Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 3 No.

2 August 2016: 77-94

INDONESIAN JOURNAL ON GEOSCIENCE

Geological Agency
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Journal homepage: h p://ijog.geologi.esdm.go.id
ISSN 2355-9314, e-ISSN 2355-9306

Volcanostratigraphic Sequences of Kebo-Butak Formation

at Bayat Geological Field Complex, Central Java Province
and Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia

Sri Mulyaningsih

Geological Department, Faculty of Mineral Technology, Institut Sains and Teknologi, AKPRIND
Jln. Kalisahak No. 28 Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Corresponding author: sri_m@akprind.ac.id

G
Manuscript received: September 8, 2015; revised: September 21, 2015;
approved: April 25, 2016; available online: June 17, 2016

Abstract - Bayat Complex is usually used as a work field for students of geology and other geosciences. The study
area is located in the southern part of the Bayat Complex. Administratively, it belongs to Central Java Province
and Yogyakarta Special Province. The lithology of Bayat is very complex, composed of various kinds of igneous,
sedimentary, metamorphic, and volcanic rocks. Most of previous researchers interpreted Bayat as a melange complex
constructed within a subduction zone. Kebo-Butak is one of formations that forms the Bayat field complex. The
O
formation is composed of basalt, layers of pumice, tuff, shale, and carbonaceous tuff. Most of them are known as
volcanic rocks. These imply that volcanic activities are more probable to construct the geology of Bayat rather than
the subducted melange complex. The geological mapping, supported by geomorphology, petrology, stratigraphy, and
geological structures, had been conducted in a comprehensive manner using the deduction-induction method. The
research encounters basalt, black pumice, tuff with basaltic glasses fragments, zeolite, argilic clay, as well as feldspathic-
and pumice tuff. Petrographically, the basalt is composed of labradorite, olivine, clinopyroxene, and volcanic glass.
Black pumice and tuff contain prismatic clinopyroxene, granular olivine, and volcanic glasses. Feldspathic tuff and
pumice tuff are crystal vitric tuff due to more abundant feldspar, quartz, and amphibole than volcanic glass. Zeolite
comprises chlorite and altered glasses as deep sea altered volcanic rocks. The geologic structure is very complex,
the major structures are normal faults with pyrite in it. There were two deep submarine paleovolcanoes namely
IJ
Tegalrejo and Baturagung. The first paleovolcano erupted effusively producing basaltic sequence, while the second
one erupted explosively ejecting feldspathic-rich pyroclastic material. The two paleovolcanoes erupted simultaneously
and repeatedly.
Keywords: volcanism, Bayat Complex, Kebo-Butak Formation
IJOG - 2016, All right reserved

How to cite this article: Mulyaningsih, S., 2016. Volcanostratigraphic Sequences of Kebo-Butak Formation at
Bayat Geological Field Complex, Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia. Indone-
sian Journal on Geoscience, 3 (2), p.77-94. DOI: 10.17014/ijog.3.2.77-94

Introduction of Bayat are still continuing. The oldest metham-

Bayat Complex is one of regions in Java which
is usually used as a geological field laboratory for
geological students and other geoscientists, in addi-
tion to Karangsambung (Kebumen) and Bayah (Ci-
letuh). In fact, up to now, debates about the geology
orphic rocks exposing in Jiwo Hills, were inter-
preted as a Cretaceous subduction zone (Asikin,
1974; Katili, 1975; Hamilton, 1979; Suparka,
1988; and Parkinson, 1998). The argumentation
is still followed by many students and others, up
to now. Later, other experts no longer argue that

