SYLLABUS in COMMERCIAL LAW REVIEW

Justice Japar B. Dimaampao

I. Negotiable Instruments Law

A. Introduction
1. Features or Characteristics of a Negotiable Instrument
2. Kinds of Negotiable Instruments
3. Parties to a Negotiable Instrument
4. Distinctions between Negotiable Instrument and Negotiable Document
5. Negotiation
a. Distinguished from Assignment
b. Modes of Negotiation
6. Legal Tender

Relevant Cases:

Rivera v. Spouses Salvador Chua, G.R. No. 184458, January 14, 2015
Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited-Philippine Branches v.
CIR, 724 SCRA 499 (2014)
PNB v. Rodriguez, 566 SCRA 513 (2008)
Traders Royal Bank v. CA, 269 SCRA 15 (1997)
Republic Planters v. CA, 216 SCRA 73 (1992)
Traders Royal Bank v. Filriters, 260 SCRA 15

B. Form and Interpretation

1. Requisites of Negotiability
2. Omissions that Do Not Affect Negotiability
3. Construction Where Instrument is Ambiguous

C. Completion and Delivery

1. Insertion of Date
2. Completion of Blanks

D. Signature
1. Signing in Trade Name
2. Signature of Agent
3. Indorsement by Minor or Corporation

E. Holder
1. Rights of a Holder
2. Holders in Due Course
3. Defenses Against the Holder

* Relevant Cases:
Mercado v. Espiritu, 37 Phil 215
Rosario De Braganza v. Fernando De Villa Abrille, 105 Phil 456

4. Shelter Principle (Holder in Due Course by Subrogation)

5. Crossed Checks and Effects of Crossing a Check

* Relevant Cases
Metropolitan Bank & Trust Company v. Chiok, 742 SCRA 435
Go. v. Metrobank, 628 SCRA 107 (2010)
BPI v. Roxas, 536 SCRA 168 (2007)
State Investment House v. IAC, 175 SCRA 310
Bataan Cigar & Cigarette Factory v. CA, 230 SCRA 643
De Ocampo & Co. v. Gatchalian, 3 SCRA 603
Crisologo-Jose v. CA, 177 SCRA 594

F. Defective Instruments
1. Incomplete but Delivered Instruments

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 2. Incomplete and Undelivered Instruments
3. Complete but Undelivered Instruments
4. Forgery
5. Material Alteration
6. Relevant Cases on Forgery and Material Alteration

Alvin Patrimonio v. Napoleon Gutierrez, 724 SCRA 636, June 4, 2014

Samsung Construction Company Phils., Inc. v. Far East Bank and Trust Company, 436
SCRA 402, 13 August 2004
Traders Royal Bank v. Radio Philippines Network, Inc., 390 SCRA 608
PNB v. Court of Appeals, Province of Tarlac and Associated Bank, 252 SCRA 620
Ilusorio v. Court of Appeals and the Manila Banking Corporation, 393 SCRA 89
Natividad Gempesaw v. Court of Appeals and Philippine Bank of Communications,
218 SCRA 682
Associated Bank v. CA, 252 SCRA 620
PNB v. Quimpo, 158 SCRA 582
Metropolitan Waterworks v. CA, 143 SCRA 20, 14 July 1986
San Carlos Milling v. BPI, 59 Phil 59
Bank of America NT & SA v. Philippine Racing Club, 594 SCRA 301
PNB v. CA, 256 SCRA 491
Areza v. Express Savings Bank, Inc., 734 SCRA 588, September 10, 2014
Far East Bank & Trust Company v. Gold Palace Jewelry, 562 SCRA 604 (2008)

G. Liabilities and Warranties of Parties

1. Maker
2. Drawer
3. Acceptor; Certifier of a Check
4. Indorser and Kinds of Indorsement
5. Accommodation Party
6. Drawee

Cases on liabilities of parties:

Maulini v. Serrano, 28 Phil 640
Town Savings and Loan Bank v. Court of Appeals, 223 SCRA 459 (1993)
Crisologo-Jose v. Court of Appeals, 177 SCRA 594 (1989)
Philippine Bank of Commerce v. Aruego, 102 SCRA 530
Bank of America NT & SA v. Philippine Racing Club, 594 SCRA 301 (2009)
Security Bank and Trust Co. v. Rizal Commercial Banking Corp, 577 SCRA 407 (2008)
Allied Banking Corporation v. Lim Sio Wan, 549 SCRA 504 (2008)
Consolidated Bank and Trust Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 410 SCRA 562 (2003)
Philippine Bank of Commerce v. Court of Appeals, 269 SCRA 695 (1997)

