PSEA-2 Individual Assignment

CE00603-3-PSEA-2 Individual Assignment Page 1 of 29
Table of Contents
QUESTION- 1.......................................................................................................................3
Title........................................................................................................................................3
Objective................................................................................................................................3
Statement................................................................................................................................3
Theory....................................................................................................................................4
Power system stability........................................................................................................4
Transient Stability of a Power System...............................................................................4
Infinite bus.........................................................................................................................5
Manual Calculations...............................................................................................................7
MATLAB Program.................................................................................................................9
Result....................................................................................................................................11
Critical analysis of result......................................................................................................13
QUESTION-2..........................................................................................................................14
Title......................................................................................................................................14
Objective..............................................................................................................................14
Statement..............................................................................................................................14
Theory..................................................................................................................................14
Load frequency.................................................................................................................14
Block Diagram of representation of single area frequency control.................................15
Manual Calculation..............................................................................................................17
Algorithm.............................................................................................................................18
Simulink Model....................................................................................................................19
RESULT...............................................................................................................................19
Critical analysis of result......................................................................................................20
Reference..................................................................................................................................20
LOG BOOK.............................................................................................................................22
Lab Report 1.........................................................................................................................22
Lab Report 2.........................................................................................................................23
Lab Report 3.........................................................................................................................24
Lab Report 4.........................................................................................................................25
Lab Report 5.........................................................................................................................26
Level-3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to everyone who shares their ideas with me in completing the assignment of
Power System engineering and Analysis-2 effectively and moreover on time.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my module lecturer Mr. Vijayendra Kumar of APIIT
SD INDIA College. It was really a wonderful experience for me to work under such a
dynamic and helping personality. He gave us the knowledge of each & everything related and
beyond the module in order to enhance our skills and this assignment has been made possible
due to him expertise and knowledge. He had been very kind and patient while suggesting the
outlines of this assignment and correcting our doubts time to time. I thank him for his overall
supports.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my friends who helped me a lot in gathering
different information & data and guiding me from time to time in completing this assignment.
Despite of their busy schedules, they gave us different ideas in making this unique.
Thanking you
Gaurav Kumar
Level-3
PT1282212

QUESTION- 1
Title
Transient stability analysis of single machine to infinite bus system using MATLAB.
Objective
Analyze a single machine to infinite bus system through manual calculations and through
MATLAB program. Also plot the Swing curve. Critically compare the two results.
Statement
A 32 MVA, 50 Hz generator delivers 35 MW over a double circuit line to an infinite bus. The
generator has kinetic energy of 2.32 MJ/MVA at rated speed. The generator transient
reactance is Xd = 0.5 pu. Each transmission circuit has R = 0.1 and a reactance of 0.5 pu on a
32 MVA base. |E| = 1.4 pu and infinite bus voltage V = 1.00. A three-phase short circuit
occurs at the midpoint of one of the transmission lines. Plot the swing curve with fault
cleared by simultaneous opening of breakers at both ends of the line at 2 cycles after the
occurrence of fault over a period of 0.5 s.
Figure 1.1: SMIB system

Theory
Power system stability
Power system stability is also referred to as synchronous stability and is defined as the ability
of the system to return to synchronism after having undergone some disturbance due to
switching on and off of load or due to line transience.
To understand stability, another factor that is to be taken into consideration is the stability
limit of the system. The stability limit defines the maximum power permissible to flow
through a particular point or a part of the system during which it is subjected to line
disturbances or faulty flow of power. Usually power system stability is categorized into
Steady State, Transient and Dynamic Stability.
Figure 1.2: Power system stability

Transient Stability of a Power System
Transient stability of a power system refers to the ability of the system to reach a stable
condition following a large disturbance in the network condition. In all cases related to large
changes in the system like sudden application or removal of load, switching operations, line
faults or loss due to excitation the transient stability of the system comes into play. It in fact
deals in the ability of the system to retain synchronism following a disturbance sustaining for
a reasonably long period of time.
And the maximum power that is permissible to flow through the network without loss of
stability following a sustained period of disturbance is referred to as the transient stability of
the system. Going beyond that maximum permissible value for power flow, the system would
temporarily be rendered as unstable. Transient stability studies are related to the effect of the
transmission line faults on generator synchronism.