IJOG/JGI (Jurnal Geologi Indonesia) - Acredited by LIPI No. 547/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/06/2013, valid 21 June 2013 - 21 June 2016
77
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 77-94
Bayat is a Cretaceous subduction zone (Bronto
et al., 2002 and 2004; Sutanto, 2003; Laksono,
2007; Bronto, 2009 and 2013; and Satyana, 2014
pers. comm). Volcanism played a major role in
affecting geology of Jiwo, forming basaltic lavas,
gabbro, and diorite intrusions (Bronto et al., 2002
and 2004; Bronto, 2009 and 2013;).
In general, geology of Bayat is divided into
two major groups, i.e., Jiwo in the north and
Southern Mountain in the south. The lithology of
Jiwo is composed of mica schist, gabbro, diorite,
marble, limestone with Numulithes sp., and cal-
carenite. The Southern Mountain is also known
as Baturagung Range consisting of shale, black
tuff, basalt, and zeolite of Kebo-Butak Formation;
pumiceous tuffs and breccias of Semilir Forma-
tion; as well as andesitic agglomerates, lavas, and
breccias of Nglanggeran Formation. All of those
rocks unconformably overlay claystone and marl
of Gamping/Wungkal Formation (Sumarso and
Ismoyowati, 1975; Samodra dan Sutisna, 1997;
Rahardjo, 1983; Surono et al., 2006; ).
G formed by volcanisms. Thereby, these volcanic
O
Many geologists have different opinions on
the formation and the origin of Kebo-Butak
Formation (Rahardjo et al., 1977; Soesilo, 2003;
Surono, 2008; and others). According to Hidayat
(2006), Trianto (2006), and Surono (2008) sand-
110 15' E
o
110o 30' E
IJ
Mt. Merapi
Sleman
Prambanan
7 45' S
o
Yogyakarta Kalasan
Tegalrejo
Bantul
Imogiri
Wonosari
8 S
o
Panggang
110o 15' E 110 30' E
o
Figure 1. Locality map in surrounding Yogyakarta Special Province and Central Java Province (withoutscale).
78
stones of Kebo-Butak Formation are epiclastic
volcanic rocks, which were quickly transported
by a turbiditic mechanism along slope areas. So,
there is no abundance of fossils. According to
Rahardjo (1983) and van Gorsel et al. (1987),
the Kebo-Butak Formation comprises layers of
conglomeratic sandstones, claystones, and silt-
stones of Late Oligocene (N2-N3; Sumarso and
Ismoyowati, 1975) in age, deposited in a lower
submarine fan with few interruptions of the mid
fan type sedimentation. Bronto et al. (2002 and
2004) and Bronto (2009 and 2013) argued that
rocks composing the Kebo-Butak, Semilir, and
Nglanggeran Formations, are volcanic rocks
rocks are associated with basalts and other in-
trusive rocks exposed in Jiwo Hills. However,
based on stratigraphy and petrology studies of
the Kebo-Butak Formation, it is hypothesized that
the volcanisms took place in a very long period.
The studied area is located in the southern
part of the geological complex of Bayat. Ad-
ministratively, it belongs to Gedangsari Subre-
gency, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta Special
Province, and Cawas and Bayat Subregencies,
Klaten Regency, Central Java Province (Figure
1). This study uses a volcano-stratigraphic ap-
110o 45' E 111o E
Kartosuro
Surakarta
N
Sukoharjo
Klaten
7 45' S
o
Bayat
Cawas
Wonogiri
Borders of
Province
Special Province
Yogyakarta
8o S
Semanu
110 45' E
o
Pracimantoro 111 E
o
 Volcanostratigraphic Sequences of Kebo-Butak Formation at Bayat Geological Field Complex,
Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia (S. Mulyaningsih)
proach covering geomorphological observations,
stratigraphic and structural geological measure-
ments, as well as other related geological map-
ping. Geomorphological observations cover the
western, southern, eastern, and northern sides of
Baturagung Range. Stratigraphic measurements
were done in Santren, Nampurejo, Jumbleng,
Trembono, Gedangan, and Eyangkuto of the
eastern site; and Talun, Tegalrejo, Curug, Cermo,
and Watutumpeng Hill of the western site.
Basic Theory and Regional Geology
Geologists have agreed that sedimentary rocks
G
are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of
once-living organisms, which then deposited on
the earth surface. Sedimentary rocks often have
distinctive layering or bedding. On the other
words, sedimentary rock is the rock that has
formed through deposition and solidification of
sediments, especially sediments transported by
O
water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice (glaciers),
and wind. Sedimentary rocks are often depos-
ited in layers, and frequently contain fossils. A
turbidite is the geologic deposit of a turbiditic
current, which is a type of sediment gravity flow
responsible for distributing vast amounts of clas-
tic sediment into a deep ocean. Bouma (1962)
IJ
determines that turbidites begin with an erosional
contact of a coarse lower bed of pebble to granule
conglomerate in a sandy matrix. Then they grade
up through coarse then medium plane paral-
lel sandstone through cross-bedded sandstone;
rippled cross-bedded sand/silty sand, and finally
laminar siltstone and shale. This vertical suc-
cession of sedimentary structures, bedding, and
changing lithology is a representative of strong
to waning flow regime currents and their corre-
sponding sedimentation. Volcanic rocks can be
coherent or noncoherent. Coherent volcanic rocks
are produced by effusive eruptions and/or shal-
low intrusions beneath a volcano. Noncoherent
volcanic rocks are formed by explosive volcanic
eruptions and/or glowing avalanches. The materi-
als are called tephra, pyroclastics, or ignimbrites.
In principle, turbidite and pyroclastic origins are
physically different (Figure 2).
Preliminary study found that the Kebo-Butak
Formation comprises volcaniclastic rocks consist-
ing of basaltic tuff, dacitic to andesitic pumice,
and basalt pillow lava locally contains shale, marl,
and zeolite. On the basis of volcanism, explo-
sive eruptions constructed volcanostratigraphy
sequences composed of very high grade clastic
materials; effusive eruptions producing coherent
lava. All of those materials constructing the body
form stratovolcano. It means that the volcano
is composed of vocanic materials consisting of
lavas, pyroclastic deposits, and intrusions. Those
could be basaltic-, andesitic-, dacitic-, and rhyo-
litic compositions, or all of them occur within
the volcano.
Explosive eruptions are caused by the enor-
mous accumulated energy originated from the
magma chamber. Even though the energy is
able to throw the entire contents of the magma
chamber, the wall rocks and third parts of the
body volcano are known as caldera forming
eruption. During the Quaternary period, most
of the submarine caldera-forming eruptions were
accompanied by tsunamis that were caused by the
collapse of volcanic edifice (Maeno and Imamura,
2011; Figure 3). Following the 1883 eruption of
the Krakatau, Indonesia, a large pyroclastic flows
and tsunamis arrived at numerous coastal villages
in Java and Sumatra (Carey et al., 1996; 2000),
depositing few qubic kilometers of volcanic ma-
terials under sea water.
It can be interpreted that submarine volcanic
materials may be interupted with marine sedi-
ments, such as marls, carbonates, and sandstones
that contain fossils. But within the thick volcanic
materials they will not be able to preserve fos-
sils, caused by the acidity of the materials. After
that, during the quite period of volcanism, thin
sediments may contain fossils. Figure 4 shows
that deposition of volcanic materials of submarine
explosive eruptions happened within high and huge
energy generated by collapsing column eruption
mixing with sea water (Figure 4b). That can form
mud supported suspension composed of blocks,
79
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 77-94

a Silt
Sand Interpretation
Gravel Clay Bouma unit

Deep marine
E. Laminated mud Suspension settling shale

D. Laminated silt-sand

Lower part of lower Turbidite

C. Cross-laminated sand ow regime sand unit

B. Laminated sand Plane bed

A. Massive sand Graded bedding

Deep marine
shale

b
Pyroclastic fall
deposits

ash cloud

G
Pyroclastic ow
pyroclastic
ow head

rapidly expanding
cell of air

Seruakan dasar
Pyroclastic ow
deposits
O
air and / or
vegetation ground surge
ingested of clefts projected from
lobe of pyroclastic ow

Pyroclastic
surge deposits

Figure 2. Characteristics of: a. turbidite formation (Selley, 1970) and b. pyroclastic formation (Cas and Wright, 1987).
IJ
a

Column feeding and collapse

Pyroclastic density current

Tsunami
Source
Sea Coast

Deposits (variation of lithofacies, grain-size, grain-component, ...)

b
Source
Sea
Coast

Caldera

Figure 3. Idealized processes during a marine caldera-forming eruption (Maeno and Imamura, 2011). a. Pyroclastic density
currents are generated from column collapsing, and they enter or travel over the sea. Tsunamis may be generated during these
processes and reach coastal areas. b. Resultant deposits are distributed on subaerial and submarine fields near the volcano.

80
 Volcanostratigraphic Sequences of Kebo-Butak Formation at Bayat Geological Field Complex,
Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia (S. Mulyaningsih)

Prole
a (i)
Prole (iii)

Low-concentration
pyroclastic density
current
pyrocl Hot
astic
curren density
t with

Current divides Water surface

Partic Water
concen ulate
trat
gradie ion
nt
Flow-top stripping
Turbu High-c
le
decre nce pyrocl oncetratio
down ases astic
d
n
Hot de
wards curren ensity
posit t
Weld Progre
in
duri g ssive
aggra
aggra ng dation
dation of ign Mixing and
imbri cooling along
Pure te

Tempe
Substr
ate (com shear upper ow
pactio boundary
n) Ignim
brite

rature
Origin
far to al shorelin Head
left h e welding of curr

of pyro
and si Prole far to
de (ii) temperature righ-h ent
(> 550 - 600oC) and
side
Slope

clasts
an
exagge gle is
rated

Temp

b
Current before
immersion

G
Depositional ow
boundary zone
Current
(iii)

over water
c
erature

Vertical sections of the massive

ignimbrite between locations
2 and 5 do not record the subaquous
to subaerial transition of deposition
(see text)

