Professional Documents
Culture Documents
October 194 1
No. 1079
CONTENTS
Summary : : i
Introduction : 2
Strength values for aircraft design 2
Other properties needed in aircraft desiga 3
Tensile stress . .stre 3 i
Torsional properties
Form factors 4
Adjustment of Table 1values
Moisture coatsn$ +
Variability 5
Duration of stress : 7
S election of material S
Primary factors in selecting wood s '.~ ' 9
Specific gravity-etrg gtb . relations 9
Minimum specific gravity- reglsirement 10
Permissible defects 11
Cross grain 11
Defects causing cross grain and limited thereby 13
Shakes and checks 15
Mineral streaks 15
Injury resulting from insect attack 15
Seasoning defects 16
Manufacturing defects 16
Prohibited defects IT
Lscmy 17
. Compression wood IS
C ompression failures 18
Secondary factors in selecting wood, 19
Locality of growth 19
Bate of growth 20
. Position in tree 20
Heartwood and sapwood 4 21
Taugbness-teat method of selecting wood 21
Suitability of species 24
Tools now common in aircraft service,, 2k
Whits ash 24
Salsa 25
Basswood : . . . . 4 25
fellow birch 25
K aholaUgr a 25
Sugar nnple 25
25
White pia ~.; 25
Tallow poplar. . r 25
.
Mitts, and ..~
white *muse . . . . . 26
Black walxatti I 26
R107'9
Requirements in manufacture 2
p Mech an i cal properties of native species 26
Letailed discussion of species 27
Hardwoods (broad-leafed species) 28
'mm" Red alder (alnus rubra) . . . 28
Bl ack ash (fraxinus nigra) 28
Biltmore white ash (fraxinus biltmoreana), blu e
ash (f . quadrangulata), green ash (f . pennsyl-
vanica lanceolata), white ash (f . americana) 28
Oregon ash (fraxinus oregona) 29
Pumpkin ash (fraxinus profunda) 29
Aspen (populus tremuloides) 29
Basswood (tilia glabra) 29
Beech (fagus grandifolia) 30
Sweet birch (betula lenta), yellow birch (b .lutea) 30
Butternut (j lane cinerea) 30
Black cherry (prunus serotina) 30
Chestnut (castanea dentata) 31
Eastern cottonwood (populus deltbides), northern
black cottonwood (1% trichocarpa hastata) ,
balsam poplar (p . balsamifera) 31
American elm (ulmus americana) 32
Rock elm (ulmus racemosa) 32
Slippery elm (ulmus fulva) 32
Black gum (nyssa sylvatica) 33
Red gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) 33
Tupelo gum (nyssa aquatica) 3
Rackberry (celtis occidentalis) 3
Pecan hickozies(hicoria sp .) 34+
True hickories (hicoria sp .) 34
Black locust (robinia pseudoacacia) 35
Cucumber magnolia (magnolia acuminata), evergree n
magnolia (m . grandiflora), mountain magnoli a
(m . fraseri) 35
Bigleaf maple (aCer macrophyllum) 36
Black maple (acer nigrum), sugar maple (a .
saccharum) 36
Red maple (acer rubrum) : 36
Silver maple (acer saccharinum) Yl
Oregon myrtle (umbellularia californica) 37
California black oak (quercus kelloggii), Oregon
white oak (q . garryana), Rocky Mountain white
. oak (q. utahensis) 37
Commercial red oaks (quercus sp .) 38
Commercial white oaks (quercus sp .) 38
Canyon live oak (quercus chrysolepis) 39
Live oak (quercus virginiana) 39
Pecan (see hickories )
Persimmon (diospyros virginiana) 39
Balsam poplar (see cottonwoods )
Yellow poplar (liriodenc},ron tulipifera) 40
R1079
Pag e
Sugarberry (celtia laavigata) 40
Sycamore (platanus occidentalis) 40
Black walnut (juglans nigra) 40
Softwoods (coniferous species) 41
Alaska cedar (chamaec :yparis nootkatensis) 41
Incense cedar (libocedrus decurrens) 41
Northern white cedar (thu .a occidentalis) 41
Port Orford cedar (ctamaecyparia laweoniana) 42
Western red cedar (thuja plicata) 42
Southern cypress (taxodium distichum) 42
Douglas fir (pseudotsuga taxifolia) 42
Alpine fir'(abies lasiocarpa) X43
I 4
Balsam fir (abies balsamea)
California red fir (abies magnifica) 44
Lowland white fir (abies grandis), silver fir (a .
amabilis) . white fir (a . concolor) 44
Noble fir (abies nobilis) 44
Eastern hemlock (tsuga canadensie) 44
Mountain hemlock (tsuga mertensiana) 45
Western hemlock (tsuga heterophylla) 45
Western larch (larix occidentalis) 45
Jack pine (pins banksiana)
Jeffrey pine (pima jeffrayi) 4b
Lodgepole pine (pines contorta) 46
Northern white pine (pines atrobus) 46
Norway pine (pinus resinosa) 47
Southern yellow pines (pinus sp .) 47
Sugar pine (pious lambertiana)
Western white pine (pinus monticola) 44s
Ponderosa pine (pinus ponderosa) 4s 0
Redwood (sequoia seipervirens) 49
Black spruce (picea m riana) 49
Engelmann spruce (picea engelmannii) 49
Red spruce (picea rubra) . Sitka spruce (p . sitch -
ensis), white spruce (pa glauca) 50
Tamarack (larix laricina) 51
Conclusions 51
References 52
Bibliography 53
R1079 -III -
AND CHARACTERISTICS *
By
SUMMARY
R1079
INTRODUCTION
81079 -2-
t
TABLE L-Strength values of various woods, based on 16 per cent moisture content, for use in aircraft design
'edar, incense (Llbocedrux decutrees) . _ __ . . . . 36 .32 25 3 .3 5.7 6, 000 8, 700 I, 020 5.6 4, 320 5, 400 900 650 450
'edar, northern white (Thuja accidentalis) - . . 32 .20 22 2.1 4.9 4, 700 6, 600 700 4.9 3, 040 3, 800 560 610 300
-Jester, Port Orford (Chemmcyparis lawseni-
ana) .41 .40 30 4 .6 6.9 7,400 11,000 1,520 8.7 4,880 6,100 1,030 760 520
echo, western red (Theta plicate) 1 .3i .51 23 2 .5 5.1 100 7,800 1,030 5.8 4,000 5,000 800 630 320
ypress, southern (Tan:diem riistiehum) _I .48 .43 32 3 .9 6.1 7,100 10,500 1,270 7.7 4,960 6,200 1,23( . 720 480
ougiasllr(i'seudotsugataeffulta) ' . 51 .45 34 5.0 7.8 8. 000 11,500 1,700 8.1 5,600 7,000 1,300 810 620
Pine, northern white (Pinusstrobus) _I .38 .34 26 2.2 6.0 5,900 8,700 1,140 6.3 3,840 4,800 780 640 38 (
Pine, Norway (Ptnus reeioosa) .51 .46 34 4.6 7 .2 8, 500 11, 900 1, 580 8.9 5, 280 6, 600 1, 080 870 521 1
Pine, sugar (Firms Ismbertiens) .38 ,34 26 2.9 5.6 5;600 8,000 1,040 5.4 3,680 4,600 810 730 37C
Pine, western white (Pinus wootieels) . .42 .38 27 4.1 7 .4 6,000 9,300 1,310 7.9 4,240 5,300 750 640 360
Spruce (P ices app.) .41) .30 27 4. 1 7 .4 6.200 9, 400 1, 300 7.8 4, 000 5, 000 840 750 440
I The average values for fiber stress at elastic limit and modulus of rupture in static bending, and maximum crushing strength in compression
parallel to grain have been multiplied by two factors to obtain values for use In design. A statement of these factors and of the reasons for their use follows: It was thought
best, in fixing upon strength values for use in design, tp allow for the variability of wood and the fact that a greater number of values are below the average than above it ,
and the most probable value (as represented by the mode of the frequency curve) was accordingly decided upon as the basis for design figures . From a study of the ratios
of most probable to average values for three species (Sitka spruce, Douglas fir, and white ash), 0.94 was adopted as the best value of this ratio for general application to th e
properties in question. The stress that wooden members can carry depends on its duration . A factor of 1 .17 been applied to test results to get values of the stress tha t
can be sustained for a period of 3 seconds, it being assumed that the maximum load will not be maintained f longer period .