H. Presentment for Payment

1. Necessity of Presentment for Payment
2. Parties to Whom Presentment for Payment Should Be Made
3. Dispensation with Presentment for Payment
4. Dishonor by Non-Payment

I. Acceptance
1. Definition
2. Manner
3. Time for Acceptance
4. Rules Governing Acceptance

H. Presentment for Acceptance

1. Time/Place/Manner of Presentment
2. Effect of Failure to Make Presentment
3. Dishonor by Non-Acceptance

J. Notice of Dishonor
1. Parties to Be Notified
2. Parties Who May Give Notice and Dishonor

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 3. Effect of Notice
4. Form of Notice
5. Waiver
6. Dispensation with Notice
7. Effect of Failure to Give Notice

K. Discharge of Negotiable Instrument

1. Discharge of Negotiable Instrument
2. Discharge of Parties Secondarily Liable
3. Right of Party Who Discharged Instrument
4. Renunciation by Holder

II. INSURANCE LAW (RA 10607 dated 23 July 2012)

I. General Concepts

a. Definitions
b. Elements of an Insurance Contract
c. Characteristics/Nature of Insurance Contracts
d. Kinds
e. Perfection

Relevant Cases:
Phillipine Health Care Providers Inc. v. CIR, 600 SCRA 413 (2009)
Enriquez v. Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada, 41 Phil 269 (1920)
Fieldmen's Insurance Co. v. Vda De Songco, 25SCRA 71 (1968)
Philam vs. Ansaldo, 234 SCRA 509
HH Hollero Construction, Inc. v. GSIS, 736 SCRA 303
DBP Pool of Insurance v. RMN, 480 SCRA 314 (2006)

II. Risk That May Be Insured

III. Parties to an Insurance Contract

IV. Insurable Interest

a. In Life/Health
b. In Property
* Effect of Change of Interest : General Rule and Exceptions
V. Designation of Beneficiaries

Relevant Cases:
The Insular Life Assurance Co. v. Ebrado, 80 SCRA 181 (1977)
Heirs of Loreto Maramag v. Maramag, 588 SCRA 774 (2009)
Gaisano Cagayan, Inc. v. Insurance Company of North America, 490 SCRA 286 (2006)

VI. Right of Mortgagor and Mortgagee to Insure

VII. Change of Interest in Thing Insured: General Rule and Exceptions

VIII. Policy
a. Kinds
b. Interpretation
c. Cover Notes, Riders
d. Cancellation of Policy

IX. Premium Payment

a. Definition: Concept
b. Effect of Non-Payment of Premium; General Rule and Exceptions
c. Rule on Payment through Post-Dated Check
d. Payment through Agent
e. Over-insurance
f. Return of Premiums

Relevant Cases:

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 Makati Tuscany Condominium Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, 215 SCRA 463 (1992)
South Sea Surety and Insurance Company v. Court of Appeals, 244 SCRA 744 (1995)
UCPB General Insurance, Inc. v. Masagana Telemart, 308 SCRA 259 (2001)
American Home Assurance Co. v. Chua, 309 SCRA 250 (1999)

X. Devices to Ascertain and Control Risk and Loss

a. Concealment
b. Representation
c. Warranty
d. Conditions
e. Exceptions
f. Incontestability Clause
g. Defenses not barred by Incontestability Clause

Relevant Cases:
Manila Bankers Life Insurance Corporation v. Aban, 702 SCRA 417 (2013)
Alpha Insurance and Surety Co. v. Castor, 704 SCRA 550 (2013)
Florendo v. Philam Plans, Inc., 666 SCRA 618 (2012)
Fortune Medicare, Inc. v. Amorin, 719 SCRA 133 (2014)
Sunlife Assurance Company of Canada v. Court of Appeals, 246 SCRA 268 (1995)
Ng Gan Zee v. Asian Crusader Life Assurance Corp., 122 SCRA 461 (1983)
Vda. De Canilang v. Court of Appeals, 223 SCRA 443, 17 June 1993
Tan v. Court of Appeals, 174 SCRA 403 (1989)
Qua Chee Gan v. Law Union, 98 Phil 85 (1955)
Saturnino vs. Philam, 7 SCRA 316

