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Abstract The proposed approach of this paper is based on Landgrebe and his research group were the pioneered of
integration of the local weighted Markov Random Fields (MRF) introduction of spatial context in multi-band image
on support vector machine (SVM) framework for hyperspectral classification. They introduced the well-known ECHO
spectral-spatial classification. Our proposed method consists of (Extraction and Classification of Homogeneous. Objects) [2].
performing probabilistic SVM classification followed by a spatial We used ECHO in this paper as a standard technique for
regulation based on the MRF. One important innovation of this spectral-spatial classification. The ECHO classification
paper is the use of marginal weighting function in the MRF originally are designed to identify objects in multispectral data,
energy function, which preserves the edge of regions. The gather the statistics of the identified objects, and where
proposed spectral-spatial classification was examined with four
possible, to classify the data on an object-by-object basis.
real hyperspectral images such as aerial images of urban,
agriculture and volcanic with different spatial resolution (1.3m
ECHO includes spatial as well as spectral information in the
and 20m), different spectral channels (from 102 to 200 bands) classification algorithm and thereby increases the classification
and different sensors (AVIRIS and ROSIS). The novel approach accuracy.
was compared with some pervious spectral-spatial methods such In this paper, a novel spectral-spatial classification method
as ECHO and EMP. Experimental results are presented and was proposed using the constant nearest neighbor to explore
compared with class map visualization, and some measurements and analyze the dependencies between the pixels.
such as average accuracy, overall accuracy and Kappa factor.
The proposed method improves accuracy of classification Probabilistic SVM and MRF respectively, are two powerful
especially in cases where spatial additional information is tools to classify the hyperspectral data and context analysis.
significant (such as forest structure).
Bovolo [3] and Liu [4] had developed methods based on
Keywords- Hyperspectral Spectral-Spatial Classification, SVM and MRF, respectively, for the SAR and multi-spectral
Markov random fields, probabilistic SVM, local weighted marginal, image classification (four bands). Authors used the MAP
remote sensing decision rule before the final decision, both of the papers
employed SVM in order to estimate the class conditional PDF
I. INTRODUCTION and MRF to estimate the location-based class. We extend this
Pixelwise classifiers for Hyperspectral image classification approach to the Hyperspectral data. Then, we proposed a new
are solely applied on spectral features regardless of how method based on MRF and SVM for Hyperspectral image
classify the neighboring pixels. But in a real image, adjacent classification. In the first step of the proposed method, the
pixels are connected and interdependent [1], there are two probabilistic SVM classification is applied [5] [6]. The second
reason for independency of neighbor pixels; first because the phase is the use of spatial data in order to refine the
imaging sensors are receiving considerable energy from classification results obtained in the first phase. This is
adjacent pixels and second reason is related to the similar achieved by MRF Markov Random Fields. The significant
structures in the scene image, those are usually greater than a differences with the previously proposed methods [7] [3] [4]
pixel in size. This local information should help to properly are in the definition and integration of weighting function in
interpret the landscape. So, for improving the classification MRF energy function to protect margins in the location, while
accuracy, some novel spectral-spatial methods must be procedures. The operational scheme of proposed classification
developed to allocate the correct class to each pixel by method is shown in Figure 1. There is a B-band Hyperspectral
followed conditions: image as input and which can be seen as a set of pixel vectors
of n elements X X RB , j 1,2, , n . We remind that the
1. Spectral characteristic of pixel (Spectral features) classification involves assigning each pixel to one of the K
2. The extracted information from its neighbors (Spatial classes w , w , , w .
features).