' The values given are 92 per cent of the average apparent modulus of elasticit _(E,) as obtained bysubstituting results-from tests of 2 by 2 inch beams on a 28-inc h
span with load at the center in the formula E,= PI'/48 I . The use of these values In the usual formalas will give the deflection -of beams of ordinary length with bu t
small error . For exactness in the computation of deflectionso i oil and box beams, p laxly for short spans, the formula that takes . i1Sto account shear deformations (see
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Report No . 180, Deflection of Beams with Special Reference to Shear Def6rmatio _ should be used . This formula in-
volves Er, the true modulus of elasticity In bending, and F, tie modulus of rigidity in shear . Values of E, may be obtained ,bb adding 10 percent to the values-of E, as
given in the table. If the I or box beam has the grain of the web parallel to the axis of the beam, or parallel-and perpendiculgr thereto, as'in some plywood webs;'th e
value of F may be taken as E,/16 or E./14.5. If the web is of plywood with the grain at 45 to the axis of the beam F may be taken as E,/5 or E./4.5.
' Design values for fiber stress at elastic limit in compression parallel to grain were obtained by multiplying the values of maximum crushing strength as given in th e
next column by factors as follows : 0.75 for hardwoods; 0 .80 for conifers. Values as given are to the nearest 10 pounds.
4 Wood does not exhibit a definite ultimate strength in compression perpendicular to grain, particularly when theload is applied over only a part of the surface, as it is a t
fittings . Beyond the elastic limit the load continues to increase slowly until the deformation and crushing become so severe as to seriously damage the wood in other prop-
erties. Figures in this column were obtained by applying a duration of stress factor of 1 .17 (see note 1) to the average elastic limit stress and then sliding 3351 per cent to get
design values comparable to those for bending, compression parallel to grain, and shear as listed in the table .
' Values in this column are for use in computing resistance otbeams to longitudIU shear . They are obtained by multiplying average values hy.0.25. This factor is used -
because of the varfablility in strength and in order that failure by shear may be less probable than failure from other causes. Furthermore, tests have shown that-because
of the-favorable influence upon the distribution of stresses resulting from limiting shearing deformations the maximum strength-weight ratio and minimum variability i n
strength are attained when I and box beams are so proportioned that the ultimate shearing strength is not developed and failure by shear does not occur.
4 Includes h )anica lanceolate), and blue ash (F . quadrangulata) .
4 Includes sw o (F . aler
heet asr ic and gyeen va hlrah pennsyllv
nts)
bigleaf shagbark
hIncludes hickory (H. laoiniosa), mockernut hickory (H. alba), pignut hickory (H . glabra), and shagbark hickory (H . ovate) .
' Includes material from Central America and Cuba .
i' Includes white oak (Q. alba), bur oak (Q. mscroccarpa) swamp chestnut oak (Q . prinus), post oak (Q . atellata), red .oak Q . borealis), southern red oak (Q . rubs) ,
laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), water oak (Q. nigrs), swamp red oak (Q. pagodtefolfa), willow oak (Q. phellos), and yellow oak (Q. v utina) .
u Includes red spruce (P. rubra), white spruce (P. glance), and Sitka spruce (P . sitchenals) .
Z M 27315 F
Not all of the data obtained from standard tests on each specie s
are of importance in aircraft design, so that only the pertinent result s
of the work of the Forest Products Laboratory have been included in Table I .
On the other hand, data are lacking on certain properties that might other -
wise be expected in the table . A.brief discussion of the omitted propertie s
follows :
Tensile Stres s
Torsional Propertie s
The ratios between these two moduli have not been definitely obtained fo r
other species, iuut scattered tests show a range of values between 14 and 18 .
Until more definite information is available, the Forest Products Laborator y
recommends that a ratio slightly higher than that for spruce be used fo r
other species . A ratio of 17 appears conservative for the purpose .
R1079 -3-
S
FORM FACTOR S
p
The data obtained in test for a given beam sectionare not strictl y
applicable to another size or form . When it becomes necessary to appl y
the design values of Table I, which are based on standard specimen s
2 by 2 inches in cross section, to oddly shaped sections such as the I an d
box types, a correction factor or "form factor" must be used . This for m
factor may be as low as 0 .5 for some extreme sections in I and box beams ,
whereas it is greater than unity in some cases, as evidenced by the fac t
that a square on edge and a circular section carry the same load in bending
as a square of equal area tested in the usual flatwise position . Studies a t
the Forest Products Laboratory have led to the development of formulas fo r
determining form factors of sections of various shapes . Detailed informatio n
concerning form factors may be found in National Advisory Committee fo r
Aeronautics Reports Nos . 180 and 181 . (References 5 and 6 . )
The strength figures for design in Table fare not recorded average
values from test, but have been adjusted for various factors to make the m
applicable to the conditions of aircraft use . The following discussion wil l
bring out more clearly the effect of these factors on the properties and the
methods of adjustment employed .
Moisture Conten t
R107R,
140
LEGEND
A -MODULU S OF RUPTURE = /488 0 x /0 -
0.0 4 M
B -STRESS A T ELASTI C LIMI T IN STATI C BEND/N G =
A /029 0 x / o -"a n
/2 0 C -MAXIMUM CRUSHIN G STRENGTH PARALLEL TO THE
GRA/ N = /022 0 X /0 -0 .0/9M
0-F/8E R STRESS AT ELASTIC L/M/ T IN COMPRESS/O N
PERPE/VD/CULA R TO THE GRAIN = //55 X/O
M = MOISTURE CONTENT IN PER CENT
B
-
400
0
5 /0 /5 20_ Z5 30 35 40 45 50
MO/STORE CONTENT (PERCENTAGE OF WEIGHT OVEN-PRY)
d
C
0
'F d
q
I
I I o ,
q
0
ti
0
O
~Nd1Gd 7N0/1~WN1/~1N
0
0
fQ --T - Nd3W 7V .2/11/NNl/~/b d0 1N~0 /JS fib
q
q
o
fl
,Variability '
ti
The variability in the strength of clear, sound, straight-graine d
'wood may be attributed primarily to differences in its specific gravity ,
since in any species there is a fairly close correlation between specifi c
r gravity and the different mechanical properties . For wood, frequency curve s
- of mechanical properties are commonly skewed, more values falling below .