Factors influencing transient stability:-

Generator inertia
Generator loading
Generator output (power transfer) during fault-depends on fault location and fault
type
Fault clearing time
Post-fault transmission system reactance
Generator reactance
Generator internal voltage magnitude-this depends on field excitation, i.e. the power
factor of the power sent at the generator terminals
Infinite bus voltage magnitude.
Infinite bus
In a power system usually more than two generators work in parallel. The machines may be
located at different places. A group of machines located at one place may be treated as a
single large machine. Also the machines not connected to the same bus but separated by lines
of low reactance may be grouped into one large machine. The capacity of the system is so
large that its voltage and frequency may be taken constant. Such a system of constant voltage
and constant frequency regardless of the load is called infinite bus bar system or simply
infinite bus.
Single Machine on Infinite Bus

The stability problem can be studied with an analysis of the behavior of a synchronous
generator through a line to an infinite bus bar as shown below
Figure 1.3: SMIB representation

Where
V = phase voltage of the infinite bus
E = excitation phase voltage of the generator
X= total synchronous reactance from the source to infinite bus
= load angle, i.e. phase angle between V and E

and the power transfer P from the generator to the infinite bus is given by
EV
P Sin
X

Maximum power Pmax will be transferred when = 900, i.e.
EV
P
X
and the power transfer can be rewritten as

P = Pmax Sin
The above equation represents the steady-state stability limit of the power system. It is clear
from the equation that steady-state stability limit Pmax can be increased by
1. Increasing system voltages E or V :
2. Decreasing system reactance X by :
use of bundled conductors
series compensation of the reactance
use of machines of low impedance
by increasing the excitation
use of double-circuit line
Swing equation

The equation describing the relative motion of the rotor (load angle ) with respect to
stationary magnetic field is called swing equation. It is a differential equation that relates the
angular momentum M, the acceleration power Pa and the rotor angle represented as

Figure 1.4: Angular position of rotor w.r.t rotor

d 2
M Pa Ps PE
dt 2
The angle is the difference between the internal angle of the machine and the angle of the
synchronously rotating reference axis.
Swing curve, which is the plot of torque angle verses time t, can be obtained by solving the
swing equation for the synchronous machine.
Figure 1.5: Graph of swing equation

This swing curves are used to determine the stability of the system. In this figure if the rotor
angle reaches a maximum and then decreases, then it shows that the system has transient
stability. On the other hand if the rotor angle increases indefinitely then it shows that the
system is unstable.
Manual Calculations
The Inertia constant, M is computed for the calculation of power system as follows:
GH
M=
180f

Where G is the Base value of the generator i.e. 32 MVA and H is the kinetic energy of the
generator i.e. 2.32 MJ/MVA
322.32
M= =8.24103 MJ /elect deg
18050
Pre-fault values are calculations:

0.5
X I =0.5+ =0.75
2
EV
PmaxI =
XI
Where Generator voltage is denoted as G and is given 1.4 p.u. in the question itself, V is the
infinite bus voltage i.e. also given 1 p.u.
For calculating maximum power
1.41
Pmax = =1.866
0.75
Power angle curve for the pre fault system is given by;
Pangle =Pmax sin
1.866 sin
The pre-fault power transfer is defined by the ratio of power delivered to the load and the
base power of the generator.
It is expressed as,
Power delivered
35
Pt= the load = =1.09375
Base power of the generator 32
Initial power angle is expressed as

1.866 sin 0 =1.09375 0=35.883
During Fault Calculations:

It is needed to convert the power system from star network to delta network by using the
following equation.

