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C O M 2014
COMSOL
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T H E M U LT I P H Y S I C S S I M U L AT I O N M A G A Z I N E
Image supplied by Boeing. Copyright Boeing
BOEING MODELS
COMPOSITES
WITH LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
P. 4
BOSTON SCIENTIFIC
ENGINEERS REVOLUTIONIZE
MEDICAL DEVICE DESIGN
P. 10
Fluid-Screen (formerly Alpha-Screen) brings the functionality of a lab to a small portable device that fits in the
palm of your hand and detects bacteria from blood and water in less than 30 minutes. Fluid-Screen uses a
patented electric field and biosensor technology to rapidly collect and detect bacteria.
After being honored with the 2011 Create the Future Design Contest Grand Prize, the funding and publicity
from the award was instrumental in helping us speed up the development of Fluid-Screen and make a
working beta prototype, says Monika Weber, Founder and CEO of Integrated Microfluidic Devices.
S P O N S O R E D B Y
C A T E G O R Y P R I Z E
S P O N S O R S P O N S O R
COMPOSITES | AEROSPACE Boeing, WA, USA
FIGURE 1. Advanced composites used throughout the Boeing 787 account for more than fifty percent of the aircraft body1.
FIGURE 5. Relative stress in arbitrary units was plotted through the depth of the composite structure layups containing either aluminum
(left) or copper EMF (right).
References
The information presented in this article is based on
the following publicly available sources:
1
T he Boeing Company. 787 Advanced Composite
Design. 2008-2013. www.newairplane.com/787/
design_highlights/#/visionary-design/composites/
advanced-composite-use
2
J .D. Morgan, R.B. Greegor, P.K. Ackerman, Q.N.
Le, Thermal Simulation and Testing of Expanded
Metal Foils Used for Lightning Protection of
Composite Aircraft Structures, SAE Int. J. Aerospace
6(2):371-377, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-2132.
3
.B. Greegor, J.D. Morgan, Q.N. Le, P.K.
R
Ackerman,Finite Element Modeling and Testing
of Expanded Metal Foils Used for Lightning
Protection of Composite Aircraft Structures,
Research team at Boeing Research and Technology, from left to right: Patrice Ackerman, Proceedings of 2013 ICOLSE Conference;
Jeffrey Morgan, Robert Greegor, and Quynhgiao Le. Seattle, WA, September 18-20, 2013.18-20, 2013.
BOEING, Dreamliner, and 787 Dreamliner are registered trademarks COMSOL NEWS | 2014 | 7
of The Boeing Company Corporation in the U.S. and other countries.
CONTINUOUS CASTING | STEELMAKING SMS Concast, Switzerland
Halfway through the twentieth results in improved yield, superior The process of continuous casting
century, the steelmaking process quality, and better cost efficiency than produces a cast semifinished that is
was transformed when the batch previous methods. Not surprisingly, close in shape to the final product,
process of ingot casting was replaced 95 percent of steel is made using greatly reducing the cost of further
by continuous casting. With this continuous casting today. processing by rolling or forging.
technique, a constant stream of liquid SMS Concast has been a leader in Depending on the shape of the mold,
steel is transformed into endless this field for 60 years, designing and square profiles called billets can be
strands of glowing, solid metal building technical equipment for steel cast for rolling into bars and wire for
(see Figures 1 and 2). melting, refining, and continuous applications ranging from concrete
casting. It has a worldwide market reinforcement to piano wire. Larger,
share of over 40 percent. Continuous rectangular pieces called blooms can
casting presents a huge number of also be forged, for example to form a
variables that we need to analyze as
we continue to improve the technology
and advance the boundaries of
what we know, explains Nicholas
Grundy, Head of Metallurgy & Process
Continuous Casting at SMS Concast.
We are constantly pushing the limits
and the only way to understand
something that we have never done
FIGURE 1. Discharge table of the before is to simulate it.
continuous caster showing solidified
strands being cut and discharged. SIMULATION ACROSS ALL REALMS
In continuous casting, molten, refined
steel is typically brought to the caster in
In ingot casting, the head of each ladles of 30 to 350-ton capacity. The steel
ingot must be cropped after it is is teemed into a tundish that distributes
removed from the mold, producing the steel into one to eight strands. The
waste metal. In continuous casting, first solid steel is formed in the open-
however, this cropping must only ended, water-cooled copper molds
be done at the very start and very and the formed strands are withdrawn
end of each sequence during which out of the molds using driven rollers at FIGURE 2. Continuous casting diagram.
several hundred tons of steel are speeds of 0.1 to 6 meters per minute, Liquid steel is brought to the caster in
cast, meaning far less waste material depending on section size (see Figure ladles. The tundish distributes the liquid
is produced. Additionally, the shape 2). After fully solidifying, the red-hot steel to the copper molds and the formed
of the cast strands is far closer to the strands are cut into 3 to 15 meter-long strands are withdrawn out of the molds
shape of the final rolled product. This pieces and left to cool. using driven rollers.