'the average than above it . Such skewness results primarily because mos t
I properties increase more rapidly than the specific gravity, but i s
accentuated somewhat by a slight skewness in the specific gravity curve s
themselves . (Fig . 2 and Table II . )
' A107 9 _ _ 5-
L
w
L, ..-i r_
0 .220 ' . 2 39 1 : 0 .0 5
.240 . .259 3 : .1 4
.260 . 279 18 : .s 6
.280 . 299 70 3 .33
.300 . .319 133 6.32
.320 . 339 359 17.05
.340 .359 11.11 : 19 .53
.360 379 392 : 18.62 AverageZ
..38 0 . 3 345 : 16 .39
0o .419 211 : 10 .02
.420 .439 91 4.32
.440 .459 43 2 .04
.460 . . 479 16 : .76
.4so . 499 3 . .14
.500 .519 1 : .05
.520 539 4 . .19
.5 )40 -559, 2 ,0.
40 $ .571 i .01
.50
.6Q0 '
=.620 : 039 1 .
as pn weight of wood when oven dry (moisture free) and volume when green .
+-wecific gravity equals 0.364 ; highest observed specific gravit y
Wiest. Q.236 .
IL
It was thought best in arriving at design values to reduce the ,
average fiber stress at elastic limit and the modulus of rupture in-atatie '
bending, =tithe average fiber stress at elastic limit and the maxi
crushing strength in compression parallel to the grain by 6 percent .
modulus of elasticity, 'being somewhat more variable than modulus of - rapture
and maximum crushing strength, was reduced by g percent . The reason for
these reductions is to put the values for wood on the sage basis of rel_iabi .]; ty ,
as those for other materials . It so happens that the 64eroent reduction in '
modulus of rapture makes the design value correspond - closely to the mode`o f
the frequency curve, as may be amen in Figure 2 . Shearing strength parallel., -
to grain was, reduced 25 percent because of variability in strength ad i n
order that failure by shear may be less probable than that from other causes .
For the other properties of Table I the average teat values were used, excep t
compression perpendicular to .- grain .
Duration.- of Stres s
R1 079
I "i -f .I 1 1.
Oft' 1111TElildli l
8107 9
riv~~~R~ n
.R ~r~~ al sec.
.~r
l~irJ _
nnnnnn
ME Ml MIME
PIN MMAn
uutpi.e nnnnnn
I JEC.
C,_!w1 nn n
.M1_~~l1 nn n 5 SEC.
..~1- iv.
tf~ .~, /0 SEC
PAM _ :Iii 20 SEC
f ~ MMIMMM 30 SE C
N
.~KMM nn 1 MIN.
..~~~...~~~
wri. :a~'.
. - nnnn
.
fi ~.~
IIIM .N1 5/0MIN.
f~ ~_rif nnnnn M/N.
.iII-
II
~~~1 . . 3020 MIN
M/N
n.~.... 3 a 3 z H = .n
., . 3 3 nn / YEAR
1
Table III .--A comparison of the specific gravities and the strength value s
of two widely different woods in the green conditio n
:Specific gray- :
: ity based en : Crushin g
weight and : strength : Specifi c
Species of wood vcluine of : parallel : strengt h
wood when : to grai n
oven dry .
1 2
:Pounds pe r
:square inch : (Col .2/Col .1 )
R1079 -9-
The minimum strength values that ma y. be expected from r andom ' s bock
of any species may be materially raised by eliminating a relatively-smal
portion of the material: This is accomplished by fixing , a minimum peci-fi-
gra=vity requirement (Table I) as one of the specifications for aiz'cmaft *ado
thus re jec;t-ing_ light-weight- stock . The inspection can usually be made
` y- T - ual examination, but in certain cases it may . be: c ee'l ablo
eve~essa{ resort to actual specific gravity determinations .. Sumr '-
ions from time to time are-of value to aircraft inspectors ' n
izing timit-the relation between appearance and specific gravity .
-yl ?S i
M 27311 It
/6000
/4000
400 0
2000
Z M 27512 7
Permissible Defect s
Cross Grain
R10 79 -11-
: Compressio n
Static bending : Impact : parallel to -
Species of wood and : : bending, :- grain ,
' slope of grain : Modulus : Modulus : Work to : maximum : maximu m
: of : of maximum : drop : crushing
: . rupture :elasticity : load : strength
Waite ash : :
1 :25 : 14 : 2 o : 0
1 :20 : 6 : 3 12 0
1 :15 . : 11 : 14 22 o
1 :10 . .. . .. . . : 18 7 143 .37 : 1
1 :5 : 36 22 61 59 7
Douglas fir : :
1 :25 7 : 14 : 17 1 :
1 :20 : 10 : 6 : 2 14 14 '
1 :15 : 15 : 8 : t 34- 13 :
1 :10 : 2 114 : 146 :
4 :
Sitka spruce :
1 :25 : 2 : 2 : 114
1 :20 : 14 : 14 : 21
1 :15 : S : 7 : 33
1 :l0 : 17 : 13 : 55
1 :5 : 1414 : 36 : 76
R1079 -12 -
r
0650
.. ......
i'"U:::'
E _:'
I _ :_' : %agZ.i
..~~r1.. .
0.6 r r
!mIPL-"
~
-~~I .i
SPEC/F/C CRAV/TY
u..i.. ..
...
. C .
. . N ... ... .
.~C.. ... . .
r=riMP! M00ULUS OF ELAST/C/TY ~~
i.- WeaE =!!uE
::... ..U000:..UU
..C .U'M": C :::
.:::.:
:=:::C:U::::.=C
.
. :UL:C:::. . . . M~ ..n
..
.111U.
r6ooo$1
r,
jv .tt MOQULUS
.
OF RUPTURE I~
.~'~V
p..IUm n
:_...
V~ d
140 rr
MMIZAMM
nn O ....
. . .UNU ....
.
i
l 1200 ' CCC1
1UU1Ur ..i1.
.ft
.
U .Ma~ ~_
STRESS AT ELAST/C L/M/T M
F/EER=M3
. UL~
r&:PM ...
.em
s
~~rrt.t.ri~ ..._
I. UAa.1:.
!0000 1
.
LI:
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
36
24
20
t
r3 4 1{ C SLOPE OF GRA//V
R1079 -13-
(5) Pitch pockets in the web may not be closer together than 20
inches ; if in the same annual growth ring they may not be closer togethe r
than 40 inches . In ether portions of the section these distances may b e
10 and 20 inches, respectively .
Both shakes and checks are separations along the grain of the
wood. With a shake the greater part of the s e paration occurs between the
rings of annual growth, whereas with a check the greater part of th e
separation occurs across the rings of annual growth . Checks and shakes are
more common in large timbers than in small pieces . The weakening effect i n
any case is usually greater than that attributable to the visible extent o f
the opening . Aircraft material containing shakes should be rejected . Air -
craft lumber should be relatively free from checks, and finished aircraf t
parts containing checks should be rejected .
