VISUAL AIDS

PAPER

RAHMAH ANNISA (13040010)

AYU DWI NINGSIH (
SRI WIDIA ARMIS
FITRIANI
AKHIRIZON

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
COLLEGE OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
(STKIP) PGRI WEST SUMATERA
PADANG
2014
 ANCKNOWLEDGMENT

Praise to Allah who has given taufik, guidance and inayah, so the writter can finish this
paper with the title Visual Aids. In writting of this paper the writter wish to render thanks to
our lectures and friends which have given supporting finishing this paper.
The writter hopefully writting of this paper can be of benefit to readers and if there are
mistake in this paper the writter also expect suggestion, idea contribution and criticims utilize
to complete of paper to come.
 CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM

Visual aid can enrich and enliven your speech in many ways: they can make your
ideas clear and understandable, they can make your speech more intersting and memorable,
they can help prove a point and they can add to your personal credibility.

B. Identification of problem
1. Reason for using visual aids
2. Types of visual aids

C. The purpose
1. What is the reason for using visual aids
2. Types of visual aids
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

Visual aids are an important factor in a successful engineering or science

presentation, and as a speaker, you should give careful consideration to your
approach to visual aids. Unfortunately, many presenters rely on the default settings
provided by PowerPoint to create slides for their presentations. Typically, this
approach results in tiresome slides heavy with bulleted text and perhaps an
occasional image.

As a presenter, you should consider if this traditional slide design is in fact the
best method for communicating scientific information. What research exists that
supports the effectiveness of much bulleted text and the occasional image for the
communication of scientific information? Since slides are omnipresent in technical
presentations, this question deserves some consideration

A. Reason for Using Visual Aids

1. Visual aids can make your ideas clear and understandable

2. Visual aids can make your speech more interisting
3. Visual aids can help the audience remmbr fact and details
4. Visial aids can mak long, complicated explanation unncessary
5. Visual aids can help prove a point
6. Visual aids can add to your personal credibility

B. Types of Visual Aids

1. Graphs
Graps help audience understand and retain statistical data. Th line
graph should be a familiar form to all collage students becaus it is widely
used in textbooks. It uses a horizontal and vertival scale to shoe the
relationship between two variables.
The bell-shaped curve for normal distribution is a frature known to
many pople through such statistical graphs as IQ scors in the general
population. This curva can be used in symbolic ways.
A bar graphs is an easy way to show a great deal of data in a clear,
easily comprehnded manner. This kind of graph enable you to show
comparisons within groups.
A pie graph is a circle represnting 100 percent. It is easy for the
audience to understand as long as there are not too many diffrent pieces of
pie. All graphs, a pictorial graph is perharps the easiest to read, because it
visually translates information into a picture that can be graspd
instantaneously.
2. Charst
Charts provide information in a compac, easly digested form. An
information chart can show the main point of your speech or list the steps in
a process. An organization chart can be usd to show hierarchy inn a business
or agency. We are familiar with charts taht show the president of the
company at the top lines of authotity going downward. This kind of chart can
alse be used to organize information. A flowchart show the flow, or sequence,
of related evens.
3. Drawing
Drawing make good visual aids because they can ilustrate points that
would be hard to explain in words. For example, telling an audience how to
cut down a tree would be very difficult without a drawing.

Some students shy away from using drawings because they consider
themselves unartistic. One kind of drawing that is highly effective is a map.
By sketching a map yourself, you can include only those features that are
pertinent to your speech.

4. Photographs
Photographs have a high degree or realism; they are very good for
proving points. Lawyears, for example, often use photographs of th scene of an
accident to win a case. You should use photographs in a speech only if they
enlarged to postr size.
5. Computer graphics
Computers can create all kinds of graphs, charts, maps, and drawing,
which can then be printed (sometimes in color) either on paper or on
transparencies for everhead projection. Slides ca also be mad from computer
graphics.
6. Objects
Three-dimensional objects make good visual aids, provided that they
are large enough for everyone in the audience to see. You could bring such
things as a blood-prssure gauge, a hibachi, handmade pottery, mountain
climbing equipment and musical instruments. Living objects could also be
used, but be sure to get your instructors approval in advance.
7. Models
A model is a representation of an object. One student use a model of
the pyramids to discuss how the ancient egyptians probably built their
famous pyramids. If you were discussing space travel, you could use s model
of a space shuttle. One advantage of a model is that you can move it around.
8. Yourself
You can use yourself as a visual aid. You can demonstrate yoga
positions, judo holds, karate chops, stretching exercize, relaxation technique,
ballet steps, and tennis strokes. You can don native attir, hitorical costumes,
or scuba-diving equipment.

