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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA


PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(CPE453)

NAME : NURUL AIN BINTI ZULKIFLEE 2013452866


NUR SYAKIRAH BINTI ABD RAHIM 2013892774
NUR IZATI BINTI MAJID 2013207818
NURUL NABILA BINTI 2013833212
ABDULLAH KASSIM
GROUP :4
EXPERIMENT : FLOW METER DEMONSTRATION
DATE PERFORMED : 30TH SEPTEMBER 2014
SEMESTER :3
PROGRAMME / CODE : EH2213A / CPE453
No.SUBMIT TO Title : ENCIK RUSMI BIN ALIAS
Allocated Marks (%) Marks
1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 10
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 10
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 5
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference / Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:

Checked by:

---------------------------

Date:

ABSTRACT
The objectives of conducting this experiment is to investigate the loss coefficient, flow rate,
head loss and the characteristic of 3 particular flow measuring apparatus. The flow measuring
apparatus consists of Venturi Meter, Orifice Meter and Rotameter and being used according
to the Bernoullis Equation. The time taken for the water to discharge as the diameter of
Rotameter increased was determined and recorded. Then, the flow rate and head loss for each
apparatus is calculated by using the data obtained through the experiment that has been
conducted and the calculations were recorded. The results were analyzed and it is according
to Bernoullis Equation and it was discussed. The experiment was completed and carried out
adequately. First of all, we must close the ball valve and measure the time taken to
accumulate a known volume of fluid in the tank, as measure from the sight-glass. Then, we
record all the manometer height and the variable area meter reading and carry out a timed
volume collection using the volumetric tank.

2
INTRODUCTION

Flow Measurement Apparatus is designed as a free-standing apparatus for use on the


hydraulics bench. Although it could be used in conjunction with a low pressure water supply
controlled by a valve and a discharge to drain. Water enters the apparatus through the lower
left-hand end and flows horizontally through a sudden enlargement into a transparent venture
meter, and into an orifice plate, a 90 elbow changes the flow direction to vertical and
connects to a variable area flowmeter, a second bend passes the flow into a discharge pipe
which incorporates an atmospheric break. [Eng. Motasem M. Abushaban, Eng. Fedaa M.
Fayyad, Flow Measurement, site.iugaza.edu.ps/t77328/files/pdf]

The function of flowmeter measurement apparatus is to introduce the operating characteristic


of various types of flow meter such as venturi meter, orifice plate and rotameter. The
flowmeter measurement apparatus consist of venturi meter, orifice plate, rotameter, 90
elbow, glass tube and others.

Figure 1: Flowmeter Measurement Apparatus

3
Venturi meters

Venturi meters are the flow measurement instruments which use a converging section of pipe
to give an increase in the flow velocity and corresponding pressure drop from which the flow
rate can be deduced. The principle of this flow measurement device was first documented by
J.B. Venturi in 1797 in Italy. The principle under which these devices operate is that some
pressure head is converted velocity head when the cross-sectional area of flow decreases
(Bernoullis equation). Thus, the head differential can be measured between the upstream
section and the throat section to give an estimation of flow velocity, and this can be
multiplied by flow area to arrive at a discharge value. The converging section is usually about
21, and the diverging section is usually from 5 to 7. [Reader-Harris, Michael J. added on 2
Feb 2011, updated on 11 Feb 2011, Venturi Meter, www.thermopedia.com/content/1241]

Figure 2: Venturi Meter

4
Orifice plate

Orifice plate is a device used for measuring volumetric flow rate in a pipe. Orifice plate
works based on Bernoullis principle. Bernoullis equation states that pressure drop across the
orifice plate is directly proportional to the volumetric flow rate passing through the orifice
plate. A restriction orifice also works on the same principle, but serves a different purpose.
The main difference between orifice plate and restriction orifice is their usage. Restriction
orifice is used for killing pressure in a pipe by increasing fluid velocity. Restriction orifice
and orifice plates are similar in structure and both are based on Bernoullis equation . Orifice
plate is a thin plate with an orifice in the middle. It is placed in a pipe where the volumetric
flow measurement needs to be done. When the fluid flows through the orifice in the orifice
plate, fluid velocity changes and according to Bernoullis equation pressure also changes. By
measuring the difference between pressure values immediately before and after the orifice
plate, volumetric flow calculation can be done. [www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/07/orifice-
plate]

