed to rod, which is positioned according to the test i.e., 140 0 for
charpy test and 900 horizontal for Izod test.
Theory:
The pendulum is mounted on antifriction bearings. It has two starting positions, the upper
one for Charpy and the lower one for Izod testing. On release the pendulum swings down
to break the specimen and the energy absorbed in doing so is measured as the difference
between the height of drop before rupture and the height of rise after rupture of the test
specimen and is read from the maximum pointer position on the dial scale.
There are two strikers and one combined support available for lifting into the pendulum
and on to the base of the machine for Izod, Charpy test changing from one striker to
another is achieved simply by fixed the new striker into its position.
Impact strength: the high resistance of material to fracture under suddenly applied loads.
Related formulae I = K / A
Where I = impact strength
K = impact energy
A = area of cross section of the specimen.

31
Procedure:
1. For conducting the Izod test, a proper striker is to be fitted firmly to the bottom of
the hammer with the help of the clamping piece.
2. The latching take for Izod test is to be firmly fitted to the bearing housing at side of
the columns.
3. Adjust the reading pointer along with pointer carries on 164 J reading on the dial
when the pendulum is hanging free vertically
4. The frictional test can be determined from the free fall test. Raise the hammer by
hands and latch in. Release the hammer by operating liver, the pointer will then
indicate the energy loss due to friction. From this reading confirm that the friction
loss is not exceeding 0.5 % of the initial potential energy. Other wise friction loss
has to be added to the final reading.
5. Now raise the pendulum by hands and latch in with latch.
6. The specimen for Izod tests is firmly fitted in the specimen support with the help of
clamping screw and align key care is to be taken that the notch on the specimen
should face the pendulum striker.
7. After ascertaining that there is no person in the range of swing pendulum release
the pendulum to smash the specimen.
8. Carefully operate the pendulum break when returning after one swing to stop the
oscillations.
9. Note down indicateor value.
10. Remove the broken specimen from machine

Observations:
Cross section area below the notch of specimen A =
K = impact energy KJ

Calculate value of I = K/A

Tabular column:

S NO. Area of cross- Impact energy Impact strength

section A, m2 factor (k) joules (I=K/A)kJ /m2

Precautions:
1. Do not stand before the striker when the pendulum is released you may get injured
2. Do not forget to change the specimen and the position of the release position
3. The screws and bolts must be fixed tightly so that the pendulum does not fall off.
4. While applying hand break to the swinging hammer apply break smoothly or it will
injure the elbow.
5. Load the hammer only after placing the specimen in the vice.
Result:
The impact strength of the given specimen found by

32
Viva Questions:
1. Define load?
A. The combined effect of external forces acting on a body is called load
.2) Define impact strength?
A. The high resistance of material to fracture under suddenly applied loads.
3) Define impact load ?
A. The load which falls from a height or strike the body with certain momentum is called
impact load.
4) Define suddenly applied load?
A. When the load is applied all of sudden and not step wise is called as suddenly applied
load.
5) Define gradually applied load?
A. A body is said to be acted upon by a gradually applied load if the load increases from
zero and it reaches its final value stepwise is called gradually applied load.
6) How many types of hardness machines we have ?
A. Charpy & Izod
7). Hammer holder is kept for charpy test at what angle?
A.1400
8) Hammer holder is kept for Izod test at what angle?
A.900
9) What is the purpose of hand break?
A. Hand break is used to stop the swinging hammer
10) What is the range of dial guage for the Izod test?
A. 0 to 164
11) What is the range of dial guage for the charpy test?
A.0 to 300
12) Write down the formula for impact strength?
A. I = K/A
Where I = impact strength
K = impact energy
A = area of cross section of spring
13) What is the purpose for conducting impact test?
A. An impact test signifies turning of the material i.e., ability of material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation.
14) What is the unit of impact energy
A. kJ
15) What is the purpose of vice?
A. It is used to grip the Izod support for charpy

33
 EXPERIMENT-8
CHARPY- IMPACT TEST
Aim:
To conduct Charpy test on the given specimen and to determine its impact strength

Apparatus:
Impact testing machine, specimen of given material, Vernier calipers, steels rule.