Treating arteries in the heart that catheter to keep the artery open, as unwanted growth into the artery
have been blocked by plaque is depicted in Figure 1. tissue. These contain a coating
a common challenge for medical While stents are successful at composed of medicine and a polymer
professionals. Known as stenosis, this holding arteries open, an artery can matrix designed to provide a
condition restricts blood flow to the re-narrow because of excessive tissue controlled delivery; each strand
heart, resulting in symptoms such as growth over the stent. This is called of the stent mesh is surrounded by
shortness of breath and chest pain. It is restenosis and is the bodys natural this coating (see Figure 1C). Stent
sometimes resolved using stents, which healing response, but it can actually designs have improved dramatically
are small, mesh-like tubular structures impede recovery. Thus, drug-eluting in recent years in an effort to
designed to treat blocked arteries. stents were developed to deliver reduce restenosis rates, but much
They are usually placed in the coronary medicine which acts to reduce remains unknown regarding the
artery and expanded with a balloon cell proliferation and prevent the release process.
FIGURE 1. A. Restricted blood flow in a vessel; B. Stent insertion and expansion; C. Normalized blood flow (left), arrangement inside a
blood vessel (center), and cross-section of a stent strut (right).
of the underlying
mechanisms and
microstructure of the
coating, we are able to
understand the release
process and tailor it
to achieve a desired
profile. FIGURE 3. Idealized microstructure of the stent coating. A single pore-shell was modeled
(center). The labels Rpore and tshell (right) refer to the pore radius and the shell thickness.
FIGURE 4. Simulation results alongside experimental results showing release curves for the in vitro and in vivo cases.
media than it does in the polymer, thickness. Another was the retardation the experimental data. The release
which results in a discontinuity in the coefficient that accounts for the twisted curves (see Figure 4) confirm that the
dissolved medicine concentration at shape and constriction of the pores, medicine in the pores releases quickly,
the interface between pore and shell. steric effects, and other potential while the dispersed molecules in
As Guler explained, The appropriate influences on the diffusion through the shell diffuse slowly through the
interface conditions were easily the pores. These parameters were encapsulating polymer. The results in
implemented in COMSOL using a refined using the Optimization Module. Figure 5 depict the faster dissolution
stiff-spring method, which ensured Schauer and Guler made an initial guess and diffusion in the pore, compared to
the continuity of the diffusive flux. for the shell thickness and retardation the shell.
The customizable boundary conditions coefficient, based on experimental
available in COMSOL Multiphysics kinetic drug release (KDR) data. They FUTURE STENT STUDIES
allowed Schauer and Guler to easily compared the models predicted release Reducing restenosis rates is an
add the necessary terms. profile to the KDR curves. Based on ongoing goal for doctors and medical
Certain model parameters had to be the results, the Optimization Module professionals that is greatly aided
estimated because they were effective modified the shell thickness and by drug-eluting stents. The modeling
values that could not be measured retardation coefficient to obtain the approach employed by Schauer and
directly, such as the polymer shell best fit between the model results and Guler offers valuable insight into
one type of release mechanism.
Although the simplified micro
structure model does not capture
all the details of the release curves,
the pore-shell simulation showed
good agreement, lending confidence
to the appropriateness of their
idealized model.
Researchers at the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) are
developing even more comprehensive
simulations, based on diffuse-
interface theory, to examine the
microstructure formation. These
models aim to explain the relationship
between processing, microstructure,
and release behavior in controlled
systems. Ultimately, simulation
has the potential to give medical
device designers more control
FIGURE 5. Predicted medicine concentration for the in vitro case at time = 2 hours; C/Cs over the delivery process, and
= dissolved drug concentration/solubility limit (left), S/S0 = solid drug concentration/initial improve treatment for patients with
solid drug concentration (right). cardiovascular disease. n
Heat management takes on a unique SPICA will look deeper into space BEATING THE HEAT IN A TELESCOPE
role in outer space, especially for than any space telescope has before. CALIBRATION SYSTEM
cryogenic systems that demand Because SAFARI has ultrasensitive The calibration source for SAFARI
extremely low temperatures in order detectors, cooled to slightly above contains a blackbody cavity or
to detect thermal radiation. This was absolute zero, it can pick up weaker radiation source that provides
a challenge faced by the engineering far-infrared radiation than previous radiation with a spectrum depending
team at SRON Netherlands Institute for space cameras. Precise on-ground only on the source temperature,
Space Research when designing the and in-space calibration is crucial to making it a very reliable and accurate
SpicA Far-InfraRed Instrument (SAFARI), the accuracy of the sensors and the calibrator. However, SAFARIs
an infrared camera that measures the success of the mission. To design and detectors are so sensitive that the
complete far-infrared spectrum for each optimize these calibration systems, power produced by the source is
image pixel. SAFARI will fly aboard the the team at SRON turned to a approximately a million times too
Japanese Space Infrared Telescope for COMSOL Multiphysics simulation high and must be optically diluted
Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA). as their guide. using apertures and an integrating
FIGURE 1. Left: Cross-section of the SAFARI calibration system. Right: Individual hardware components.
COMSOL allowed
us to quickly study
different geometries
that would otherwise
be difficult to analyze.