Figure 3: Orifice Plate

5
Bernoulli equation was proposed by Daniel Bernoulli. He was born on 8 th February 1700 and
remembered for his application of mathematics to mechanics especially fluid mechanics. It
started when Bernoulli and his partner, Euler tried to discover more about the flow of fluid.
They wanted to know about the relationship between the speed at which the blood flows and
its pressure. Daniel Bernoulli experimented by puncturing the wall of pipe with a small ended
straw and noted the height to which the fluid rose up the straw was related to fluids pressure
in the pipe. This cause all the physician all over Europe at that era were measuring patients
blood pressure by sticking point-ended glass tube directly into their arteries until on 1896,
there an Italian doctor who discovered a less painful method which is still use till today.
However, Bernoullis method of measuring pressure is still used till today in modern aircraft
to measure the speed of the air passing the plane which is its air speed. Daniel Bernoulli
proposed this Bernoulli principle in his book, Hydrodynamic which being published on 1738.
[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli]

Figure 4: Daniel Bernoulli (8th Feb 1700 - 17th March 1782)

6
For further discovery, Daniel Bernoulli returned to his earlier work on Conservation of
energy. It was known that a moving body exchanges its kinetic energy for potential energy
when it gains height. Daniel realized that in the similar way, a moving fluid exchanges its
kinetic energy to pressure.

Bernoullis Equation:

2
v p
+ gz + =constant
2

Where;

v is the fluid flow speed at a point on a streamline

g is the acceleration due to gravity

z is the elevation of the point above a reference plane, with the positive z-direction

pointing upward so in the direction opposite to the gravitational acceleration


p is the pressure at the chosen point

is the density of the fluid at all points in the fluid.

In fluid mechanics, Bernoulli principle states that for an in viscid flow of an non-conducting
fluid, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure
or a decrease in the fluid potential energy. Bernoulli principle can be derived from the
principle of conservation of energy. This states that in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of
energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires
that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy remains constant which
caused an increase in the speed of the fluid. This implies an increase in both its dynamic
pressure and kinetic energy. This phenomenon occurs with a simultaneous decrease in its
static pressure, potential energy and internal energy. If the fluid is flowing out of the
reservoir, the sum of all form of energy is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir,
the energy per unit volume which is the sum of pressure and gravitational potential, gh is the
same everywhere. [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_Principle]

7
8
OBJECTIVES

1. To investigate and contrast the operation and characteristics of three different basics
types of flowmeter which venturi meter, orifice meter and rotameter.
2. To determine a flow rate of three different types of flowmeter through a pipe.
3. To determine the loss coefficient when fluid flow through 90o elbow.

9
THEORY

Rotameter
The rotameter is a flow meter in which a rotating free float is the indicating element.
Basically, a rotameter consists of a transparent tapered vertical tube through which fluid flow
upward. Within the tube is placed a freely suspended float of pump-bob shape. When there
is no flow, the float rests on a stop at the bottom end. As flow commences, the float rises until
upward and buoyancy forces on it are balanced by its weight. The float rises only a short
distance if the rate of flow is small, and vice versa. The points of equilibrium can be noted as
a function of flow rate. With a well-calibrated marked glass tube, the level of the float
becomes a direct measure of flow rate.

Venturi meter
The venturi meter consists of a venturi tube and a suitable differential pressure gauge. The
venturi tube has a converging portion, a throat and a diverging portion as shown in the figure
below. The function of the converging portion is to increase the velocity of the fluid and
lower its static pressure. A pressure difference between inlet and throat is thus developed,
which pressure difference is correlated with the rate of discharged. The diverging cone serves
to change the area of the stream back to the entrance area and convert velocity head into
pressure head.

Assume incompressible flow and no frictional losses, from Bernoullis Equation

p1 v 1 2 p v 2

+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 --------- (1)
2g 2g

Q= A1 V 1= A2 V 2
Use of the continuity Equation equation (1) becomes

[ ( )]
2
p1 p 2 v 2 A
+ z 1z 2= 2 1 2 --------- (2)
2g A1

Ideal

10
2 1 1

[ ( )] [
A
Q= A 2 V 2= A 2 1 2
A1
2
(p p2
2g 1

+ z 1z 2 )] 2
--------- (3)

11
However, in the case of real fluid flow, the flow rate will be expected to be less than given by
equation (2) because of frictional effects and consequent head loss between inlet and throat.
In metering practice, this non-ideality is accounted by insertion of an experimentally