Mineral streaks
R1079 -15 -
Seasoning, Defect s
Manufacturing Defect s
R1079 -16,
r Prohibited. Defect s
oecay
Rl079 -17-
Compression Woo d
Compression Failure s
Locality of Growt h
, There are a few cases in which the material from a given regio n
Tl will average considerably lower in strength than that from another, but eve n
F- 1_
%1 - in these cases the differences are in the men reflected in correspondin g
-1
( 7'_ ` differences in specific gravity, Thus Douglas fir from the Rocky Mountai n
gion averages lower in-weight and strength than that from the Pacifi c
, . c 7 rthwest . Likewise, the material from the swelled butts of southern swamp -
grown ash, tupelo gum, and a few other species is much lighter and weake r
-I- than that from a higher position in the same trees, and. that from norther n
upland-grown trees . If lumber from southern swamp-grown ash is to be use d
in highly stressed aircraft parts, it is essential that the lumber manu -
facturer cut off the swelled portions from the logs before they are sawe d
int ) lumber .
Rate of Grort h
Position in Tre e
X79 -20-
R1079 -21 -
. 11079 -22 a
t
:Minimum average acceptabl e. toughnes s
t
Without
:' Size of With specific : specifi c
Species of wood : specimen : Span : gravity limitation : gravity
limitatio n
t : Inch-pounds : Inch-pound s
Inches :Inche s :per s pecimen :per specimen i
R10T9 -23-
SUITABILITY OF SPECIE S
The wood requirements in aircraft are (1) for material in the for m
of lti K, and (2) for plywood . The , p*ssibilit& yet g0mhAmi+nn spec i+es
wideielddffer:ent properties for core- aiboik + d 'aee i*ee makes pliwood ver y
ble - to= ;a .large range or re ire . e. 4bo uses . aircraf t
are -!Q many -arid se vari0i that a partii0. lts 4 em--l0 s 4 es . et-'r'- - '
,plieatdgna, as .e '..
'of the- .more vormon
follows : Fuselage, le- di edges, ease"
center ribs, tank t ser, ee,nter - cover, float_
r % 4'0~+~
obp; tail
''
:b beta s .,.Ir4
~
1!
=I
_. r
~, .
walkway ribs, seats, ru& r, -:c 6g ribs, ont! any . ! ? r ,.. i F,.
~LI
pads, propel3er spinner,: covering, step. b , 'bMI e10flt '
-float cova}rinlg, aileron of elevator surf ea, instlr gs -a
bulkheads, webs, and win spars, baaoi7 g and-easet . Pl+ s r~oR 4.7.111 '' .= 1 {
(Reference 2,) rI . i E . . Yy
y- 1
r
Of all the requirements of woad Wat eft, the procureme . 1 -
of su&table, clear, straight-grained lumber presents the,,10st importan -- ' `~
problem .,- and the suitability of species will bet . discuass Cprtmaao443r 4r'om this '.>f Y :
standpoint . Further ; the question : of-ss:itab&-] ty can : begat heO.1 ,ached by
means of .a comparison of other specie,, with the .woods,now employed, which ,
thresh :}.epee ;, may be considered more or less , standard. . .Following is a
list of the4e-4oods, together-with their principal uses : .
White Ash
as.
R1079 - -24-
;.-o.
Yellow ,Birch *dkI .i .
.pro pets-
W **Writ -ts*r plywood -
o I. ' ,
- .,
- 11 -1 2-, gtr!.
r, . L
'
Black Walnut
r
.
R1079 -25- "'
Requirements in Manufactur e
R1079
1
-26-
Ei 8d
Viand lrata91Ca1 names at e{leiies ' c
Common and botanical names of species na
e
ca l a
5
.re
1,5 8
Oak, swamp white (Quercus bicolor) 17 3 165 290 232 135 185 81
Spruce, red, Sitka, and white + 1110 100 100 ! too ': loo loo 100 Oak, water (Quercus nigra) 151 144 240 194 1 144 165 89
Oak, white (Quercus albs) 162 138 257 179 112 148 72
Oak, willow (Quercus phellos) 151 128 252 163 123 14 2 76
11A111)IVOODS (BROAD LEAVED SPECIES ) Oaks, commercial red (average 019 species ) 151 135 245 196 124 158 85
Oaks, commercial white (average of 6
Alder, rod (Al uuB rullrn] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 0 110 11{ 9U 1112 103 - 10 3 species) 159 133 260 175 110 1 145 1 7 2
Apple ( M elms puma le var .) _ 1 1 n=. 112 2011 If ,2 149 70 Palmetto, cabbage (Saba) palmetto)__ _ 100 53 50 80 40 01 .5 6
Ant., 1ldI,n]uro wll11n (F'nutulle bolt merl e I Paradise-tree (Simarouba glauca) 89 60 76 30 02 1 41
0lllrl _ 1 4 ', 1711 ?19 lOt 115 Ii1 811 Pecan (Vitoria pecan) 149 1 338 2:0 1 118 171162 37 1 x1
Asb, Noek (1' r,l 1.131 r 111111111__ 1 12 1 101 152 472 !18 129 2 :3 Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) . 173 165 386 102 i 126 1,13 72
dab, bit1F mull Elull' ;IIr.J[Imgu LLl .41 _ 1 ES 1 30 '143' :1 1277 22 1 1.! t 1,1 4 Pigeon-plum (Coccolobis laurifolia) 208 158 450 181 13 .5
Poisonwood (Metopium toui feeemr) 138 89 148 69 73 i 76 47
ABB . green (Frrlnue f .ennllv'inlcn fall - Poplar, balsam (l'opulus balsamifera) 81 67 60 01 ; 711 na 169
15 149 255 11 14 1E5 1113 ' 8 5 Poplar, yellow (Liriodendron tulipi[era) 103 97 95 62 ) 1a1 I 91 47
Aeb, Dfe1WB (1'rutlh u 1l)_ 1 35 122 224 LT3 Ills 1 139 81 1 Rhododendron, great (Rhododendron max
btlnillkku [Pnaxuu us prmGlmdn) 1 :9 1 1 t9 21.3 ID 112 71'. imum) 135 122 248 I{8 74 I ikf) 710
40b, while (1'rar il) us Ito nreLearlnl 102 1 1 :.Y 233 21:5 III 171 11 4
Ashes, conll nere Lai white (: iv'crliy'e 1114 ev e - Sassafras (Sassafras varilfolium) 114 99 143 11111 Ili 110 89
alesl I ire 1 .711 I!Hl t lee 1111 il l Servicebeny (Amelanchier canadensis) 178 165 312 2,121 1*1 111 7 83
Silverbell (l lalesia carolina) 114 101 126 114 I 118 140 . 87
.Aspgn Pnlliilue lremlllnlrlesi_ . . . '1 5 74 . 111 "II 87 11 4 Sourwdod (Oxydendrmn arhoreum) 135 126 198 152 124 i 1110 7
llfllan,laraetoilll ( I' ' pu] us ktand i ( let 11.41 ,1 :i 'li) 109 III 112 '2 1 Stopper, red (Eugenia confu,sa) 224 197 145. ' 1914 s
Baasw 0ul i 1'1'1llu 'Beanie sr 71 74i 03 8.21 til l Sugarberry (Celtis lwvigata) e
127 103 198 111:1 I 76 1 :I 8.5
Beech ( Pagan grand feieu 1 :5 1 i i') 2211 190 12.1 1:X1 M Sumach, staghorn (Rhus hirta) 1 122 j 104 152 1111 0 I 11'.1 119 1411
Birch, Alaska white f Iieueln ne0nlrl-k'111aj 1 :12 F2 VIA 177 tf8 144 Sycamore (1'Iatenus occidentalis) _ _ 1241, 104 152 Ill( 11.5 111 1
R'alnut, black (2uglans nigra) 138 156 . 210 173 . 1'21 1 .1e 911
Birch, gray (Retail' papahfolle] 122 '1 211 :4]' Cu 1: Pk9 11 4 Walnut, little ( .MUglans rupesl .ris) I, 143 124 177 57 ill; s()
BlrlI s, p11X'r ( He.Llda pallyn femal e . lea 1734 1 :3.2 22' ' 1111 ' 151 104 Willow , black (Salis Ilfgr a) .