XI. Loss and Claims Settlement

a. When Insured is Obliged to Pay/Not Obliged to Pay Loss
b. Notice and Proof of Loss
c. Guidelines on Claims Settlement

d. Subrogation
Relevant Cases:
Panlilio v. Cosio, 97 Phil 919
Malayan Insurance v. CA, 184 SCRA 54
Loadstar Shipping Company v. Malayan Insurance, 742 SCRA 627
e. Period of Prescription

Relevant cases:
Alpha Insurance and Surety Co. v. Castor, 704 SCRA 550 (2013)
Sun Insurance Office Ltd. vs. CA, 195 SCRA 193

XII. Double Insurance and Reinsurance

Geagonia vs.CA, 241 SCRA 152

CLASSES OF INSURANCE

I. Marine
a. Insurable Interest
b. Perils of the Sea, Perils of the Ship
c. Implied Warranties
d. Seaworthiness
e. General Average Loss v. Particular Average Loss
f. Deviation
f. Loss and Abandonment

II. Fire
a. Friendly v. Hostile Fire
b. Effect of Negligence
c. Alteration

Relevant case:
Malayan Insurance Company, Inc. v. PAP Co., Ltd. (Phil. Branch), 703 SCRA 314 (2013)

III. Compulsory Third Party Liability (CTPL)

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 - No Fault Clause
- Authorized Driver's Clause
- Theft Clause
- CASES
Tonco vs. Phil Guaranty, 15 SCRA 313
Perez vs. Alikpala, 160 SCRA 31
Perla Compania vs. Ancheta, 164 SCRA 144

IV. Life
* Suicide Clause

III. CORPORATION CODE

A. Corporation
1. Definition
2. Attributes of the Corporation

B. Classes of Corporations
C. Nationality of Corporations
1. Place of Incorporation Test
2. Control Test
3. Grandfather Rule

Relevant case: Narra Nickel Mining and Development Corp. v. Redmont

Consolidated Mines Corp., 722 SCRA 382 (2014)

D. Corporate Juridical Personality

1. Doctrine of Separate Juridical Personality
a. Liability for Torts and Crimes
b. Recovery of Moral Damages
Relevant Cases:
LBC v. CA, 236 SCRA 602
Acme v. CA, 260 SCRA 714
ABS CBN v. CA, 301 SCRA 572
Filipinas Broadcasting Network v. Ago Medical, 448 SCRA 413
Mambulao Lumber Co. v. PNB, 22 SCRA 359, 380

2. Doctrine of Piercing the Corporate Veil

a. Grounds for Application of Doctrine
b. Test in Determining Applicability
c. Relevant Cases
Yutivo v. CTA, 1 SCRA 160
Claparols v. CIR, 65 SCRA 613
NAFLU v. Ople, 143 SCRA 124
Tan v. Jarencio, 163 SCRA 207
CIR v. Harrison, 11 SCRA 714
Sunio v. NLRC, 127 SCRA 390
Concept Builders v. NLRC, 257 SCRA 151
Livesey v. Binswanger Philippines, Inc., 719 SCRA 433 (2014)

E. Incorporation and Organization

1. Promoter
a. Liability of Promoter
b. Liability of Corporation for Promoters Contracts
2. Number and Qualifications of Incorporators
3. Corporate NameLimitations on Use of Corporate Name

Relevant Cases:
Universal Mills v. Universal Textile, 78 SCRA 62
Lyceum Phils v. CA, 219 SCRA 610
4. Corporate Term
5. Minimum Capital Stock and Subscription Requirements
6. Articles of Incorporation
a. Nature and Function of Articles

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 b. Contents
c. Amendment
d. Non-Amenable Items
7. Registration and Issuance of Certificate of Incorporation
8. Adoption of By-Laws
a. Nature and Functions of By-Laws
b. Requisites of Valid By-Laws
CASE:
Gokongwei v. SEC, 89 SCRA 336
c. Binding Effects

F. Corporate Powers
1. General Powers, Theory of General Capacity
2. Specific Powers, Theory of Specific Capacity
a. Power to Extend or Shorten Corporate Term
b. Power to Increase or Decrease Capital Stock or Incur, Create,
Increase Bonded Indebtedness
c. Power to Deny Pre-Emptive Rights
d. Power to Sell or Dispose of Corporate Assets
e. Power to Acquire Own Shares
f. Power to Invest Corporate Funds in Another Corporation or
Business
g. Power to Declare Dividends
h. Power to Enter Into Management Contract

i. Ultra Vires Acts

i. Applicability of Ultra Vires Doctrine
ii. Consequences of Ultra Vires Acts
CASE:
Pirovano v. Dela Rama, 96 Phil 335