Cd z 1=z 2
determined coefficient, , that is termed as the coefficient of discharged. With

in this apparatus, equation (3) becomes


2 1 1

Actual Q=Cd A 2 1
[ ( )] [
A2
A1
2
2g
p1 p2
( )] 2
--------- (4)

Hence,

2 1

[ ( )]
1
A 2
q=C d At 1 t [ 2 g ( p1 p1 ) / ] 2 --------- (5)
A

Where,
Cd
= Coefficient of discharge (0.98)

D2
= Throat diameter = 16 mm

D1
= Inlet diameter = 26 mm

At 4 2
= Throat area = 2.011 10 m
2
A = Inlet area = 5.309 10 m
4

m
g 9.81
= s2

kg
1000
= Density of water = m
3

p1
= Inlet pressure ( Pa)

p2
= Throat pressure (Pa)

12
Orifice meter
The orifice for use as a metering device in a pipeline consists of a concentric square-edge
circular hole in a thin plate, which is clamped between the flanges of the pipe as shown in the
figure below.

Pressure connections for attaching separate pressure gauges are made at holes in the pipe
walls on both side of the orifice plate. The downstream pressure tap is placed at the minimum
pressure position which is consumed to be at the vena contracta. The center of the inlet
pressure tap is located between one-half and two pipe diameters from the upstream side of the
orifice plate, usually a distance of one pipe diameter is employed. Equation (4) for the
venture meter can also be applied to the orifice meter where
2 1 1

[ ( )] [
A
Actual Q=Cd A 2 1 2
A1
2 p p
(
2g 1 2
)] 2
--------- (6)

Cd
The coefficient of discharge, in the case of the orifice meter will be different from that

for the case of a venture meter.

2 1

[ ( )]
1
A 2
Q=C d A t 1 t [ 2 g ( h7h 8 ) ] 2
--------- (7)
A

Where,
Cd
= Coefficient of discharge (0.63)

D7
= Orifice diameter = 16 mm

D8
= Orifice upstream diameter = 26 mm

At 4 2
= Orifice area = 2.011 10 m
4 2
A = Orifice upstream area = 5.309 10 m

(h7 h8 ) = Pressure difference across orifice (m)

13
90 elbow

Figure below shows fluid flowing in a pipeline where there is some pipe fitting such as bend
or valve, and change in pipe diameter. Included in the figure is the variation of piezometric
head along the pipe run, as would be shown by numerous pressure tappings at the pipe wall.

If the upstream and downstream lines of linear friction gradient are extrapolated to the plane

of fitting, a loss of piezometric head, h , due to the fitting is found. By introducing the

velocity heads in the upstream and downstream runs of pipe, total head loss, H can be

determined in which

v1 v 2
2 2

H= h+ --------- (8)
2g 2g

Energy losses are proportional to the velocity head of the fluid as it flows around an elbow,
through an enlargement or contraction of the flow section, or through a valve. Experimental
values for energy losses are usually expressed in terms of a dimensionless loss coefficient K,
where

H H
K=
v 1 /2 g v 2 /2 g
2 2 --------- (9)

depending on the context. For results of better accuracy, long sections of straight pipe are
required to establish with certainty the relative positions of the linear sections of the
piezometric lines. However, in a compact apparatus as described in this manual, only two
piezometers are used, one placed upstream and the other downstream of the fitting, at
sufficient distances as to avoid severe disturbances. These piezometers measure the
'
piezometric head loss, h between the tapping. Thus

h= h ' h f --------- (10)

14
2
L
Where h f =4 f D ( )( )
v
2g

hf
= friction head loss which would be incurred in fully developed flow

along the
run of pipe between the piezometer tappings
f = friction factor

L = distance between the piezometer, measured along the pipe center line

D = pipe diameter

v = average velocity of fluid flow in pipe

The friction head loss is estimated by choosing a suitable value of friction factor, f for

fully developed flow along a smooth pipe. The method used in this manual to determine the
friction factor is the prandtl equation

1
=4 log ( f ) 0.4
f --------- (11)

Typical values derived from this equation are tabulated in the table below:
10 4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
F 10 4 9.27 7.73 6.96 6.48 6.14 5.88 5.67

In determination of the fraction factor, f , it is sufficient to establish the value of f at

just one typical flow rate, as about the middle of the range of measurement due to the fact

that f varies only slowly with , and the friction loss is generally fairly small in

'
relation to the measured value of h .