Here, we summarize the proposed algorithm for optimizing Center of Pavia dataset was recorded from an urban area by
the energy function: In each iteration, an image location (ie the sensor ROSIS. The image used for the experiments has 300
pixel ) is randomly chosen. Local spatial energy is 900 pixels with 102 spectral channels (13 channels with the
most noise were excluded). Nine class labels of reference
calculated by Equation (4). Then, a new class labels N is
ground truth map with the number of labeled samples in each
chosen randomly for new pixel and a new local energy class are given in Table III. Classification results are shown in
N
is calculated. If the energy fluctuation is defined as Figure 5. Thirty samples were randomly selected as training
0 , the new class labels goes samples for each class.
out : L LN . Otherwise, allocate a new class with
probability exp | is accepted. Here T is the control TABLE I. ACCURACY OF INDIANA PINES DATASET FOR EACH CLASS FOR
parameter of general [15]. The proposed algorithm, DIFFERENT METHODS, YELLOW BOXES IN ALL TABLES MEANS THE BEST
ACCURACY AMOUNT ALL OF THE APPROACHES
generalized Metropolis- Hasting algorithm to the weighted
margin. Proposed Approach
Class # 3-NN ML SVM ECHO without/with
V. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION Weighting
Figures 2-5 and Tables I, II and III give the results of an 1 1434 41.84 71.39 78.18 83.45 93.28 98.48
empirical evaluation and comparison of the proposed spectral- 2 834 62.24 63.01 69.64 75.13 83.93 90.82
spatial classification in Hyperspectral remote sensed image 3 234 73.37 85.87 91.85 92.39 99.46 98.37
with four different datasets (urban, agricultural and volcanic),
different spatial resolution (1.3m and 20m) and the number of 4 968 67.43 79.43 82.03 90.1 98.58 98.91
distinct spectral channels (from 102 to 200 bands) with 5 2468 53.91 52.65 58.95 64.14 82.09 76.92
different sensors (AVIRIS imaging spectrometer and ROSIS).
6 614 64.72 85.99 87.94 89.89 97.7 97.34
Indian Pines Hyperspectral image has been recorded by the 7 54 84.62 48.72 74.36 48.72 97.44 97.44
AVIRIS sensor from the vegetated area in northwest Indiana.
Spatial dimensions of this image is 145 145 pixels, and the 8 497 86.35 93.51 92.17 94.18 97.54 97.54
spatial resolution of each pixel is 20m. Twenty water 9 747 91.97 94.69 91.68 96.27 97.7 97.56
absorption bands [17] were removed and only 200 bands has
10 26 100 36.36 100 36.36 100 100
been used in our experiments. The ten classes have been
d c d c
f e f e
Figure 2. Indianan Pines, (middle) color combination of three bands 837, 636 Figure 5. Hekla Image, (middle) Tri-band color combinations, 1125, 636 and
and 537 nm, the results were classified as: (a) 3-NN, (b) ML, (c) SVM, (d) 576 nm, (a) 3-NN, (b) ML, (c) SVM, (d) ECHO, (e) SVM classifier with MRF,
ECHO, (e) SVM with MRF, (f) SVM classifier with locally weighting MRF. (f) SVM classifier with locally weighting MRF.
TABLE II. ACCURACY OF HEKLA FOR EACH CLASS FOR DIFFERENT METHODS
Proposed Approach
Class # 3-NN ML SVM ECHO
Without/with Weighting
1 342 87.67 98.97 88.36 99.66 100 100
Figure 3. Indiana Pines dataset; The comparison of the accuracy, reliability 9 404 86.44 92.37 85.88 95.48 100 100
and Kappa factor of the proposed method with previous methods. 10 550 55 97.6 74.2 99.6 100 97.8
Figure 4. Hekla dataset; the comparison of the accuracy, validity, and Kappa Figure 6. The comparison of the accuracy, validity, and Kappa factor of the
factor of the proposed method with previous methods. proposed method with previous methods and EMP [19] and ECHO
d c
Figure 9. Center of Pavia dataset, (right) SVM, (left) proposed classifier with
locally weighting MRF.
TABLE III. ACCURACY OF CENTER OF PAVIA PINES DATASET FOR EACH CLASS
FOR DIFFERENT METHODS
ECH Proposed Approach
Class # 3-NN ML SVM O Without/with Weighting