3. How Exercised
a. By the Shareholders
b. By the Board of Directors
c. By the Officers

4. Trust Fund Doctrine

CASE:
Philtrust v. Rivera, 44 Phil 469
5. Doctrine of Apparent Authority
CASE:
First Phil. Intl Bank v. CA, 252 SCRA 259

G. Board of Directors and Trustees

1. Doctrine of Centralized Management
2. Business Judgment Rule
CASE:
Montelibano v. Bacolod-Murcia Milling, 5 SCRA 36

3. Tenure, Qualifications and Disqualifications of Directors or Trustees

4. Elections
a. Cumulative Voting/Straight Voting
b. Quorum
5. Removal
6. Filling of Vacancies
7. Compensation
8. Fiduciaries Duties and Liability Rules
9. Responsibility for Crimes
10. Inside Information
11. Contracts
a. By Self-Dealing Directors with the Corporation
b. Between Corporations with Interlocking Directors
c. Management Contracts
12. Executive Committee
13. Meetings

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 a. Regular or Special
i. When and Where
ii. Notice
b. Who Presides
c. Quorum
d. Rule on Abstention

H. Stockholders and Members

1. Rights of a Stockholder and Members
a. Doctrine of Equality of Shares
2. Participation in Management
a. Proxy
b. Voting Trust
c. Cases When Stockholders Action is Required
i. By a Majority Vote
ii. By a Two-Thirds Vote
iii. By Cumulative Voting
3. Proprietary Rights
a. Right to Dividends
b. Right of Appraisal
c. Right to Inspect
CASE:
Yujuico v. Quiambao, 724 SCRA 262 (2014)
d. Pre-Emptive Right
e. Right to Vote
f. Right to Dividends
g. Right of First Refusal
4. Remedial Rights
a. Individual Suit
b. Representative Suit
c. Derivative Suit
5. Obligation of a Stockholder
6. Meetings
a. Regular or Special
i. When and Where
ii. Notice
b. Who Calls the Meetings
c. Quorum
d. Minutes of the Meetings

I. Capital Structure
1. Subscription Agreements
2. Consideration for Stocks
3. Shares of Stock
a. Nature of Stock
b. Subscription Agreements
c. Consideration for Shares of Stock
d. Watered Stock
i. Definition
ii. Liability of Directors for Watered Stocks
iii. Trust Fund Doctrine for Liability for Watered Stocks
e. Situs of the Shares of Stock
f. Classes of Shares of Stock
CASE: CIR v. Manning, 66 SCRA 14

4. Payment of Balance of Subscription

a. Call by Board of Directors
b. Notice Requirement
c. Sale of Delinquent Shares
i. Effect of Delinquency
ii. Call by Resolution of the Board of Directors
iii. Notice of Sale
iv. Auction Sale and the Highest Bidder
5. Certificate of Stock
a. Nature of the Certificate

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 b. Uncertificated Shares
c. Negotiability
i. Requirements for Valid Transfer of Stocks
d. Issuance
i. Full Payment
ii. Payment Pro-Rata
e. Lost or Destroyed Certificates
f. CASES:
Fua Cun v. Summers, 44 Phil 705 (1923)
Baltazar v. Lingayen, 14 SCRA 522 (1965)
Nava v. Peers Marketing, 74 SCRA 65 (1976)
6. Stock and Transfer Book
a. Contents
b. Who May Make Valid Entries
7. Disposition and Encumbrance of Shares
a. Allowable Restrictions on the Sale of Shares
b. Sale of Partially Paid Shares
c. Sale of a Portion of Shares Not Fully Paid
d. Sale of All of Shares Not Fully Paid
e. Sale of Fully Paid Shares
f. Requisites of a Valid Transfer
g. Involuntary Dealings with Shares

J. Dissolution and Liquidation

1. Modes of Dissolution
a. Voluntary
i. Where No Creditors Are Affected
ii. Where Creditors Are Affected
iii. By Shortening of Corporate Term
b. Involuntary
i. By Expiration of Corporate Term
ii. Failure to Organize and Commence Business Within 2
Years from Incorporation
iii. Legislative Dissolution
iv. Dissolution by the SEC on Grounds under Existing Laws
2. Methods of Liquidation
a. By the Corporation Itself
b. Conveyance to a Trustee within a 3-Year Period
c. By Management Committee or Rehabilitation Receiver
d. Liquidation after Three Years
CASES:
Alabang Development Corporation v. Alabang Hills Village
Association, 724 SCRA 321 (2014)
Gelano v. CA, 103 SCRA 90