Characteristic of flow through elbow and at changes in diameter

15
90 Elbow

Figure below shows flow round at 90 elbow which has a constant circular cross section.

The value of loss coefficient K is dependent on the ratio of the band radius, R to the

pipe inside diameter, D . As this ratio increase, the value of K will fall and vice versa.

2
H=K v /2 g --------- (12)

16
Where,
K = Coefficient losses

v = Velocity of flow

g = 9.81 m/s 2

17
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

1. Stopwatch

Manometer

Figure 5: Flow meter Apparatus

18
PROCEDURE

General start-up

1. The flow control valve of hydraulic bench was fully closed while the discharge valve
was fully opened.

2. The discharge hose was directed properly to volumetric tan of fiberglass before
starting up system. The volumetric tank drain valve was left open to allow flow
discharge back to the sump tank

3. The pump supply from hydraulic bench was started up once the apparatus had been
level on the bench top was confirmed. The bench valve was opened slowly.

4. When the flow in the pipe is steady and there is no trapped bubble, the bench valve is
closed to reduce the flow to the maximum measurable flow rate.

5. If the water level of manometer is too high where it is out of visible point, the water
level can be adjusted by using staddle valve. Maximum readings on manometer were
retained with the maximum measurable flow rate.

6. The discharge valve were fully closed and the flow were slowly reduced by
controlling the flow of discharge valve.

7. The water in the manometer is levelled into a straight level. At this time, the pump
from the hydraulic bench was supplied with water at a certain pressure in the system.

8. The trapped bubbles were being lookout in the glass tube or plastic transfer tube. The
plastic tube was pressed to push the bubbles up or the glass tube was tabbed to release
the bubbles upwards.

9. The water level of each probe was recorded at certain flow. The formula provided was
used with the height difference (h) to calculate. The results obtained were verified
against rotameter and hydraulic bench for experiment of flow measurement
comparison.

10. The experiment was completed with other flow rates.

19
Demonstration of the operation and characteristic of three different basic type of flowmeter

1. The apparatus was placed on bench, the inlet pipe was connected to bench supply and
the outlet pipe was connected into volumetric tank.

2. The pump supply was started up from hydraulic bench with the bench valve was fully
closed and the discharge valve was fully opened.

3. The bench valve was slowly opened until it is fully opened.

4. The bench valve was started up to close when the flow in the pipe was steady and
there was no trapped bubble to reduce the flow to the maximum measurable flow rate.

5. The water level was adjusted in the manometer board by using the air bleed screw.
Maximum readings on manometer were retained with the maximum measurable
flowrate.

6. The readings on manometers (A-J), rotameter and measured flowrate were noted.

7. Step 6 was repeated for different flow rates. The flow rates can be adjusted by
utilizing both bench valve and discharge valve.

8. To demonstrate similar flow rates at different system static pressures, the bench and
flow control valve was adjusted together. The manometer levels were adjusted as
required.

20
Loss coefficient of fluid through a 90 degree elbow

1. The apparatus was placed on bench, the inlet pipe was connected to bench supply and
the outlet pipe was connected into volumetric tank.

2. The pump supply was started up from hydraulic bench with the bench valve was fully
closed and the discharge valve was fully opened.

3. The bench valve was slowly opened until it is fully opened.

4. The bench valve was started up to close when the flow in the pipe was steady and
there was no trapped bubble to reduce the flow to the maximum measurable flow rate.

5. The water level was adjusted in the manometer board by using the air bleed screw.
Maximum readings on manometer were retained with the maximum measurable
flowrate.

6. The readings on manometers (A-J), rotameter and measured flowrate were noted.

7. Step 6 was repeated for different flow rates. The flow rates can be adjusted by
utilizing both bench valve and discharge valve.

8. The data was tabulated once completed.

vs 2 vd
9. The graph of H against 2g for 90 degree elbow is plotted to determine

the coefficient of losses.