Ultimate
shoreline
O
C U Progressive displacement of shoreline

(ii) Sea
U 1 2 3 4 5 6
level

C, U
Progressive
Sed aggradation
Mixing along Original ime
C U ntar of ignimbrite
upper ow shoreline y su
C boundary bstr
ate

Proggressively
aggrading Subaqueous
ignimbrite current Sea oor slope
undergoing angle exaggerated
welding
compaction
C, U C, U
IJ
Figure 4. Profile of hot submarine pyroclastic density currents sequences (Peccerillo and Frezzotti, 2015): a. The dynamic
of submarine pyroclastic density currents; b. Graphic showing the immersion during depositional until welding compaction
that causes mixing of the ignimbrites and the submarine sediments; c. Vertical section of the massive ignimbrite since the
original shoreline and deep sea.

bombs, lapillis, ashes, and dust. The suspension The regional stratigraphy of study area ac-
then goes down the slope very quickly, pushing cording to some researchers (Surono et al.,
sea water up to the beach forming tsunamis, and 1992; Soeria-Atmadja et al., 1994; Smith, 2005;
depositing the pyroclastic materials. The profile Akmaluddin et al., 2005; and Prasetiadi, 2007;
of the volcanic materials from the bottom to the Surono, 2008), from the bottom to the top, is
top is started by very hot ignimbrite (could be Cretaceous methamorphics as a basement rock,
welded), very high concentration of pyroclastic Eocene Gamping/Wungkal Formation, Oligocene
density currents (could be co-ignimbrite breccia Kebo-Butak Formation, Miocene Semilir and
with coarse-grained fragments and dense pum- Nglanggeran Formations, Sambipitu Formation,
ice), ashy to dusty lapilli materials with very high Oyo Formation, Wonosari Formation and Kepek
energy of surging/turbulent currents (Peccerillo Formation (Figure 5). According to Rahardjo
and Frezzotti, 2015). (1983) and van Gorsel et al. (1987), the sequence

81
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 77-94

Absolute Age
Geological Age Surono et al. (1992) (K-Ar, U-Pb, Zircon Fission Track)
(Million Years)

(Million Years) Pleistocene

1.65

Pliocene
3.5 Kepek
6.2

Late
Wonosari-Punung

10.2

Oyo
Middle Nampol
Miocene

Wuni 19 - 20 Smyth, 2005

Sambipitu Jaten
16.2
9.6 + 0.3 Setijadji et al. 2006

I n t r u s i o n
Semilir
Early

Ngalanggran
11.9+0.7
Akmaluddin et al. 2005
25.2 Kebo Butak 12.5+0.9

Mandalika 16.0+1.0
Late
Oligocene

30

G 17.0+1.1
Surono, 2008
Early

D i o r i t e 20.0+1.0 Smyth, 2005

36 Gamping
Early Middle Late

Wungkal
39.4 21.7+1.9 JICA-JOGMEC, 2004
Soeria-Atmadja et al.
33.2+1.0
49 1994

54 29.0+1.4 Smyth, 2005

Late

O
60.2
Early

98.049+2.10
66.5
98.542+1.45
Metamorphic Rock
Prasetiadi, 2007

Figure 5. Southern Mountain stratigraphic column (summarized from some previous authors) (image source: Triana, 2013).

of Kebo-Butak Formation is interpreted to form Regency), it shows that a hill of the proximal fa-
within a lower submarine fan environment with cies located in the eastern side of the Baturagung
IJ
few interruptions of mid-fan type deposition Range is steeping to the west and sloping slightly
which was formed in the Late Oligocene, N2-N3 to the east. The geomorphological observations
(Sumarso and Ismoyowati, 1975). in the north, west, and south show that the central
facies is located in the centre of each opposing
slope.
Result The stratigraphic measurements have been
done in the areas of Talun (stop site 1), Santren
The study was started by observing geomor- (stop site 2), Nampurejo (stop site 3), Jumbleng
phology of the Bayat Complex after Semilir and (stop site 4), Eyangkuto (stop site 5), Trembono
Nglanggeran areas (Figure 6). It shows a higher (stop site 6), Curug (stop site 7), Tegalrejo (stop
range of an overturned morphology in the middle site 8), and Watutumpeng Hill (stop site 9) (Fig-
part, interpreted as central facies and supported ure 7). Those stratigraphic measurements are
by andesite dikes as well as lavas exposed at divided into two groups, i.e. western and eastern
Gedangsari. The feature like geomorphology is sides. In the eastern side, the data show two to
surrounded by hills with slopes to the west, south, three sequences of volcanic rocks, from the lower
and east, interpreted as proximal facies. In a to the top are (1) basaltic pillow lava and basaltic
view from the east (observed in Pututmati, Bayat tuffs and pumice, (2) feldspathic tuff and pum-

82
 Volcanostratigraphic Sequences of Kebo-Butak Formation at Bayat Geological Field Complex,
Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia (S. Mulyaningsih)

Central facies
Proximal facies
Proximal facies

N
G
Figure 6. Southern Mountain stratigraphic column (summarized from some previous authors) (image source: Triana, 2013).

2
O
3

1
4

9 8

7 5
6
10
IJ
11 16
15

14
12

13

Figure 7. Map of the location and observation research areas (not to scale).

ice, and (3) quartz rich tuff and pumice (Figure
8 - 10). In the western side, the stratigraphic
data show two sequences of volcanic materials,
namely basaltic sequence and feldspathic-pumice
tuff. The first unit is composed of basaltic sill,
basaltic pillow lava, and very coarse-grained ba-
saltic pumice. The second one contains brownish
andesitic tuff and light grey quartz-rich dacitic
pumice (Figure 11 - 12).
Basaltic Sequence
Petrologically, samples taken from Jumbleng
(stop site 4), the basaltic pumice, have lighter
colour, poorly sorted, diameter 0.5 - 4 cm of ba-
saltic lithic fragments, dark green basaltic lapilli
glasses (pumices), clinopyroxene crystals, and
some very angular cherty fragments. Basaltic
pillow lava is spotedly exposed, some outcrops

83
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 77-94

Tuff containing pumice fragments,

light grey, bedded, very poorly sorted,
highly angular, 2-6 cm in diameter;
also contains quartz and fedspar;
thickness > 15 m.

Tuff with lapilli pumice, light grey,

very coarse, laminated/bedded,
feldspar and prismatic mac
minerals, thickness >7 m.

Zeolite, light grey to purple, bedded,

very ne-grained, pyrite and quarz
veins, thickness >5 m; cropping
out at Jumbleng River.

G
Basaltic lava, blackish dark grey
to black, porphyroaphanitic,
pillow structure, ne pyroxene,
very glassy, thickness > 5m.

Figure 8. Measured stratigraphic section of Nampurejo-Santren areas showing basalt at the base of the sequence; overlain
by bedded zeolite and white tuff.
O
Breccia containing pumice fragments,
light grey, poorly sorted, highly angular,
massive, 2-6 cm in diameter, quartz
and feldspar, thickness >15 m.