K. Other Corporations
1. Close Corporations
a. Characteristics of a Close Corporation
b. Validity of Restrictions on Transfer of Shares
c. Issuance or Transfer of Stock in Breach of Qualifying Conditions
d. When Board Meeting is Unnecessary or Improperly Held
e. Pre-Emptive Right
f. Amendment of Articles of Incorporation
g. Deadlocks

2. Non-Stock Corporations
a. Definition
b. Purposes
c. Treatment of Profits
d. Distribution of Assets upon Dissolution
3. Religious Corporations - Exclude
4. Foreign Corporations
a. Bases of Authority over Foreign Corporations
i. Consent

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 ii. Doctrine of Doing Business (relate to definition under the Foreign
Investments Act, R.A. No. 7042)
iii. CASES:
Mentholatum v. Mangaliman, 72 Phil 524 (1941)
Eriks PTE Ltd. v. CA, 267 SCRA 567 (1997)
First Phil. Intl Bank v. CA, 252 SCRA 259
Peoples Aircargo v. CA, 297 SCRA 170
b. Necessity of a License to Do Business
i. Requisites for Issuance of a License
ii. Resident Agent
c. Personality to Sue
d. Suability of Foreign Corporations
e. Instances When Unlicensed Foreign Corporations May Be Allowed
to Sue Isolated Transactions
f. Grounds for Revocation of License

L. Mergers and Consolidations

1. Definition and Concept
2. Constituent vs. Consolidated Corporation
3. Plan of Merger or Consolidation
4. Articles of Merger or Consolidation
5. Procedure
6. Effectivity
7. Limitations
8. Effects
Case: Bank of Commerce v. Radio Philippines Network, Inc., 722 SCRA 520
(2014)

IV. TRANSPORTATION LAWS

A. Common Carriers
1. Concept
2. Distinguished from Private Carrier
3. Test to Determine if Common or Private Carrier
4. Governing Laws
5. Extraordinary Diligence Required of Common Carriers
a. Rule on Presumption of Negligence; Exceptions
b. Liabilities of Common Carriers
c. Duration of Liability
d. Relevant Cases

B. Vigilance over Goods

1. Exempting Causes
a. Requirement of Absence of Negligence
b. Absence of Delay
c. Due Diligence to Prevent or Lessen the Loss
2. Contributory Negligence
3. Duration of Liability
a. Delivery of Goods to Common Carrier
b. Actual or Constructive Delivery
c. Temporary Unloading or Storage
4. Stipulation for Limitation of Liability
a. Void Stipulations
b. Lim itation of Liability to Fixed Amount
c. Limitation of Liability in Absence of Declaration of Greater Value
5. Liability for Baggage of Passengers
a. Checked-In Baggage
b. Baggage in Possession of Passengers

C. Safety of Passengers
1. Void Stipulations

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 2. Duration of Liability
a. Waiting for Carrier or Boarding of Carrier
b. Arrival at Destination
3. Liability for Acts of Others
a. Employees
b. Other Passengers and Strangers
4. Extent of Liability for Damages

D. Bill of Lading
1. Three-Fold Character
2. Delivery of Goods
a. Period of Delivery
b. Delivery Without Surrender of Bill of Lading
c. Refusal of Consignee to Take Delivery
3. Period for Filing Claims
4. Period for Filing Actions

E. Maritime Commerce
1. Charter Parties
a. Bareboat/Demise Charter
b. Tim e Charter
c. Voyage/Trip Charter
2. Liability of Ship Owners and Shipping Agents
a. Liability for Acts of Captain
b. Exceptions to Limited Liability
3. Accidents and Damages in Maritime Commerce
a. General Average
b. Coll isions
4. Carriage of Goods by Sea Act
a. Application
b. Notice of Loss or Damage
c. Period of Prescription
d. Limitation of Liability

F. The Warsaw Convention

1. Applicability
2. Limitation of Liability
a. Liability to Passengers
b. Liability for Checked Baggage
c. Liability for Hand-Carried Baggage
3. Willful Misconduct

Relevant Cases on Common Carriers:

