2 File Common Banegi

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY
ADEEL ATA 1250800011

AVANEESH KUMAR 1250800035
DEEPAK SINGH YADAV 1250800039
DIVYANSHU AWASTHI 1250800044
PRATEEK SRIVASTAVA 1250800078
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MR. RAHUL SINGH
(ASST.PROFESSOR)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BABU BANARASI DAS ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
LUCKNOW
DR. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW
2016-2017
1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BBDEC
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project entitled Earthquake Resistant Building submitted by ADEEL
ATA (1250800011), AVANEESH KUMAR (1250800035), DEEPAK SINGH YADAV
(1250800039), DIVYANSHU AWASTHI (1250800044), PRATEEK SRIVASTAVA
(1250800078).
In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of bachelor of
Technology (Civil Engineering) of A.KT.U, is a record of students own work carried under
our supervision and guidance. The project report embodies results of original work and
studies carried out by students and the contents do not form the basis for the award of any
other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.
MR. RAHUL SINGH MR. RAJ KUMAR GUPTA
(PROJECT GUIDE) (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)
CIVIL ENGG, B.B.D.E.C
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
NAME & SIGNATURE
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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitle Earthquake Resistant Building submitted by us
in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology (Civil Engineering) of A.K.T.U is record of our own work carried under the
supervision and guidance of Mr. RAHUL SINGH, (Asst. Professor).
To the best of my knowledge this project has not been submitted to A.K.T.U or any other
University or Institute for the award of any degree.
ADEEL ATA
AVANEESH KUMAR
DEEPAK SINGH YADAV
DIVYANSHU AWASTHI
PRATEEK SRIVASTAVA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are extremely grateful and remain indebted to our guide Mr. RAHUL SINGH and Mr.
R.K GUPTA (H.O.D), Civil Department for being a source of inspiration and for their
constant support in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of project. We are
thankful to them for their constant constructive suggestions, which benefited use lot in
developing this project. They had been a constant source of inspiration and motivation for
hard work, through this column; it would be my utmost pleasure to express our warm thanks
to them for their encouragement, co-operation and constant support without which we might
have not been able to accomplish this project.
We are sincerely grateful to our Head of Department of Civil Engineering, Mr. R.K GUPTA
for his assistance and guidance throughout the study.
We also express our gratitude to our college for providing us the infrastructure to carry out
the project and to all staff-member who were directly or indirectly instrumented in enabling
us to stay committed for project.
ADEEL ATA
AVANEESH KUMAR
DEEPAK SINGH YADAV
DIVYANSHU AWASTHI
PRATEEK SRIVASTAVA
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PREFACE
Earthquakes constitute one of the greatest hazards of life and property on the earth. Due to
suddenness of their occurrence, they are least understood and most dreaded. The earthquake
resistant construction is considered to be very important to mitigate their effects.
The field of Earthquake Engineering has existed in our country for over 35 years now.
Indian earthquake engineers have made significant contributions to the seismic safety of
several important structures in the country. However, as the recent earthquakes have shown,
the performance of normal structures during past Indian earthquakes has been less
satisfactory. This is mainly due to the lack of awareness amongst most practicing engineers of
the special provisions that need to be followed in earthquake resistant design and thereafter in
construction. Earthquakes are among the most powerful events on earth, and their results can
be terrifying. An earthquake in general does not kill people directly. Instead, many deaths and
injuries result from the collapse of buildings, bridges, and other structures. We cannot prevent
natural disasters from striking, but we can prevent or limit their impact by making buildings
strong enough to resist their destructive forces. This can be achieved by earth quake resistant
structures. In the case of earthquakes, it is possible to neutralize their harm by applying basic
engineering and planning principles that are inexpensive. This paper presents the brief
essentials of earthquake resistant construction and a few techniques to improve the resistance
of building and building materials to earthquake forces, economically.
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ABSTRACT
A major part of design for earthquake resistance involves the building structure, which has
primary role in preventing serious damage or structural collapse. Over the years, earthquake
has been the cause of great disasters in the form of destruction of property and injury and loss
of life to the population. One major measure to mitigate the earthquake hazards is to design
and build structures through better engineering practices, so that these structures possess
adequate earthquake-resistant capacity.
Structures of Uniform Response are special earthquake resistant frames in which
members of similar groups such as beams, columns and braces of similar nature share the
same demand-capacity ratios regardless of their location within the group. The fundamental
idea behind this presentation is that seismic structural response is largely a function of design
and construction, rather than analysis. Both strength and stiffness are induced rather than
investigated. Failure mechanisms and stability conditions are enforced rather than tested.
Structures of Uniform Response are expected to sustain relatively large inelastic
displacements during major earthquakes. A simple technique has been proposed to control
and address the gradual softening of such structures due to local/partial instabilities and
formation of plastic hinges. In structures of uniform response, the magnitude and shape of
distribution of lateral forces affects the distribution of story stiffness in proportion with story
moments, therefore affecting the dynamic behavior of the system as a whole. While the scope
of this contribution is limited to moment frames, the proposed method can successfully be
extended to all types of recognized earthquake resisting systems.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE i
Certificate ii
Declaration iii
Acknowledgement iv
Preface v
Abstract vi
Table of Content vii-x
List of Figure xi
List of Tables & Flowcharts xii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-7
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Brief Detail of Building 3
1.2 Design Approach 3
1.3 Specification and Design Criterion Loads 7
Chapter 2 Literature Review 9-28
2.1 Effect of Earthquake on Reinforced Concrete Buildings 9
2.1.1 Roles of Floor Slabs and Masonry Walls 10
2.1.2 Strength hierarchy 11
2.2 Seismic Design Philosophy 12
2.2.1 Earthquake Resistant Building 14
2.2.2 Earthquake Design Philosophy 14
2.3 Remedial Measures & Techniques to Minimize the Losses Due 16
To Earthquakes
2.3.1 Building Planning 16
2.3.2 Foundation 16
2.3.3 Shear Walls 17
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2.3.3.1 Advantages of Shear Walls in RC Buildings 18
2.3.3.2 Architectural Aspects of Shear Walls 18
2.3.3.3 Reinforcement Bars in RC Walls 19
2.3.4 Provision of Band 20
2.3.5 Arches and Domes 21
2.3.6 Staircases 21
2.3.7 Beam Column Joints 21
2.3.8 Masonry Building 22
2.4 Earthquake Resistant Building Construction with Reinforced 22
Hollow Concrete Block (RHCBM)
2.4.1 Structural Features 23
2.4.2 Structural Advantages 24
2.4.3 Constructional Advantages 24
2.4.4 Architectural and Other Advantages 24
2.5 Mid-Level Isolation 25
2.6 Earthquake Resistance Using Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete 27
(SIMCON)
2.7 Traditional Earthquake Resistant Housing 31
Chapter 3 Analysis & Calculations of Building Structures 32-34
3.1 Analysis 32
3.1.1 for Vertical Loads 32
3.1.2 for Lateral Loads 32
3.2 Selection of Design Moment and Shear Forces 34
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Chapter 4 Design Methodology 35-69
4.1 Design 36
4.1.1 Method 36
4.1.2 Materials 36
4.1.3 Design of Beam 36
4.1.4 Design of Column 36
4.1.5 Design of Slabs 36
4.1.6 Design of Staircase 36
4.1.7 Design of Isolated Footing 37
4.2 Another Classification of Load Is According To Statistical Approach 38
4.2.1 Characteristic Load 38
4.2.2 Critical Load Combinations 38
4.2.3 For Earthquake Resist RCC Design Load Combinations 39
4.2.4 For Footing Design Load Combinations 39
Chapter 5 Understanding of Earthquake and Basic Terminology 70-76
5.1 Understanding of Earthquake and Basic Terminology 70
5.1.1 Epicenter 70
5.1.2 Focus 70
5.1.3 Base Isolation 71
5.1.4 Earthquake Generated Forces 71
5.1.5 Deformation and Damages 72
5.1.6 Response of Base Isolated Building 73
5.1.7 Energy Dissipation Devices 74
5.1.8 Fluid Viscous Dampers 75

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5.1.9 Damping Devices and Bracing Systems 75
5.1.10 Focal Depth 76
Chapter 6 Behavior of Masonry Buildings to Ground Motion 77-78
6.1 Behavior of Masonry Buildings to Ground Motion 77
Chapter 7 Role & Responsibilities of Civil Engineers 79-80
7.1 Role & Responsibilities of Civil Engineers 79
7.2 Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Construction 79
Chapter 8 Conclusion & Recommendations 81-82
Chapter 9 Bibliography 83
Chapter 10 Websites & References 84
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Multi Storey Building 3
Figure 2.1 Total Horizontal Earthquake force in a building increases 11