Tuff with lapilli pumice, light grey,

very coarse-grained, poorly sorted,
massive; quartz, feldspar, and
IJ
prismatic mac minerals;
thickness > 10 m.

Tuff, light-yellowish grey, bedded,

very coarse-grained, lapilli and
pyrites along fault line; rich in quartz,
feldspar, and mac minerals; 55 cm
thick, fault contact with the lower layer.

Basalt, blackish dark grey to black,

massive; contains very coarse-grained
pumice, poorly sorted, prismatic mac
minerals, > 10 m thick.

Tuff, dark grey, very ne-grained,

laminated-shaly, very glassy, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, brownish grey, laminated, very brittle,
20 cm thick.
Clay, tuffaceous, dark grey, laminated-
shaly, very glassy, 15 cm thick.
Marl, brownish grey, laminated, very brittle,
lignite and wood fragments, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, very ne-grained,
laminated, glassy, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, brownish grey, laminated-shaly,
lignite, very brittle, 15 cm thick.
Shale, black, very glassy and very brittle,
40 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, very ne-grained,
laminated-shaly, very glassy, 15 cm thick.

Figure 9. Measured stratigraphic section of Jumbleng River in the lower stream of Trembono that shows dark grey to black
tuff and pumice with glassy shale at the base of the sequence; underlying bedded zeolite, white tuff, and feldspathic pumice.

84
 Volcanostratigraphic Sequences of Kebo-Butak Formation at Bayat Geological Field Complex,
Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia (S. Mulyaningsih)

The basaltic pillow lava is exposed at Talun (stop

Layered tuff and pumice
Layered basalt (brecciated lava)
Massive basalt with spheroidal weathering
Figure 10. Photograph of basaltic lava outcrop overlain by
feldspatic tuff and pumice at Harjosari (stopsite 14).
have 50 - 100 m2 wide and 5 - 10 m thick. The
lava of each pillow is characterized by 1 - 2 m
in diameter and 6 - 8 m in length, having radier
fractures within the pillow, scoriaceous, very
dark-black colour, aphanitic- to glassy textures.
site 1), Kalinampu (stop site 3), and Harjosari
(stop site 14). Microscopically, the samples are
characterized by scoria to vesicular structures,
fine porphyritic- to hipocrystalline textures, with
labradorite and hypersthene phenocrysts float-
ing in volcanic glasses and very fine-grained
groundmass crystals of plagioclase, olivine, and
pyroxene. Very rarely, there are small grains of
golden olivine. Basaltic tuff is characterized by
very poorly sorted, medium- to -coarse grained.
Some of them contain dark green, black and
brown lapilli glasses, open fabrics, very glassy,
rich in clinopyroxene, green and brown glasses,
bitownites-labradorites, and ore minerals.

G Some samples taken from Tegalrejo (stopsite 8)

contain abundant coarse dark volcanic glasses
of black and brown pumices. Basaltic lava at
Ngipik (stop site 13) and Harjosari (stop site
14) is characterized by structures of plating (less
O
Breccia with pumice fragments,
light grey, massive, very poorly-
sorted, very angular, diameter
of 2-6 cm, also contains quartz
and feldspar; > 800 cm thick.

Tuff with lapilli pumice, light grey,

IJ
very coarse, poorly sorted, massive;
quartz, feldspar, and prismatic mac
mineral; > 600 cm thick.

Tuff, light- to yellowish grey, bedded,

very coarse-grained, lapilli and pyrites
along fault line; rich in quartz, feldspar,
and mac minerals; 55 cm thick, fault
contact with the lower layer.

Tuff, dark grey, very ne-grained,

laminated-shaly, glassy, 15 m thick.
Marl, brownish grey, laminated, lignite,
very brittle, 20 cm thick.
Clay, tuffaceous, dark grey, glassy,
laminated-shaly, 15 cm thick.
Marl, brownish grey, laminated, lignite,
very brittle, 15 cm thick.

Tuff, dark grey to black, ne-grained,

glassy, laminated, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, brownish grey, laminated-shaly,
lignite, brittle, 15 cm thick.
Shale, black, very brittle and
very glassy, 40 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, very ne-
grained, laminated-shaly, very glassy,
15 cm thick.

Figure 11. Measured stratigraphic section of Trembono area showing dark grey to black tuff with glassy shale at the base of
the sequence; overlain by massive feldspathic tuff and pumice, both are separated by an oblique normal fault plane.

85
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 77-94

Tuff, light grey, bedded, very poorly-

sorted, pumiceous with pumice
of 2-6 cm in diameter; quartz and
feldspar; > 15 m thick.

Tuff with lapilli pumice, light grey,

very coarse-grained, poorly sorted,
bedded-laminated; quartz, feldspar,
and mac minerals; > 10 m thick.

Zeolite, light green to purple, bedded,

very ne-grained; pyrite and quartz
veins; > 15 m thick.

G
Basalt, very dark grey to black,
pillow structures, porphyroaphanitic,
ne pyroxene, very glassy, >
10 m thick.
O
Figure 12. Measured stratigraphic section of Talun area showing basaltic pillow lavas at the base of the sequence; underlying
bedded zeolite and white tuff.

than 10 cm per plate) to sheeting (about 10 - 15
cm per sheet) joint, dark grey to dark greenish
grey, very fine porphiritic textures with small
phenocrysts of feldspars and pyroxene floating
within very fine microlith and volcanic glass.
IJ
This basaltic lava is overlain by light grey tuff
and pumice (Figure 10).
Based on depositional structures, Kebo-Butak
Formation cropping out within the south-south-
western side of the study areas (Sambeng; Figure
13), is mostly thin layered to laminated structures
even splintery (shale-like), intersected with brown
marl and lignite. That is why, some of the previous
researchers (Bothe, 1929; Surono et al., 1992; and
Surono, 2008) mentioned that the Kebo Beds are
composed of shales, marls, and sandstones with
andesitic-basalt/diabas sill. Moving from the
northeast to the east of the study area (Ngawen),
the bottom of the Kebo-Butak Formation is made
up of black tuff and intersection of very fine
black tuff and black shale (basaltic glasses), and
thin layers of basaltic lavas. These sediments are
thin layered until laminated, even splintered, no
lignite layers, and spotedly inserted marls. In the
areas of Curug-Cermo (stop site 7) the lithology
of Kebo-Butak Formation comprises very thick
layers of basaltic lapillistones (some more than
2.5 m thick), poorly sorted, often inserted by thin
basaltic lavas. Previous researchers (Samudra and
Sutisna, 1997; Hidayat, 2006; Laksono, 2007;
Surono, 2008) described the basalt layers as black
sandstones, some others describe them as asuit
formation (Rahardjo, pers. comm). The basaltic
layers are characterized by dark grey to black
colour, very glassy, less crystals initiated by the
glassy contains, thin (< 10 cm thick). The top and
bottom of the layer often show fractured perlitic
borders. No marl and shale over the areas, the
sequence thickness is more than 100 m, exposed
along the River of Cermo to Tegalrejo.
Depositional structures of the Kebo-Butak
Formation exposed at Jumbleng (stop site 5) and

86
 Volcanostratigraphic Sequences of Kebo-Butak Formation at Bayat Geological Field Complex,
Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia (S. Mulyaningsih)

a b

Bedded zeolite

Argiliceous clay; greeny

colour caused by containing clorite

Figure 13. Photographs of outcrops of: a. Argiliceous rocks within Kebo-Butak Formation as part of the feldspathic grey
tuff and pumice exposed at Bantengwareng (stopsite 2); b. Yellowish green layered zeolitic tuff as upper clay of Gamping/
Wungkal Formation by previous researchers.