FIGURE 2. Left: CAD drawing of the radiation source with stainless steel suspension de Jonge explained. To account for
strings (highlighted in red). Right: Actual hardware. this, we needed to design a thermally
insulating suspension system. The
SRON team needed a stiff suspension
sphere, says Chris de Jonge, a design decrease the background radiation with a high resonance frequency that
engineer at SRON. After passing from the equipment itself. Variation would prevent heat transfer from the
through the integrating sphere, in the base temperature of the source to the rest of the device while
radiation with the correct power and detectors, background radiation also protecting it from unwanted
spectral distribution is then reimaged (affected by the orientation of the vibrations.
onto SAFARIs detector arrays for spacecraft), and power dissipated by
calibration. Between the radiation the iris and shutter mechanisms can DESIGNING A THERMALLY
source and integrating sphere are a all disrupt calibration. INSULATING SUSPENSION SYSTEM
mechanical shutter and iris mechanism The radiation source temperature Using COMSOL simulations, de Jonge
(see Figure 1). The shutter opens and can be set between 95 and 300 K to evaluated the heat load through the
closes the aperture to the radiation generate radiation this creates suspension and performed modal
source, while the iris fine-tunes and a large temperature differential analyses on suspension concepts
modulates the output power. between the source and the 4.5 K with different geometries and
Thermal management is vital: environment, while available cooling materials, seeking a tradeoff between
the system is held in a super-dark power at these temperatures is mechanical stiffness and thermal
environment at 4.5 kelvins (K) to limited to just tens of milliwatts, load. COMSOL allowed us to quickly
FIGURE 3. Left: Thermal model of the radiation source system with (1) stainless steel suspension strings, (2) the radiation source body,
and (3) the interface between the suspension rig and the 4.5 K surrounding environment. Right: Modal analysis of the source, showing a
resonant frequency of 720 Hz.
FIGURE 4. Left: Components of the iris assembly, including the coil, wiring, and housing.
The edges of the blades (internal) are visible through the center of the aperture. Right: Chris de Jonge, Design Engineer at SRON,
Shutter mechanism. working on the SAFARI calibration system.
PTC and Creo are trademarks or registered trademarks of PTC Inc. COMSOL NEWS | 2014 | 15
or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and in other countries.
EXOTHERMIC WATER ADSORPTION | SPACECRAFT ATMOSPHERE REVITALIZATION NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, AL, USA
PTC and Pro/ENGINEER are trademarks or registered trademarks of COMSOL NEWS | 2014 | 17
PTC Inc. or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and in other countries.
SUPER THERMAL INSULATION | PASSIVE VACCINE STORAGE Intellectual Ventures, WA, USA
In many areas of the developing world, that uses high performance insulation stay within a narrow window of 0
there is extremely limited access to to completely change the way vaccines and 10C.
electricity, and many places have never are stored in areas with little or no The first prototype that the researchers
had any type of power infrastructure. electricity (see Figure 1). designed was based on a cryogenic
This presents a huge challenge for dewar, a device that relies on vacuum
aid workers and doctors. In the very MEETING STRICT SAFETY and multilayer insulation technology
recent past, vaccines that needed to REQUIREMENTS to store extremely cold liquids. Dewars
be stored at cold, relatively constant If not kept within the necessary that can normally hold liquid nitrogen
temperatures could not be taken into temperature range at all times, or liquid oxygen for extended periods
the remote areas where they were vaccines can spoil and become of time were only able to hold ice for a
needed most. As part of the Global unusable. Global Goods researchers few days before it melted.
Good program at Intellectual Ventures were tasked with following the
(IV), a team of innovators invented parameters dictated by the World
a thermos-like container called the Health Organization. To be delivered
Passive Vaccine Storage Device (PVSD) safely, the vaccines are required to Global Goods
researchers used
experimentation
along with thermal
and vacuum system
modeling with
COMSOL Multiphysics
in order to identify
materials and designs
that would allow the
PVSD to maintain high
vacuum levels at high
FIGURE 1. The Intellectual Ventures team and aid workers with the PVSDs designed to temperatures.
carry vaccines during a field study.
FIGURE 2. For a room designed to store radioactive waste for up to 25 years, Italys Sogin S.p.A. used COMSOL simulations to study air
flow velocities in the room (left) and surface relative humidity throughout the room (right) that would result from various dehumidifier
types and locations within the space. The results helped engineers design a dehumidification system that minimizes stagnant air,
enables maximum operating efficiency, and optimizes relative humidity.
A potential alternative is to use to reproduce the air velocity field powerful capability to solve 3D heat
industrial isothermal dehumidifiers in the storage area assuming the and moisture transfer problems, says
instead, which are relatively small, dehumidifiers were in use. Piergianni. COMSOL Multiphysics
mobile, require less maintenance, and Then they used the results from makes it easy to couple different
have substantially lower operating those studies in time-dependent, physics, has an intuitive interface, and
costs. These units are based on the fully-coupled simulations to study opens up the possibility of managing
reverse Carnot thermal cycle: A fan heat and moisture transfer within the the entire modeling process within the
draws air into the unit, where it passes rooms atmosphere (see Figure 2). The same interface.
over an evaporator and is cooled. overall results were used to develop an The simulations helped us to
Excess moisture from the air condenses optimum layout for the dehumidifiers. design a layout based on the use
into drops of water that fall into a
tank. The air then passes through
a condenser where it is warmed by
several degrees. It is then recycled into
the environment as drier, warmer air. COMSOL Multiphysics makes it easy to couple
The Sogin project relied on
numerical simulation to study different physics, has an intuitive interface, and
the impacts of various sizes and
configurations of two different opens up the possibility of managing the entire
industrial isothermal dehumidifiers.