!Bran . eweeC IHotrifa I ml t .:1 1152 Iced 545 224 153 11.4 Yn . 92 140 83 12e .2 07 !19
Finch, yellow [Belnha'urea) - 1 11 1 61 :( 1019 241 1~ . 131 1150 Willow, oestel11 black (Sal is lasiandn4 ) 105 110 119, lee 1511 11 :' IIII{
B l ee kw-owl ( .Aricen n l;4 011 .11,11 72 1 11X) 0411 7551 111i i 1XX ,SO Witelr-hazel (Ilumlmmlis vilginiana) 151 138 27,9 I -021 93 11711 !II;
13ilrkayo, yellow (Ar),sc111111 ni1a n'Ir'a . _ --I 811 77 1 T4' 73 S2 : 77 12 SOH T\VOODS (('0X111; RS)
11ui1ernll1 . .Iugl,Lnsrinetea) . . 11 7 02 1 11 5 1113 85 . I It1 183
B11tnln Wu,nl (Cuneearpul ereabel -- - . 1091 133 ; 2109 110 117 1111 47 Cedar, Alaska (Chanincyparis nootka- I
Slaerarn. ( Rbarnne nIr+b fin al le e 111) . 2115 197 ES 11 :1 R5 tennis) 11 4 115 126 13 1 100 115 9 7
l,I1Qilpa, IuudlY 111:1ta1] 1i' suer'met] 1115 115 10'2 134 It 11; 16X) Cedar, eastern ed (funipel as virgtnisua) . . : 11 9 106 103 11: 1 519 111 ; 1411
Cedar, Income 1(I,ibocedru5 (lecturens) _ 95 11)4 112 7 .1 52 He
V k Mack [Pnuma serntnm) 117 134 I 171 158 1111 37 11 8 Cedar, northern white ('l'huja occidentalis) I 7 8 71 71 66 o' 0 .5 !1 1
q~
.c re tilt (lrunupIIU11rllllk:u . - 97 el. , 9t'. 1148 1:11 13 !at Cedar, Port Orford (Chamwcyparis law-
Uheat n nLl3nmnl
n nl .nt(Coiea , til l 'Hi 119 117 8;1 i 02 .el Wuiu ::Il _______ 108 11.8 11 4 11 1 124 117 104
Ohbtf.1111111111, tlnldt'11 (Cantrtnn pee 011ry 11- Cedar, seal born w1'irn ' 1' henlweyparl 9
01 4 1 1 1 1 148 1 181 42 I I5 114
t7tktl,lfu'n I' I, ,InytOrlr ( '15nl 2,4e !lei Melee . 2.81 h11 (iii Ihy'niltes] . 84 78 83 72 8 73 0 .5
1571 081 95 !M5 Ceder, western red '1'0',11211 Id icea1 1 84 02 90 73 79 80 Ill (
CnlLonwn'n 1 . 01!II'illarn Meek i1'opll]u. cn - ('y meek Soul11 .rr : (T:un'!hr,n dIri irhu111, . 114 118 124 107 1 1 108 89
Hrl 1120 Doi :gIns air 31'ele.1311 T.1Igf 115111lins 11nn= l 00
n I1a"wpa h'151;41 :41 I'.9 83 38 81 111 5 t ype] 122 135 1 1-10 1 11 4 13:1 12.5
1 1 r l+al (('orate. 11,,rld :y _ . . 11- 2711 9t 10,1 79 1)3
7Dime
lim 0'1.1, 1'u r'iftu (1 'or0 114111 r11ariLl 121 271' 217 1111 165 el l 11 113 mine ilr ( f' .eu'lnl ell gn I1J 511o1I93 (Inland
k: ru p : re 1 y) Ie) 11 1 117 138 101
_
Rider, ha11herrp [~ :rrgh11+ :115 e'rYlllr ee 12 1 I 10 err: ] :rl i" I 511 117 --''
Fare . 311111nc1111 ' 111111 111IIC1'IuIllial 12 4 111 1-'7 173 !I.i I I :I ufi 111r1,y :111 [rr Il'se Il .![1 rng11 blx1l'Oho (14'rrk?' I
,5t nut hrin I i pr 108 ' 10.9 12-1 11 1
lyilln, Mel. f 11101, r . i-eii lath . . . . 154 1 14: 21X "r :! 10.1 pit '1 7 Fir, alpine (Allies lasiocarpa) Si 75 79 51
111111, efi(118r t' 1 1 - 1 1 1 : 31 : 011va1 4 , 74 4 . i :G 1 171 228 111:1 1131 111 1 Fir, balsam (Allies' halsamce) 02 : Si ; 711I 711
Yin, stlll'tell (11111.e :irll'IIL) . 11 u !12 III 71i ', 1 Fir, California red (Ahies nulgrlinea) 100 1014 121 10 0
4 egel, Munk { . -v41 spa retire( 12 4 112 1141! 1:1 07 a0k, 7 Fir, corkbark (9bies arizonic :s) 76 7 .11 61 51
'Rum I911u ( I:lralyptls gh'h1111r11 01 ; , 'ii III 01111 071 ]i{; 5 ., Fir, lowland white ( .Aides glaidis) . 100 106 102 111 1
t 116111, mil (l. hp ltd nrn her at ,1r.1 [lee) lt9 1 el 1 ::3 1 Mu 11! 1 1:'11 e .g Fir, noble (lbies nohihs) 9S 1 101 9:i I 96
4 iun11,, 101l14(~1.1 (\ y.oli 14h1%l1{1111 . ._ . I1* 1111 IEi 111',1 1 79 Fir, .sale. (A hies am:Milin) 95 ' 101 I 58 . 99
tltlrllllfllim+r [liar rr,r linl,lrl01110) Si 71 17' 111 I'1 11 7 Fh . while ( 5hiese0ncolol) 11 .5 VIII IINI f 14 5
HgnEbnley (L 11, t rldluil :dl .) 1 :1 2 103 11711 201 . 711 1 1' 1 In Fits, flue (110 el age of 1-!me, lee) 95 10:11 919 1 9.1
.Raw). Mar (L'm(,wigma Stun IIr1 uv.) le e 12X ' .1112 272 7!1 1711 '- I Hemlock, cllslet n ('I'saga canndensis) . 1 103 104 121 114
1 U 101 1 , 21 , ]71y10af altWibml' (llleeran lariat - I lcnlock, nlunnlan ( ' sigl lmrlen,iana) . 1111 Ili 1 .52 1 :3 1
4451
1( l l, 12 i _117 122 llcnrleek, western (' l'srlga Ilcferopby11 :1 1 104 111', ' 1111 111:{
1Npkmy. hi Bern at l tlcoria enrdlfrals) ._ _ 1112 t_'5 5'3 II I Juniper, alligator (luui Ileums peehy phlee) . 130 96 291 ]I I
I-y, iinnnrgi ll4 (I1 It, 'Tilt Ilhe)__ .___ . _ I73 :111 2:'a II L:1011, weslerll (Lark oeei . h'111 :IliN) 1 :10 1 :32 1 .12 - 11 4
fy~,., y. plsn ego ll lc iii.) ml'rLstiemle[m_el 15 1