G
Trembono (stop site 6) are characterized by mas-
sive and very thick deposits of dark/black lapilli
pumices. The thickness is even more than 75 m,
and above them are zeolite beds, dark grey tuffs,
and light yellowish grey to brown tuffs (Figure
9). Dark/black lapilli pumices and rocks above
O
them are separated by very deformed rocks of
Trembono fault zone. Cherty fragments (inter-
preted as hydrothermally altered silica) within the
black lapilli sequence indicate that the deposits
were originated from deep marine conditions.
Shale beds crop out at Trembono, in the base of
light grey lapilli tuff.
Based on stratigraphic correlation, from
IJ
the bottom to the top, the basaltic sequence is
composed of basaltic pillow lavas overlain by
basaltic lapillistones, dark grey to black tuffs,
and layers of black shale and marls. Some of
them had been deeply deformed, so the older
rocks often occupy the higher geomorphology.
(stopsite 1, 4 and 5).
Feldspathic-pumice Tuff
These volcanic rocks generally lie on top of
the basaltic sequence. Stratigraphic measure-
ments have been done in Eyangkuto (stop site
5), Trembono (stop site 6), Ngipik (stop site 13),
Cermo (stop site 12), and Tegalrejo River (stop
site 7 - 8). From the bottom to the top, gener-
ally the sequence is composed of altered rocks,
tuff and pumice layers that is often intersected
with basaltic tuff and lapillistone beds (Figure
10 and 11). The altered rocks are zeolite beds
and clays. The clays especially occur along fault
zones, exposed at Bantengwareng (stopsite 2
and its surroundings), zeolite crops out at Talun,
Jumbleng, Trembono, and others (Figure 13 and
14). The clays are characterized by very brittle
features in dry condition and very plastic in wet
condition, also green colour caused by chlorite
content. These clays are concentrated along the
fault zones. Zeolites are characterized by green
to brownish green colour, bedded, composed of
lithified tuff (very hard). The total thickness is
more than 10 m, but locally less than 2 - 5 m.
Above the altered zone, there are feldspar-
rich volcaniclastic rocks. Some outcrops show
tight bedded feldspathic tuffs, feldspathic pum-
ices, and thin basaltic lavas (for example at
Mojosari (northern stop site 2), Klepu (stop site
12), and Tegalrejo River (stop site 7 - 8). Those
rocks are light brown to yellowish grey coloured,
pseudo-laminated to bedded, very hard by glass
content, containing crystals of K-feldspar, pla-
gioclase, quartz, and biotite/ hornblende. The
total thickness is more than 15 m; interpreted
as pyroclastic fall and surge deposits. Above the
bedded tuff there are massive pumices, tuffs, and
pumiceous tuffs; exposed in most study areas.
These rocks are characterized by massive beds

87
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 77-94

Lapilli pumice, light grey, massive, poorly

sorted, very angular, poorly sorted, 24 cm
in diameter, contains quartz and feldspar,
180 cm thick.

Tuff, white to light grey, ne- to coarse-

grained, poorly sorted, bedded, laminated,
some angular pumices,glassy, 60 cm thick.

Tuff, brown, ne- to coarse-grained, bedded

-shaly, 80 cm thick.
Intersection of brown and dark grey tuffs,
very glassy, 60 cm thick.

Tuff, brown to yellowish dark grey, bedded

to laminated, ne- to coarse-grained, poorly
sorted with oating lapillis, 40 cm thick.

G
Tuff, light grey to yellowish grey, coarse-
grained, lapilli bed of 10 cm thick; glasy,
15 cm thick.
Marl, brownish grey, laminated, lignite,
brittle, 20 cm thick.
Clay, tuffaceous, dark grey, shaly-laminated,
lignite and wood fragments, brittle, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, brownish grey, laminated-shaly,
lignite, brittle, 15 cm thick.
Shale, black, very glassy, very brittle,
O
40 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, very ne-grained,
laminated-shaly, very glassy, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, brownish grey, laminated-shaly,
lignite, brittle, 15 cm thick.

Shale, black, very glasy, very brittle,

40 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, very ne-grained,
laminated-shaly, very glassy, 15 cm thick.
IJ
Figure 14. Measured stratigraphic section of Sambeng area showing bedded basaltic tuff and glassy shales with lignite at the
base of the sequence; overlain by bedded pale yellowish grey tuff and light coloured pumice rich in feldspar.

(thick more than 10 m per layer), well sorted;
composed of crystals of K-feldspar, plagioclase,
hornblende, and quartz; interpreted as pyroclas-
tic flow deposits. Some outcrops also contain
lithic lapilli, i.e., angular basalt and rounded
to elliptical tuff fragments, such as exposed at
stop site 7 (Tegalrejo River). The tuff fragments
seem to be unlithified glasses eroded during the
pyroclastic transportation and deposition. The
massive beds of feldspathic pyroclastic flow
deposits are more than 50 m thick. Intersected
with them are bedded to pseudo-laminated feld-
spathic tuffs and pumices (Figure 15a). All of
the feldspathic tuff and pumice overly basaltic
lavas. The lava is characterized by dark grey co-
lour, columnar joints (Figure 15b), porphyritic,
with phenocryst olivine, clinopyroxene, and
plagioclase (labradorite) in microlite of small
crystals and volcanic glass. The top of the co-
lumnar joints show pillow structures, indicating
it was deposited in a submarine environment.
The basalt is overlain by bedded feldspathic
tuff and feldspathic pumice (Figure 15b), but
some outcrops also indicate altered clays. The
total thickness of the basaltic material is more
than 130 m, including lava flows overlain by
feldspathic tuff and pumice, basalts with pillow
structures, and columnar jointed basalts.

