11/18/2016 Mech/Electrical experiment | Report

Project created on 27.10.2016 23:23.

Report for project Mech/Electrical experiment

Task created on 18.11.2016 15:16.

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QPSK/BPSK experiment
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QPSK error constellation diagram [ Picture4.png ] Uploaded by Hehaoyu Zou on 18.11.2016 15:26.

QPSK Cosine and sine channels histogram [ Picture3.png ]

Uploaded by Hehaoyu Zou on 18.11.2016 15:26.

QPSK VI design [ Picture2.png ] Uploaded by Hehaoyu Zou on 18.11.2016 15:25.

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QPSK block diagram [ Picture1.png ] Uploaded by Hehaoyu Zou on 18.11.2016 15:25.

* Results Discussion Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 18.11.2016 15:33.

Quaternary Phase Shift Keying(QPSK) uses two phases separated by 180 degrees in both cosine and sine
channels. As a result, it could yield four binary combinations on the constellation diagram: 00,01,10,11, as
shown in the constellation diagram,. With four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol and thus be
able to double the data rate within the same bandwidth compared to BPSK. This is why it is used more
often in high data-rate applications. In our case, QPSK could double our data transition rate of
temperature-induced voltage information and thus shortens the transmission delay and facilitates the
data processing at the computer receiver end. We believe this would be an immensely helpful technology
for our purpose.

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11/18/2016 Research material | Report

Project created on 27.10.2016 17:19.

Report for project Research material

Task created on 18.11.2016 05:23.

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Temperature reading methods
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[ Screen_Shot_2016-11-18_at_12.35.47_AM.png ] Uploaded by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:36.

[ Screen_Shot_2016-11-18_at_12.33.30_AM.png ] Uploaded by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:33.

[ Screen_Shot_2016-11-18_at_12.32.42_AM.png ] Uploaded by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:32.

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[ 4.-Working-principle-of-IR-sensor.jpg ] Uploaded by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:25.

[ 55000_m.jpg ] Uploaded by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:24.

* Diode Temperature Sensors Created by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:35.

The transistor sensor is used in diode mode by connecting the base and collector together. If this is not
done, the sensor is wired between base and emitter and the excitation current reduced by a factor of
about 100. The result is a very low power, sensitive and linear sensor. The simplicity and performance of

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the sensor is under valued. To improve the performance of the diode as a temperature sensor, two diode
voltages (V1 and V2) can be measured at di erent currents (I1 and I2), typically selected to be about 1:10
ratio. The absolute temperature can be calculated from the equation: T = (V1 - V2) / (8.7248x10-5 ln( I1 /
I2)) The result is in Kelvins (K). This is the method employed by most integrated circuit temperatures
sensors and explains why some output a signal proportional to absolute temperature.

* Resistance Output Silicon Temperature Sensors Created by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:34.

The temperature - versus - bulk resistance characteristics of semiconductor materials allow the
manufacture of simple temperature sensors using standard silicon semiconductor fabrication
equipment. This construction can be more stable than other semiconductor sensor, due to the greater
tolerance to ion migration. However other characteristics (see below) require that care be taken in using
these sensors.

* Digital Output Temperature Sensors Created by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:34.

The digital temperature sensor is the rst sensor to integrate a sensor and an analog to digital converter
(ADC) on to a single silicon chip. In general, these sensors do not lend themselves for use with standard
measuring devices because of their non standard digital interfaces. Many are designed speci cally for the
thermal management of microprocessor chips

* Current Output Temperature Sensors Created by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:33.

The current output sensors acts as a high-impedance, constant current regulator typically passing 1
micro-amp per degree Kelvin and require a supply voltage of between 4 and 30 V.

* Voltage Output Temperature Sensors Created by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:32.

The following sensors provide a voltage outputs signal with relatively low output impedance. All require
an excitation power source and all are essentially linear.

* Semiconductor Temperature Sensors Created by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:31.

The semiconductor (or IC for integrated circuit) temperature sensor is an electronic device fabricated in a
similar way to other modern electronic semiconductor components such as microprocessors. Typically
hundreds or thousands of devices are formed on thin silicon wafers. Before the wafer is scribed and cut
into individual chips, they are usually laser trimmed. Semiconductor temperature sensors are available
from a number of manufacturers. There are no generic types as with thermocouple and RTDs, although a
number of devices are made by more than one manufacturer. The AD590 and the LM35 have
traditionally been the most popular devices, but over the last few years better alternatives have become
available. These sensors share a number of characteristics - linear outputs, relatively small size, limited
temperature range (-40 to +120C typical), low cost, good accuracy if calibrated but also poor
interchangeability. Often the semiconductor temperature sensors are not well designed thermally, with
the semiconductor chip not always in good thermal contact with an outside surface. Some devices are
inclined to oscillate unless precautions are taken. Provided the limitations of the semiconductor
temperature sensors are understood, they can be used e ectively in many applications. The most
popular semiconductor temperature sensors are based on the fundamental temperature and current
characteristics of the transistor. If two identical transistors are operated at di erent but constant
collector current densities, then the di erence in their base-emitter voltages is proportional to the
absolute temperature of the transistors. This voltage di erence is then converted to a single ended
voltage or a current. An o set may be applied to convert the signal from absolute temperature to Celsius
or Fahrenheit. In general, the semiconductor temperature sensor is best suited for embedded

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applications - that is, for use within equipment. This is because they tend to be electrically and
mechanically more delicate than most other temperature sensor types. However they do have legitimate
application in many areas, hence their inclusion.