0.50.1+0.50.2+0.50.1
X 2= =2 pu
0.1
1.41
Pmax2=
2
0.7
The power angle curve of the system during fault is given by

Pe3 =Pmax 3 sin =0.7 sin
Calculations for Post fault

X 3=0.5+0.2
0.7
1.41
Pmax3=
0.7
Power angle curve of the post fault system is as follows;

Pe3 =Pmax 3 sin =2 sin
Frequency of the signal is given by, f = 50 Hz
50 cycles=1 second
Therefore,
12
2 cycles=
50
0.04 seconds
Pa=Pm Pmax sin
t2
n= ( n1) + P
M a
n=+ n

Therefore, the power angle is calculated for other conditions in the same manner and the
swing curve is plotted.
MATLAB Program
%Transient Stability Analysis of single machine to infinite bus system

clc
clear all
close all
%Program for entering the given parameters

p_b = input(' Input the MVA value of generator i.e.(P_b): '); % used to enter the value of base
MVA
freq = input('Enter the frequency of the system in hertz- freq: '); % used to enter the value of
frequency of the system
p_d = input('Enter the value of power delivered by the generator (P_d): '); % used to enter the
value of delivered power in MWatts
H = input ('Enter the valu of kinetic energy in MJ/MVA (H): '); % used to input the value of
kinetic energy
G_b = input('Enter the base value of generator (G_b): '); % used to input the value of
generator base
X_d = input('Enter transient reactance of generator, (X_d): '); % used to input the value of
transient reactance of generator
X_t = input('Enter the reactance of the transmission line, X_t: '); % used to input the value of
reactance of the transmission line
E = input('Enter the value of generator voltage, E(p.u): '); % used to input the value of
generator voltage
V = input('Enter the value of infinite bus voltage, V(p.u): '); % used to enter the value of
infinite bus voltage
initial_time = input('Enter initial time, initial_time: '); % used to enter the intial time
final_time = input('Enter final time, final_time: '); % used to enter the intial time
step_size = input('Enter time interval,step_size: '); % used to enter the final time
cycles = input('Enter no. of cycles, cycles: '); % used to enter the number of cycles
t_c=cycles/freq; % used to calcultate time for clearance
fprintf('Time to clear fault in %g cycles is %g \n',cycles,t_c); % used to display time for
clearance
%Moment of Inertia
M = (G_b*H)/(180*freq); % used to compute moment of inertia
fprintf('The value of inertia constant H = %g s2/elec.deg \n',M); % used to display moment of
inertia
%Pre fault
X_1 = X_d+(X_t/2); % used to caluclate the value of pre fault
Max_p_1 = (E*V)/X_1; % used to calculate the maximum power
p_t = p_d/p_b; % used to calculate the power tranfer for pre fault
del_deg = (asin(p_t/Max_p_1))*(180/pi); % used to compute the value of delta in degrees
del_rad = (del_deg*pi)/180; % used to compute the value of delta in radians
fprintf('pmax1 = %.2g\n',Max_p_1); % used to display the maximum power

fprintf('Pre-fault power trasfer, pt = %g\n',p_t); % used to display power transfer