88
 Volcanostratigraphic Sequences of Kebo-Butak Formation at Bayat Geological Field Complex,
Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia (S. Mulyaningsih)
a
Massive tuff and pumice
Bedded to pseudo-la,inated tuff and pumice
Bedded tuff
b is pillow structured. The flow structures of the
Basalt with collumnar
joint
G
Bedded tuff
O
Figure 15. Photograph of: a. Bedded feldspatic tuff and
pumice; b. Basaltic lava underlies bedded tuff; exposed
at Tegalrejo River (stopsite 7 and 8).
IJ
Discussion
On the basis of stratigraphic data corelation,
two sequences of volcanic rocks, i.e. basaltic vol-
canic and feldspathic volcanic sequences (Figures
16 and 17) occur. The basaltic volcanic sequence
is situated at the bottom, while the feldsphatic
volcanic sequence is present at the top. Both
volcanic sequences are mainly the constituents
of Kebo-Butak Formation mainly composed of
volcanic material produced by repeatedly effusive
and explosive submarine volcanic eruptions. Big
questions arise related to the conditions; whether
they were produced by the same volcano or by
a couple of different volcanoes depositing their
materials simultaneously as recent volcanoes
conducting their activities in rows.
The volcanic depositions took place in a
bathyal to abyssal submarine environment, evi-
denced by the presence of basaltic pillow lava. In
the depositional environment, low temperature
and high pressure occured, which means the
basalts should be flowed down not too far from
the source. The wide distribution (ca. 5 km2)
and the thick bed (ca. 30 m in Tegalrejo) of
the basaltic lava flows indicate that there were
many eruption points in the area. The bottom
of basalt body is columnar jointed and the top
columns and pillows may indicate a thick lava
flow erupted in a deep marine. There are two
explanations in this case, the first as volcanic
fields only, and the second one could be Tegal-
rejo area was a volcanic central facies produc-
ing the basaltic volcanic sequence. The second
explanation requires further verification with a
more detailed study.
According to Trnnes (1990), a basaltic pil-
low lava occurs wherever mafic to intermediate
lavas are extruded under water, such as along
the marine hotspot of Iceland volcanoes and the
Mid-Atlantic oceanic ridges. Pillow lavas are
also found in an early stage of submarine and
subglacial stratovolcanic eruption (Jakobsson et
al., 2000; Thordarson and Hskuldsson, 2006).
In both subglacial and submarine, the eruption is
likely to start with an effusive phase due to high
overburden pressure, then pillow lavas formed.
They evolve into pillow breccias and later into
hyaloclastites when the pressure decreases, al-
lowing explosive fragmentation (Schopka et al,
2006). Possibly, in the following subaerial stage,
the volcanic vent emerged above the water level
and effusive eruptions created a lava cap. This
similarity in evolutional stages of a submarine
and a subglacial eruption is due to the constant
presence of external water provided by the
ocean or by melting of the glacier (Schopka et
al., 2006; Thordarson and Hskuldsson, 2006).
Basalt pillow lavas are also exposed in wide
areas of the Southern Mountain, such as Wat-
uadeg, Imogiri, Wonogiri, and Pacitan. Most
of them are not associated with other basaltic
volcanic materials (Soeriaatmadja et al., 1994;
89
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 77-94
W E
a b
Breccia, pumice fragments, light grey,
massive, very poorly sorted, very
angular, diameter of 2-6 cm; quartz
and feldspar; > 15 cm thick.
Tuff, lapilli pumice, light grey, very
coarse, very poorly sorted, massive;
quartz, feldspar, and prismatic mac
minerals; > 10 cm thick.
Tuff with zeolite locally, light- to
yellowish grey, bedded, ne-grained,
some lapilli and pyrite along contact
zone with basalt; rich in quartz,
feldspar, and mac minerals;
> 5 m thick.
Basalt, blackish dark grey to black,
massive, porphyroaphanitic, rich in
prismatic mac minerals and
plagioclase, > 20 m thick,
interpreted as sill.
Lapilli tuff and glassy basalt, browhnish
black to black, layered, very coarse,
lithic fragments, > 2 m thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, coarse-grained,
laminated, glassy, 150 cm thick.
Shale, black, very glassy and brittle,
40 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, coarse-grained,
bedded, basalt and pumice fragments,
> 150 cm thick. G laminated/shaly, very glassy, 15 cm thick.
O
Figure 16. Stratigraphic correlation of Tegalrejo: (a) in the west, Nampurejo-Talun (b) in the middle, and Jumbleng-Eyang-
kuto (c) in the east, showing basaltic volcanic sequences deposited within deep water and overlain by light coloured volcanic
sequence rich in feldspar; both rocks are separated by green zeolite interpreted as hydrothermal volcanic deposits.
b c
a coarse-grained, poorly sorted, quartz, feldspar,
Tuff, lapilli pumice, light grey, very coarse-
grained, very poorly sorted, bedded, quartz,
feldspar, prismatic hornblende, 100 cm thick.
IJ
Tuff, light grey to white, very ne-grained,
laminated, glassy, 28 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey to white, ne- to medium-grained,
laminated, glassy, 21 cm thick.
Tuff; light grey to white; very ne grain,
laminated, glassy; thickness 21 cm.
Tuff, lapilli pumice, light grey, coarse-grained,
very poorly sorted, bedded, quartz, feldspar,
prismatic hornblende, bordered by a fault with
the lower bed; 60 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey, ne-grained, laminated-shaly,
pyroxene, very glassy, 28 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey, ne-grained, laminated, pyroxene,
very glassy, 35 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey, very ne-grained, laminated-shaly,
pyroxene, very glassy, 10 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey, ne-grained, laminated-shaly,
pyroxene, very glassy, 23 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey, very ne-grained, laminated-
shaly, very glassy, 18 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, medium-grained,
ne-grained clinopyroxene, glass, 28 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey, very ne-grained, laminated-
shaly, very glassy, 10 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, medium-grained, ne-
grained clinopyroxene, glass, 33 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey, very ne-grained, laminated-
shaly, glassy, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, black, bedded, ne-grained, subhedral-
anhedral clinopyroxene, basalt fragments,
glass, 85 cm thick.
Figure 17. Measured stratigraphic section of: a. Sambeng, b. Gedangan, and c. Gesikan, indicating two different sequences
of volcanic rocks. The bottom part comprises basaltic volcanic rocks, while the upper part is andesitic-dacitic volcanic
rocks.
90