Downwards Along its heights.
Figure 2.2 Floor bends with the Beam but moves all columns at that 12
level together.
Figure 2.3 Infill walls move together with the columns under earthquake 12
shaking.
Figure 2.4 two distinct designs of building that result in different earthquake 14
performances- Columns should be stronger than Beams.
Figure 2.5 Performance objectives under different intensities of earthquake 17

shaking seeking low repairable damage under minor shaking
and collapse prevention under strong shaking.
Figure 2.6 Reinforced concrete shear walls in buildings an excellent 19

structural system for Earthquake resistance.
Figure 2.7 Shear walls must be symmetric in plan layout twist in buildings 21
can be avoided.
Figure 2.8 Layout of main reinforcement in shear walls as per IS:13920-1993 22

detailing is the key to good seismic performance.
Figure 2.9 Reinforced hollow concrete blocks. 25
Figure 2.10 Mid-level isolation procedures. 29
Figure 5.1 Base-Isolated and Fixed-Base Buildings. 77
Figure 5.2 Base-Isolated, Fixed-Base Buildings. 78
Figure 5.3 Damping Device Installed with Brace. 81
Figure 5.4 a total collapsing a building. 82
Figure 6.1 Damage caused by Earthquake in Walls. 84
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Seismic Design Categories, Risk, and Seismic Design Criteria 15
LIST OF FLOW CHARTS
Flowchart 1 Steps of Project work 42
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Design Of Earthquake Resistant Building
1.0 INTRODUCTION
An earthquake is the vibration, sometimes violent to the earths surface that follows a
release of energy in the earths crust. This energy can be generated by a sudden
dislocation of segments of the crust, by a volcanic eruption or even by a manmade
explosion. The dislocation of the crust causes most destructive earthquakes. The crust
may first bend and then the stresses exceed the strength of rocks, they break. In the
process of breaking, vibrations called seismic waves are generated. These waves
travel outward from the source of the earthquake along the surface and through the
earth at varying speeds depending on the material through which they move. These
waves can cause disasters on the earths surface.
No structure on the planet can be constructed 100% earthquake proof; only its
resistance to earthquake can be increased. Treatment is required to be given
depending on the zone in which the particular site is located. Earthquake occurred in
the recent past have raised various issues and have forced us to think about the
disaster management. It has become essential to think right from planning stage to
completion stage of a structure to avoid failure or to minimize the loss of property.
Not only this, once the earthquake has occurred and disaster has taken place; how to
use the debris to construct economical houses using this waste material without
affecting their structural stability.
Structural design involves determining most suitable proportion of a structure and
dimensioning of the structural element and details of which it is composed. This is the
most highly technical and mathematical phase of a structural engineering project, but it
cannot or certainly shouldnt be conducted without fully coordinated with the planning
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and construction phases of the project. The successful designer is at all time fully
conscious of the various consideration which were involved in preliminary planning of
the structure and likewise, of the various problems which may later be involved in its
constructions.
Specially the structural design of any structure first involves the establishment of the
loading and other design condition which must be resisted by the structure and
therefore must be considered and its design, then comes to the analysis of the structure
and then comes to analysis of the internal forces (thrust, shear, bending and twisting
moment) stress, intensities, strain, deflection and reaction reduced by load and other
design consideration. Finally comes to proportional selection of material of the
member and connection so as resist adequately the effect produced by design
conditions. The criteria used to judge whether particular proportion will result in
desired behavior reflect accumulated knowledge, intuition, and judgment.
2
Fig No. 1.1 a Multi Storey Building
We are going to deal with the project of a four storied Commercial building which
consists of following parts which are designed serially:-
1 Design of slab
2 Analysis Through Staad.Pro.(Structural Engineering Software)
3 Design of beams
4 Design of Columns
5 Design of staircase
6 Design of Foundation
1.1 BRIEF DETAIL OF BUILDING
Building frame of our project consists of four storied networks of beams & column,
which are built monolithically & rigidly, with each other of their junction. All members
of such a frame are continuous of their ends. Live load is a most important during
analysis but affects of horizontal loads such as earthquakes & spread over the structure
as a whole increasing its safety considerably. The structure being highly indeterminate,
an exact analysis becomes tedious. Through Staad.Pro. (Structural Engineering
3
Software), the analysis of the structure is carried out, limit state method is most widely
method adopt throughout, we have use this method in our design work.
1.2 DESIGN APPROACH

There are basically two types of structures, one is load bearing, and other is framed
structure. This project is framed structure, these structure bears load by virtue of its
geometry. Framed structure is more resistant to horizontal load, flexible and
economical under heavy loads.
In design approach there are two methods, one is working stress and other is limit state
method. Working stress method becomes obsolete nowadays, it is uneconomical and
with it we are not able to predict the behavior of the structure and ultimate loads. In
limit state method stress block is rectangular cum parabolic so reserved strength of
concrete is well utilized design is economical. In this project limit state method is
adopted as it is and it encompasses all the favorable point of working stresses as well
as ultimate method of design.
For vertical loads there are different methods of analysis. A building frame is three
dimensional vertical frames all two mutually perpendicular horizontal axis of analysis.
These frames are analyzed independently of each other. The degree of sophistication to
which a structure analysis is depends on the created out depends on the importance of
the structure. A wide range of approaches have been used for building of varying
height and importance, from simple approximate methods which can be carried out
manually of with the aid of desk calculators, to more refined techniques involving
computer solutions.
The various exact method of analysis are slop deflection method, moment distribution
method, substitute frame method, etc. the approximate method are portal method and
4
cantilever method, for computation using a pocket calculator. The Kanis method is
preferable / the most convenient of analyzing a building frame.
The design of structure consists of the following steps:
Idealization of structure for analysis,

Estimation of loads,
Analysis of idealized structural model to determine axial thrust, shears, bending
moments and deflections,

Design of structural elements,
Detailed structural drawings and schedule of reinforcing bars,
There are three philosophies for the design of reinforced concrete, pre-stressed
concrete as well as steel structures:
The working stress method,

The ultimate load method,
The limit state method.
Working stress method has been the tradition method used for reinforced concrete
design where it is assumed that concrete is elastic, steel and concrete act together
elastically and relationship between loads and stresses is linear right up to the collapse
of the structure. Working stress method becomes obsolete now days. The elastic
concept is mainly used for computation of deflections which are of under interest
under working loads rather than ultimate loads. It is uneconomical and with it we are
not able to predict the behavior of structure at ultimate loads.
In the ultimate load method the working loads are increased by suitable factor to obtain
ultimate loads. These factors are called load factors. In this strain distribution across
the depth is linear right up to failure, and the tensile strength of concrete is ignored in
section subjected to bending.
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While in limit state method the object of design is to achieve an acceptable probability
that a structure will not become unserviceable in its life time for the use for which it
intended, that is, it will not reach a limit state .In the limit state design method theses
parameters are determined based on observation taken over a period of time. These
parameters will thus be influenced by chance or random effect not just at a single
instant but throughout the entire period of time or the sequence of time that is being
considered. Structural members designed on the basis of permissible stresses using a
factor of safety regardless of different working condition and load combinations
actually had different safety margins. There are two main limit states:
Limit state of collapse: To safety this limit state, the strength must be adequate
to carry the loads account must be taken of stability.
Limit state of serviceability: To satisfy this limit state deflection, cracking and
vibration must not be excessive.
1.3 Specification And Design Criterion Loads
Dead load :
The dead load of a building shall comprise the weight of all walls,
partitions, floors & roofs. Including weight of all other permanent
constructions.
Live load :
i) Live load on all floors = 4 KN/m2
ii) Live load on roof = 1.5 KN/m2
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Seismic load :
In the case of structures, designed for horizontal seismic force, only it
shall be considered to act in any on direction at time. Where both horizontal
and vertical seismic force are taken in to account , horizontal force in any one
direction at a time may be considered simultaneously with the vertical forces as
specified in clause 5.4.4 N.B.C. (National Building Code).
The vertical seismic coefficient shall be considered only in the class of
structure in which stability is a criterion of design or for overall stability except
as otherwise specified.
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Since the magnitude of a future earthquake and shaking intensity expected at a
particular site cannot be estimated with a reasonable accuracy, the seismic forces are
difficult to quantify for the purposes of design. Further, the actual forces that can be
generated in the structure during an earthquake are very large and designing the
structure to respond elastically against these forces make it too expensive.
Therefore, in the earthquake resistant design post yield inelastic behavior is
usually relied upon to dissipate the input seismic energy. Thus the design forces of
earthquakes may be only a fraction of maximum (probable) forces generated if the
structure is to remain elastic during the earthquake. For instance, the design seismic
for buildings may at times be as low as one tenths of the maximum elastic seismic
force. Thus, the earthquake resistant construction and design does not aim to achieve a
structure that will not get damaged in a strong earthquake having low probability of
occurrence; it aims to have a structure that will perform appropriately and without
collapse in the event of such a shaking.
Ductility is the capacity of the structure to undergo deformation beyond yield
without losing much of its load carrying capacity. Higher is the ductility of the
structure; more is the reduction possible in its design seismic force over what one gets
for linear elastic response. Ensuring ductility in a structure is a major concern in a
seismic construction.
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2.1 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDINGS
In recent times, reinforced concrete buildings have become common in India. A
typical RC building is made of horizontal members (beams and slabs) and vertical
members (columns and walls) and supported by foundations that rest on the ground.
The system consisting of RC columns and connecting beams is called a RC frame.
Fig No. 2.1 Total Horizontal Earthquake force in a building increases