General shut-down procedures

1. The water supply valve and the venturi discharge valve are closed.

2. The water supply pump is turned off.

3. The water is drained off from the unit when it is not in use.

21
22
RESULTS

Flow
Flow rate calculated
Rotameter Volume Time rate,
using Bernoullis
Manometer reading (mm) (l/min) (l) (min) Q
equation (l/min)
(l/min)
A B C D E F G H I J Venturi Orifice
250 248 239 245 246 248 247 230 239 238 5 3 0.53 5.66 5.94 4.74
272 266 230 252 258 263 264 200 225 223 10 3 0.30 10.00 11.60 9.20
295 281 207 254 265 274 272 143 192 188 15 3 0.18 16.67 16.79 13.07
332 310 188 265 285 300 300 83 166 160 20 3 0.15 20.00 21.46 16.95

Table 1: Demonstration of the operation and characteristic of three different basic types of flow meter

23
Differential Piezometer Head, h
Volume Time Flowrate, Q v V2/2g
(mm)
(l) (sec) (l/min) (m/s) (mm)
Elbow (hI-hJ)
3 32 5.66 1 0.18 1.65
3 18 10.00 2 0.31 4.90
3 11 16.67 4 0.52 13.78
3 9 20.00 6 0.63 20.23

Table 2: Determination of the loss coefficient when fluid flow through 900 elbow

24
Graph of Piezometric head against Velocity head
7

6
f(x) = 1.7x - 1
5
R = 0.98
4
Piezometric head (mm) 3

0
1.65 4.9000000000000004 13.78 20.23

Velocity head (mm)

Figure 6: Graph of Piezometric Head against Velocity Head

25
CALCULATIONS

Cd = Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter (0.98)


Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice (0.63)
At = Throat area = 2.011 10-4 m2
A = Inlet area = 5.30910-4 m2
g = 9.81 m/s2

Rotameter flow rate = 5 l/min

Venturi meter flow rate

2 1

[ ( )]
1
At 2
q=Cd At 1
A
[ 2 g ( h AhC ) ] 2

2 1

[ ( )]
1
2.011 104 2 2 m3
q=( 0.98 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1
4
[ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2500.239 ) ] s
5.309 104

2 1

[ )]
1

q=( 0.98 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1


4
(
2.011 104
5.309 104
2
[ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2500.239 ) ] 2

1000 l
1
min
60

q=5.94 l/min

26
Orifice flow rate

2 1

[ ( )]
1
At 2
q=Cd At 1
A
[ 2 g ( h Gh H ) ] 2

2 1

[ ( )]
1
2.011 104 2 2 m3
q=( 0.63 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1
4
[2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2470.230 ) ] s
5.309 104

2 1

[ ( )]
1
2.011 104 2 2 1000 l
q=( 0.63 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1
4
[ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2470.230 ) ]
1
5.309 104 min
60

q=4.74 l /min

900 elbow

5 3
Minimum flow rate, Q=5.66 l/min = 9.43 10 m /s

Velocity of flow in the pipe (Diameter = 26 mm)

5
9.43 10
V= 2

( 26 103 )
4

V =0.18 m/ s

V2 0.18 2
= =1.65 mm
2 g 2 9.81

27
DISCUSSIONS

From these experiments, three operations and characteristic of three different types of flow
meter which is venturi meter, orifice meter, rotameter and various variable area are seen. All
the readings such as manometer readings of each flow meter and time taken in minutes for
every 3 L volume using different values of rotameter are recorded such in table 1. The
minimum flow rate are determined by dividing time taken in minutes for every 3 L volume
using different values of rotameter which with the fixed volume of 3 L which are 5.66,
10.00, 16.67, 20.00 l/min according to respective values of rotameter in table 1. Besides that,
the flow rate of venturi meter and orifice meter are determined by calculating the flow rate
using Bernoullis equation while 90o elbow uses the minimum flow rate from the rotameter.
For rotameter flow rate at 5, 10, 15, 20 l/min, the venturi meter flow rate calculated has the
value of 5.94, 11.60, 16.79, 21.46 l/min respectively. While the orifice meter flow rate
calculated is 4.74, 9.20, 13.07, 16.95 l/min according to the same respective values of
rotameter flowrate. Both types of flowmeter, venturi meter and orifice meter would have an
increase in velocity and decrease in static pressure as there is pressure difference. In venturi
meter, the pressure difference would be in the inlet and into the throat where the pipe is
converging and diverging as the water flow through the throat and into the outlet. While in
the orifice meter there would be metering device in a pipeline consists of a concentric square-
edge circular hole in a thin plate that works like venturi meter. Furthermore, the rotameters
flow rate would be less accurate than venturi meter and orifice meter because both used the
principle of Bernoullis equation in calculation where frictional effect and consequent head
difference between the inlet and outlet (rate of discharge, Cd) is taken into account.