* Infrared temperature sensor Created by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:24.

Infrared temperature sensors sense electromagnetic waves in the 700 nm to 14,000 nm range. While the
infrared spectrum extends up to 1,000,000 nm, IR temperature sensors do not measure above 14,000
nm. These sensors work by focusing the infrared energy emitted by an object onto one or more
photodetectors. These photodetectors convert that energy into an electrical signal, which is proportional
to the infrared energy emitted by the object. Because the emitted infrared energy of any object is
proportional to its temperature, the electrical signal provides an accurate reading of the temperature of
the object that it is pointed at. The infrared signals are passed into the sensor through a window made
out of a specialty plastic. While plastic normally does not allow infrared frequencies to pass through it,
the sensors use a form that is transparent to particular frequencies. This plastic lters out unwanted
frequencies and protects the electronics inside the sensor from dust, dirt and other foreign objects.

* Thermistor Created by Bicong Li on 18.11.2016 05:23.

Athermistoris an element with an electrical resistance that changes in response to temperature. This
name is derived from the more descriptive term thermally sensitive resistor, the original name for these
devices. Thermistors are a type of semiconductor, meaning they have greater resistance than conducting
materials, but lower resistance than insulating materials. The relationship between a thermistors
temperature and its resistance is highly dependent upon the materials from which its composed. The
manufacturer typically determines this property with a high degree of accuracy, as this is the primary
characteristic of interest to thermistor buyers.

Task created on 28.10.2016 01:40.

No due date
Radio Frequency Identi cation
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Steps for setting up RFID communication [ Techno le1.jpg ] Uploaded by Bicong Li on 28.10.2016 01:49.

Components of RFID [ radio-frequency-identi cation-chip-r d-8-638.jpg ]

Uploaded by Bicong Li on 28.10.2016 01:47.

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* Wireless Approach: Radio Frequency Identi cation Created by Bicong Li on 28.10.2016 01:45.
Radio Frequency Identi cation (RFID) is a FDA-approved technique for patient monitoring. It is the most
commonly used wireless system in clinical settings. It is comprised of two components: tags and readers.
The reader is a device that has one or more antennas that emit radio waves and receive signals back from
the RFID tag. Tags, which use radio waves to communicate their identity and other information to nearby
readers, can be passive or active. Passive RFID tags are powered by the reader and do not have a battery.
Active RFID tags are powered by batteries.

RFID tags can store a range of information from one serial number to several pages of data. Readers can
be mobile so that they can be carried by hand, or they can be mounted on a post or overhead. Reader
systems can also be built into the architecture of a cabinet, room, or building. These features make RFI an
ideal technique for our project, which is intended to be used in operational rooms.

However, research showed that it also has the potential of interfering with pacemakers, implantable
cardioverter de brillators (ICDs), and other electronic medical devices. Overall, this has proven the be the
safest wireless technique in use currently.

Task created on 18.11.2016 14:50.

No due date
Bluetooth data communication
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* Bluetooth technology basics Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 18.11.2016 15:06.

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-
wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from xed and mobile devices, and building personal area
networks (PANs). It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.Bluetooth
operates at frequencies between 2402 and 2480 MHz, or 2400 and 2483.5 MHz including guard bands 2
MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5 MHz wide at the top. This is in the globally unlicensed (but not
unregulated) Industrial, Scienti c and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth
uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Bluetooth divides transmitted data
into packets, and transmits each packet on one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a
bandwidth of 1 MHz. It usually performs 800 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH)
enabled. Bluetooth low energy uses 2 MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels.

Originally, Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) modulation was the only modulation scheme available.
Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, /4-DQPSK (Di erential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) and
8DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said

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to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode where an instantaneous data rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible. The
term Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) is used to describe /4-DPSK and 8DPSK schemes, each giving 2 and 3
Mbit/s respectively. The combination of these (BR and EDR) modes in Bluetooth radio technology is
classi ed as a "BR/EDR radio".

Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with a master-slave structure. One master may communicate with
up to seven slaves in a piconet. All devices share the master's clock. Packet exchange is based on the
basic clock, de ned by the master, which ticks at 312.5 s intervals. Two clock ticks make up a slot of 625
s, and two slots make up a slot pair of 1250 s. In the simple case of single-slot packets the master
transmits in even slots and receives in odd slots. The slave, conversely, receives in even slots and
transmits in odd slots. Packets may be 1, 3 or 5 slots long, but in all cases the master's transmission
begins in even slots and the slave's in odd slots.

Task created on 18.11.2016 16:13.

No due date
Needle Design
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* Order Thermistor Created by Demi Shen on 18.11.2016 16:38.

Our next step for making the device would be ordering the thermistor to see them in real life. We also
need to come up with a design for the needle, and a method to adhere the thermistor to the heart
muscle.