Some of th types of visual aids we looked at above-charts, graphs,

drawings, etc can be conveyed to the audience by means of a variety of
different media. Here are some of the more popular media.
1. Chalkboards
A chalkboards in an ideal tool for visual aids if you have a few
technical words that you need to write for your audience. Otherwise,
chalkboard is usually not very desirable because if you put your visual- a
graph, say-on the board during your speech, you have to turn your back on
the audience; while youre drawing their attention drifts away from you,
and you may find it hard to regain it. Not it is a good idea to put your graph
on the board before the speech begins because the audience will be
distracted by it; they will be scrutinizing it before you are ready to talk
about it.
2. Posters
You can put many kinds of visual aids-graphs, drawing, charts. Etc-on
posters. They do the same work as chalkboards, but they are usually a lot
neater and more visually appealing.
The size of the poster will depend, of course, upon the size of the
audience. Ask yourself : can the person in the back row see the words or
artwork clearly? For huge audience, posters obviously would b unsuitable;
you would have to use slides
Make sure there is a reliable place to put your posters. Propping them
againtst a chalkboard may cause them to fall to fall to the floor during the
middle of the speech. Taping them up on a wall may cause them to fall with
a thud during th speech. Using thumbtacks might work if there is a suitable
place for tacking. One technique is to put the posters on a desk near the
lectern and take one at a time from the pil to hold it up.
3. Flip chatrs
A flip chart is a giant writing pad glued or wires together at the top. It
can be mounted on an easel. It is much like a chalkboard except that when
you are through with a visual, you can tear off the page or flip it over the
back of the easel.
You can prepare the visuals on each page in advance, or you can
halfway prepare them-that is, lightly pencil in your shets at home; thn
during the speech, with a heavy marker, trace over the lines. Whit some flip
charts, the paper might be so thin that ink will seep to thw nwxt page so you
might need a blank page between each sheet that you dtaw on.
4. Handouts
 In a survey, 12667 corporate excutives were asked what format was
most often used by their companies in presenting business graphics. Or
maybe it is not surprising, when you consider that handouts are easy to
prepare, can be update quickly at the last moment, and provide a permanen
ducument that listeners can take with them when they leave a presentation.
5. Overhead Transparencies
Over projector are light boxes that project images from transparencies :

The transparencies are not hard to produce

It is easy to make last minute change in artwork or statistic
You do not need another person to operate the machine for you
Since the room usually does not have to be darkened yaou and the
audience can see each other at all times
When you want to point to an item on your visual, you do not have
tu turn your back to to the audience by going to the sceeen; you
can simply point to the proper place on the transparency with a
pencil or pen

6. Slides
Slides are popular in business, gonverment, and militery
presentationns. They allow a greet dela of flexibelity you can insert and
delete slides quickly and easily, thus adapting a slide show to meet the
needs of different kinds of sudiences.
Slide projectors are easy to operate. You can set your own
pace,lingering ovr a slide that requires long explanation, while hurrying
through slides that need little or no commentary.
To bw seen clearly, slids must b shown in a completely darkend room.
This situation is bith good and bad. It is good in that the attention of your
audience is concentrated on one spot-the screen. This means there are no
visual ditractions that might cause th listeners eyes to wander. The bad
aspect is that you and your listener lose eye communication with each
other; you have to relusolely on your voice to make contact. To solve this
problem, some speakers show slides in a semidark room, but this maks
slides appear wahed out and therefore hard to see.
Once you have finished discussing a slides, do not leave it on the
sceen. If you are not yet ready to gi to the next slide, project a light-colored
blank slides on the screen while you talk, and turn on the lighta until you
are ready for the next slide.
7. Films and Videotapes
Films are awkward to use. Yime is spent starting and stopping the
projector. Furthermore, the projector makes noise and can block th view of
some listeners. If you are thinking of showing a film as part of a classroom
speech, you should get permission in advance from your instructor. Even if
you get approval, you will want to guard againts letting the film dominate
the spech or take up most of your time. Outsid that classroom, a film might
be very effective if you are alloted, say, 45 minutes and the film could serve
as an appetizer something to whet appetites for the main course, your spech.
If you have detaild, technical material to cover, you might use a film in a
middle of your speech to break the monotony. Or you can use a film at the
end if it will motivate the audience to take action on ypur proposals.
Videotapes are replacing 16-mm film as the favorite type of motion
picture. Not only are many commercially produced videotapes available,
but many people can mkae their own types, using their own videocassetee
camcorders or one borrowed from their school or employers. Because of the
ease in rewinding and advencing, videotaps are superior to films if you
want to show only a small portion of a show. Furthermore, the playback
machines for videotapes do not make a loud noise, as do 16-mm projectors.
If you use videotapes for your interviews, you ven be able to use some
excerpts in your speech. Here are some guidelines for usingg visual aids
effectively in your may espeeches.
a. Choose visual aids that truly suppport you speech
Before you use any visual aid, ask yourself this question : will
it help support an important idea in my speech? If the answer is
no forget about using it. Your job is not dazzle people with
pretty colors on a screen or to impress them with your creative
artwork. A beautifull drawing of an airplane, for example would
not really coontribute to a speech on vacationing in Europe
b. Make visual aids simple and clear
Each visual aids should have just one major idea which the
listeners can quickly graphs. To much information can confuse or
overwhelm them. They might spend so much time and energy
trying to make sense out of your visual that they stop listening to
you.
If you take graphs or charts from books, be aware that some
visual aids in boooks are jam-packed with fascinating details
which may not be suitable for a speech.
While the visual aids should be appealing to the eye, they
should also be clear, neat, and uncrowded. In aids such graphs,
make all labels horizontal. You need not labl every part of your
visual, as you are there to explain the aid.
c. Do not let visuals become a substitute for a speech
Your visual aids cannot give your speech for you. This is
especially important to remember for classroom speeches. Do not
show a 4-minute film on Denmark and then spend only 1 minute
talking abput your trip to that country. The aid is a supplement, a
help, a clarifier- is not substitute for a speech.
d. Do not use an excessive number of visual aids
Only the number necceserry to make your points. No more, no
less. It is not true that the mire aids you have the better of you are.
If there are too many the audience might feel overwhelmed or
jaded.
e. Practic with your visual aids
When you practice your speech, do not forget to include your
visual aids. It is especially important that you practice using
unfamiliar equipment, such as overhead projectors or videotapes
machines, so that you can avoid fumbling or faltering during your
speech. In order to have plebty or practice time, you obviously neet
to prepare your visual aids fai in advance.
f. Make sure visual aids do not distract from your message
Never let a visual aid draw the ateention of your listeners away
from ypor message. One speaker brought in a ferret to demonstrate
what great pets they make. The only trouble was that the ferret did
cute impromptu stunts all during the speech, causing the audience
to laught at th antics of the animal rather than listen to spech
Since handouts are so populer in the business world, you need
to know some basic rules: (1) never distribute a ahndout until you
are ready to talk about it. This is a simple rule, but one that is often
violated: i have seen dozens of presenters pass out stacks of
handouts at the beginning of a talk. While they goover each
handout, the room is filled with the sound of rustling papers, as the
listeners race ahead, reading handouts that the presenters has not
yet come to and ignoring or only half-listening to what the speaker
is saying. (2) do not distribute a handout during a speech unless it
is short and simple. If you have a simple grapich or a small amount
of a text on a handout, you can distribute a copy to each listener,
and then discuss the content. (3) be careful to avoid talking about a
handout while you are passing copies out, wait until every listener
has a copy, then start your explanation. (4) lenghty or complex a
handout that you want listener to take home with them should be
distribute at the end of the question and answer period. Then
reason for this is obvious: if a handout with many different
graphics or whit a lot of text is passed out during the speech, the
listener would be tempted to read or study the entire handout,
rather than pay attention to you.
g. Do not talk to your visual aid
Many speakers are so intent on explaining a visual aid that they
spend most of their time talking to it instead of to the audience.
You should stand next to your aid and face the audience during
most of your discussion. Look at the aid only in two situations: (1)
whw you introduce it, look at it for several seconds-this is long
enough to draw the listeners attention toward it. (2) when you want
 to redirect the audiences attention to a new feature, look at the aid
for one or teo seconds.

