EXPERIMENT NO.

-01
HEAT BALANCE ON 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

AIM:-

Preparation of heat balance sheet on single cylinder diesel engine

(To determine the percentage of heat converted into useful work, heat carried away by cooling
water, heat carried away by exhaust gases and unaccounted loses).

APPARATUS USED:-
UNI-INSTA 4 stroke engine, single cylinder horizontal.
Dial thermometer.
Techometer.
Thermometer.
Stopwatch.

THEORY:-
The experimental setup consists of a single cylinder 4 stroke diesel engine , to be tested for
performance is connected to rape break drum with spring balance (Mechanical dynamometer)
with exhaust gas calorimeter, The arrangement is made for the following measurement of the
setup:-
1) The rate of fuel consumption is measured by using the known pipette reading against using
stopwatch.
2) Air flow is measured by manometer connected to air base.
3) The different mechanical loading is achieved by operating the spring balance of dynamometer
in setups.
4) The different mechanical energy is measured by spring balance and radius of brake drum.
5) The engine speed (rpm) is measured by tachometer and kept constant at 500 rpm.
6) Temperature at different points is measured by the help of thermometer at various points.
7) Water flow rate through the engine and calorimeter is measured by the help of a known
capacity.
 PROCEDURE:-

1) First of all, we start the engine with the help of a manual rotor after ensuring if machine is
properly lubricated or not.
2) After steady state is reached, we note down the following:-
i) Speed of engine (rpm).
ii) The time taken for 50ml of fuel consumption.
iii) Time for 1 set of cooling water collection.
iv) Air inlet temperature.
v) Exhaust gas temperature.
vi) Cooling water inlet and outlet temperature.
vii) Manometer reading.
3) Once all the readings are taken, disengage the dynamometer after stopping the engine.
4) All above steps from 2 to 3 are repeated for the loads 15kg, 30kg and 45kg respectively.
5) Finally, we have to prepare a heat balance chart using the readings taken.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Engine speed=500 rpm.

No. of cylinder= 1.
Calorific value of fuel= 38000 kJ/Kg.
Specific heat of water= 4.187kJ/Kg-K.
Specific heat of exhaust gases=2.1 kJ/Kg.-K.
Gas constant ,R=0.287 kJ/Kg.-K.
Ambient temperature=24C.
Pa= 1.01325 bar.
Do=25*10-3
Cd=0.6
Density of fuel=860Kg/m3
Density of water=1000Kg/m3
Brake drum diameter ,D=181.5*10-3
 OBSERVATION TABLE NO.-01

Temperature of circulatingTemperature of circulatingTemperature of exhaust

water (C) water to calorimeter(C) gases (C)
SL. NO.
Inlet temp. Outlet temp. Inlet temp. Outlet temp. Inlet temp. Outlet temp.

16 27 16 22 30 26
1)

16 34 16 26 33 29
2)

16 36 16 28 34 30
3)

16 38 16 30 35 31
4)

OBSERVATION TABLE NO.-02

Fuel consumed (cm3) Water flow rate(10-3m3)

SL. NO.Load(Kg) Time(s)
Fuel tank Spilled Final Flow in Flow in
(ml) Volume(ml) Volume(ml) Cylinder Calorimeter
1) 0 219 50 0 50 152.4*10-3 25.04*10-3

2) 15 140 50 0 50 71.6*10-3 23.12*10-3

3) 30 127 50 0 50 86.6*10-3 16.93*10-3

4) 45 98 50 0 50 84.7*10-3 17.34*10-3
 CALCULATIONS:-

i) Torque,T:-
D+ d
T=9.81WReffective N-m, where Reffect. = 2 & W(Load)=(S1-S2)Kg.

Now,Reffect. =(181.510-3+2510-3)/2
=103.2510-3 m

So, T1 =9.81 (0-0) 103.2510-3 N-m =0

T2 =9.81 (15-0) 103.2510-3 N-m =0.0152 N-m.
T3 =9.81 (30-0) 103.2510-3 N-m =0.0303 N-m.
T4 =9.81 (45-0) 103.2510-3 N-m =0.0456 N-m.

ii) Brake Power:-

(2 N T )
B.P= 60000 ) kW, where ,N = Engine speed.

B.P1=(2 5000)/60,000 kW =0
B.P2=(25000.0152)/60,000 kW =795.4610-6 kW.
B.P3=(25000.0303)/60,000 kW =1590.9310-6 kW
B.P4=(25000.0456)/60,000 kW =2386.410-6 kW

iii) Fuel consumption, mf :-

mf = (5010-6Densityfuel)/t (Kg/s)

mf1 =(5010-6860)/212 (Kg/s) =2.0210-4 Kg/s.

mf2 =(5010-6860)/160 (Kg/s) =2.6810-4 Kg/s.
mf3 =(5010-6860)/127 (Kg/s) =3.3810-4 Kg/s.
mf4 =(5010-6860)/98 (Kg/s) =4.3810-4 Kg/s.

iv) Heat energy available from the fuel burnt,Qf ;-

Qf =mfCV3600 where, CV=38000 KJ/Kg

Qf1 =2.0210-4 Kg/s380003600 = 27.63MJ.