* Firm needle head options Created by Demi Shen on 18.11.2016 16:37.

We did more research on rm needle heads as we think maybe rm ones is just going to be our best
choice with regards to easiness of using. We found that the typical thin thermistors are NTC thermistors,
and has a temperature range from -50 degrees to 90 degrees Celsius with a 1% accuracy. This would be
su cient for us already. The thickness of the needle heads is typically 0.5 mm, also has a range of lengths
from 15 mm to 75 mm. The thickness of needle head seems very much like would we would wanted.
Furthermore, these are all fairy cheap, ranging under 5 dollars each. However, the thermistors we found
have a plastic lm around them, and the lm are too thin and too exible for our purpose, so we would
possibly 3D print a rigid plastic sheath around the thermistor. For the sheath, it needs it provide the
thermistor the ability of penetrating the heart fat to reach the muscle. Hence, it need be rigid and sharp.
Also, it need to have the ability of retracting back to expose the lm inside for temperature
measurements. Further details regarding the design need to be considered later.

* Flexible Needle Created by Demi Shen on 18.11.2016 16:27.

In light of giving the surgeon more freedom regarding the area of interest for the thermometer, we
thought about the possibility of having a exible needle that can provide the surgeons with the optimal
placement angle. However, it might be dangerous to make the needle exible, but still sharp, as exibility
means that it is going to be a lot harder to control than the hard, straight needles, and this would
potentially cause more damage than lm needles. Furthermore, it would be more dangerous to use, and
surgeons might have to take extra time for putting the needle in place than simply put the hard needle
in.

* Angled Needle Created by Demi Shen on 18.11.2016 16:23.

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The needle itself can be a straight line, however, the angle between the needle and the base part of the
device (hanging outside the heart) can be at a di erent angle, for example, 45 degrees. This design can
potentially make the device hang stably on the heart, decreasing the possibility of the needle just drop
out with the weight of the outside part. However, for this kind of angled needle, the movement of
di erent depth the cardiac muscle should still be taken into consideration. Also, it need to be longer then
the straight, 90 degree angle design, and that might be cause di erence in designing the thermocouple.
The advantage to have an angled needle is that it provides more exibility for surgeons to direct the
sensor head to the area of interest. It would be great if there can be a lock device that can lock a speci c
angle when needed, and allow readjustment of the angle when the point of interest is changed.

* Needle Design Created by Demi Shen on 18.11.2016 16:16.

We thought more about possible needle design. Apart from the spiral, hooked and straight design we
came up last time, we thought about some other possibilities.

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11/18/2016 Weekly report/meeting | Report

Project created on 13.09.2016 18:37.

Report for project Weekly report/meeting

Task created on 15.11.2016 23:29.

No due date
Week 8
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* Weekly report Created by Bicong Li on 15.11.2016 23:31.

This week we did more research and design for the wireless feature of our product. A RFID system
consists of two components, a tag and a reader. The tag must be attached to the temperature probe.
After researching the various products available in the market, we found several suitable options. The
rst one is UHF 860-960 MHz Mini Mount-on Metal RFID Tag. With a size of 0.5 in x 0.4 in x 0.11 in, it is
almost similar to the size of a paper clip. Because this tag is designed to be mounted on metal, we could
mount it onto our temperature sensor, which would probably be made of metal. The other option is a
UHF 860-960 MHz Temperature Sensing RFID Tag. This tag incorporates temperature-sensing feature
with a 0.1 C accuracy. Its operating temperature range is -30 C to 70 C. The dimension is 130.4 mm x
23.4 mm x 12.7 mm. All parameters are suitable with our design. Moreover, the tag can be programmed
to set a speci c temperature threshold. Once the temperature drops or exceeds the threshold, it would
trigger an alert.

Task created on 15.11.2016 23:10.

No due date
Week 9
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* Weekly report 9 Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 15.11.2016 23:20.

Continuing our discussion on the wireless feature from last week, we proceeded to pick A/D converters
for analog to digital signal conversion. First, we turned to the renowned manufacturer of electronic
devices Texas Instrument. It lives up to its reputation. TI o ers high speed ADC products(>10MSPS)
encompassing an entire range of resolution, power consumption and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) to cater
for di erent purposes. In our case, we are measuring the temperature from a thermocouple sensor and
sampling the voltage output into digital signal. Temperature variation in a surgery, ideally, should be
relatively moderate and stable. Thus even the lower end of the product line that o ers 12~10 bits
resolution would be su cient for our purpose. Most of the TI ADC also achieve a SNR over 70dB. Again,
this should be enough to eliminate the power line noise in the surgery room. Their power consumption
are all well below 2W, with over half of them costing merely several hundreds milliwalts. Our cell battery
could easily a ord that for the span of even a longlasting surgery. The only uncertain factor is the
output/input voltage range. We still have not experimented with the thermocouples. We will determine

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which ADC to purchase after ensuring it falls into the sensor output range. Overall, TI is a very cost-
e ective choice and most likely we are purchasing from them. Other suppliers either cannot beat TIs
price or unable to o er products with as satisfying parameters.

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