(1) De Guzman v. CA, 168 SCRA 612 (1988)
(2) Calvo v. UCPB General Insurance, 379 SCRA 510 (2002)
(3) Asia Lighterage v CA, 409 SCRA 340 (2003)
(4) First Philippine Industrial Corporation v. CA, 300 SCRA 661 (1998)
(5) Philippine American General Insurance Company v. PKS Shipping Co.,
401 SCRA 222 (2003)
(6) Perena v. Zarate, 679 SCRA 208 (2012)
(7) San Miguel Corp. v. Heirs of Sabiniano Inguito, 384 SCRA 87 (2002)
(8) Planters Products, Inc. v. CA, 226 SCRA 476 (1993)

Relevant Cases: Vigilance over Goods:

(1) Delsan Transport Lines v. American Home Assurance, 498 SCRA 603 (2006)
(2) Belgian Overseas Chartering v. Philippine First Insurance Co., 383 SCRA 23
(2002)
(3) Central Shipping Co. v. Insurance Co. of North America, 438 SCRA 511
(2004)
(4) Regional Container Lines of Singapore v. The Netherlands Insurance Co.,
598 SCRA 304 (2009)
(5) Philippine American General Insurance Co. v. MCG Marine Services, 378
SCRA 650 (2002)
(6) Lea Mer Industries v. Malayan Insurance, 471 SCRA 698 (2005)
(7) FGU Insurance v. CA, 454 SCRA 337 (2005)

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 (8) Sulpicio Lines v. First Lepanto-Taisho Insurance Corporation, 462 SCRA 125
(2005)
(9) Savellano v. North west Airlines, 405 SCRA 416 (2003)

Hi-jacking:
Guzman v. CA, 168 SCRA 112
Explosion of tire:
Yobido v. CA,GR 113003, 281 SCRA 1 (1997)
Stipulations limiting Common Carrier's liability
Philippine Charter Insurance Corporation v. Neptune Orient
Lines/Overseas Agency Services, 554 SCRA 335 (2008)

Relevant Cases on Safety of Passengers:

(1) R. Transport Corporation v. Pante, GR 162104, September 15, 2009
(2) PAL v. CA, GR 123238, September 22, 2008
(3) Calalas v. CA, GR 122039, 31 May 2000
(4) Victory Liner, Inc. v. Gammad, GR 159636, November 25, 2004
(5) Bachelor Express, Inc. v. CA, GR 85691, July 31, 1990
(6) Light Rail Transit Authority v. Navidad, GR 145804, February 6, 2003
(7) Baliwag Transit, Inc. v. CA, GR 116110, May 15, 1996
(8) Fortune Express v. CA, GR 119756, March 18, 1999
(9) Zulueta v. Pan American World Airways, GR 28589, February 29, 1972
(10) Mindanao Terminal and Brokerage Service, Inc. v. Phoenix Asurance,
GR 162467, May 8, 2009

Liability of Successive Air Carriers:

(1) British Airways v. CA, 599 SCRA 747 (2009)
(2) American Airlines v. CA, GR 116044-45 March 9, 2000
(3) China Airlines v. Chiok, 407 SCRA 432 (2003)

Involuntary upgrading of seats to first class

Cathay Pacific v. Vasquez, GR 150843, March 14, 2003

Failure to accommodate at first class seats

Lopez v. Pan American World Airways, GR 22415, March 30, 1966

Unconfirmed tickets
Spouses Yu Eng Cho v. Pan American World Airways, GR 123560, March
27, 2000

Common Carrier not an insurer of passenger's safety; not liable for

death of passenger
Mariano, Jr. v. Callejas, GR 166640, July 31, 2009

Doctrine of Last Clear Chance

(1) Engada v. CA, GR 140698, June 20, 2003
(2) Lapanday v. Angala, GR 153076, June 21, 2007

Contributory Negligence
Estacion v. Bernardo, 483 SCRA 222 (2006)
Fortune Express, Inc. v. CA, GR 119756, March 18, 1999

Doctrine of Limited Liability or the Real

and Hypothecary nature of Maritime Law

Relevant Cases on Limited Liability Rule:

(1) Aboitiz Shipping v. New India Assurance, 488 SCRA 563 (2006)
(2) Monarch Insurance v. CA, GR 92735, June 8, 2000
(3) Yangco v. Laserna, GR 131621, October 29, 1941
(4) Philippine Shipping Co. v. Vergara, GR 1600, June 1, 1906

Relevant Cases on Registered Owner Rule and Kabit System:

(1) PCI Leasing & Finance Inc. v. UCPB General Insurance Co., Inc., 557 SCRA 141
(2008)
(2) Villanueva v. Domingo, G.R. No. 144274, September 20, 2004