fprintf('Initial power angle, del = %g\n',del_deg); % used to display the value of delta in
degrees
%During fault
X_t1 = X_t/2; % used to conver star into delta connection
X_2 = ((X_d*X_t1)+(X_t*X_t1)+(X_d*X_t)/X_t1); % used to calculate the value of during
fault
Max_p_2 = (V*E)/X_2; % used to calculate the maximum power
fprintf('Power_max2 = %.2g\n',Max_p_2);% used to display the maximum power
%Post fault
X_3 = X_d+X_t; % used to compute the total reactance of the system after fault
Max_p_3 = (V*E)/X_3; % used to compute maximum power after fault
fprintf('Power_max3=%.2g\n',Max_p_3);
%Calculatation of Power angle curve
p_n = p_t-(Max_p_1*sin(del_rad)); %Power acceleration for pre fault is computed
p_p = p_t-(Max_p_2*sin(del_rad)); %Power acceleration during fault is computed
p = (p_n+p_p)/2; % Power angle curve post fault is computed
del_deg = (step_size*step_size*p)/M; % used to express power angle in degrees
del_rad = del_rad+(del_deg*pi/180); % used to convert power angle from degrees to radian
time(1) = initial_time; % used to define power angle at time (x) axis
angle(1) = del_deg; % used to define power angle at angle (y) axis
tinitial = initial_time+step_size; % suming the initial time with the step size
i = 2;
% while loop
while(initial_time<final_time) % while loop will execute till inital time is less than the final
time
if(initial_time<t_c) % if loop will execute till initial time is less thsn the clearance time
p_n = p_t-(Max_p_1*sin(del_rad)); %Power acceleration for pre fault is computed
end
if(initial_time==t_c)% if loop will execute till initial time is less thsn the clearance time
p_n = p_t-(Max_p_2*sin(del_rad));%Power acceleration for during fault is computed
p_p = p_t-(Max_p_3*sin(del_rad));%Power acceleration for post fault is computed
p = (p_n+p_p)/2; % Power angle curve post fault is computed
end
if(initial_time>t_c) % this loop will execute when initial time is greater than time clearance
p = p_t-(Max_p_3*sin(del_rad)); % Power angle curve post fault is computed
end
del_deg = del_deg+(step_size*step_size*p)/M; % used to express power angle in degrees
del_rad = del_rad+(del_deg*pi/180);% used to convert power angle from degrees to radian
del_d = del_rad*(180/pi); % used to calculte the value of delta
t(i) = initial_time; % used to set time to initial time
angle(i) = del_deg; % used to set angle to delta
initial_time = initial_time+step_size; % suming the initial time with the step siz
i = i+1; % loop is incremented
end
plot(t,angle,'ko-'); % used to plot the value of time and angle
grid on; % to display the bar graph
xlabel('time') % denotes x axis
ylabel('angle') % denotes y axis
title ('Swing curve') % denotes the title of the curve

Result
The following graphs were obtained at different time intervals:
Figure1.6. Graph at time interval of 0.5 s


Critical analysis of result
The result obtained through Matlab is almost same; the only difference is that Matlab execute
the result up to 4 decimal points. It is also analyzed that transient stability is greatly affected
by the type and location of a fault.
For the case of single machine system connected to infinite bus, it can be seen that an
increase in the inertia constant M of the machine reduces the angle through which it swings in
a given time interval offering a method of improving stability. But this cant be employed in
practice because of economic reason of slowing down of the response of the speed govern
loop apart from an excessive rotor weight.
For a given clearing angle as the maximum power limit of various power angle is raised, it
adds to the transient stability limit of the system. The maximum steady power of a system can
be increased by raising the voltage profile of a system and by reducing the transfer reactance.
While this approach is not suited for a detailed study of large systems, it is useful in gaining
insight into the effects field circuit dynamics and establishing the basic methods of enhancing
stability through excitation control.

QUESTION-2
Title
Load frequency dynamic of single area network in a power system using MATLAB-
SIMULINK.
Objective
Simulate the single area power system using MATLAB-SIMULINK.
Statement
An isolated power station has the following parameters
Turbine time constant, T = 0.8 sec
Governor time constant, g = 0.5 sec

Generator inertia constant, H = 60 sec
Governor speed regulation = R per unit
The load varies by 0.8 percent for a 1.6 percent change in frequency, i.e., D = 0.8
The governor speed regulation is set to R = 0.05 per unit. The turbine rated output is 260MW
at nominal frequency of 60Hz. A sudden load change of 65 MW (PL = 0.3 per unit) occurs.
Theory
Load frequency
The load frequency control is used to maintain the frequency of the electrical network and
keep it at rated value during any disturbance happened from generation side of load side.
As Load demand changes constantly in a power system, and in accordance with the change,
power input also varies. If the inputoutput balance is not maintained, a change in frequency
occurs. Hence, the frequency of control is achieved through a speed governor mechanism.
The role of the governor is to control the relation between speed and load. If the load on the
turbine increases, the speed of the governor decreases. The frequency may normally vary by
5 percent between light load and full load conditions.
Block Diagram of representation of single area frequency control
Speed governing system

Figure 2.1: Mathematical model of governor
Where
Kg = Governor gain constant
Tg = Governor time constant
Pc(S) = Speed changer setting
XT(S) = Change in position at point T in linkage mechanism
Turbine model representation
Figure 2.2: Mathematical model of turbine
Where
Kt= Turbine gain constant
Tt = Turbine time constant
PT(S) = power flow in power system
Generator load model representation