Specifications:

Make : Tech track, Haryana, India

Type of test carried out : 120D and charpy test

Angle of drop : 1400
Max. Impact energy : 300J
Dimensions of specimen used : (55x10x10) mm with U notch at 27.5 mm,2mm
Depth and 450
Permissible loss in friction : 0.5 % of total energy.
Material required:
Test specimen, vernier calipers, steel rule,
Sketch:

Description of apparatus:
Pendulum type hammer:
A swinging pendulum that have an arm and head. This is used to strike the specimen.
This pendulum gives the required impact to the specimen. The hammer is used along
with the striker.

34
Hammer holder:
This is a spring-loaded and hand operated by means of a lever. It is having 2 positions one
is at 1400 for charpy and other is at 900 for Izod. It is removed with the help of align key
by removing the bolts.
Hand break:
Used to stop the swinging hammer care must be taken while stopping the swinging
hammer to avoid hand injury.
Vice:
Used to grip the Izod specimen and suppore for the charpy specimen.
Dial guage:
The pointer of the dial guage moves along with the swinging hammer till the speed of the
hammer is restricted by any obstruction i.e., specimen.

It is having 2 types of graduations

For izod i.e. 0 to 164
Other for charpy i.e., 0 to 300

The striking hammer is fixed to rod, which is positioned according to the test i.e., 140 0 for
charpy test and 900 horizontal for izod test.
Theory:
The pendulum is mounted on antifriction bearings. It has two starting positions, the upper
one for charpy and the lower one for izod testing. On release the pendulum swings down
to break the specimen and the energy absorbed in doing so is measured as the difference
between the height of drop before rupture and the height of rise after rupture of the test
specimen and is read from the maximum pointer position on the dial scale.
There are two strikers and one combined support available for lifting into the pendulum
and on to the base of the machine for Izod, charpy test changing from one striker to
another is achieved simply by fixed the new striker into its position.
Impact strength: the high resistance of material to fracture under suddenly applied loads.
Related formulae I = k / A

Where I = impact strength

K = impact energy
A = area of cross section of the specimen.

Procedure:
1. For conducting charpy test a proper striker is to be fitted firmly to the bottom of the
hammer with the help of the clamping piece.
2. The latching take for charpy test is to be firmly fitted to the bearing housing at the
side of the column.
3. Adjust the reading pointer along the pointer carrier on 300 J on the dial when the
pendulum is hanging freely vertically.
4. The frictional test can be determined from the free fall test. Raise the hammer by
hands and latch is release the hammer by opening liver, the pointer will then
indicate the energy loss due to friction. From this reading confirm that the friction

35
 loss is not exceeding 0.5 % of the initial potential energy. Otherwise friction loss
has to be added to the final reading.
5. Now raise the pendulum by hands and latch is with latch.
6. The specimen for the Charpy test is firmly in the specimen support provided with
the help of the clamping screw is align key. Care should be taken that the notch on
the specimen should face the pendulum strokes.
7. After ascertaining that there is no person in the range of the swing of the
pendulum, release the pendulum to smash the specimen.
8. Carefully operate the pendulum brake while returning after one swing to stop the
oscillations.
9. Note down the indicator value
10. Remove the broken specimen by loosening the clamping screw.

Observations:
Cross section area below the notch of specimen A =
Impact energy k=
Impact strength of the specimen I = K/A
Tabular column:

S. No. Area of the Impact energy (k) Toughness (I=K/A)

2
specimen (A), m joules KJ /m2

Precautions:
1. Do not stand before the striker when the pendulum is released you may get injured
2. Do not forget to change the specimen and the position of the release position
3. The screws and bolts must be fixed tightly so that the pendulum does not fall off.
4. While applying hand break to the swinging hammer apply break smoothly or it will
injure the elbow.
5. Load the hammer only after placing the specimen in the vice.