Other than that, the velocity head when fluid flow through a 90 o elbow are determined using

Q
(v = )
different minimum flowrate and by calculating velocity using the formula A .

Different flowrate (5.66, 10.00, 16.67, 20.00 l/min) are taken to calculate the velocity such in
table 2. The values of velocity calculated are 0.18, 0.31, 0.52, 0.63 m/s respective to the
minimum flowrate. The information is then used to calculate the velocity head using the

2
V
formula 2 g ). The values of velocity head calculated are 1.65, 4.90, 13.78, 20.23 mm. The

28
values of piezometric head and the calculated values of velocity head is then plotted in a
graph such in figure 6 to determine the loss coefficient.
One of the major factors that affect the readings is the bubble in pipeline. Besides that, the
position of eyes also gives effect to the manometer reading. The position of the eyes should
be perpendicular to the meniscus of reading to give more accurate results.

29
CONCLUSION

From the experiment it can be concluded that the flow rates of venturi meter and orifice meter
calculated by using Benoullis equation would be more accurate than in rotameter because
both used the principle of Bernoullis equation in calculation where frictional effect and
consequent head difference between the inlet and outlet (rate of discharge, Cd) is taken into
account. Both types of flowmeter, venturi meter and orifice meter would have an increase in
velocity and decrease in static pressure as there is pressure difference. In venturi meter, the
pressure difference would be in the inlet and into the throat where the pipe is converging and
diverging as the water flow through the throat and into the outlet. While in the orifice meter
there would be metering device in a pipeline consists of a concentric square-edge circular
hole in a thin plate that works like venturi meter. The minimum flow rate are determined by
dividing time taken in minutes for every 3 L volume using different values of rotameter
which with the fixed volume of 3 L which are 5.66, 10.00, 16.67, 20.00 l/min according to
respective values of rotameter in table 1. Besides that, the flow rate of venturi meter and
orifice meter are determined by calculating the flow rate using Bernoullis equation while 90 o
elbow uses the minimum flow rate from the rotameter. For rotameter flow 16.79, 21.46 l/min
respectively. While the orifice meter flow rate calculated is 4.74, 9.20, 13.07, 16.95 l/min
according to the same respective values of rotameter flowrate.

Other than that, the velocity head when fluid flow through a 90 o elbow are determined using

Q
(v = )
different minimum flowrate and by calculating velocity using the formula A .

Different flowrate (5.66, 10.00, 16.67, 20.00 l/min) are taken to calculate the velocity such in
table 2. The values of velocity calculated are 0.18, 0.31, 0.52, 0.63 m/s respective to the
minimum flowrate. The information is then used to calculate the velocity head using the

2
V
formula 2 g ). The values of velocity head calculated are 1.65, 4.90, 13.78, 20.23 mm. The

values of piezometric head and the calculated values of velocity head is then plotted in a
graph such in figure 6 to determine the loss coefficient.

The objectives have achieved and the experiment was successfully done.

30
RECOMMENDATION

There are some recommendations for this Flowmeter Measurement experiment that can be
made. First, it is important that all water was drained from the apparatus when not in used.
Second, the apparatus should not be exposed to any form of shock and stresses. Next, any
manometer tube which does not filled with water or slowly filled, indicates that tapping or
connection of the manometer is blocked. Therefore, in order to remove the obstacles, the
flexible connection tube shall be disconnected and blown through. Fourth, protective clothing
should always be worn throughout the laboratory session, such as, protective clothing, shoes,
helmet and goggles. Finally, the experiment should always be conducted after all the group
members have fully understood the unit and procedures.

REFERENCES

1. Laboratory manual 1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UiTM Malaysia


2. Fluid mechanics, Fundamental and Applications, Yunus A. Cengel and John
M.Cimbala, Mc Graw Hill

3. Applied Fluid Mechanics 5th Edition, Robert L. Mott, Prentice-Hall

4. Elementary Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition, Robert L. Street, Gary Z. Watters, John K.
Vennard, John Wiley & Sons Inc