The analyses were carried out by modeling process within the same interface.
Piergianni Geraldini, from the
mechanical design department. The
goals were to identify equipment
requirements and also to determine
optimum placement of the units in the All simulations were conducted of two dehumidifiers that provides
rooms (see Figure 1). using COMSOL Multiphysics and the the same dehumidification capacity
Heat Transfer Module. Without such a as other configurations, but they
SIMULATIONS HELPED DETERMINE refined simulation tool, we would have required four units, concludes
OPTIMUM LAYOUT had to model the dehumidification Barbella. The system we designed
The team first studied turbulent process using simplified approximations will limit stagnant air pockets, enable
air flow in the room by performing coupled with dehumidifier performance the units to operate at peak efficiency,
stationary fluid-flow studies based on curves supplied by the units and help us reduce the risk of drum
a single-phase incompressible k-epsilon manufacturers. But the simulations corrosion once the facility is finalized
turbulence model. Its purpose was showed us that COMSOL has a and commissioned. n
Laboratory tests, such as hematology tests, therefore, is of the utmost equipment, simulation software
analysis, influence up to 70 percent importance to the bottom line plays an important role in the
of critical decisions including curing a patients ailment or saving a research and development process,
hospital admittance, discharge, and life. At HORIBA Medical, a worldwide helping to ensure that these tests
treatment. The accuracy of these supplier of medical diagnostic are as accurate and encompassing
as possible.
At the center of HORIBA Medicals
cutting-edge hematology analysis
equipment is a well-known approach to
blood analysis that uses a combination
of optical measurement and electrical
impedance to analyze a sample. The
impedance measurement device utilizes
a micro aperture-electrode system
through which blood passes (see
Figure 1). Electrical impedance is then
used to count the number of cells and
measure the size and distribution of
erythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets,
and leukocytes (white blood cells). After
impedance measurement, a laser and
optical detector are used to sort the
different types of leukocytes.
Considerations for the
production of HORIBA Medicals
line of hematology and clinical
chemistry equipment include speed,
accuracy, size, and ease of use for
their customers. Today, in vitro
diagnostics specialists have to design
systems that are capable of carrying
out increasingly complex tests, while
simultaneously making results easier
to interpret, describes Damien
Isbe, Scientific Computing Engineer
at HORIBA Medical. Numerical
simulation allows us to design devices
that meet these goals. HORIBA
places numerical simulation at the
FIGURE 1. Diagram of the aperture-electrode system present in the ABX Pentra Series Analyzers. center of its research activities and
FIGURE 8. Top: Simulation results of the static particle size distribution without hydrofocusing (left) and with hydrofocusing (right).
Bottom: Experimental validation without hydrofocusing (left) and with hydrofocusing (right).
In simple terms, when a beam of The HFIR was designed to use neutron scattering initiatives, isotope
neutrons is aimed at a sample, some highly enriched uranium (93 percent production, irradiation experiments,
neutrons pass through the material, U-235 or HEU), which is similar to a and neutron activation analyses.
while others scatter away at an angle, weapons-grade uranium. However, in Successful conversion of the HFIR
similar to balls colliding in a game of response to the increasing awareness will preserve reactor performance,
pool. The final deflection patterns and of the risks caused by the proliferation minimize negative effects on operation
energies of the neutrons can then be of nuclear materials, the Global efficiency, and help to ensure safety,
interpreted, allowing scientists to gain Threat Reduction Initiative has called says Franklin Curtis, PhD graduate
information about the fundamental for the conversion of research reactors student at ORNL. We have found
properties of studied matter. This using HEU fuel to low-enriched that COMSOL is a superior tool for
enables neutron-scattering scientists uranium (LEU) fuel. achieving these goals because of its
to determine the atomic and magnetic While many of the worlds multiphysics capabilities, its use of the
structures of materials and ultimately nuclear reactors have already been finite-element method, and the ability
to achieve a deeper understanding of converted, a few high-performance to input user-defined equations.
the world around us.
The High Flux Isotope Reactor or
HFIR (pronounced High-FIR) at the We have found that COMSOL is a superior
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
includes a neutron scattering facility tool for achieving these goals because of its
that is used by over 500 researchers
from around the world each year. The multiphysics capabilities.
HFIR is a multi-purpose research reactor
that also provides stable and radio
isotopes to customers in academia, HEU reactors still remain. Among A PROPOSED LEU FUEL FOR THE HFIR
industry, and the medical field. In these is the HFIR, which, due to its ORNL researchers involved in the
addition, the HFIR offers unique unique fuel and core design (see project have developed alternative
irradiation experiment facilities and Figure 2) as well as the high power fuel designs that use a uranium-235
neutron-activation analysis capabilities. density of the reactor, presents a enrichment of 19.75 percent instead
The high power production of the HFIR complex and challenging task for of the current 93 percent. In order to
(85 MW) likewise produces a high flux fuel conversion. Researchers at ORNL accommodate the changes in nuclear
of neutrons to the targets, thereby are using COMSOL Multiphysics characteristics, density, and thermal
providing one of the highest steady- simulation software to explore the properties of the LEU fuel, the HFIR
state neutron fluxes of any research impact that the fuel change will have core fuel meat the fissile material
reactor in the world (see Figure 1). on the HFIRs performance and on located in the fuel plates must be
redesigned (see Figures 2 and 3). The changes in velocity and temperature
new design will retain the existing due to reactor operation. One of the
overall geometrical characteristics of most important studies conducted on
the current HFIR core external to the plate-type research nuclear reactors is
fuel meat. to determine the maximum flow rate
Additionally, preliminary studies possible before the deflections interfere
have found that in order to maintain with the reactors performance and
the same neutron flux, the HFIR will safety. If the deflections are large
have to operate at 100 MW instead of enough, says Curtis, It can cause the
85 MW, presenting greater demands fuel plates to reduce flow area or even
on the thermal margin of the reactor. touch one another, altering flow within
Because we are working with a the channels and disrupting the rate at
nuclear reactor, safety is of the utmost which coolant flow enters the core.