Result:
The impact strength of the given specimen is

Viva questions:

36
1). Define load.
A. The combined effect of external forces acting on a body is called load
.2) Define impact strength
A. The high resistance of material to fracture under suddenly applied loads.
3) Define impact load
A. The load which falls from a height or strike the body with certain momentum is called
impact load.
4) Define suddenly applied load
A. When the load is applied all of sudden and not step wise is called as suddenly applied
load.
5) Define gradually applied load
A. A body is said to be acted upon by a gradually applied load if the load increases from
zero and it reaches its final value stepwise is called gradually applied load.
6) How many types of hardness machines we have
A. Charpy & Izod
7). Hammer holder is kept for charpy test at what angle
A.1400
8) Hammer holder is kept for Izod test at what angle
A.900
9) What is the purpose of hand break?
A. Hand break is used to stop the swinging hammer
10) What is the range of dial gauge for the Izod test?
A. 0 to 164
11) What is the range of dial gauge for the charpy test?
A.0 to 300
12) Write down the formula for impact strength
A. I = K/A
Where I = impact strength
K = impact energy
A = area of cross section of spring
13) What is the purpose for conducting impact test
A. An impact test signifies turning of the material i.e., ability of material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation.
14) What is the unit of impact energy
A. KJ
15) What is the purpose of vice
A. It is used to grip the Izod support for charpy

37
 EXPERIMENT NO: 9
COMPRESSION TEST

Aim: To perform compression test on brick and R.C.C cubes.

Apparatus:
1. UTM or A compression testing m/c,
2. Cylindrical or cube shaped specimen,
3. Vernier caliper,
4. Liner scale.
Diagram:

Theory:
Bricks are used in construction of either load bearing walls or in portion walls in case
of frame structure. In bad bearing walls total weight from slab and upper floor comes
directly through brick and then it is transversed to the foundation. In case the bricks are
loaded with compressive nature of force on other hand in case of frame structure bricks
are used only for construction of portion walls, layers comes directly on the lower
layers or wall. In this case bricks are loaded with compressive nature of force. Hence
for safely measures before using the bricks in actual practice they have to be tested in
laboratory for their compressive strength.

Procedure:
1. Select some brick with uniform shape and size.
2. Measure its all dimensions. (LxBxH)
3. Now fill the frog of the brick with fine sand. And

38
 4.Place the brick on the lower platform of compression testing machine and lower
the spindle till the upper motion of ram is offered by a specimen the oil pressure
start
increasing the pointer start returning to zero leaving the drug pointer that
is
maximum reading which can be noted down.

Table:
S. No. Area, Load Compressive
L x B, Cm2 (P), N Strength
(P/A), KPa
1

Calculation:

Max. Load at failure

Compressive Strength = ----------------------------- KPa
Loaded Area of brick
Precautions:
1) Measure the dimensions of Brick accurately.
2) Specimen should be placed as for as possible in the of lower plate.
3) The range of the gauge fitted on the machine should not be more than double
the breaking load of specimen for reliable results.

Result:
The average compressive strength of new brick sample is found to be . KPa

39
 EXPERIMENT NO: 10
SHEAR TEST
Aim: To find the shear strength of given specimen
Apparatus:
i) Universal testing machine.
ii) Shear test attachment.
iii) Specimens.

Diagram:

Theory:
Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of cutter. The
specimen is inserted in shear test attachment & lift the lower table so that the zero is adjusted,
then apply the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three pieces. If the specimen
breaks in two pieces then it will be in single shear & if it breaks in three pieces then it will be
in double shear.
Procedure:
1. Insert the specimen in position and grip one end of the attachment in the upper portion
and one end in the lower portion.
2. Switch on the main switch of universal testing machine.
3. The drag indicator in contact with the main indicator.
4. Select the suitable range of loads and space the corresponding weight in the pendulum
and balance it if necessary with the help of small balancing weights.
5. Operate (push) buttons for driving the motor to drive the pump.
6. Gradually move the head control level in left-hand direction till the specimen shears.
7. Down the load at which the specimen shears.
8. Stop the machine and remove the specimen
Repeat the experiment with other specimens.

Observations:
Diameter of the Rod, D = .. mm
2 2
Cross-section area of the Rod (in double shear) = 2x (/4)x d = mm
Load taken by the Specimen at the time of failure , W = N
2
Strength of rod against Shearing = x2x( /4)x d
2 2
= W / 2.(/4).d N/mm

Precautions:
1. The measuring range should not be changed at any stage during the test.
2. The inner diameter of the hole in the shear stress attachment should be slightly greater
than that of the specimen.
3. Measure the diameter of the specimen accurately.

Result:
The Shear strength of mild steel specimen is found to be = N/mm 2