17,1
Ito 1t Pine . jack (P i nes banksimel) Ill y 911 Ili ' 1111 32 97
1I#tpRilky, pli1nLit (lltcvrrl 21 :ihr111 141: 232 11 9 fine, jelhroy (1'inns jeflreyi) . 1IN) !Ili 103 1 89 85 !1 1
11101irbyr,ehearbnrlc 1 lieeria llrata) - 173 1315 2.111 113, lane, huller (Pious llesilis) 1111 96 9:3 761 7!1 8:1
.11 19401,24 flleurio equal Rey) 1re5 1 38 we 05 Pine, loblolly (I'inlaeda) us 1315 1 :311 1 118' 131 122 1 130
. l'{b1Gq.Bett 11100* (nrwnxa 0( 4 u l'eice) - 15' 1 121 ' 2111 1113 Pine, lodgepole (Pines eont0lla) 107 971 9S 85 30 91
'1r'ni.{IlvghNee 0141(105100) 176 l0. 8112 11 5 Pine, longleaf (Pin ., palustris)
137, 75 211 1111 119 . 15; 181 14 :5 , 1 :19 , 11 7
Pine, mountain (I'inun pnngens) 1 :12 12, 1 132 130 1111 112 1
1I43 rIllyptn (tiy(a<y1 giptlnlan) _ _ 170 1111 9400 ' 281, 1116 172 78 Pine, northern white (Plans strobes) 92 10 1:i 77 on Si
d - vtiNl10tRltrillen 1 197 19-I 431 217 134 1 71 214 Pine, Norway (l'inusresinonn) 119 171 III) 111 12111 120
IIIVnwcelrl .libll'lc (t1r usli glandeun ferreum) 9101 1 22,5 . 1,3 1 :97 ' lull 42 Pine, pitch (t'inaoeiglda) 172 108 lee 1 :15 1 1117 i 111
M MAM, NMIInlaln IKarnla luzl6111sl 1611 1310 3111 150 61 ' 1311 12 4
Larlrln, him* lltlrhinln fimucloacasle ) 131 4 225 393 . 201 11,2 213 11) Pine, trend ( Pints r)gida semtinn) . 137 132 , 132 127 113 124
Pine, sand (Finns eleven) . . 122 1211 CA 121 99111 5
I',roust, homey (Clledltstn trlacrwthns) . 7 _ 102 3514 1 369 2163 ' 112 161 811 Pine*s)mrtleal (Maus eehinata) . 1 .32 1 :19 ~ 1112 1311 12.51 14 .2
\i)edror}a (Arbutus menaiesliL 157 121 271 131 811 1115 5e I'llre, slash(I'inus earibaea) .. .___ _ . . 173 1671 221 149' 43 1 .52
:Magnolia, cucumber (\G0(n01ia agUmi- - Pine, sagas (Pious lwubertiann) . 113 112 I 56 77 I.'21 l. 3
natM 1111 124 36 145 1201 134 103
magnolia, evergreen (Magnolia grandi - Pine, western syhi to (Mips Halo ticvda)__ . . Il p0 1 816 92 i 01 97
Pine, peed . .eee (Piaui pnnlle-l MI 93 ' IK 32 82. 1 85
flora) . . ._I 124 MS 90 199 100 145 10 5 esinOU(Pinhs laths)_-_ .
\f agnolia, mountain (\fagmdbl freer') __ . 1165 1181 121 IM 1(14 108 aft . Iva 92 171 92 Al 141
RedWotel (fiery unia uemlwrvirens) + . . . III 133 110 99 99 109 93
\I :nrgrore (lthizophora rnanglr)29l 212 :195 231 1 1119 222 G0 Spruce, black (1'ie'a mnriana) Ian 102 11 .5 1115 197 102
\1 :IUle, higleal (Aver rmw'nlphylinm) Il e 17 171 110 97 Ills 116
Maple, black (Aver nigrum) I In 1211 2 :11 191( 1111 i 119 Il l Spn .ew, En,n'lerann (Meru engelnumnii) 51 78 76 63 74 ' 70 I 9
Maple, rod (Aver rubruin) 1 :12 25 Ise 155 I III 35 11! 1 '1'amarnck (I . :uix l :ticina) 1 :12 121 1211 120 1081118 781
119 !17 13.5 11111 32 Yew, Pacific (1'avus hlcvifolia) 1112 1 :581 3299 2:19 891 171 5 4
Maple, silver (Acer sacoharinum)____ ._ 131 7e
Maple, striped ( Acer pen nsylvanicunq11 9 Inv' 610 I-I] eg 1 119 92
Maple, sugar (Acer saeeharllm) . , 15 1 154 , 271 Mal ! E21 1115 86
Mastic (SI(leroxyloll bl`titliosilnlllll) . 210 1114 4!I:. 1 :37 1 :19 I III ; :I 9 11n this table each spruce value is ruled I'N) per cent and the corresponding value s
\ivrtle, Oregon (llubellularia californire) :19 I Ilea 252 2113 65 1 :19 ! 8 :1 of other woods are then expressed accordingly .
Oak, black (Quercus vet utinx)_ _ 17 1 132 2111 ea 107 Ile j 78 3 These values are avenges ohtained from The following weighting : Column 2
9nsr.((R.nerr le' none ; or :rr ;1 .11 IL7 I 1 _ ; I' l 1 values, 1 .0; column 4 values, 1 .5 ; and rolunur F values, I .O .
_ rsylVi[1rrli,l 1,i,Irk ((11:e,e .- ke liege 1E1 :18 117 1 Il i; 711
1': 111 . 1 r Column 6 values divided by the :1j2 power of the corresponding specific gravitie s
~r;1r,Vt co jmnn Live 4 Q4a-cue r e .. . loll 1112 1 .11 ,Hf, 117 15i 61 (column 1) .
rail, 9111041111t (Querc, le )1111111 : r,1 .1 i . . I 1:4e 211 1 .51 1 :2 Fill :l The basic values use:( for sins-n in columns 1 Io 5 . inclusive, are 0 .37, 7 2, 42, 71 ,
Mike Is,i,0f 4,)uorrlls iullrlil'IiII 51 ] 2 Le 111' . 1 Iii 11 1 and 1 :15, respectively . These values are Laken or rdcllnted from Comparativ
01111 1181 371 ' 21'4" 11'11 0'11 f+ l strength Properties of 5l'oods Grown in the. l ailed stiles, which discusses thei er
thtl<i tint' ( (IS vir0fn11l9a) . derivation. (Reference 3 .)