downwards along its heights
The RC frame participates in resisting earthquake forces. Earthquake shaking
generates inertia forces in the building, which are proportional to the building mass.
Since most of the building mass is present at the floor levels, earthquake induced
inertia forces primarily develop at the floor levels. These forces travel downward
through slabs to beams, beams to columns and walls and then to foundations from
where they are dispersed to the ground. As the inertia forces accumulate downward
from the top of the building (as shown in fig3.1) , the columns and walls at the lower
storey experience higher earthquake induced forces and are therefore designed to be
stronger than the storey above.
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2.1.1 Roles of floor slabs and masonry walls:
Floor slabs are horizontal like elements, which facilitates functional use of buildings.
Usually, beams and slabs at one storey level are cast together. In residential
multistoried buildings, the thickness of slab is only about 110mm-150mm. when
beams bend in vertical direction during earthquakes, these thin slabs bend along with
them. When beams move in horizontal direction, the slab usually forces the beams to
move together with it.
Fig No.2.2 Floor bends with the Beam but moves all columns at that level
together
Fig No. 2.3 Infill walls move together with the columns under earthquake
shaking
In most of the buildings, the geometric distortion of the slab is negligible in the
horizontal plane; the behavior is known as rigid diaphragm action. After columns and
floors in a RC building are cast and the concrete hardens, vertical spaces between
columns and floors are usually filled in with masonry walls to demarcate a floor area
into functional spaces. Normally, these masonry walls are called infill walls, are not
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connected to surrounding RC beams and columns. When the columns receive
horizontal forces at floor levels, they try to move in the horizontal direction, but
masonry wall tend
to resist this movement.
Due to their heavy weight and thickness, these walls develop cracks once their ability
to carry horizontal load is exceeded. Thus, infill walls act like sacrificial fuses in the
buildings, they develop crack under severe ground shaking but help share the load the
load of beams and columns until cracking.
2.1.2 Strength hierarchy:
For a building to remain safe during earthquake shaking columns (which
receive forces from beams) should be stronger than beams and foundations (which
receive forces from columns) should be stronger than columns. Further the
connections between beams and columns, columns and foundations should not fail so
that beams can safely transfer forces to columns and columns to foundations.
When this strategy is adopted in the design, damage is likely to occur first in beams.
When beams are detailed properly to have large ductility, the building as a whole can
deform by large amounts despite progressive damage caused due to consequent
yielding of beams.
If columns are made weaker, localized damage can lead to the collapse
of building, although columns at storey above remain almost undamaged.
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Fig No. 2.4 two distinct designs of building that result in different earthquake
performances- Columns should be stronger than Beams
2.2 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Severity of ground shaking at a given location during earthquake can be minor,
moderate and strong. Relatively speaking, minor shaking occurs frequently; moderate
shaking occasionally and strong shaking rarely. For instance, on average annually
about 800 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0-5.9 occurs in the world, while the number is
only 18 for the magnitude ranges 7.0-7.9. Since it costs money to provide additional
earthquake safety in buildings, a conflict arises should we do away with the design of
buildings for earthquake effects? Or should we design the building to be earthquake
proof wherein there is no damage during strong but rare earthquake shaking. Clearly
the formal approach can lead to a major disaster and second approach is too
expensive. Hence the design philosophy should lie somewhere in between two
extremes.
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Table 1 Seismic Design Categories, Risk, and Seismic Design Criteria
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2.2.1 Earthquake resistant building:
The engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get
damaged even during the rare but strong earthquake; such buildings will be too robust
and also too expensive. Instead, engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake
resistant, such building resists the effects of ground shaking, although they may get
damaged severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety
of peoples and contents is assured in earthquake resistant buildings and thereby, a
disaster is avoided. This is a major objective of seismic design codes through the
world.
2.2.2 Earthquake design philosophy:
The earthquake design philosophy may be summarized as follows:
Under minor, but frequent shaking, the main members of the building that carry
vertical and horizontal forces should not be damaged; however the building parts that
do not carry load may sustain repairable damage.
Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main member may sustain repairable
damage, but the other parts of the building may be damaged such that they may even
have to be replaced after the earthquake.
Under strong but rare shaking, may sustain severe (even irreparable) damage, but
the building should not collapse.
14
Fig No.2.5 Performance objectives under different intensities of earthquake

shaking seeking low repairable damage under minor shaking and collapse
prevention under strong shaking
Thus after minor shaking, the building will be operational within a short time and
repair cost will be small and after moderate shaking, the building will be operational
once the repair and strengthening of the damaged main members is completed. But,
after a strong earthquake, the building may become disfunctional for further use, but
will stand so that people can be evacuated and property recovered.
The consequences of damage have to be kept in view in the design philosophy. For
example, important buildings like hospitals and fire stations play a critical role in post
earthquake activities and must remain functional immediately after earthquake. These
structures must sustain very little damage and should be designed for a higher level of
earthquake protection. Collapse of dams during earthquake can cause flooding in the
downstream reaches, which itself can be a secondary disaster. Therefore, dams and
nuclear power plants should be designed for still higher level of earthquake motion.
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2.3 REMEDIAL MEASURES & TECHNIQUES TO
MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
Whenever a building project is prepared and designed, the first and the most
important aspect of design is to know the zone to which this structure is likely to rest.
Depending upon these, precautionary measures in structural design calculation are
considered and structure can be constructed with sufficient amount of resistance to
earthquake forces. Various measures to be adopted are explained point wise, giving
emphasis to increase earthquake resistance of buildings.
2.3.1 Building planning:
The records of various earthquake failures reveal that unsymmetrical structure
performs poorly during earthquake. The unsymmetrical building usually develops
torsion due to seismic forces, which causes development of crack leading to collapse
of a structure. Building therefore should be constructed rectangular and symmetrical
in plan. If a building has to be planned in irregular or unsymmetrical shape, it should
be treated as the combination of a few rectangular blocks connected with passages. It
will avoid torsion and will increase resistance of building to earthquake forces.
2.3.2 Foundation:
IS code recommends that as far as possible entire building should be founded on
uniform soil strata. It is basically to avoid differential settlement. In case if loads
transmitted on different column and column footing varies, foundation should be
designed to have uniform settlement by changing foundation size as per code
conditions to have a loading intensity for uniform settlement.
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Raft foundation performs better for seismic forces. If piles are driven to some depth
over which a raft is constructed (raft cum pile foundation), the behavior of foundation
under seismic load will be far better. Piles will take care of differential settlement with
raft and resistance of structure to earthquake forces will be very large.
2.3.3 Shear Walls:
Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings often have vertical plate-like RC walls called
Shear Walls (Figure) in addition to slabs, beams and columns. These walls generally
start at foundation level and are continuous throughout the building height. Their
thickness can be as low as 150mm, or as high as 400mm in high rise buildings. Shear
walls are usually provided along both length and width of buildings (Figure). Shear
walls are like vertically-oriented wide beams that carry
Earthquake loads downwards to the foundation.
Fig No.2.6 Reinforced concrete shear walls in buildings an excellent structural

system for Earthquake resistance.
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2.3.3.1 Advantages of Shear Walls in RC Buildings
Properly designed and detailed buildings with shear walls have shown very good
performance in past earthquakes. The overwhelming success of buildings with shear
walls in resisting strong earthquakes is summarized in the quote:
We cannot afford to build concrete buildings meant to resist severe earthquakes
without shear walls.
Mark Fintel, a noted consulting engineer in USA Shear walls in high seismic regions
require special detailing. However, in past earthquakes, even buildings with sufficient
amount of walls that were not specially detailed for seismic performance (but had
enough well-distributed reinforcement) were saved from collapse. Shear wall
buildings are a popular choice in many earthquake prone countries, like Chile, New
Zealand and USA. Shear walls are easy to construct, because reinforcement detailing
of walls is relatively straight-forward and therefore easily
Implemented at site. Shear walls are efficient, both in terms of construction cost and
effectiveness in minimizing earthquake damage in structural and nonstructural
elements (like glass windows and building contents).
2.3.3.2 Architectural Aspects of Shear Walls
Most RC buildings with shear walls also have columns; these columns primarily carry
gravity loads (i.e., those due to self-weight and contents of building). Shear walls
provide large strength and stiffness to buildings in the direction of their orientation,
which significantly reduces lateral sway of the building and thereby reduces damage
to structure and its contents. Since shear walls carry large horizontal earthquake
forces, the overturning effects on them are large. Thus, design of their foundations
requires special attention. Shear walls should be provided along preferably both
length and width. However, if they are provided along only one direction, a proper
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grid of beams and columns in the vertical plane (called a moment-resistant frame)
must be provided along the other direction to resist strong earthquake effects. Door or
window openings can be provided in shear walls, but their size must be small to
ensure least interruption to force flow through walls. Moreover, openings should be
symmetrically located. Special design checks are required to ensure that the net cross-
sectional area of a wall at an opening is sufficient to carry the horizontal earthquake
force. Shear walls in buildings must be symmetrically located in plan to reduce ill-
effects of twist in buildings (Figure). They could be placed symmetrically along one
or both directions in plan. Shear walls are more effective when located along exterior
perimeter of the building such a layout increases resistance of the building to
twisting.
Fig No. 2.7 Shear walls must be symmetric in plan layout twist in buildings can
be avoided.
2.3.3.3 Reinforcement Bars in RC Walls
Steel reinforcing bars are to be provided in walls in regularly spaced vertical and
horizontal grids (Figure). The vertical and horizontal reinforcement in the wall can be
19
placed in one or two parallel layers called curtains. Horizontal reinforcement needs to
be anchored at the ends of walls. The minimum area of reinforcing steel to be
provided is 0.0025 times the cross-sectional area, along each of the horizontal and
vertical directions. This vertical reinforcement should
be distributed uniformly across the wall cross-section.
Fig No. 2.8 Layout of main reinforcement in shear walls as per IS:13920-1993
detailing is the key to good seismic performance.
2.3.4 Provision of Band:
IS code recommends construction of concrete band at lintel level to resist earthquake.
The studies revealed that building with band at lintel level and one at plinth level
improves load carrying of building to earthquake tremendously. It is suggested here
that if bands are plinth level, sill level, lintel level and roof level in the case of
20
masonry structure only, the resistance of building to earthquake will increase
tremendously. Band at sill level should go with vertical band and door openings to
meet at lintel level. Hold fast of doors can be fitted in their sill band. In case of
earthquake of very high intensity or large duration only infill wall between walls will
fail minimizing casualties and sudden collapse of structure. People will get sufficient
time to escape because of these bands.
2.3.5 Arches and Domes:
Behavior of arches has been found very unsatisfactory during earthquake. However
domes perform very satisfactory due to symmetrical in nature. Arches during
earthquake have tendency to separate out and collapse. Mild steel ties if provided at
the ends, their resistance can be increased to a considerable extent.
2.3.6 Staircases:
These are the worst affected part of any building during earthquake. Studies reveal
that this is mainly due to differential displacement of connected floors. This can be
avoided by providing open joints at each floor at the stairway to eliminate bracing
effect.
2.3.7 Beam column joints:
In framed structures the monolithic beam column connections are desirable so as to
accommodate reversible deformations. The maximum moments occur at beam-
column junction. Therefore most of the ductility requirements should be provided at
the ends. Therefore spacing of ties in column is restricted to 100mm centre and in
case of beam strips and rings should be closely spaced near the joints. The spacing
should be restricted to 100mm centre to centre only near the supports. In case of
columns, vertical ties are provided; performance of columns to earthquake forces can
be increased to a considerable extent.
21
Steel columns for tall buildings ie buildings more than 8 storey height should be
provided as their performance is better than concrete column due to ductility behavior
of material.
2.3.8 Masonry building:
Mortar plays an important role in masonry construction. Mortar possessing adequate
strength should only be used. Studies reveal that a cement sand ratio of 1:5 or 1:6 is
quite strong as well as economical also. If reinforcing bars are put after 8 to 10
bricklayers, their performance to earthquake is still better. Other studies have revealed
that masonry infill should not be considered as non-structural element. It has been
seen that in case of column bars are provided with joints at particular level about 600-
700mm above floor level at all storey should be staggered. It may be working as a
weak zone at complete floor level in that storey.
As such if few measures are adopted during stages of design and construction of
building their resistance to earthquake forces can be improved considerably. Though
buildings cannot be made 100% earthquake proof but their resistance to seismic
forces can be improved to minimize loss of property and human life during the
tremors.
2.4 Earthquake Resistant Building Construction with