Tuff, pumice fragments, light grey,
bedded, very poorly sorted, very
angular, diameter of 2-6 cm; quartz
and feldspar; > 15 m thick.
Tuff, lapilli pumice, light grey,
very coarse-grained, poorly
sorted, bedded-laminated; quartz,
feldspar, and minerals;
> 10 m thick.
Zeolite, light green to purple,
bedded, very ne-grained, pyrites,
quartz veins, > 15 cm thick.
Basaltic lava, pillow structures,
very dark grey to black,
porphyroaphanitic, ne pyroxene,
very glassy,> 10 m thick.
Tuff, lapilli pumice, light grey, very coarse-grained,
very poorly sorted, very angular, diameter of 24 cm,
quartz, feldspar, 180 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey to white, very ne- to coarse-grained,
poorly sorted, bedded-laminated, angular pumice,
glassy, 60 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey to white, ne-to coarse-grained, bedded-
laminated, glassy, 80 cm thick.
Tuff, lapilli pumice, light- to yellowish grey, ne- to
coarse-grained, very poorly sorted, bedded, quartz,
feldspar, prismatic hornblendes, 80 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey to white, coarse-grained; lapilli layer
of 10 cm thick; very glassy, 55 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey, ne-grained, laminated-shaly,
very glassy, 15 cm thick.
Marl, brownish grey, laminated, carbonaceous,
very brittle lignite, 20 cm thick.
Clay, tuffaceous, dark grey, laminated-shaly,
very glassy, 15 cm thick.
Marl, brownish grey, laminated, very brittle lignite
and wood fragments, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, laminated, very ne-grained,
glassy, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, blackish dark grey, laminated-shaly,
very brittle lignite, 40 cm thick.
Shale, black, brittle, very glassy, 40 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, very ne-grained, laminated-
shaly, very glassy, 15 cm thick.
c
Breccia, pumice fragments, light grey,
massive, poorly sorted, very angular,
diameter of 2-6 cm, quartz and feldspar,
> 15 m thick.
Tuff, lapilli pumice, light grey, poorly
sorted, qurtz, feldspar, prismatic minerals;
> 10 m thick.
Tuff, light- to yellowish grey, bedded,
very coarse-grained, lapilli and pyrites
along fault line; rich in quartz, feldspar,
mac minerals; bordered by a fault with
the lower bed, 44 cm thick.
Basalt, pumice, very dark grey to black,
very coarse and poorly sorted pumices,
rich in prismatic mac minerals,
> 10 m thick.
Tuff, dark grey, very ne-grained,
Tuff, brownish grey, laminated,
very brittle, 20 cm thick.
Clay, tuffaceous, dark grey, laminated/
shaly, very glassy, 15 cm thick.
Marl, brownish grey, laminated,
very brittle lignite and wood fragments,
15 cm thick.
Tuff, drk grey to black, very ne-grained,
lminated, glassy, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, brownish grey, laminated-shaly,
very brittle lignite, 15 cm thick.
Shale, black, very glassy and
very brittle, 40 cm thick.
Tuff, dark grey to black, very
ne-grained, laminated-shaly,
very glassy, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, lapilli pumice, light grey, bedded, very
prismatic hornblende, 100 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey to white, very ne-grained,
laminated, glassy, 40 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey to white, ne- to coarse-grained,
laminated, glassy, 80 cm thick.
Tuff, lapilli pumice, light grey, bedded,
very poorly sorted, quartz, feldspar, prismatic
hornblende, 80 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey, very ne- grained, laminated,
glassy, 28 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey, ne-to coarse-grained,
thick bedded (10-20 cm thick), glassy,
85 cm thick.
Tuff, white, very ne-grained, laminated-bedded,
very glassy, 30 cm thick.
Tuff, light- to yellowish grey, medium- to
coarse-grained, quartz, eldspar, glass, 35 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey, very ne-grained, laminated,
glassy, 13 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey to white, ne-grained,
ne plagioclase and glass, 20 cm thick.
Tuff, light grey, ne-grained, laminated-shaly,
very glassy, 15 cm thick.
Tuff, light- to yellowish grey, ne-grained,
bedded, anhedral-subhedral plagioclase,
clinopyroxene, basalt, glass, 15 cm thick.
 Volcanostratigraphic Sequences of Kebo-Butak Formation at Bayat Geological Field Complex,
Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia (S. Mulyaningsih)
Bronto et al., 2008; Surono, 2008; and Hartono
et al., 2008). They tend to form by monogenetic
volcanic activities.
Basaltic pillow lavas generally occur at the
lower part of sequences, suggesting the initial
phase of early volcanism started by effusive
eruption of lava flows. The activities were then
followed by weak explosive eruptions produc-
ing black tuffs and pumices in a long period.
In a more distall facies (Sambeng and Ngawen
areas, northern side of the study area), the
volcanic rock is dominated by a very fine tuff
with dark grey colour and beds are finely flake
structures (shale-like). This tuff layers are found
interspersing with marls. The presence of marl
G
beds within the sequence indicates that the vol-
canic eruptions took place periodically. When
the volcanic activity increased, the deposition
was dominated by volcanic materials, and when
the volcanic activity decreased, the deposition
was dominated by normal marine sediments
that contain a lot of fossils. On the other hand,
O
according to Bronto et al. (2002), calcareous ma-
terial between basaltic lava flows in Kalinampu
may be resulted by a deep marine hydrothermal
alteration. The calcareous materials could also
be resulted by leize, i.e. gas produced by hot
lava touched by sea water. Both deep marine
hydrothermal alteration and leize generating the
calcareous rocks between the lava layers should
IJ
not contain fossils.
Feldspathic volcanic sequence overlies the
basaltic volcanic sequence. It seems the paleo-
morphology of the basaltic volcanic sequence
was undulating in some outcrops (Tegalrejo-
Curug Cermo: stopsites 7, 8, 10,11, 15 and
16). Therefore, in this area the stratigraphic
correlation between the group of basaltic rocks
and the group of feldspathic rocks is locally not
conformable, although both were deposited in
the same deep marine environment.
The lower part of the feldspathic volcanic
rocks is composed of thin layers of dark grey
vitric tuffs; interpreted as base surge deposits.
Pseudo-layers of crystal rich tuffs overly vitric
tuffs. Vitric tuffs and crystal rich tuffs are gradu-
ally interpreted as base surge deposits associated
with fall deposits. Moreover, both vitric and
crystal tuffs are interpreted as the end of glowing
avalanche that were possibly formed by collaps-
ing column eruptions. The environmental depo-
sition was a deep-sea with a high salinity level,
so it contains salts by leize. The high energy of