Oak, Oregon wTil In (Q 1 Wrens 4151 ynnel 173 121 1111 17'1 7,1 131 1.0
Oak, illn (e Mete ea Paiins*its] . 157 13 :1 21 .1 211 121 ll-' sI s The trees on which Ihew values are hosed nere sonrewllnt higher in densit
Oak, pal [Quorum., lli,llIlr )il Iri2 1 :12 ...11 18:1 1 155 1 1 1 1 7 1 th:111 the general average for the species . I1 is . Iherefore, very probable Lh :uLr,ry-
1111, Ie l (Lhaerr'ue Iaarni i,s) ._ . . 15 1 1 . t l 2 1 11 2111 1 2 1 . ..8 TS Lher tests which are under was will slightly loner the present figures .
link . it Ixky Meiininln or Ills (Querrru e _
pW 9 14 326 1(t ul 49
flak . ranrlrl IQ1rrrl14n enrrinrnl . - 1112 1 :X0 256 216 t'5't ' 141 Il l Z M 27314 F
(Mk . wlnl Mo rn reel (quern. rlrhrn) 141 111 LVI:. t17 112 111 481
fltlk. =s'hi'll' rlnrt11rlrI ( . ue 114 u8'.iIccol . I 1,12 213 1811 12! 1 .5.5 116
!(irk . vu 11111, IQ'nri trellblo pngndlr
1115 1 ;11 013 2 12:1 91
. rr .'_ r .3a-2
Red alder is about the saint' PIFIlirAM in weight and in most strengt h
properti-es but exceeds-spruce in-haraiaeas . Although the leading hardwood of
the Pacific Northwest, it is nevertheless a relatively small tree tha t
mattes in 50 to 60 years and reaches at that age a diameter of alb t IS , '
indhes . .The amount of clear lumber available is small .
R1079
Biltmore white, blue, green, and white ash are similar in densit y
and mechanical properties and can not be distinguished from one another b y
means of the wood alone . They are marketed as white ash, or more nrooerly ,
as commercial white ash .
Ash occurs all over the eastern United States and along the stream s
in the plains region almost to the foothills of the Roche Mountains . Commer-
cial white ash lumber is produced from trees of a large range of sizes ,
varying from small second-growth timber to large virgin trees 100 or mor e
feet in height and 3 or 4 feet in diameter .
81079 -2 g -
R1079 - 29-
1
Butternut (Juglans cinerea )
'The range is from southern Michigan and the New England State s
southward to Florida and Mississippi . The tree reaches a height of 60 t o
100 feet and a diameter of over 2 feet .
R1079 -3 1-
Slippery elm averages somewhat lighter than ash and rock elm and i s
lower in its strength properties . Pieces of a density equal to that of rock
elm may be used interchangeably with rock elm . Like the other elms, it can b e
bent to curved form readily and also tends to warp in seasoning and in dryin g
after having been bent .
Slippery elm has about the same range as American elm . It occur s
from southern idewfoundland to South Dakota and southward to the Gulf o f
Mexico . The tree is somewhat smaller than the American elm and reaches a
height of about 70 feet .
Black gum occurs from central New England to Florida and rest t o
Texas and Michigan . It is a water-loving species . On the best sites i t
attains a height of 120 feet and a diameter of 5 feet .
r R1079 -32-
Tupelo gum occurs along the Atlantic and the Gulf coasts fro m
Virginia to Texas, and Northward along the Mississippi Valley as far a s
southern Illinois . The largest trees are about 100 feet in height and 3 t o
1 . feet in diameter above the swelled base . The material from the swelle d
butt is characteristically light in weight, brash, and weak .
Pecan Hickorie s
Bitternut Hickory (Hicoria cordiformis )
Nutmeg Hickory H . myristicaeformis )
Water Hickory OE . a Q uatica )
Pecan (H, pecan
The pecan hickories are heavier and more shock resistant than
ash . and yet, in general, they are inferior to the true hickories in thei r
mechanical properties, especially in shock resistance .
Their range and size are in general the same as' those .--of the -
true hickories .
True Hickorie s
Bigleaf Shagbark Hickory (Hicoria laciniosa )
L(ockernut Hickory (H . alb a
Pignut Hickory (H .gllahr a
Shagbark Hickory (H . ovata )
81079 -33- -
R1079 -34-
Black maple and sugar maple, which are very similar in thei r
properties, are classed and sold as "hard" maple . They can not b e
distinguished from each other by the rood alone .
These ,two maples are dense, hard, and stiff . They are diffus e
porous, and have a fine, even texture . On account of their hardness an d
resistance to wear they are often used for the faces of plywood . Thes e
species find numerous uses in aircraft manufacture .
S
Black maple occurs from Quebec westward to northeastern South
Dakota, and southward to a boundary from Missouri to West Virginia . The
range of sugar maple extends from southern Newfoundland to Minnesota an d
southward to eastern Texas and northwestern Florida . It is importan t
commercially principally in the Lake States, the Northeast, and th e
Appalachian region . Mature trees ordinarily are from 100 to 120 feet i n
height, and from 30 to 4o inches in diameter .
R1079 _ 35_
I
re .
p.
-
". .:.-I f
R1079 - 6:
.r
_ rr
The oaks are very heavy and hard and are extremely variable in .
their properties . They need not be considered at all as a substitute fo r -
spruce but they do play an important part in propeller manufacture . The .
radial shrinkage is only about one-half of that in the tangential direction .
Hence quarter-sawed material stays in place much better than plain- ;sawe d
stock and is more desirable for . propeller . construction .
The southern oaks, particularly when swamp grown, are very difficul t
to dry properly without serious checking, honeycombing, and casehardening ,
They are also reputed to be quite difficult to manufacture, especially t o
' machine . For this reason there has been preference in the trade for upland -
grown oak . The available information, however, shows little differonce as
far as strength )roperties are concerned .
R1079 -37-.
Live oak occurs along the coast from Virginia to southern Florid a
and to Texas . It is a spreading tree and consequently yields but short logs .
The largest commercial trees may be about 70 feet high and 6 or 7 feet i n
diameter .
R1079 -3g-
R1079 -39-
I'
~ 'LPL
Alaska Cedar (Cl maec is noatka ens is ) r
s
l
Alaska cedar is heavier than spruce, and although the two are p 1
Port Orford cedar occurs in the coast region from sou iweste w .'
Oregon to California, extending inland about 40 miles ; Mature trees air-e-
usually from 3-1/2 to 6 feet in diameter, and from 125 to ISO feet .hieh ;
occasional trees are g feeA in diameter and 20Q feet high .
Southe g preas occurs in the Atlantic and the Gulf coastal reg&en s
from southern Delaware,t-o Texas, and along the bottom lands of .the Mississipp i
and its tributaries to southern Illinois and Indiana . Mature trees attain a
height of 70 to 150 feet, and a diameter of 4 to 10 feet .
Douglas fir from the Pacific Coast in general is much heavier the n
spruce and its strength properties are eoual to or exceed those of spruc e ., .