importance to us, and we need to Representative tests using flow
know that our models are accurate geometries similar to the HFIR can
and reliable, says James D. Freels, offer insight into fuel plate deflections
a senior research staff engineer at and be used for code validation. The
ORNL. Our models must undergo Advanced Neutron Source Reactor
a rigorous validation process and FIGURE 1. Technicians replace a fuel (ANSR), a proposed reactor at ORNL
ultimately must be reviewed and element of the HFIR at ORNL. The HFIR has that has since been canceled, had a
accepted by our Department of operated since 1966 (over 452 fuel cycles) similar design to that of the HFIR and
Energy regulator in order to continue and is currently the only operating nuclear underwent extensive experimental
with the conversion. reactor at ORNL. Image courtesy of the testing, providing valuable results to
Researchers at ORNL are Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. validate the COMSOL code1.
conducting validation studies of the of Energy. The ANSR was designed to have fuel
COMSOL code to prove its accuracy. As plates with a similar involute shape to
Curtis describes, My project at ORNL the HFIR and with cooling flow velocities
has been to establish a fluid-structure FSI MODELING OF FUEL PLATE of about 25 m/s. One test of the ANSR
interaction (FSI) simulation technique DEFLECTIONS involved experiments to determine the
that is validated against current safety One of the main components of deflection characteristics of the fuel
basis calculations for the HEU fuel and the HFIR is the fuel plates, which plates. The involute fuel plates of the
that will allow for the evaluation and control the distribution of velocity HFIR and ANSR have different fuel meat
safety analysis of the designs using and temperature at which coolant designs than those of other, simpler
the LEU fuel, while still allowing the enters and flows through the reactor curved-plate research reactors in the
reactor to retain the required coolant core. These fuel plates can slightly U.S., says Curtis. The overall shape
flow rate. oscillate and deform in response to maintains a constant coolant channel
FIGURE 2. Left: A simplified schematic of the current HFIR core. The core of the reactor consists of a series of concentric annular regions
divided into inner fuel plates and outer fuel plates. Right: The black box represents the leading edge of the fuel plate that was analyzed
in fluid-structure analysis at ORNL. Images courtesy of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy.
thickness in the core. However, because To understand the mechanical involute shape of the fuel plates was
of their unique shape, the HFIR requires FSI taking place within the COMSOL later analyzed. The resulting model
that special attention be paid to the new model, a single-plate, two-channel accurately predicted the FSI and
fuel and core design in order to allow model was developed. The initial resulting deformations of the ANSR
the reactor to maintain the needed flux analyses first examined flat plates, fuel plate experiments along the
of neutrons. and the increased complexity of the plates length (see Figure 4).
Current FSI simulations include
a turbulent CFD analysis of the
coolant channels and the fluid-
structure deflections of the fuel
plates. Previous attempts to solve the
FSI problem at ORNL used a weakly
coupled approach where the fluid
domain was solved first and then the
information was used in the structural
analysis. However, this approach
was met with an unstable solution
and limited success, says Curtis. In
our current analysis, we instead use
the fully-coupled study available in
COMSOL Multiphysics and have found
that this improved both the stability
and accuracy of the ANSR model.
Using this fully-coupled approach,
Curtis found that simulations at
different flow rates showed excellent
agreement with the experimental
results (see Figure 5).
Currently, a model of the inner
fuel plates of the HFIR using LEU
fuel is being developed based off of
FIGURE 5. Experimental results of the fuel plate deflection of the ANSR flow tests the analysis techniques used for the
compared against simulation results for different fluid flow rates. ANSR model (see Figure 6). Were
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ACOUSTIC STREAMING | PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICES SUNY Albany, NY, USA and SEMATECH, NY, USA
FIGURE 2. A) The vertical displacement and displacement field lines at resonance, obtained from the simulations. For this orientation (0
rotation relative to the crystal X-axis) a Rayleigh wave is observed, with the hallmark displacement in the sagittal plane confined within
a few wavelengths of the surface. B) Superimposed images of material displacements for simulations conducted at multiple orientations
(0-90 degrees relative to the crystal X-axis), corresponding to orientations of fabricated devices.