Qf2 =2.6810-4 Kg/s380003600 = 36.66MJ.
 Qf3 =3.3810-4 Kg/s380003600 = 46.20MJ.
Qf4 =4.3810-4 Kg/s380003600 = 59.92MJ.

v) Heat energy equivalent to output power,Q BP :-

QBP =B.P3600 kJ/hr.

QBP1 =03600 kJ/hr. =0

QBP2 =795.4610-63600 kJ/hr.=2.86 MJ.
QBP2 =1590.9310-63600 kJ/hr.=5.72MJ.
QBP2 =2386.410-63600 kJ/hr.=8.59 MJ.

vi) Heat energy lost to engine cooling water,Q CW :-

QCW =mwCw (two-twi) 3600 kJ/hr

QCW1 =1000152.410-64.186 (27-16) 3600 kJ/hr.=25.26 MJ/hr

QCW2 =100071.610-64.186 (34-16) 3600 kJ/hr.=19.39 MJ/hr
QCW3 =100086.610-64.186 (36-16) 3600 kJ/hr.=26.06 MJ/hr
QCW4 =100084.710-64.186 (38-16) 3600 kJ/hr.=28.04 MJ/hr

vii) Heat energy carried away by exhaust gases,Q fg ;-

Qfg =mfgC (tfg-tair) 3600 kJ/hr.

Now, mass of flue gas,mfg =(mair+mf)

Where,ma=[Cddo2Densityair (2ghw/a)1/]/4

and a=Pa/RTa =1.01325105/287298

=1.887 Kg/m 3

So, mfg1 =(0.0196+.000202) =0.019802 Kg/s

mfg1 =(0.0190+.000268) =0.019335 Kg/s
mfg1 =(0.0185+.000338) =0.018868 Kg/s
mfg1 =(0.0179+.000438) =0.0184151 Kg/s

Qfg1 =0.0198022.1 (30-24) 3600 kJ/hr.=0.898 MJ/hr.

Qfg2 =0.019335 2.1 (30-24) 3600 kJ/hr.=1.315 MJ/hr.
 Qfg3 =0.018868 2.1 (30-24) 3600 kJ/hr.=1.426 MJ/hr.
Qfg4 =0.0184151 2.1 (30-24) 3600 kJ/hr.=1.531 MJ/hr.

viii) Unaccounted heat,QUN ;-

QUN =Qf (QBP+QW+Qfg)

QUN1 =27.63 (0+25.26+0.898) MJ/hr = 1.472 MJ/hr

QUN2 =36.66 (2.86+19.39+1.315) MJ/hr= 13.095MJ/hr
QUN3 =46.20 (5.72+26.06+1.426) MJ/hr= 12.99 MJ/hr
QUN4 =59.91 (8.59+28.04+15.31) MJ/hr= 21.25 MJ/hr

RESULT TABLE
LOAD (KG) Heat energy Heat energy consumed
Supplied(MJ/hr) (Distribution) MJ/hr Percentage
i)Heat energy equivalent to output power.
0 0

ii)Heat energy lost to engine cooling

25.26 91.4
water.
0 27.63
iii)Heat energy carried away by 0.898
the 3.2
exhaust
gases.
iv)Unaccounted heat 1.47 5.3

i)Heat energy equivalent to output power.

2.86 7.8

ii)Heat energy lost to engine cooling

19.39 52.8
water.
15 36.66
iii)Heat energy carried away by 1.315
the 3.5
exhaust
gases.
iv)Unaccounted heat 13.09 37.9

i)Heat energy equivalent to output power.

5.72 12.3

ii)Heat energy lost to engine cooling

26.06 56.4
water.
30 46.2 iii)Heat energy carried away by 1.426
the 3
exhaust
gases.
iv)Unaccounted heat 12.99 28.1

i)Heat energy equivalent to output power.

8.59 14.3

ii)Heat energy lost to engine cooling

28.04 46.8
water.

45 59.9 iii)Heat energy carried away by 1.531

the 2.5
exhaust
gases.
iv)Unaccounted heat 21.75 36.3

PRECAUTION

Volume of fuel must be checked regurlarly.

Be careful of spilled volume of water.
Thermometer readings should be taken carefully.
Dont touch unnecessarily the machine parts.

RESULT

The balancing of the heat balance sheet confirms the theory throughout the practical.we
see that the heat supplied by fuel is equal to the heat consumed in various forms.