Unlike Sitka spruce, the density of Douglas fir wood shows a significant - .
decrease with increase in the height of its position in the tree . As a
result the best aircraft stock would come from the tree at a height . of 4 o
feet or more . Such material would be slightly lower in average specifi c
gravity and strength properties than the values presented in Table VI, whic h
are averages .
i
R1079 -41-
Although Douglas fir grows over a large area in the Test, the so -
called Pacific Coast typo just discussed is confined to the coast regio n
from southern Oregon to British Columbia . It is one of the larges t
commercial trees of the world, being from 3 to 10 feet in diameter and
175 to 300 feet in height .
Alpine fir is very low in weight and also in all its strengt h
properties . Whether some stands contain material that is appreciabl y
stronger than the specimens tested is not known, but this species sonar s
to hold no promise of furnishing stock for highly stressed aircraft parts .
R1079 -#2-
Lowland white, silver, and white fir promise -tO furnish but littlea
clear material in sizes thdl . ere suitable fox-aircraft, The r- are . .of
interest chiefly because they may be used for veneer and . plywood . -
111079 -43-
spruce and have a-lower percentage of clear material, and hence the
percentage of material that will meet aircraft regairements is smaller .
than that of spruce . Yet, all things considered, it shdu'ld be 'regarde d
as a possible substitute in aircraft for snruce l rS Y4n spruce sizes . It i s
. , r , "
{ .nowusedfrv anplywod
81079 --
81079 - 115-
]I- i ;-
11'7
fii .. . - -
1 ,;L 7 [ '. IL
than spruce in strength ; Table VI presents a detailed ceMparison . Althcaigh
11 PN ' they have excellent properties, they are not so strop for their weight d e
1 some of the other pines .
III ,
Individual pieces of any of the southern yd,llft pine SWIMS
exhibit a large range in density and properties . Any material for aircral t
,,wing beams from the southern yellow pines is most likely to come from th e
- 1 1-'lighter weight, slow-growth stock . however, even this l i ghter *eigh t
material, such as that represented in the trade by nAi,ka.nett soft pine, "
would have difficulty in competing with the other species that are possibl e
111 J,c l substitutes .
-,11 f
Llr.i' The touthern yellow pines grow in the Atlantic Coast and the Gul f
I '0'7E1 Coast regions from New Jersey to Texas, and in the lower Mississippi Rive r
0-rai hage area . They again a height of 50 to over l qi -Oot .01d. A diameter of
, 15 toc 1$ inhe t .
_ 1 . 11 '
1 -1
1 t 4 Sugar i
P -h (Pincus lambertial'ia ) 4
.4
.
1 '
`
'2"mw Sugar pine is lighter than spruce and is letter lit ite strength
_ -'''
, - iL. temperatures must be avoided . The strength properties are tote -10W to permi
dose offer : possibility+'
tr-isuenacf-oruesiz,bthpd
Afar use through special design .
L., 114 3E
Sugar pine occurs in the mountain regions of antitheft C4*OgOn An d
...1rc California . It is most abundant and readhei its beet 4ewolopmelit it th e
Siertat . The trees attain large sizes, heights of MO feet or more an d
1 diaMeters of 6 feet being common .
-'.. f. -. 1
Wester 'ite PlbP. :1MMttidola) -IJ1,
Western white pine is about the state =weight as 001.10, but is
slightly lower in shock resistance and much lower in hardheeb . IttperiMent s
at the POrest Produr:ts Laboratory show that *astern white Bite *Aft he kil n
dried without damage to the strength properties . It presents rtl'ctlar
manufacturing difficulties and stays in place suite eatiefattetily . This
; II species could probably be substituted in aircraft for Spr'Uee it tpr*tt Site s
but, as with northern white pine, better practice woad . be to rededign .
The range extends rrtA Southern British Columbia to etetet n
Montana and south along the Cascades and Sierras tb tentral 'California ; the '
nl region of greatest importance is the Panhandle Of Idaho and the A&jaeh t
1 .1
I
parts of Washington and Montana . Mature trees of Western white -pine
frequently reach Alights of .1e0 to 150 feet and diaMetert of 5 feet Ot 4*te .
O -RlOr) %! ._
11
_ 4 .15 , , . z
.. 1 6 4 11 ' J
p!
1 1 a
,, &IA "T .
Ji
somewhat less rel:ia'Q than foil' many of the other woods . Although it presents
11
seasoning than is normal for most '-*Dods . The hsrartvr*ad 's Very s 'eca r
resistant . Because of variability, drying difficu.lt3;esw and the likelih r
of obtaining brash material, it appears that redwood is not a desirabl e
spruce substitute in aircra 't .
The range of redwood is try' bt, being confin '- ncipally '
to Humboldt, Mendocinc, and Del Noe- Countis of California . ,k eaage
mature trees are from-200 to 300 fae;t inheiOt a fraorn4- t[ n-feet in
diameter . Much larger trees are not uncommon . -
. 0 79 -47-.
Red spruce is, found in eastern Canada and the eastern United State s
from New Brunswick as far south as North Carolina . It reaches a height o f
70 to 100 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet .
81079 -4g-
r
White spruce grows from Alaska to Quebec and southward to Montana
t
and West Virginia . The largest trees are 100 feet in height and 3 feet i n
diameter, but most white spruce trees are smaller .
amarac
~P' (Larix laricina )
CONCLUSIONS
R1079
REFERENCE S
2 . Hardecker, John F .
Ao-, _'.cation and fabrication of wood in airplanes . Nationa l
Lumberman, June 1929 .
3. Markwarot, L . J .
CoL :parative strength pr o p erties of woods grown in the United . States .
Dept . Agr . Tech . Bul . 15g , 1930.
Mat! on, J . S .
'e air seasoning of wood . U . S . Dept . Agr . ETech . Bul . 171+, 1930 .
7. Snyder, Thomas E .
Defects in timber caused by insects . U . S . Dept . Agr . Bul . 1490, 1927 .
5. Sudworth, George B .
Check list of the forest trees of the United States, their name s
'aid ranges . U . S . Dept . Agr . Misc . Cir . 92, 1927 .
9. Watkins, J . R .
Pitch pockets and their relation to the inspection of airplane parts .
Journal cf the Franklin Institute, August 1919 .
10 . Wilson, T . R . C .
The effect of kiln drying'on the strength of airplane woods .
N .A .C .A . Report No . 6g , 1920 .
11 .
The effect of spiral grain on the strength of wood . Journal of : I
Forestry, November 1921 .
. 4 1
R1079 -50-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Boyce, J . S .
Decays and &i s aka it , Ja . rplaxe woods . U . S . Dept . Agr:. Bul .
112g, 1923 .
Elmendorf, Armin .
Data on the design of plywood for aircraft . N .A .C .A . Report No . g4 ,
N .A .C .A . Report No . 1g 5, 1924 .
Paul, B . H .
The application of silviculture in controlling the specific gravity
of wood . U . S . Dept . Agr . Tech . Bul . 165,. 1930 .
Sparhawk, W . N .
Supplies and production. of aircraft woods . N .A .C .A . Nb pert No . 6q ;
1919 .
Thelen, Rolf .
Kiln drying handbook . U . S . Dept . Agr . Bul. . 1136, 1929 .
Truax, T . R .
The gluimg fef wood . : U. S . Dept,. Agr . Bul . 1500, 1929 .
R1079
Z 1 3335 F