Corrosion is a complex multiphysics billion dollars, that is 2 to 4 percent electrolyte solution result in localized
problem that is currently under of the U.S. gross national product, loss of material, as shown in Figure 1.
investigation by Siddiq Qidwai, were spent to repair or prevent The pit keeps growing and eventually
a mechanical engineer, and his corrosion damage. the material or component will fail
colleagues at the Naval Research The transportation industry under load, says Qidwai, emphasizing
Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C. including sea, air, and ground the effect that corrosion can have on
In the long run, the success of our transport is particularly affected by the strength or integrity of a material.
research will result in microstructure- corrosion where maintenance costs to Qidwai and his colleagues have
corrosion correlations that will preserve passenger safety and vehicle come up with an innovative and
enable material designers to include longevity are extremely high. For comprehensive approach to better
or preclude certain features in the the Navy specifically, corrosion is the understand pitting corrosion. We are
development of new corrosion- number one maintenance problem, modeling the growth of corrosion pits
resistant materials, explains Qidwai. says Qidwai. in metals in a seawater environment,
A 2011 National Academy of he explains. The microstructure
Sciences report from the National SMALL GRAINS WITH BIG IMPACT of the metal has not been the
Research Council in the U.S. states Pitting corrosion occurs in a metal focus of attention in previous work
that a lack of fundamental when electrochemical reactions and consequently the challenges
knowledge about corrosion and its and mass transport in an adjacent associated with irregular growth
application to practice is directly
reflected in the high societal cost of
corrosion. Based on figures reported
in December 2010, as much as 600
Our goal is to
perform fully-coupled
multiphysics modeling
of pit growth under
the application of
mechanical forces to
quantify the overall
effect on structural FIGURE 1. Example of pitting corrosion (top-down view) in an aluminum alloy clearly
demonstrates the characteristic localized loss of material. The formation of pits can
integrity. reduce the strength of a material. Image courtesy of C. Feng and S. Policastro, NRL.
FIGURE 4. Screenshot of the COMSOL environment. Plot 1 shows the von Mises stress in the metal with regions of higher stress
surrounding the pit. Plot 2 demonstrates pit growth with an irregular corrosion front and shows the distribution of average metal
concentration in the electrolyte.
Incorporating the microstructure defined in the model. Simulation results impetus for the development of a
into a multiphysics model of pitting in the COMSOL environment, presented novel experimental method to
corrosion is a formidable challenge in Figure 4, demonstrate localized loss of evaluate corrosion at the micron scale.
tackled initially at NRL through the material due to pitting. The results from the experiments will
use of orientation imaging microscopy In developing their multiphysics be used to validate the model and
(OIM) to acquire 3D images of the model of pitting corrosion, Qidwai establish the relationship between
metal microstructure. An OIM-based found that COMSOL is so versatile microstructure, pit shape, and growth.
reconstructed image of steel is shown that it will give you a solution even
in Figure 3. for very complex applications. This is THE FUTURE OF
An integrated method was used to where experimental validation is the CORROSION PREVENTION
incorporate the microstructure of 316 key. Insight gained from their As the model is validated and
steel into a multiphysics model simulations has already provided the further evolves, it will also include
of pitting corrosion implemented in fully-coupled structural mechanics
the COMSOL environment. At every analyses to elucidate the impact
location along the corrosion front, of pit growth in a metal on its
we have to determine the crystal strength and reliability. At present,
orientation to calculate the a decoupled structural analysis
corresponding pitting potential, which of microstructural steel has been
in turn determines the corrosion successfully implemented as shown in
rate and movement of the front, Figure 4. Qidwai and his team at NRL
says Qidwai. The pitting potential is are also actively developing methods
determined in MATLAB for a particular to quantify the relationship between
crystallographic orientation and microstructure, pit growth, and
ultimately used by the COMSOL model mechanical performance. Establishing
to calculate the corrosion rate and this relationship is our ultimate goal
advance the corrosion front. LiveLink From left to right: Siddiq Qidwai (NRL), and will enable material designers
for MATLAB has been an essential Virginia DeGiorgi (NRL), and Nithyanand to create materials that better resist
feature for us in order to include the Kota (Leidos Corp.) are researching the and even prevent corrosion, therefore
effect of the metal microstructure. The fundamental mechanism of corrosion reducing the exorbitant cost and
properties of 316 steel were custom- in metals. inconvenience shared by everyone. n
FIGURE 2. Simulation results from COMSOL Multiphysics demonstrate surface polarization for a model of a particle suspended in a medium
and subject to a non-uniform electric field. At left: Positive DEP occurs when the particle is more polarizable than the suspension medium
creating a net DEP force that points left, in the direction of increasing field strength. At right: Negative DEP occurs when the particle is less
polarizable than the suspension medium, causing the particle to move toward the right in the direction of decreasing electric field strength.
FIGURE 3. The model geometry is shown with the parallel FIGURE 4. Plot of the frequency-dependent DEP force
electrodes biased with alternating potential and ground in experienced by a cell when it is modeled as a homogenous body
the simulations. or as a nonhomogeneous body with a single shell.