Reinforced Hollow Concrete Block (RHCBM)
Reinforced hollow concrete blocks are designed both as load-bearing walls for gravity
loads and also as shear walls for lateral seismic loads, to safely withstand the
earthquakes. This structural system of construction is known as shear wall-diaphragm
concept, which gives three-dimensional structural integrity for the buildings.
22
Fig No.2.9 Reinforced hollow concrete blocks
2.4.1 Structural features:
Each masonry element is vertically reinforced with steel bars and concrete grouts
fill, at regular intervals, through the continuous vertical cavities of hollow blocks.
Similarly, each masonry element is horizontally reinforced with steel bars and
concrete grout fills at plinth, sill, lintel and roof levels, as continuous RC bands using
U-shaped concrete blocks in the masonry course, at repetitive levels.
Grid of reinforcement can be built into each masonry element without the
requirement of any extra shuttering and it reduces the scope of corrosion of the
reinforcement.
As the reinforcement bars in both vertical and horizontal directions can be
continued into the roof slab and lateral walls respectively, the structural integrity in all
three dimensions is achieved.
23
2.4.2 Structural advantages:
In this construction system, structurally, each wall and slab behaves as a shear wall
and a diaphragm respectively, reducing the vulnerability of disastrous damage to the
structure during natural hazards.
Due to the uniform distribution of reinforcement in both vertical and horizontal
directions, through each masonry element, increased tensile resistance and ductile
behavior of elements could be achieved. Hence the construction system can safely
resist lateral or cyclic loading, when compared to other masonry construction systems.
This construction system has also been proved to offer better resistance under
dynamic loading, when compared to the other conventional systems of construction.
2.4.3 Constructional advantages:
No additional formwork or any special construction machinery is required for
reinforcing the hollow block masonry.
Only semi-skilled labor is required for this type of construction.
It is faster and easier construction system, when compared to the other conventional
construction systems.
It is also found to be cost-effective.
2.4.4 Architectural and other advantages:
This constructional system provides better acoustic and thermal insulation for the
building.
This system is durable and maintenance free.
Studies on the comparative cost economics of RHCBM:
24
There is a general apprehension that the RHCBM would be a costlier system, as it
advocates reinforcing and use of concrete grout in the hollow spaces within the
masonry. To dispel the apprehension, the relative cost economics of RHCBM
structures are worked out in comparison with conventional construction systems.
Structural scheme cost per sq.m in Rs.
Reinforced hollow concrete block masonry Rs.1822
RC framed structure with brick masonry infill Rs.1845
Load bearing masonry Rs.1782
RHCBM has structural advantages of lighter dead weight and increased floor area.
These advantages are quantitatively worked out from the fact that, RHCBM is built of
20cm thick hollow block wall, when compared to the 23cm thick one brick wall of
RCC framed structure and 34cm thick one and half brick wall of load bearing
structure.
2.5 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION
This includes mid-level isolation system installed while the buildings are still being
used. This new method entails improving and classifying the columns on intermediate
floors of an existing building into flexible columns that incorporate rubber bearings
(base isolation systems) and rigid columns which have been wrapped in steel plates to
add to their toughness. A combination of these two types of columns is then used to
improve the earthquake-resistant performance of the building as a whole
This is the first method of improving earthquake resistance in Japan that
classifies the columns on the same floor as flexible columns and rigid columns, and it
is the first case in west Japan (the Kansai region) of attaching rubber bearings by
25
cutting columns on the intermediate floors an existing building. This method involves
improving earthquake resistance while the buildings are still being used as normal
operations.
There are three types of base isolation systems, depending on the location
where rubber bearings are incorporated:
Pile head isolation
Foundation isolation
Mid-level isolation
By cutting horizontally all columns and walls on a specific intermediate floor
and installing rubber bearings in the columns that have been cut, that floor becomes
extremely flexible, and the building will sway horizontally with the large sway
amplitude of 40-50 centimeters under maximum level earthquakes. It therefore
becomes possible that the finishing materials, piping and existing elevators may not
be able to keep pace with the deformations and break, perhaps resulting in their
protruding from the site of the building.
In the head office of Himeji Shinkin Bank, columns with rubber bearings
incorporated in them to allow them to move flexibly and rigid columns which were
made tougher by wrapping steel plate were placed effectively, thereby suppressing
horizontal deformation and improving the earthquake resistance of the building as a
whole.
Vibration control units incorporating viscous materials with high energy absorption
performance were installed in walls, to play the role of dampers. This reduced the
swaying of the building. Mid-level isolation procedure is shown in the fig.
26
Fig No.2.10 Mid-level isolation procedure
2.6 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY