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 (3) B.A. Finance Corporation v. CA, GR No. 98275, November 13, 1992
(4) Teja Marketing v. IAC, GR No. 65510, March 9, 1987
(5) Erezo v. Jepte, GR 9603, September 30, 1947

V. SPECIAL COMMERCIAL LAWS

I. Intellectual Property Code and Rules of Procedure for Intellectual Property
Rights Cases (A.M. NO. 10-3-10-SC)

A. Intellectual Property Rights in General

1. Intellectual Property Rights
2. Differences between Copyrights, Trademarks and Patent
3. Technology Transfer Arrangements

B. Patents
1. Patentable Inventions
2. Non-Patentable Inventions
3. Ownership of a Patent
a. Right to a Patent
b. First-to-File Rule
c. Inventions Created Pursuant to a Commission
d. Right of Priority
4. Grounds for Cancellation of a Patent
5. Remedy of the True and Actual Inventor
6. Rights Conferred by a Patent
7. Limitations of Patent Rights
a. Prior User
b. Use by the Government
8. Patent Infringement
a. Tests in Patent Infringement
i. Literal Infringement
ii. Doctrine of Equivalents
b. Defenses in Action for Infringement

C. Trademarks

1. Definition of Marks, Collective Marks, Trade Names

2. Acquisition of Ownership of Mark
3. Acquisition of Ownership of Trade Name
4. Non-Registrable Marks
5. Prior Use of Mark as a Requirement
6. Tests to Determine Confusing Similarity between Marks
a. Dominancy Test
b. Holistic Test

7. Well-Known Marks
8. Rights Conferred by Registration
9. Use by Third Parties of Names, etc. Similar to Registered Mark
10. Infringement and Remedies
a. Trademark Infringement
b. Damages
c. Requirement of Notice

11. Unfair Competition

12. Trade Names or Business Names
13. Collective Marks

D. Copyrights
1. Basic Principles, Sections 172.2, 175 and 181
2. Copyrightable Works
a. Original Works
b. Derivative Works
3. Non-Copyrightable Works
4. Rights of Copyright Owner

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 5. Rules on Ownership of Copyright
6. Limitations on Copyright
a. Doctrine of Fair Use
b. Copyright Infringement

E. Rules of Procedure for Intellectual Property Rights Cases (A.M. No. 10-3-10-SC)

THE LAW ON PATENTS

Godines v. Court of Appeals, 226 SCRA 338 (1993)
Smith Kline Beckman Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 409 SCRA 33 (2003)
Phil Pharmawealth, Inc. v. Pfizer, Inc., 635 SCRA 140 (2010)

TRADEMARKS AND TRADENAMES

Canon Kabushiki Kaisha v. Court of Appeals, 336 SCRA 266 (2000)
Mirpuri v. Court of Appeals, 318 SCRA 516 (1999)
Great White Sharks Enterprises, Inc. v. Caralde, Jr., 686 SCRA 201 (2012)
Dermaline, Inc. v. Myra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 628 SCRA 366 (2010)
Cordon Bleu of the Philippines, Inc. v. Renaud Cointreau & Cie and Le Cordon Blue
Intl, 697 SCRA 345 (2013)
Diaz v. People of the Philippines, 691 SCRA 139 (2013)
Coffee Partners, Inc. v. San Francisco Coffee & Roastery, Inc., 614 SCRA 113 (2010)
Societe des Produits Nestl v. Dy, 627 SCRA 223 (2010)
Diaz v. People of the Philippines, 691 SCRA 139 (2013)
Asia Brewery, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, SCRA (1993)
Skechers, U.S.A., Inc. v. Inter Pacific Industrial Trading, Corp., 646 SCRA 448 (2011)
Mcdonalds Corporation v. L.C. Big Mak Burger, Inc. 437 SCRA 1 (2004)
Superior Commercial Enterprises, Inc. v. Kunnan Enterprises Ltd., 618 SCRA 531
(2010)
Emerald Garment Manufacturing Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 251 SCRA 600
(1995)
Del Monte Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 181 SCRA 410 (1990)
Republic Gas Corporation v. Petron Corporation, 698 SCRA 666 (2013)
Levi Strauss & Co. v. Clinton Apparelle, Inc., 470 SCRA 236 (2005)
Fredco Manufacturing Corporation v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
(Harvard University), 650 SCRA 232 (2011)

Relevant Cases on COPYRIGHT:

Joaquin v. Drilon, 302 SCRA 225 (1999)
Habana v. Robles, 310 SCRA 511 (1999)