5. Fluid Mechanics 4th Edition, Reynold C. Binder

6. Fluid Mechanics with applications, Anthony Esposito, Prentice-Hall International Inc

7. Reader-Harris, Michael J. added on 2 Feb 2011, updated on 11 Feb 2011, Venturi


Meter, www.thermopedia.com/content/1241

31
32
APPENDICES

Calculations for flow rates of different types of flowmeter at 10, 15, 20 l/min

For rotameter flow rate = 10 l/min

Venturimeter flow rate

2 1

[ ( )]
1
At 2
q=Cd At 1
A
[ 2 g ( h AhC ) ] 2

2 1

[ ( )]
1
2.011 104 2 2 m3
q=( 0.98 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1
4
[ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2720.230 ) ] s
5.309 104

2 1

[ ( )]
1
2.011 104 2 2 1000 l
q=( 0.98 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1
4
[ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2720.230 ) ]
1
5.309 104 min
60

q=11.60 l/min

Orifice flow rate

2 1

[ ( )]
1
At 2
q=Cd At 1
A
[ 2 g ( h Gh H ) ] 2

2 1

[ ( )]
1
2.011 104 2 2 m3
q=( 0.63 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1
4
[ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2640.200 ) ]
5.309 104 s

33
2 1

[ ( )]
1
2.011 104 2 2 1000l
( )
q=( 0.63 ) 2.01110 1
4
[2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2640.200 ) ]
5.309 104 1
min
60

q=9.20 l/ min

900 elbow

4 3
Minimum flow rate, Q=10.00 l/min = 1.67 10 m /s

Velocity of flow in the pipe (Diameter = 26 mm)

1.67 104
V= 2
(
26 103 )
4

V =0.31 m/s

2 2
V 0.31
= =4.90 mm
2 g 2 9.81

34
For rotameter flow rate = 15 l/min

Venturimeter flow rate

2 1

[ ( )]
1
At 2
q=Cd At 1
A
[ 2 g ( h AhC ) ] 2

[ ( )]
4 2 1 3
2.011 10
[2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2950.207 ) ] m
2 2
q=( 0.98 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1
4

5.309 10
4
s

[ )]
4 2 1

q=( 0.98 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1


4
(
2.011 10
5.309 10
4
2
[2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2950.207 ) ] 2

1000 l
1
min
60

q=16.79 l/min

Orifice flow rate

2 1

[ ( )]
1
At 2
q=Cd At 1
A
[ 2 g ( h Gh H ) ] 2

2 1

[ ( )]
1
2.011 104 2 m3
2
( 4
)
q=( 0.63 ) 2.011 10 1 [ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2720.143 ) ] s
5.309 104

2 1

[ )]
1

q=( 0.63 ) ( 2.01110 ) 1


4
(
2.011 104
5.309 104
2
[2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.2720.143 ) ] 2

1000 l
1
min
60

q=13.07 l/min

35
36
900 elbow

4 3
Minimum flow rate, Q=16.67 l/min = 2.78 10 m /s

Velocity of flow in the pipe (Diameter = 26 mm)

2.78 104
V= 2
(
26 103 )
4

V =0.52 m/s

V2 0.522
= =13.78 mm
2 g 2 9.81

37
For rotameter flow rate = 20 l/min

Venturimeter flow rate

2 1

[ ( )]
1
At 2
q=Cd At 1
A
[ 2 g ( h AhC ) ] 2

[ ( )]
4 2 1 3
2.011 10
[ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.3320.188 ) ] m
2 2
q=( 0.98 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1
4

5.309 10
4
s

[ )]
4 2 1

q=( 0.98 ) ( 2.011 10 ) 1


4
(
2.011 10
5.309 10
4
2
[ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.3320.188 ) ] 2

1000 l
1
min
60

q=21.46 l/min

Orifice flow rate

2 1

[ ( )]
1
At 2
q=Cd At 1
A
[ 2 g ( h Gh H ) ] 2

2 1

[ ( )]
1
2.011 104 2 m32
( 4
)
q=( 0.63 ) 2.011 10 1 [ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.3000.083 ) ] s
5.309 104

2 1

[ )]
1

q=( 0.63 ) ( 2.01110 ) 1


4
(
2.011 104
5.309 104
2
[2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.3000.083 ) ] 2

1000 l
1
min
60

q=16.95 l/min

38
39
900 elbow

3.33 104 m3 /s
Minimum flow rate, Q=20.00 l/min =

Velocity of flow in the pipe (Diameter = 26 mm)

3.33 104
V= 2
(
26 103 )
4

V =0.63 m/ s

V2 0.63 2
= =20.23 mm
2 g 2 9.81

40

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