h. Explain Visual Aid

Not matter how simple your visual aid is, your should explain it
to your audience. Some speakers slap transparencies of graphs onto
an overhead projector, talk about them for a moment, and then
whisk them off. To such speakers, the graph is simple and abvious
they do not stop to think that the listeners have never seen the aid
before and need time to analyze and absorb the visual information.
As you discuss a part of your visual aid, do not wave your hand
in the general direction of the aid and assume that the audience can
figure out what feature your are pointing out. Be precise. Point to
the specific part that you are discussing. If you have a small visual
aid, you can use a finger to point, if your aid is large, you may want
to use a ruler, pen, or extendable point. To avoid twisting your
body, use the hand nearer the aid.
i. Plan for Emergencies
Whit visual aids, there is always a chance of a foul-up,
especially if you are using electronic media, so you need to plan
how to handle any problems that might arise. Sometimea the
problem is simple but nevertheless frustrating. If you plan to sketch
on the board, make sure there is chalk. It is disruptive to have to
send someone to another room to find chalk.
Before you use any elctronic media, you should talk with your
instructor or the program chairperson to get permission and to
make arrangements.
Be prepared for the unexpected-slides appearing upside down,
the bulbin the slide projector burning out, videotape braking in the
middle of the program. Some of these disasters can be mitigated by
advance planning. For example, carry a spare bulb for the slide
projector; if the videotape breaks, be ready to fill in the missing
information. If equipment breaks down and cannot be fixed qickly,
continue whit your speech as best you can. Try to keep your polse
and sense of humor.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSSION

Visual aid can enrich and enliven your speech in many ways: they can make
your ideas clear and understandable, they can make your speech more intersting and
memorable, they can help prove a point and they can add to your personal credibility.
Whatever type of aids you choose, you should take into consideration the
followimg gidelines : (1) choose visual aids that trully support your speech. (2)make
your aids simple and as clear as possible. (3) do not let your visual become a substitute
for the speech. (4) do not use an excessive number of aids. (5) practice with your aids
ahead of time. (6) make sure the aids do not distract from your massage. (7). Do not
talk to your aids. (8). explain each aid, regardles of how simple it is. (9). Plan for
emergencies

BIBLIOGRAPHY