MECHANISM OF DEP particles leading to the observed rotation COMSOL, simulation is no longer a black
In DEP, either non-uniform AC or DC and alignment behavior. box approach, thus enabling us to better
electric fields are applied to dielectric In the 3D models, the electrode setup understand the factors affecting DEP.
particles or cells in media causing them consists of equidistant rectangular strips Although single-shell models for
to become polarized. The relative of gold coated with insulating aluminum cells provide a more accurate prediction,
polarizability of the particle and media oxide where alternating electrodes are to incorporate the nonhomogeneity in
ultimately determines the dipole positively biased and grounded (see other cellular components including the
orientation and, consequently, the Figure 3). Particles or cells are suspended nucleus, Zhang and colleagues developed a
direction of movement along the field in deionized water or other media in volumetric approach to account for electric
lines (see Figure 2). the models. field distortion and to quantify the DEP
Zhang and his colleagues have To illustrate the limitations in forces and torques experienced by cells3.
identified several discrepancies or existing DEP applications, shell Simulation results based on the new
limitations of the existing DEP theory to models that take into account the approach successfully confirm experimental
accurately explain observed behavior nonhomogeneous properties of cells observations that cells could rotate due to
such as cell rotation, particle alignment, were used to calculate the complex the noncircular shape of the cell body and
and electric field distortion. Their permittivity and then the DEP force in off-centered nuclei, reports Zhang.
research aims to address these limitations the simulations. Additionally, in some By developing and validating
and elucidate the impact of the observed studies, the formation of an electric comprehensive multiphysics models that
behavior on pattern formation. double layer and the particle size were incorporate a multitude of factors, their
taken into account when calculating the work provides a wealth of information
SIMULATING THE DEP FORCE FOR CELLS conductivity of the particle. and a better understanding of how DEP
Several 2D and 3D models have been For example, the magnitude of the can be used with great selectivity to
developed by the Clemson-Tokyo Electron simulated DEP force determined using pattern cells and other materials. Zhang
collaboration using the Electrostatics a single-shell model, which takes into believes that their efforts will someday
interface, Moving mesh interface (ALE), account the nonhomogeneous properties help realize many potential capabilities
and the equation-based modeling of the cell membrane, appropriately of DEP for important bioengineering
capabilities in COMSOL Multiphysics. shows a trend that is actually the applications including bioprinting,
Each model investigates the variables opposite of the original theory (see biofabrication, and biosensing for
affecting the DEP force experienced by Figure 4). Zhang notes that, with advancing drug screening and discovery,
tissue engineering, and regenerative
medicine. n
References
Refer to the following online resources from
the Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference
2013, accessible at www.comsol.com/papers-
presentations:
1
V. Pandian, et. al. Some Commonly Neglected
Issues Which Affect DEP Applications.
2
Y. Zhao, et. al. Effect of Electric Field Distortion on
At left, from left to right: Johnie Hodge, Sam Bearden, Guigen Zhang, Yu Zhao, and Vandana Particle-Particle Interaction Under DEP.
Pandian from Clemson University. At right, also from left to right: Jozef Brcka, Eric Lee, and 3
Y. Zhao, et. al. Elucidating the Mechanism
Jacques Faguet from the Technology Development Center at Tokyo Electron U.S. Holdings, Inc. Governing the Cell Rotation Behavior Under DEP.
COMPUTATIONAL to limit the extent of the model to a level of accuracy and optimizing usage
ELECTROMAGNETICS manageable region of interest. The of computational resources. COMSOL
A computational model of Mie solution inside the domain is not also supports far-field calculations,
scattering was developed using affected by the presence of the PML, which are done on the inner boundary
COMSOL Multiphysics and its RF which lets the solution behave as if of the PML domain where the near
Module. It solves for the scattering the domain was of infinite extent. This field is integrated. The surface S is used
off of a dielectric, magnetic, or metal layer absorbs all outgoing wave energy to calculate total scattered energy.
spherical particle with radius a. The without any impedance mismatch An incident plane wave travels in
model geometry is shown in Figure 2. that could cause spurious reflections the positive x-direction (see Figure
The air domain is truncated by a at the boundary. The PML is useful in 2), with the electric field polarized
perfectly matched layer (PML) inserted maintaining the solution at the desired along the z-axis. Perfect magnetic
conductor (PMC) and perfect electric
conductor (PEC) boundary conditions
are used on the x-z and x-y symmetry
planes, respectively. The plane wave
incident on the sphere is defined
by its amplitude, wave vector in the
air, and circular frequency. COMSOL
conveniently provides all the necessary
FIGURE 3. Cross-section parameters and radiation force for a dielectric particle with
refractive index n = 5 0.4j and relative permeability = 1.
FIGURE 4. Cross-section parameters and radiation force for a magnetic particle with functionality to calculate scattering
relative permittivity e = 1 and relative permeability = 8 2j. integrals. Scattering characteristics for
the three types of particles considered
are shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5. The
results of the computational analysis
show good agreement with available
experimental results1.
Simulation of Mie scattering
problems enables visualization of the
effects of small particles on an incident
electromagnetic wave (see Figure 6)
to allow better understanding of the
interactions. n
References
1
Mtzler, C., MATLAB Functions for Mie Scattering
and Absorption, Version 2, IAP Research Report,
FIGURE 5. Cross-section parameters and radiation force for a silver particle with (Bern: InstitutfrangewandtePhysik, Universitt,
dielectric constants. 2001), No. 2002-11.
FIGURE 2. The initial distribution of the particles at t=.001 (left). Particles gather into droplets at t=0.75 and photograph of physical
particle distribution (right).