INFILTRATED MAT CONCRETE (SIMCON)
Following the devastating earthquakes in Turkey this summer that killed as
many as 20,000 people and injured another 27,000, images of survivors trapped
beneath the rubble of collapsed buildings appeared daily in news reports worldwide.
Now a North Carolina State University engineer is developing a new type of concrete
to help prevent such scenes from happening again. Because it's reinforced with mats
made of thousands of stainless steel fibers injected with special concrete slurry, the
new material, called Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON), can sustain much
higher stress loads and deformations than traditional concrete. Tests show that
concrete buildings or bridges reinforced with SIMCON are far more earthquake-
resistant and less likely to break apart in large chunks that fall off and cause injury to
people below.
If extreme stresses cause SIMCON to fail, its mass of fibers and concrete
doesn't collapse in the same way traditional concrete does. Instead of large chunks
breaking and falling from a structure, the material crumbles into small, harmless
flakes. This controlled form of failure is a key advantage of SIMCON. Because failure
is inevitable in all structures, engineers must design buildings and bridges to fail in
the safest way. In conventional concrete structures, this is achieved through the use of
steel reinforcing bars -- rebars -- that give the concrete tensile strength it would
otherwise lack. For safety and design reasons, the concrete is designed so that the
27
rebars will fail before the concrete does. Unfortunately, many structures have not been
designed to sustain the powerful stresses caused by earthquakes. When such extreme
stresses occur, the concrete can crack, explode and break away from the rebars,
causing the structure to collapse. By contrast, failure of SIMCON would present little
danger to people or property below.
2.7 TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
HOUSING
Earthquakes are not common phenomena in most parts of the world. Hence, houses in
most rural areas are not built to withstand seismic forces, resulting in heavy
causalities even in moderate quakes. In some parts of the world, however, where
earthquakes are common, people have incorporated the critical elements of quake-
resistance in their traditional construction method. Traditional house building
techniques have successfully demonstrated, during past earthquakes in the Himalayan
region, that there is inherent after component associated with the constructional
design. This was found during the 1905 Kangra earthquake, the traditional Kat-Ki
Kunni houses in Kullu valley made up of timber remained unaffected. The Dhajji-
Diwari buildings remained intact in the 1885 Srinagar earthquake. Similarly, in
Uttarkashi the traditional 100 years old multistoried buildings called Pherols have
incorporated basic features of earthquake resistance.
The Pherols of Uttarkashi:
Pherols are old traditionally built multistoried structures found in Uttarkashi
district. The main materials of constructions are stone and wood with mud mortar. The
construction is essentially coarse-rubble masonry type. The various earthquake
28
resistant features in these types of houses are the use of wooden tie-bands as beams
and vertical timber columns as pins to tie the inside and outside Wyeths of a wall.
Long stones with flat surfaces are distributed in the walls to make the loads vertical in
the wall units and minimize the tendency of the wall stones to push or run outward.
Moreover, to distribute some of the seismic load vertically corner reinforcements are
provided by the use of wooden blocks and long flat stones. Also, the height of the
floor is kept low and there are minimum numbers of openings, for keeping the centre
of gravity low and also for the insulation purposes.
The Dhajji-Diwari buildings of Kashmir:
The Dhajji-Diwari buildings were the one that survived when part of the palace and
other massive old building collapsed in the Srinagar quake of 1885. The most
significant aspect of the Dhajji-Diwari buildings is the combination of the building
materials used. These materials are locally available and have been used for
generations. The basic elements in these buildings are the load bearing masonry piers
and infill walls. There are wooden tie-bands at each floor level. The foundation
consists of rubble masonry with lime mortar whereas; mud mortar is used for the rest
of the structure.
The infill materials are usually abode bricks bonded with mud mortar. The
wooden bands tie the walls of the structure with the floors and also impart ductility to
a structure that is otherwise brittle. The unreinforced masonry walls have stiffness but
not strength. In the absence of strength, flexibility is essential for quake resistance.
Here, the desired flexibility is provided by the combination of wood and unreinforced
masonry laid in a wear mortar. The wooden beams tie the whole house together and
ensure that the entire building sways together as one unit in an earthquake.
29
The Kat-Ki- Kunni Buildings of Kulu Valley:
Similar to the Pherols and the Dhajji-Diwari buildings, the Kat-Ki-Kunni or timber
cornered buildings suffered minimal damage in the epicentral tract of Kulu Valley
during the 1905 Kangra earthquake. This structure is almost identical to the Pherols of
Uttarkashi. It combines the weight, solidity and coolness of a stone building with the
flexibility and earthquake-resisting qualities of a wooden one. Here the wood bonding
takes place at vertical intervals of three to five feet. Two parallel beams are laid along
with layer of masonry, one on the inside and one on the outside. At the end of one
wall the beams cross them on the walls at right angle, and the wooden pins hold the
crossing together. Crossties of wood similarly hold the two parallel beams in position
at intervals along their length.
Quincha earthquake resistant buildings:
Following a devastating earthquake in the Alto Mayo region of Peru in 1990 ITDG's
Shelter Programme became involved in a major reconstruction project to build
earthquake resistant housing using 'improved quincha' - a timber and lattice frame
design with an earth infill - based on traditional technologies. Traditional quincha
building technology results in a flexible structure with an inherent earthquake
resistance. It has been used in parts of Peru for many centuries. Traditionally, a
quincha house would have a round pole set directly in the ground; in filled with
smaller wooden poles and interwoven to form a matrix, which is then plastered with
one or more layers of earth. ITDG worked closely with builders, householders and
community organizations in Alto Mayo to introduce improved, earthquake resistant
building technology - quincha mejorada.
Improved quincha had the following characteristics over and above traditional
quincha:
30
Concrete foundations for greater stability.
Wooden columns treated with tar or pitch to protect against humidity,
concreted into the ground with nails embedded in the wood at the base to give
extra anchorage.
Using concrete wall bases to prevent humidity affecting the wood and the
canes in the walls.
Careful jointing between columns and beams to improve structural integrity.
Canes woven in a vertical fashion to provide greater stability.
Lightweight metal sheet roofing to reduce danger of falling tiles.
Nailing roofing material to roof beams; tying of beams and columns with roof
wires.
Incorporating roof eaves of sufficient width to ensure protection of walls from
heavy rains.
31
3.1 ANALYSIS:
3.1.1 for vertical loads:
The structure being highly indeterminate, an exact analysis become tedious analysis of
continuous beams framing in to and supported by girders can be done by the
coefficients as given IS-456-2000, where continuous beams frame into column, the
building stiffness of columns must be considered for this purpose approximate method
used for R.C.C. member is substitute frame model. The arrangements of live loads to
cause maximum effect are analyzed.
3.1.2 for lateral loads:
Building must have sufficient resistance to prevent to overturning hence failure.
Approximate analysis of building frame can be carry out by the portal method or by
cantilever method , portal method is suppose to be satisfactory for most building up to
about 25 storey where as cantilever method is good enough about 35 storey. We have
use portal methods for are four storey building.
Two assumptions made in analysis are:
(a) Point of inflection occurs at centre of beam and the column
32
(b) Total horizontal shear divided between the columns so that interior
column takes a twice as much as exterior column.
(c) For analysis wind load, equivalent point load on joint of frame are
calculated by wind pressure taking direction of wind normal to the frame
plane
(d) Analysis of seismic load is done in accordance with IS-1893-2002.
Building may analyze either by seismic coefficient method or by the
response spectrum (or modal analysis or spectral acceleration analysis).
Seismic coefficient method used here.
Design horizontal seismic coefficient is calculated by using formula
=ICao, taking value of I, C and ao from N.B.C-1983.
Weight of first ith storyed lumped at ith floor Wi is calculated and summing these total
load plus appropriate reduced live load W is obtained.
Now base shear VB the storeyed force Fi are calculated:
V = h W
Ft = VB Wi hi2
nWihi2
A=1
(Where n is no. of storied and hi is measured from base of building)
Wi is calculated for full dead load and 50% of live loads for loading clause 4 KN/m2
but in the case of roof should not be considered.
33
3.2 SELECTION OF DESIGN MOMENT AND SHEAR
FORCES:
Moment and shear forces at mid points and member ends should be calculated
for each of the load combination as given :-
(i) Only dead load
(ii) Only live load
(iii) Dead load + live load
(iv) Dead load + live load +earthquake load
Maximum absolute values should be taken ass a design moment and shear
forces.
34
4.1 DESIGN
4.1.1 Method:-
Most widely adopted and most scientific approach limited stated method is used in this
project .The partial factor are base on statistical and probabilistic ground. We are
designing for limited state of collapse and limit state of serviceability.
4.1.2 Materials:-
Concrete of M-20 grade, are used reinforcement bars of HYSD Fe-415 used. All
material used in construction of concrete works should confirm of part V, building
materials of N.B.C.
4.1.3 Design of beam:-
Beam of main building frame are assumed to be monolithic with slabs, hence there
beam share design as flanged beam at mid spans and as rectangular beam at ends. Size
of cross- section is different for all beams at each storey.
Beams are design for flexure and checked for shear force and deflections. For beam
effective span effective depth, effective width of flange limits of deflections are
calculated account of clause 21.2, 22.0, 22.1, 22.2, IS-456-2000.
35
4.1.4 Design of column:-
Main building frame , column are designed for axial compression and uni-axial
bending ,section size of column and reinforcement of the column of a storey is same
for all column , according to the design moment and axial forces.
All columns have rectangular section hence they are tied with mild steel plain bars at
sufficient spacing to check against lateral buckling of main reinforcement.
Arrangement of longitudinal reinforcement and transverse reinforcement is according
to clause of 25.5.3 of IS-456-2000.
4.1.5 Design of slabs:-

All slabs of main building frame and passage way are designed as two way slabs
supported on beams, loads on these slabs given below according to N.B.C main
building.
Floor slabs = 4 KN/m2
Roof slabs = 1.5 KN/m2
Slab are designed for flexure & checked for shear & deflection provisions of clause
22.2, 23.1, 39.1, 39.3 of IS-456-2000 are applicable of the design of slabs. Design
moments are using provision given in appendix C of IS-456-2000.
4.1.6 Design of staircase:-
Dog legged staircase per storey is design for our building. Loading on staircase &
effective span is calculated according to IS-456-2000. Minimum tread or going is
36
limited to 30 cm for building other than residential. Maximum Rise height is limited to
15 cm for building and their number is limited to 12 per flight.
4.1.7 Design of Isolated footing:-
An isolated footing may be square or rectangular or circular in the plan. Further, it may
be axially loaded or eccentrically loaded. The design of square footings involves the
determination of size and depth of the footing and the amount of main reinforcement.
The rectangular footings may be used in a location where space is restricted and it is
not possible to provide a square footing. The method of designing a rectangular footing
is essentially identical to that of a square footing except that the each projection has to
be design separately. In other words the bending moment and one way shear action
must be consider in both directions. Once the total area required for the footing has
been determined, the dimension of the footing must be selected such that the max
bending moment on each of two adjacent projections is equal. In simple terms, the
projections on all sides of column should be equal.
In practice, column invariably transmits axial load and moment to the footing.
In such a case the soil reaction below the footing will not be uniform if the column is
placed centrally on footing. The moment (M) may be replaced by the axial load (P)
acting at a eccentricity e=M/P.
Alternatively the footing should be design for the actual soil pressure distribution
which will depend on the amount of eccentricity.
37
4.2 ANOTHER CLASSIFICATION OF LOAD IS

ACCORDING TO STATISTICAL APPROACH
4.2.1 Characteristic load
Since the loads are variable in nature they are determined based o statistical approach.
But it is impossible to give a guarantee that the load cannot exceed during the life span
of the structure. Thus, the characteristic value of the load is obtained based on
statistical probabilistic principles from mean value and standard deviation.
4.2.2 Critical load Combinations
While deigning a structure, all load combinations, in general, are required to be
considered and the structure is designed for the most critical of all. As discussed in the
earlier section, since for buildings up to 4 storeys, wind load is not considered, the
elements are required to be designed for critical combination of dead and live load
only.
For deciding critical load arrangements, we are required to use maximum and
minimum loads. For this code prescribes, different load factors as given below:
Maximum load = 1.5 (D.L.+L.L.)
Minimum load = D.L.
The maximum positive moment producing tension at the bottom will occur when the
deflection is maximum or curvature producing concavity upwards is maximum. This
condition will occur when maximum load (i.e. both DL and LL) covers the whole span
while minimum load (only DL) is on adjacent spans.
38
The negative moments producing tension at the top will be maximum when the
curvature at support producing convexity upwards is maximum which requires
maximum load should be applied on adjacent spans.
4.2.3 For Earthquake Resist RCC design load Combinations
IS 1893 (PART 1) 2002
LOAD COMB 101 1.5 (DL + LL)
LOAD COMB 102 1.2 (EQX + DL + 0.5LL)
LOAD COMB 103 1.2 (-EQX + DL + 0.5LL)
LOAD COMB 104 1.2 (EQX + DL + 0.5LL)
LOAD COMB 105 1.2 (-EQX + DL + 0.5LL)
LOAD COMB 106 1.5 (EQX + DL)
LOAD COMB 107 1.5 (-EQX + DL)
LOAD COMB 108 1.5 (EQZ + DL)
LOAD COMB 109 1.5 (-EQZ + DL)
LOAD COMB 110 1 (1.5EQX + 0.9DL)
LOAD COMB 111 1 (-1.5EQX + 0.9DL)
LOAD COMB 112 1 (1.5EQZ + 0.9DL)
LOAD COMB 113 1 (-1.5EQZ + 0.9DL)
4.2.4 For Footing design load Combinations
LOAD COMB 201 DL + LL
LOAD COMB 202 EQX + DL + LL
LOAD COMB 203 - EQX + DL + LL
LOAD COMB 204 EQZ + DL + LL
39
LOAD COMB 205 - EQZ + DL + LL
LOAD COMB 206 EQX + DL
LOAD COMB 207 - EQX + DL
LOAD COMB 208 EQZ + DL
LOAD COMB 209 - EQZ + DL
40
FLOWCHART 1 - STEPS OF PROJECT WORK
Study Of Plan
Designing Of Slab
Analysis by STAAD Pro
Beam Load Calculation
DESIGNING
Beam Design Column Design Footing Design
Staircase Design
41
4.3 FLOOR SLABS
4.3.1 Design of Slabs :
Centre line plan of building & identification of same type of slabs:
S1 S2 S2 S2
6.0
S1
S3 S4 S4 S4 3.0
S3
S5 4.33
S1 S2 S2 S2
S 1.67
4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
Live loads on all floors =4 KN /m
Design by Limit State Method
Using M -20 grade concrete
And Fe - 415 High Yield Strength Deformed (HYSD)Bar for all floor
slabs and roof slab, dia 8 mm
42
Design for Slab S1
Slab Size = 6.04.0 m
Depth of the slab
Basic span depth ratio for continuous slab = 26
Assuming 0.3% steel, Modification factor =1.43
Therefore effective depth required = End Span
basic span depth ratio x modification factor
= 4000 / 26 x 1.43
= 107.58 mm
Total depth (D) = Effective depth + clear cover = 107.58 + 20 mm = 127.58

mm
Adopt Total depth (D) = 130 mm
Actual Effective depth (d) = 110mm
Effective span is 6.11 m 4.11 m
Ly / Lx = 6.11 / 4.11 = 1.49< 2 (Hence Two way slab)
Load Consideration:
Considering 1m width of slab
B=1000mm = 1m
Dead load = wt of concrete D B
= 25 0.13 1
43
= 3.25 KN /m
Super imposed load = 4 KN /m (as per IS 456 2000)
Floor Finish = 1 KN/m
Total load = Dead load + Super imposed load + Floor Finish
= 3.25 + 4 +1= 8.25 KN /m
Factored load = 1.5 8.25 = 12.375 KN / m
From IS -456-2000 (Clauses D-1.1 and 24.4.1 Table 26)
End condition: Two adjacent edges of slab are discontinuous
Moment coefficient: x y
For ve bending moment at continuous edge 0.0746