Figure 2.3: Mathematical model of load
Where
Kp= Power system gain
Tp= Power system time constant
F(S) = Change in frequency
PD(S) = Change in power demand
Models of turbine, governor and generator load are obtained. In practice a single generator
rarely feeds a large area. Several generators located at different places are connected in
parallel, to supply the power needs of geographical area. Normally, all the generators may
have same response characteristics for the changes in load demand. In such a case, it is called
as control area.
By combining the entire above block model; block diagram representation for single area
control may be obtained as
Figure 2.4: Single area load frequency control model

Manual Calculation
First step to analyze and design a control system is to mathematically model the system. The
mathematical Modelling of different parts of single area power system is given below.
Mathematical Modelling of a Generator
Using the swing equation of synchronous machine;
2
2 H
2
= Pm Pe
t

d
s 1
dt
=
2H
[ Pm ( s ) Pe ( s ) ]
Laplace transformation gives;

1
( s)=
2 Hs
[ Pm ( s ) Pe ( s ) ]
Mathematical model for load

Load of a power system consists of a variety of electrical drives. The load speed is
characterized by the following equation;
Pe = P L + D
D PL
Where is the change in load i.e. frequency sensitive and is the non-
frequency sensitivity change in load D is expressed as the ratio of percentage change in load
to the change in frequency.
Mathematical Model for Prime Mover
Power is generated by the prime mover which can be hydraulic turbines, steam turbines, etc.
the model of turbine relates the change in mechanical power output Pm to the change in
steam valve position Pv.
Pm (s ) 1
GT = =
Pv (s) 1+s
Where is the turbine constant that ranges from 0.2 to 2 sec.
Mathematical Model of Governor

Electric power exceeds the input mechanical power when electric load increases suddenly.
This deficiency in speed is compensated by increasing the speed of the prime mover.

1
Pg = Pref f
R
In s domain;
1
Pv = P g (s )
1+ g s
Combining all the blocks, the block diagram for the isolated area power system is obtained as
follows.
Figure 2.5. Block Diagram

Algorithm
Step 1: Open the SIMULINK browser and choose the component blocks for
simulating a new single area power system.
Step 2: Add step input signal to the power system.
Step 3: Add all the transfer functions for governor, turbine, inertia load and generator
of the system.

Step 4: Provide a feedback using the governor speed regulator and integrator to the
system.
Step 5: Attach a gain as negative feedback to the system.
Step 6: Choose scope from sink to obtain the load frequency control for single area
power system.

Simulink Model
The graph shows the load frequency dynamics of single area power system.
Figure 2.6. Simulink model

RESULT
Output for SIMULINK is given by the following figure:
Figure 2.7. Output waveform

It shows that after some ripples, the system stabilizes to equilibrium state. The system takes
some amount of settling time.

Critical analysis of result
From the previous Simulink models of the controlled and uncontrolled simulation of the
single load control its clear that the effect of the effect of the integrator term on the overshot
and the stability of the system by changing in the load disturbance in the integration term
reduces the overshoot time and also the value of overshoot. The load frequency power system
dynamics are represented by using deviation in frequency and its derivative as variables. The
validity of this model was compared in terms of its uncontrolled response.
For a practical single area power system, the behavior of uncontrolled system with a range of
values for the regulation constant R and for various load disturbance were obtained. The
response of single area power system system with a range of values for the load changes for
different switching times of step control were evaluated.
The time of state transfer, in general, was found to increase with the increase in load
disturbance.

Reference
Definition and Classification of Power System Stability IEEE/CIGRE Joint
Task Force on Stability Terms and Definitions. (2004). IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
19(3), pp.1387-1401.
Electrical4u.com,. 'Power System Stability | Electrical4u'. N.p., 2016. Web. 29 Apr.

2016.
Electrical4u.com,. 'Transient Stability In Power System | Electrical4u'. N.p., 2016.

Web. 30 Apr. 2016.
Electrical4u.com. (2016). Power System Stability | Electrical4u. [online]

Available at: http://www.electrical4u.com/power-system-stability/ [Accessed
2 May 2016].
Electrical4u.com. (2016). Transient Stability in Power System | Electrical4u.