Minimally invasive surgery depends would reduce their pain following Goldschmidtbing et al. that relies
on small, flexible tools with long procedures. The device would on paraffin, a wax hydrocarbon that
reliable actuation and consistent need to be inexpensive, miniaturized, expands 10-20 percent by volume
performance. Robotic devices have produce high forces with relatively when heated from a solid to a liquid.
entered the operating room as large displacements, exhibit It was combined with carbon black
assistants to procedures requiring reasonable electrical consumption, particles, creating a conductive
hours of standing on the part of the and follow medical guidelines. For composite that would support Joule
surgeon. But many robotic surgery instance, high voltages are unsafe, heating when an electric current
devices are expensive, bulky, and and magnetic fields cannot be present passed through.
exhausting to operate. Christine around equipment such as MRI Goldschmidtbings microactuator
Rotinat, researcher at the Systems machines. contains a chamber filled with
and Technologies Integration Rotinat investigated miniature conductive paraffin at a 2 percent
Laboratory of the French Atomic phase-change actuators, which carbon black concentration, covered
Energy and Alternative Energies create movement and force from the by a silicon membrane and a
Commission (CEA LIST, Gif-sur-Yvette, volume expansion that occurs when metal sealing chip for applying a
France), has sought to create an a material shifts from the solid to the current, separated by an electrically
alternative. liquid state. She needed a material insulating layer (see Figure 1). The
with a high expansion rate and paraffin expansion causes the silicon
IMPROVING SURGEON EXPERIENCE stress tolerance, and a phase change membrane to deflect outward, driving
THROUGH PHASE-CHANGE occurring at a temperature between the movement of the actuator.
ACTUATION the patients body temperature Rotinat and her team evaluated
Rotinats goal was to provide surgeons and the authorized limit. Rotinat the mechanical behavior and control
affordable, versatile robotic tools that examined a microactuator created by aspects of this composite in the CEA
In todays electronics industry, nature of our work brings with it CHRIS BROWN
innovation is essential for growth, an increased complexity, as our is manager of the
while a short time from idea to market researchers must understand how Health & Medical
is the key to realizing maximum value. all the parts fit together and the Devices group at
The argument that huge gains are complicated relationships that Sharp Laboratories
possible by improving decision-making exist at the boundary between two of Europe. He
processes at an early stage of R&D physical systems. holds B.A. and
known for good reason as the fuzzy Fortunately, as the complexity M.Eng. degrees
front endis undoubtedly sound. of the problems we face in the lab in Electrical and
In my experience, however, it is the has increased, advances in computer Information Sciences from Cambridge
quality of an idea and, crucially, the modeling provide a helping hand University. After spending 10 years
quality of the evidence supporting in the form of powerful finite developing display technology for Sharp,
that idea that can really make the element simulation tools such as including three years in Japan, he now
difference. Even the best processes COMSOL Multiphysics. For us, a key leads a multidisciplinary research initiative
cannot produce decisive outcomes advantage of COMSOL is that it enables combining electronics and biology to
when dealing with potentially ground- virtual experiments to be carried out create new devices for the healthcare
breaking technologies backed up by that cross the boundaries of different market. He is glad to still find the time
scant evidence. A quick, cost-effective physical mechanisms and that would be to work with COMSOL.
way of narrowing the odds is needed. difficult, time-consuming, and costly to
Sharp Laboratories of Europe try out in the real world.
(SLE) in Oxford, UK is part of a global One example of where COMSOL enabled us to model interactions
network of Sharp R&D sites responsible has been a valuable tool is in our between the solid-liquid interface,
for delivering new technologies to the project to develop a lab-on-a- electric field distribution, and fluid
corporation. Our role is not only to chip device for medical diagnostic flow simultaneously. The result was an
support the continuous improvement applications. The project leverages initial design for a fluid input structure
of Sharps current product portfolio, Sharps LCD manufacturing expertise that provided a more accurate
but to secure the future success of and is based on a technology, known starting point for experimental work
when compared with simple hand
calculations. The consequent reduction
Fortunately, as the complexity of the problems in the number of physical design
iterations helped us reduce the R&D
we face in the lab has increased, advances in prototyping time and cost, and will
help bring the device to market more
computer modeling provide a helping hand in quickly than could otherwise have
been achieved.
the form of powerful finite element simulation As electronics continue to
proliferate into yet more facets of
tools such as COMSOL Multiphysics. modern life, the boundaries between
what were once distinct scientific
and engineering disciplines will
Sharp in the longer term through more as digital microfluidics, that enables become ever more blurred. In research
radical innovation to create entirely precise control and manipulation of organizations such as SLE, where
new product lineups. sub-millimeter-scale fluid droplets on scientists and engineers are faced
A distinct change in the lab since I top of an electronic sensor array. A key with increasingly complex problems
joined SLE almost 15 years ago is the challenge in the development of the and where speed of development is
move to a more multidisciplinary way device lay in designing the fluid input increasingly vital, COMSOL Multiphysics
of working. There has been a shift ports to allow biological fluids and is well placed to become a truly
in focus to systems or products as a test reagents to flow onto the array indispensable tool. Those of us working
whole, such as health systems and under electronic control. Critically, the in the fuzziness appreciate the guiding
energy systems. The multidisciplinary multiphysics capability of COMSOL hand it provides. n