0.047
For +ve bending moment at mid span 0.0557

0.035
Moment calculation:
For Shorter span
-ve bending moment at continuous edge
Mx (-) = x w lx 2
Mx (-) = 0.0746 12.375 4.11 = 15.59KN-m
+ve Bending moment at mid span
Mx (+) = x w lx 2
Mx(+) = 0.0557 12.375 4.11 = 11.64 KN-m
For Longer span
44
My (-) = y w lx 2
My (-) = 0.047 12.375 4.11 = 9.82 KN-m
My (+) = y w lx 2
My (+) = 0.035 12.375 4.11 = 7.31 KN-m
Checking the depth of slab for max bending moment
M = 0.138 ck Bd
d= (Mmax/(0.138 ck B))
= (15.59 106/ (0.138 20 1000))
= 75.15 mm < 110 mm
Hence adopt effective depth (d) = 110 mm
Overall depth (D) = 130 mm
Calculation of reinforcement:
Area of steel along the shorter span (Ast) in middle strip
Ast(+) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1-( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B

d)))
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1-((4.6 11.64 106)/

(201000110)))]
= 311.53 mm
Provide 8 mm along shorter span at mid span
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 311.53
= 161.14 mm
45
Provide 8 mm @ 150 mm c/c
Area of steel along the shorter span (Ast) in continuous edge
Ast(-) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1-( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1-(4.615.59106)/(201000110)))]
= 427.15 mm
Provide 8 mm along shorter span at continuous edge
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 427.15
= 117.52 mm
Reinforcement along longer span in middle strip:
Area of steel along the longer span (Ast) in middle strip
Ast(+) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1- ( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B

d)))]
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1 (4.67.31106)/(201000110)))]
= 191.03 mm
Provide 8 mm along longer span at mid span
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 191.03
= 262.78 mm
Area of steel along the longer span (Ast) in continuous edge
Ast(-) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1- ( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
46
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1-(4.69.82106)/
(201000110)))]
= 260.14 mm
Provide 8 mm along longer span at continuous edge
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 260.14
= 192.97 mm
Check for deflection:
(L/d) provided = 4110 / 130 = 31.61
% of reinforcement = 100 Ast / (B d)
= 100 427.15 / (1000 110)
= 0.38 %
fs = 0.58 y Area of steel required / Area of steel provided
= 0.58 415 427.15 / 437.09
= 235.22 N/ mm
Modification factor (m) = 1.5 (from graph)
(L / d) max = 26 1.5 = 39 > (L / d) provided. (O.K)
Check for Shear :
Maximum Shear force at support (V) =wu .lx /2
= 12.375 4.11 / 2 = 25.43 KN
Nominal shear stress v = V / (B d)
47
= 25.43 1000 / (1000 110)
= 0.231 N/ mm
% of steel = 100 Ast / (B d)
= 100 427.15 / (1000 110)
= 0.38 %
Hence Shear strength (c) = 0.42 N/ mm ( as per IS 456 2000)
Shear strength for slab ('c) = k c
= 1.3 0.42 = 0.546 N/ mm
('c) > v (Hence safe)
Check for development length :
1.3 M1 / V + Lo > Ld(As per IS 456 2000)
Since the alternate bar are bent up near support, area of tensile reinforcement
available at support = 0.5 427.09 = 213.54 mm
M1 = 0.87 y Ast [ d (y Ast / (ck B))]
= 0.87 415 213.54 [ 110 (415 213.54 / (20 1000))]
= 8.13 KN-m
Anchorage value of the bar bent @ 90 including 60mm straight bar
Hence, Lo = 60 + 8 = 60 + 88 = 124 mm
Ld < 1.3M1 / V + Lo
Ld = 0.87 y / 4 bd = 47
47 < ((1.3 8.13 106) / 25.43 103) + 124
< 11.48 > 8 mm. (O.K)
48
Design for Slab S2
Depth of the slab
Assuming 0.3% steel , Modification factor =1.43
basic span depth ratio x modification

factor
= 4000 / 26 x 1.43
= 107.58 mm

mm
Ly / Lx = 6.11 / 4.11 = 1.49< 2 Hence Two way slab
Load Consideration:
B= 1000mm=1m
= 25 0.13 1
= 3.25 KN /m
49
= 3.25 + 4 +1= 8.25 KN /m
Factored load = 1.5 8.25 = 12.375 KN / m
From IS -456-2000 ( Clauses D-1.1 and 24.4.1 Table 26 )
End condition: One short edge of slab is discontinuous

0.037

0.028
Moment calculation:
For Shorter span
Mx (-) = x w lx 2
Mx (-) = 0.0568 12.375 4.11 = 11.87 KN-m
Mx (+) = x w lx 2
Mx(+) = 0.0437 12.375 4.11 = 9.13 KN-m
For Longer span
50
My (-) = y w lx 2
My (-) = 0.037 12.375 4.11 = 7.73 KN-m
My (+) = y w lx 2
My (+) = 0.028 12.3755 4.11 = 5.85 KN-m
M = 0.138 ck Bd
d= (Mmax/(0.138 ck B))
= (11.87 106/ (0.138 20 1000))
= 65. 58 mm < 110 mm
Ast(+) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1-( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1-((4.6 9.13 106)/(201000110)))]
= 240.95 mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 240.95
= 208 mm

51
Ast(-) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1-( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1 (4.611.87106)/(201000110)))]
= 318.11 mm
Provide 8 mm along shorter span at continuos edge
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 318.11 = 157.80 mm
Ast(+) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1- ( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B

d)))]
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1 (4.65.85106)/(201000110)))]
= 151.17 mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 151.17 = 330 mm
Ast(-) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1- ( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1-(4.67.73106)/(201000110)))]
= 202.46 mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 202.46
= 247.94 mm
52
(L/d) provided = 4110 / 130 = 31.61
= 100 318.11 / (1000 110)
= 0.28 %
= 0.58 415 318.11 / 335.10
= 228.49 N/ mm
(L / d) max = 26 1.5 = 39 > (L / d) provided. (O.K)
Check for Shear:

= 12.375 4.11 / 2 = 25.43 KN
= 25.43 1000 / (1000 110)
= 0.231 N/ mm
= 100 318.11 / (1000 110)
= 0.289 %
Hence Shear strength (c) = 0.378 N/ mm ( as per IS 456 2000)
= 1.3 0.378 = 0.49 N/ mm
Check for development length :
1.3 M1 / V + Lo > Ld(As per IS 456 2000)

53
Since the alternate bar are bent up near support, area of tensile reinforcement
available at support = 0.5 318.11 = 159.05 mm
M1 = 0.87 y Ast [ d (y Ast / (ck B))]
= 0.87 415 159.05 [ 110 (415 159.05 / (20 1000))]
= 6.13 KN-m
Anchorage value of the bar bent @ 90 including 60mm straight bar
Hence, Lo = 60 + 8 = 60 + 88 = 124 mm
Ld < 1.3M1 / V + Lo
Ld = 0.87 y / 4 bd = 47
47 < ((1.3 6.13 106) / 25.43 103) + 124
< 9.30 > 8 mm. (O.K)
Design for Slab S3
Depth of the slab

factor
= 3000 / 26 x 1.43
= 80.68 mm
Total depth (D) = Effective depth + clear cover = 80.68 + 20 mm = 100.68 mm
54
Ly / Lx = 4.08/3.08 = 1.32< 2 (Hence Two way slab)
Load Consideration:
B= 1000mm=1m
= 25 0.10 1
= 2.50 KN /m
= 2.50 + 4 +1= 7.50 KN /m
Factored load = 1.5 7.50= 11.25 KN / m
End condition: One shorter edge discontinuous
For ve bending moment at continuous edge 0.0518 0.037
For +ve bending moment at mid span 0.0394 0.028
Moment calculation:
For Shorter span
55
Mx (-) = x w lx 2
Mx (-) = 0.0518 11.25 3.08 = 5.53KN-m
Mx (+) = x w lx 2
Mx(+) = 0.0394 11.25 3.08 = 4.20 KN-m
For Longer span
My (-) = y w lx 2
My (-) = 0.037 11.25 3.08 = 3.94 KN-m
My (+) = y w lx 2
My (+) = 0.028 11.25 3.08 = 2.98 KN-m
M = 0.138 ck Bd
d= (Mmax/(0.138 ck B))
= (5.53 106/ (0.138 20 1000))
= 44.76 mm < 80 mm
56
Ast(+) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1-( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)100080[1-(1-((4.6 4.20 106)/(20100080)))]
= 152.42 mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 151.42
= 331 mm
Ast(-) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1-( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)100080[1-(1 (4.65.53106)/(20100080)))]
= 202.15mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 202.15
= 248 mm
Ast(+) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1- ( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))]
= 0.5(20/415)100080[1-(1- (4.62.98106)/(20100080)))]
= 106.14mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 106.14