Relevant Cases on RULES OF PROCEDURE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

RIGHTS CASES (A.M. NO. 10-3-10-SC)
E.Y. Industrial Sales, Inc. v. Shen Dar Electricity and Machinery Co., Ltd., 634 SCRA
363 (2010)
Phil Pharmawealth, Inc. v. Pfizer, Inc., 635 SCRA 140 (2010)
Unilever Philippines, Inc. v. Tan, SCRA, (2014)
Uyco v. Lo, 689 SCRA 378 (2013)

II. Letters of Credit

A. Definition and Nature of Letter of Credit
B. Parties to a Letter of Credit
C. Rights and Obligations of Parties
D. Basic Principles of Letter of Credit
1. Doctrine of Independence
2. Fraud Exception Principle
3. Doctrine of Strict Compliance
E. Cases
Transfield Phils. Inc. vs. Luzon Hydro Corporation, 443 SCRA 307 (2004)
Lee v. Court of Appeals, 375 SCRA 579
Prudential Bank v. IAC, 216 SCRA 257
Keng Hua Paper Products v. CA, 286 SCRA 257
Bank of America v. CA, 228 SCRA 357

III. Trust Receipts Law

A. Definition/Concept of a Trust Receipt Transaction

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 1. Loan/Security Feature
2. Ownership of the Goods, Documents and Instruments under a Trust Receipt

B. Rights of the Entruster

1. Validity of the Security Interest as Against the Creditors of the Entrustee/Innocent
Purchasers for Value

C. Obligation and Liability of the Entrustee

1. Payment/Delivery of Proceeds of Sale or Disposition of Goods, Documents or
Instruments
2. Return of Goods, Documents or Instruments in Case of Sale
3. Liability for Loss of Goods, Documents or Instruments
4. Penal Sanction if Offender is a Corporation
D. Remedies Available
E. Warehousemans Lien
F. Relevant Jurisprudence

CASES:
Colinares v. CA, 339 SCRA 609
Metropolitan v. Tonda, 338 SCRA 254

III. Banking Laws

A. The New Central Bank Act (R.A. No. 7653)

1. State Policies
2. Creation of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)
3. Responsibility and Primary Objective
4. Monetary BoardPowers and Functions
5. How the BSP Handles Banks in Distress
a. Conservatorship
b. Closure
c. Receivership
d. Liquidation
e. CASES:
RCBC v. IAC, 320 SCRA 279
Ruby Industrial Corp. v. CA, 284 SCRA 445

6. How the BSP Handles Exchange Crisis

a. Legal Tender Power
b. Rate of Exchange
7. Relevant Jurisprudence

B. Law on Secrecy of Bank Deposits (R.A. No. 1405, as amended)

1. Purpose
2. Deposits Covered (Local and Foreign Deposits)
3. Exceptions
4. Relevant Jurisprudence

C. General Banking Law of 2000 (R.A. No. 8791)

1. Definition and Classification of Banks
2. Distinction of Banks from Quasi-Banks and Trust Entities
3. Bank Powers and Liabilities
a. Corporate Powers
b. Banking and Incidental Powers
4. Diligence Required of Banks
5. Relevant Doctrines
a. Doctrine of Apparent Authority
b. Fit and Proper Rule
6. Nature of Bank Funds and Bank Deposits
7. Stipulation on Interests
8. Grant of Loans and Security Requirements
a. Ratio of Net Worth to Total Risk Assets
b. Single Borrowers Limit
c. Restrictions on Bank Exposure to DOSRI (Directors, Officers, Stockholders
and their Related Interests)

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IV. V. Anti-Money Laundering Act, as amended

A. Rationale
B. Covered Institutions
C. Obligations of Covered Institutions
D. Covered Transactions
E. Suspicious Transactions
F. When Is Money Laundering Committed
G. Unlawful Activities or Predicate Crimes
H. Freezing of Monetary Instrument or Property
I. Authority to Inquire Into Bank Deposits

VI. Securities Regulation Code (R.A. No. 8799)

A. State Policy, Purpose

B. Securities Required to Be Registered
1. Exempt Securities
2. Exempt Transactions
C. Procedure for Registration of Securities
D. Prohibitions on Fraud, Manipulation and Insider Trading
1. Manipulation of Security Prices
2. Short Sales
3. Fraudulent Transactions
4. Insider Trading
E. Protection of Investors
1. Tender Offer Rule
2. Rules on Proxy Solicitation
3. Disclosure Rule
F. Civil Liability

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