[online] Available at: http://www.electrical4u.com/transient-stability-and-
swing-equation/ [Accessed 3 May 2016].
Electrical engineering Community. (2013). Load Frequency Control (LFC).

[online] Available at: http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/power
quality/load-frequency-control-lfc.html [Accessed 2 May 2016].
H. Saadat, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999, pp. 526-528
Nptel.ac.in. (2016). Power System Analysis. [online] Available at:

http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/chapter_9/9_1.html [Accessed 3 May 2016].
Nptel.ac.in. (2016). Power System Analysis. [Online] Available at:


Nptel.ac.in. (2016). Power System Analysis. [Online] Available at:

Varaiya, P., Wu, F. and Rong-Liang Chen, (1985). Direct methods for
transient stability analysis of power systems: Recent results. Proceedings of
the IEEE, 73(12), pp.1703-1715.
LOG BOOK
Lab Report 1
Aim: Aim of the system is to design simple an open loop system
MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL
Figure 1. Simulink model of open loop system

RESULT

Figure 2. Result of open loop system in SIMULINK
Lab Report 2
Aim: Design of open loop system with different inputs
Figure 3. Simulink design of open loop system with different inputs
RESULT

Figure 4. Result of open loop system with different inputs

Lab Report 3
Aim: Design of simple close loop system in MATLAB SIMULINK with different inputs
Figure 5. Simple close loop system in MATLAB Simulink

RESULT

Figure 6. Waveform of simple close loop system with different inputs

Lab Report 4
Aim: To simulate the RL circuit on MATLAB SIMULINK.

Figure 7. MATLAB SIMULINK Block diagram for RL circuit
RESULT
Figure 8. Output of RL circuit in MATLAB SIMULINK
Lab Report 5
Aim: To obtain the frequency response of the two area power system in MATLAB Simulink.
SIMULINK SIMULATION MODEL

Figure 9. MATLAB SIMULINK block diagram for two area power system
RESULT
Figure 10. The output waveform frequency curve of the two area curve system

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Level-3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Level-3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Figure 1.1: SMIB system

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Figure 1.2: Power system stability

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Factors influencing transient stability:-

Fault clearing time

Post-fault transmission system reactance

Infinite bus voltage magnitude.

Single Machine on Infinite Bus

Figure 1.3: SMIB representation

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= load angle, i.e. phase angle between V and E

and the power transfer can be rewritten as

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Figure 1.4: Angular position of rotor w.r.t rotor

Figure 1.5: Graph of swing equation

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Pre-fault values are calculations:

Initial power angle is expressed as

During Fault Calculations:

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The power angle curve of the system during fault is given by

Calculations for Post fault

Power angle curve of the post fault system is as follows;

Frequency of the signal is given by, f = 50 Hz

Pa=Pm Pmax sin

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%Transient Stability Analysis of single machine to infinite bus system

%Program for entering the given parameters

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fprintf('Pre-fault power trasfer, pt = %g\n',p_t); % used to display power transfer

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The following graphs were obtained at different time intervals:

Figure1.6. Graph at time interval of 0.5 s

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Figure1.7. Graph at time interval of 0.125 s

Figure1.8. Graph at time interval of 0.05 s

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Figure1.9. Graph at time interval of 0.025 s

Critical analysis of result

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Governor time constant, g = 0.5 sec

Block Diagram of representation of single area frequency control

Speed governing system

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Figure 2.1: Mathematical model of governor

Pc(S) = Speed changer setting

XT(S) = Change in position at point T in linkage mechanism

Turbine model representation

Figure 2.2: Mathematical model of turbine

PT(S) = power flow in power system

Generator load model representation

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Figure 2.3: Mathematical model of load

F(S) = Change in frequency

PD(S) = Change in power demand

Figure 2.4: Single area load frequency control model

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Laplace transformation gives;

Mathematical model for load

Where is the turbine constant that ranges from 0.2 to 2 sec.