57
= 472.96 mm
Ast(-) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1- ( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)100080[1-((1-(4.63.94106)/(20100080)))]
= 141.68 mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 141.68
= 354.31 mm
(L/d) provided = 3080 / 100 = 30.80
= 100 202.15 / (1000 80)
= 0.25 %
= 0.58 415 202.15 / 223.40
= 217.80 N/ mm
(L / d) max = 26 1.7 = 44.2 > (L / d) provided. (O.K)
Check for Shear:
= 11.25 3.08/ 2 = 17.32 KN
58
= 17.32 1000 / (1000 80)
= 0.216 N/ mm
= 100 202.15 / (1000 80)
= 0.25 %
Hence Shear strength (c) = 0.36N/ mm ( as per IS 456 2000)
= 1.3 0.36 = 0.468 N/ mm
Design for Slab S4
Depth of the slab

factor
= 3000 / 26 x 1.43
= 80.68 mm
Total depth (D) = Effective depth + clear cover = 80.68 + 20 mm = 100.68 mm
59
Ly / Lx = 4.08/3.08 = 1.32< 2 (Hence Two way slab)
Load Consideration:
B= 1000mm=1m
= 25 0.10 1
= 2.50 KN /m
= 2.50 + 4 +1= 7.50 KN /m
End condition: All edges continuous ( Interior Panel )

0.032

0.024
Moment calculation:
For Shorter span
60
Mx (-) = x w lx 2
Mx (-) = 0.0478 11.25 3.08 = 5.10KN-m
Mx (+) = x w lx 2
Mx(+) = 0.0366 11.25 3.08 = 3.90 KN-m
For Longer span
My (-) = y w lx 2
My (-) = 0.032 11.25 3.08 = 3.41 KN-m
My (+) = y w lx 2
My (+) = 0.024 11.25 3.08 = 2.56 KN-m
M = 0.138 ck Bd
d= (Mmax/(0.138 ck B))
= (5.10 106/ (0.138 20 1000))
= 42.98 mm < 80 mm
Ast(+) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1-( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))

61
= 0.5(20/415)100080[1-(1-((4.6 3.90 106)/(20100080)))]
= 140.18 mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 140.18
= 358 mm
Ast(-) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1-( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)100080[1-(1 (4.65.10106)/(20100080)))]
= 185.59 mm
Provide 8 mm along shorter span at continuous edge
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 185.59
= 270.84 mm
Ast(+) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1- ( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B

d)))]
= 0.5(20/415)100080[1-(1- (4.62.56106)/(20100080)))]
= 90.84mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 90.84
62
= 552 mm
Ast(-) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1- ( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)100080[1-((1-(4.63.41106)/(20100080)))]
= 121.97 mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 121.97
= 411.57 mm

(L/d) provided = 3080 / 100 = 30.80
= 100 185.59 / (1000 80)
= 0.23 %
= 0.58 415 185.59 / 201.06
= 222.18 N/ mm
Check for Shear:
= 11.25 3.08/ 2 = 17.32 KN
63
= 17.32 1000 / (1000 80)
= 0.216 N/ mm
= 100 185.59 / (1000 80)
= 0.23 %
= 1.3 0.344 = 0.447 N/ mm
Design for Slab S5
Depth of the slab

factor
= 4000 / 26 x 1.43
= 107.58 mm

mm
64
Ly / Lx = 4.44/4.11 = 1.08< 2 Hence Two way slab
Load Consideration:
B= 1000mm=1m
= 25 0.13 1
= 3.25 KN /m
= 3.25 + 4 +1= 8.25 KN /m
End condition: One shorter edge discontinuous

0.037

0.028
Moment calculation:
65
For Shorter span
Mx (-) = x w lx 2
Mx (-) = 0.0418 12.375 4.11 = 8.73 KN-m
Mx (+) = x w lx 2
Mx(+) = 0.0312 12.375 4.11 = 6.52 KN-m
For Longer span
My (-) = y w lx 2
My (-) = 0.037 12.375 4.11 = 7.73 KN-m
My (+) = y w lx 2
My (+) = 0.028 12.375 4.11 = 5.85 KN-m
M = 0.138 ck Bd
d= (Mmax/(0.138 ck B))
= (8.73 106/ (0.138 20 1000))
= 56.24 mm < 110 mm
66
Ast(+) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1-( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B

d)))
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1-((4.6 6.52 106)/(201000110)))]
= 169.68 mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 169.68
= 295.8 mm
Ast(-) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1-( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1 (4.68.73106)/(201000110)))]
= 229.89 mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 229.89
= 218.36 mm
Ast(+) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1- ( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B

d)))]
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-(1- (4.65.85106)/(201000110)))]
67
= 151.71mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 151.71
= 330 mm
Ast(-) = 0.5 (ck / y) B d [ 1- ( 1 ((4.6 Mx)/( ck B d)))
= 0.5(20/415)1000110[1-((1-(4.67.73106)/(201000110)))]
= 202.46 mm
Spacing (x) = (50.20 1000) / 202.46
= 247.94 mm

(L/d) provided = 4110 / 130 = 31.61
= 100 229.89 / (1000 110)
= 0.21%
= 0.58 415 229.89 / 239.35
= 231.18 N/ mm
Check for Shear:
68
= 12.375 4.11/ 2 = 25.43 KN

= 25.43 1000 / (1000 110)
= 0.23 N/ mm
= 100 229.89 / (1000 110)
= 0.208 %
= 1.3 0.32 = 0.41 N/ mm
5.1 UNDERSTANDING OF EARTHQUAKE AND BASIC

TERMINOLOGY
Earthquake is defined as a sudden ground shaking caused by the release of huge
stored strain energy at the interface of the tectonic plates
5.1.1 Epicenter:-
69
It is the point on the free surface of the earth vertically above the place of origin of an
earthquake.
5.1.2 Focus:-
It is the point within the earth from where the seismic waves originate.The
conventional approach to earthquake resistant design of buildings depends upon
providing the building with strength, stiffness and inelastic deformation capacity
which are great enough to withstand a given level of earthquake-generated force. This
is generally accomplished through the selection of an appropriate structural
configuration and the careful detailing of structural members, such as beams and
columns, and the connections between them.
But more advanced techniques for earthquake resistance is not to strengthen the
building, but to reduce the earthquake-generated forces acting upon it.
Among the most important advanced techniques of earthquake resistant design and
construction are:
Base Isolation
Energy Dissipation Devices
70
5.1.3 Base Isolation
A base isolated structure is supported by a series of bearing pads which are placed
between the building and the buildings foundation. (See Figure 1.) A variety of
different types of base isolation bearing pads have now been developed.
The bearing is very stiff and strong in the vertical direction, but flexible in the
horizontal direction.
Figure No. 5.1 Base-Isolated and Fixed-Base Buildings
5.1.4 Earthquake Generated Forces
To get a basic idea of how base isolation works, examine Figure 2. This shows an
earthquake acting on both a base isolated building and a conventional, fixed-base,
building. As a result of an earthquake, the ground beneath each building begins to
move. In Figure 2, it is shown moving to the left. Each building responds with
movement which tends toward the right. The building undergoes displacement
towards the right. The buildings displacement in the direction opposite the ground
motion is actually due to inertia.
71
The inertial forces acting on a building are the most important of all those generated
during an earthquake.
It is important to know that the inertial forces which the building undergoes are
proportional to the buildings acceleration during ground motion. It is also important
to realize that buildings dont actually shift in only one direction. Because of the
complex nature of earthquake ground motion, the building actually tends to vibrate
back and forth in varying directions.
Figure No. 5.2 Base-Isolated, Fixed-Base Buildings
5.1.5 Deformation and Damages
In addition to displacing toward the right, the un-isolated building is also shown to be
changing its shape-from a rectangle to a parallelogram. It is deforming. The primary
cause of earthquake damage to buildings is the deformation which the building
undergoes as a result of the inertial forces acting upon it.
72
5.1.6 Response of Base Isolated Building
By contrast, even though it too is displacing, the base-isolated building retains its
original, rectangular shape. It is the lead-rubber bearings supporting the building that
are deformed. The base-isolated building itself escapes the deformation and damage
which implies that the inertial forces acting on the base-isolated building have been
reduced. Experiments and observations of base-isolated buildings in earthquakes have
been shown to reduce building accelerations to as little as 1/4 of the acceleration of
comparable fixed-base buildings, which each building undergoes as a percentage of
gravity. As we noted above, inertial forces increase, and decrease, proportionally as
acceleration increases or decreases.
Acceleration is decreased because the base isolation system lengthens a buildings
period of vibration, the time it takes for the building to rock back and forth and then
back again. And in general, structures with longer periods of vibration tend to reduce
acceleration, while those with shorter periods tend to increase or amplify
acceleration.
Finally, since they are highly elastic, the rubber isolation bearings dont suffer any
damage. But the lead plug in the middle of our example bearing experiences the same
deformation as the rubber. However, it generates heat. In other words, the lead plug
reduces, or dissipates, the energy of motioni.e., kinetic energyby converting that
energy into heat. And by reducing the energy entering the building, it helps to slow
and eventually stop the buildings vibrations sooner than would otherwise be the
casein other words, it damps the buildings vibrations.
73
5.1.7 Energy Dissipation Devices
The second of the major new techniques for improving the earthquake resistance of
buildings also relies upon damping and energy dissipation, but it greatly extends the
damping and energy dissipation provided by lead-rubber bearings.
As weve said, a certain amount of vibration energy is transferred to the building by
earthquake ground motion. Buildings themselves do possess an inherent ability to
dissipate, or damp, this energy. However, the capacity of buildings to dissipate energy
before they begin to suffer deformation and damage is quite limited. The building will
dissipate energy either by undergoing large scale movement or sustaining increased
internal strains in elements such as the buildings columns and beams. Both of these
eventually result in varying degrees of damage.
So, by equipping a building with additional devices which have high damping
capacity, we can greatly decrease the seismic energy entering the building, and thus
decrease building damage.
Accordingly, a wide range of energy dissipation devices have been developed and
are now being installed in real buildings. Energy dissipation devices are also often
called damping devices. The large number of damping devices that have been
developed can be grouped into three broad categories:
Friction Dampers: these utilize frictional forces to dissipate energy
Metallic Dampers : utilize the deformation of metal elements within the
damper
74
Viscoelastic Dampers : utilize the controlled shearing of solids
Viscous Dampers: utilized the forced movement (orificing) of fluids within
the damper
5.1.8 Fluid Viscous Dampers
General principles of damping devices are illustrated through Fluid Viscous damper.
Following section, describes the basic characteristics of fluid viscous dampers, the
process of developing and testing them, and the installation of fluid viscous dampers
in an actual building to make it more earthquake resistant.
5.1.9 Damping Devices and Bracing Systems
Damping devices are usually installed as part of bracing systems. Figure 3 shows one
type of damper-brace arrangement, with one end attached to a column and one end
attached to a floor beam. Primarily, this arrangement provides the column with
additional support. Most earthquake ground motion is in a horizontal direction; so, it
is a buildings columns which normally undergo the most displacement relative to the
motion of the ground. Figure 3 also shows the damping device installed as part of the
bracing system and gives some idea of its action.
Figure No. 5.3 Damping Device Installed with Brace
75
76
5.1.10 Focal Depth:-

It is the vertical distance between the Focus and the epicenter.
The figure explains the related terminology used in the earthquake engineering
Glimpses of some of the earthquake related failures
Fig No. 5.4 a total collapsing a building
77
6.1 BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY BUILDINGS TO

GROUND MOTION
Ground vibrations during earthquakes cause inertia forces at locations of mass in the
building. These forces travel through the roof and walls to the foundation. The main
emphasis is on ensuring that these forces reach the ground without causing major
damage or collapse. Of the three components of a masonry building (roof, wall and
foundation) (Figure (a), the walls are most vulnerable to damage caused by horizontal
forces due to earthquake. A wall topples down easily if pushed horizontally at
the top in a direction perpendicular to its plane (termed weak direction), but offers
much greater resistance if pushed along its length (termed strong direction) [Figure].
78
Fig No. 6.1 Damage caused by Earthquake in Walls
79
7.1 ROLE & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CIVIL

ENGINEERS
It is not the earthquake which kills the people but it is the unsafe buildings which is
responsible for the devastation. Keeping in view the huge loss of life and property in
recent earthquakes, it has become a hot topic and worldwide lot of research is going
on to understand the reasons of such failures and learning useful lessons to mitigate
the repetition of such devastation. If buildings are built earthquake resistant at its first
place we will be most effectively mitigating the earthquake disasters. The
professionals involved in the design and construction of such structures are civil
engineers. Who are responsible for building earthquake resistant structures and keep
the society at large in a safe environment?
It is we the civil engineers who shoulder this responsibility for noble and social cause.
7.2 GUIDELINES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
CONSTRUCTION
In addition to the main earthquake design code 1893 the BIS (Bureau of Indian
Standards)has published other relevant earthquake design codes for earthquake
resistant construction
Masonry structures (IS-13828 1993)
Horizontal bands should be provided at plinth, lintel and roof levels as per
code
Providing vertical reinforcement at important locations such as corners,
internal and external wall junctions as per code.
80
Grade of mortar should be as per codes specified for different earthquake
zones.
Irregular shapes should be avoided both in plan and vertical configuration.
Quality assurance and proper workmanship must be ensured at all cost without
any compromise.
In RCC framed structures (IS-13920)
In RCC framed structures the spacing of lateral ties should be kept closer as
per the code
The hook in the ties should be at 135 degree instead of 90 degree for better
anchoragement.
The arrangement of lateral ties in the columns should be as per code and must
be continued through the joint as well.
Whenever laps are to be provided, the lateral ties (stirrups for beams) should
be at closer spacing as per code.
81
8.1 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS -
Technology is available to drastically mitigate the earthquake related disasters. This is
confirmed by minimal damage generally without any loss of life when moderate to
severe earthquake strikes developed countries, where as even a moderate earthquake
causes huge devastation in developing countries as has been observed in recent
earthquakes. The reason being that earth quake resistant measures are strictly
followed in these countries where as such guidelines are miserably violated in
developing countries. The administration system is efficient and effective in
developed countries, and its not the same in developing countries - so the government
should ensure the implementation of earthquake resistant design guidelines. So it is
here that Civil Engineers in general and structural engineers in particular have a great
role to play in mitigating the sufferings caused by earthquake related disasters.
There is a lack of awareness in the earthquake disaster mitigations. Avoiding non-
engineered structures with unskilled labor even in unimportant temporary
constructions can help a great way.
Statewide awareness programmes have to be conducted by fully exploiting the
advancement in the information technology.
Urgent steps are required to be taken to make the codal provisions regarding
earthquake resistant construction undebatable.
The builders and constructors should adopt the codal provisions in all the
future construction, as prevention is better than cure. On the light of avoiding
the risk, this may not be an impossible task as earthquake resistant measures in
building involves only 2%-6% additional cost depending on the type of
building.
82
Using construction techniques like SIMCON and RHCBM can not only mitigate
earthquake effects but also are cost effective.
83
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 Code of practice for design loads for building and structure: IS 875-1987, BUREAU
OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI.
2 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete: IS 456-1978, BUREAU OF

INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI.
3 Design aids to IS 456-2000, BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI.
4 National building code of India 1982, BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW

DELHI.
5 Treasure of R.C.C design : Sushil Kumar , Standard Book Hiuse ,Post box -1074 ,
Delhi-06
6 Reinforced Concrete Vol. I and II: H J Shah, Charotar Publishing House, Anand.
7 Design of reinforcement concrete structures: S.Ramamurtham , Dhanpat Rai & sons ,

New Delhi.
8 Reinforced concrete design: S.N.Sinha, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New
Delhi.
9 Reinforced concrete: A.K.Jain, Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee.
10 Reinforced concrete structure: Syal & Goel,A.H.Wheeler , New Delhi.

11 Radhikesh .P. Nanda, Manish Shrikhande and Pankaj Agarwal (2012).) Effect
of Ground Motion Characteristics on the Pure Friction Isolation
System, Earthquakes and Structures - An International Journal of
Earthquake Engineering & Earthquake Effects on Structures, Vol. 3,
Number 02, 169-180.
WEBSITE REFERED
84
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_resistant_structures
2. https://theconstructor.org/earthquake/earthquake-resistant-techniques/5607/
3. http://civil-resources.blogspot.in/2010/06/earthquake-resistant-construction.html
4. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/04/economist-explains-
31
5. https://rpm.thomasnet.com/blog/earthquake-resistant-building-materials
6. https://www.crcpress.com/Wind-and-Earthquake-Resistant-Buildings-Structural-
Analysis-and-Design/Taranath/p/book/9780824759346
7. http://www.aboutcivil.org/earthquake-resistant-buildings-design.html
8.http://www.academia.edu/6853043/DESIGN_AND_CONSTRUCTION_OF_SHEA
R_WALLS
85

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EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

ADEEL ATA 1250800011

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

ATA (1250800011), AVANEESH KUMAR (1250800035), DEEPAK SINGH YADAV

(1250800039), DIVYANSHU AWASTHI (1250800044), PRATEEK SRIVASTAVA

other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

MR. RAHUL SINGH MR. RAJ KUMAR GUPTA

(PROJECT GUIDE) (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)

CIVIL ENGG, B.B.D.E.C

NAME & SIGNATURE

supervision and guidance of Mr. RAHUL SINGH, (Asst. Professor).

University or Institute for the award of any degree.

DEEPAK SINGH YADAV

constant support in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of project. We are

have not been able to accomplish this project.

for his assistance and guidance throughout the study.

us to stay committed for project.

DEEPAK SINGH YADAV

resistant construction is considered to be very important to mitigate their effects.

of building and building materials to earthquake forces, economically.

adequate earthquake-resistant capacity.

Structures of Uniform Response are special earthquake resistant frames in which

Structures of Uniform Response are expected to sustain relatively large inelastic

extended to all types of recognized earthquake resisting systems.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1-7

1.1 Brief Detail of Building 3

1.2 Design Approach 3

1.3 Specification and Design Criterion Loads 7

Chapter 2 Literature Review 9-28

2.1 Effect of Earthquake on Reinforced Concrete Buildings 9

2.1.1 Roles of Floor Slabs and Masonry Walls 10

2.1.2 Strength hierarchy 11

2.2 Seismic Design Philosophy 12

2.2.1 Earthquake Resistant Building 14

2.2.2 Earthquake Design Philosophy 14

2.3 Remedial Measures & Techniques to Minimize the Losses Due 16

2.3.1 Building Planning 16

2.3.3 Shear Walls 17

2.3.3.2 Architectural Aspects of Shear Walls 18

2.3.3.3 Reinforcement Bars in RC Walls 19

2.3.4 Provision of Band 20

2.3.5 Arches and Domes 21

2.3.7 Beam Column Joints 21

2.3.8 Masonry Building 22

2.4 Earthquake Resistant Building Construction with Reinforced 22

Hollow Concrete Block (RHCBM)

2.4.1 Structural Features 23

2.4.2 Structural Advantages 24

2.4.3 Constructional Advantages 24

2.4.4 Architectural and Other Advantages 24

2.5 Mid-Level Isolation 25

2.6 Earthquake Resistance Using Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete 27

2.7 Traditional Earthquake Resistant Housing 31

Chapter 3 Analysis & Calculations of Building Structures 32-34

3.1.1 for Vertical Loads 32

3.1.2 for Lateral Loads 32

3.2 Selection of Design Moment and Shear Forces 34

4.1.3 Design of Beam 36

4.1.4 Design of Column 36

4.1.5 Design of Slabs 36

4.1.6 Design of Staircase 36

4.1.7 Design of Isolated Footing 37