the avalanche was sorting heavy vitric tuff in
a lower formation, pseudo-layers to massive
crystal tuffs in the middle, and light grey in the
top. Some outcrops of the middle layers and the
upper layer of feldspathic sequence interfingers
with basaltic sequence, shown by intersection of
thin basalt and thick feldspathic tuffs.
Most outcrops are deeply deformed, some
normal faults contain pyrite, chlorite, even
sericite. Some others are also associated with
argilic clays. Bronto et al. (2002) also found al-
tered mineral at Gunung Sepikul, near the study
area. It can be interpreted that the sulfidation
occurred soon after the tectonic activity, while
the magmatic heat source (from local volcano)
was still present.
Mineralogically, both basaltic and feld-
spathic volcanic sequences are very different
in composition, textures, and structures. The
basaltic rocks are rich in mafic minerals, while
the feldspathic group contains abundant feld-
spars, quartz, hornblende, and biotite. It can be
concluded that both volcanic sequences were
formed by different volcanic sources. Further
researches, discussing the magmatology of both
basaltic and feldspathic volcanic sequences of
Kebo-Butak Formation are neccessarry.
Chronostratigraphy is urgently required to
interpret the geological history reciting basaltic
volcanic event and feldspathic volcanic event.
Further researches, which are going to discuss
the absolute age of basaltic tuffs, feldspathic
tuffs, and the origin of sulphidation, will be
very useful.
Conclusion
It could be concluded that there were two
stratopaleovolcanoes developing Kebo-Butak
Formation. Both volcanoes were in a deep ma-
91
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 77-94
rine. One of them generating basaltic volcanic
sequence in early activity was effusively form-
ing basalt pillow lavas, then followed by alter-
nating small explosive and effusive activities.
The central facies was Tegalrejo. The second
stratovolcano had a central facies probably
located at Baturagung, also submarine, erupted
explosively ejecting feldsphathic volcanic se-
quence. At first, Tegalrejo paleovolcano erupted,
but then the two paleovolcanoes erupted simul-
taneously and repeatedly along the geologic time
to form alternating volcanic rocks.
Acknowledgements
G
Gratitude is profusely addressed to the Head
of the Department of Geology, Faculty of Min-
eral Technology, IST AKPRIND Yogyakarta,
who has given permission to conduct this re-
search. Special thanks are also addressed to my
colleagues in the Department of Geology, who
O
have supported and helped during the field study.
References
Akmaluddin., Setijadji, D. L., Watanabe. K., and
Itaya, T., 2005. New Interpretation on Mag-
matic Belts Evolution during the Neogene-
IJ
Quaternary Periods as Revealed from Newly
Collected K-Ar Ages from Central-East Java,
Indonesia. Proceeding Joint Convention
Surabaya 2005 - IAGI, 34, p.234-238.
Asikin, S., 1974. Evolusi Geologi Jawa Tengah
dan Sekitarnya Ditinjau dari Segi Teori Tek-
tonik Dunia yang Baru. Disertasi Doktor,
Departemen Teknik Geologi ITB, ,103pp.
Bouma, A.H., 1962. Sedimentology of Some
Flysh Deposits, A Graphic Approach to
Facies Interpretation. Elsevier Co., Amster-
dam, 168pp.
Bothe, A.Ch.D., 1929. Djiwo Hills and Southern
Range. Fourth Pacific Science Congress
Excursion Guide, 14pp.
Bronto, S., Pambudi, S., and Hartono, G., 2002.
The genesis of volcanic sandstones associ-
92
ated with basatic pillow lava, Bayat areas:
A case study at the Jiwo Jills, Bayat area
(Klaten, Central Java). Jurnal Geologi dan
Sumber Daya Mineral, XII (3), p.2-16.
Bronto, S., Hartono, G., and Astuti, B., 2004.
Hubungan genesa antara batuan beku intrusi
dan ekstrusi di Perbukitan Jiwo, Kecamatan
Bayat, Klaten, Jawa Tengah. Majalah Ge-
ologi Indonesia, 19 (3), p.147-163.
Bronto, S., 2009. Fosil Gunung Api di Pegu-
nungan Selatan Jawa Tengah. Prosiding
Workshop Geologi Pegunungan Selatan 2007,
Publikasi Khusus, 38, Pusat Survei Geologi,
Badan Geologi, Dept. ESDM, p.171-194.
Bronto, S., 2013. Geologi Gunung Api Purba,
cetakan kedua, Badan Geologi, Kementerian
ESDM, Bandung, 184pp.
Carey, S., Sigurdsson, H., Mandeville, C., and
Bronto, S., 1996. Pyroclastic flows and
surges over water: an example from the 1883
Krakatau eruption, Bulletin of Volcanology,
57, p.493-511. DOI: 10.1007/BF00304435
Carey, S., Sigurdsson, H., Mandeville, C., and
Bronto, S., 2000.Volcanic hazards from
pyroclastic flow discharge into the sea:
Examples from 1883 eruption of Krakatau,
Indonesia. Geological Society of America,
Special Paper, 345, p.1-14. DOI: 10.1130/0-
8137-2345-0.1
Cas, R.A.F. and Wright, J.V., 1987. Volcanic
Successions. Modern and Ancient, Welling-
ton: Allen and Unwin, 528pp. DOI: 10.1017/
S0016756800009602
Hamilton, W. 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian
region. United States Geological Survey
Professional Paper, 1078pp.
Hidayat, D.H., 2006. Geologi dan studi fasies
turbidit Formasi Kebo-Butak di Pegunungan
Baturagung timur. Skripsi S1, Universitas
Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Yogya-
karta, 55pp.
Jakobsson, S.P., Gudmundsson, G., and Moore,
J.G., 2000. Geological monitoring of Surtsey,
Iceland, 1967-1998. Surtsey Research, 11,
p.99-108.
Katili, J.A., 1975. Volcanism and Plate Tectonics
in the Indonesian Island Arcs. Tectonophys-
 Volcanostratigraphic Sequences of Kebo-Butak Formation at Bayat Geological Field Complex,
Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia (S. Mulyaningsih)
ics, 26, p.165-188. DOI: 10.1016/0040-
1951(75)90088-8
Laksono, P.B., 2007. Geologi dan petrogenesa
batuan vulkanik Formasi Kebo-Butak, dae-
rah Trembono dan sekitarnya, Kecamatan
Gedangsari, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul,
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Skripsi S1,
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Vet-
eran, Yogyakarta, 80pp.
Maeno, F. and Imamura, F., 2011. Tsunami
generation by a rapid entrance of a pyro-
clastic flow into the sea during the 1883
Krakatau eruption, Indonesia. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 116, B09025. DOI:
10.1029/2011JB008253
G
Parkinson, C.D., 1998. Emplacement of the
East Sulawesi Ophiolite: evidence from
subophiolite metamorphic rocks. Journal
of Asian Earth Sciences, 16, p.13-28. DOI:
10.1016/S0743-9547(97)00039-1
Peccerillo, A. and Frezzotti, M. L., 2015. Mag-
matism, mantle evolution and geodynamics
O
at the converging plate margins of Italy,
Journal of the Geological Society, 172,
p.407-427. DOI: 10.1144/jgs2014-085
Prasetiadi, C., 2007. Evolusi Tektonik Paleogen
Jawa Bagian Timur. Desertasi, Program
Doktor Teknik Geologi, Institut Teknologi
Bandung.
Rahardjo, W., 1983. Paleoenvironmental Re-
IJ
construction of the Sedimentary Sequence
of The Baturagung Escarpment Gunung
Kidul Area Central Java. Proceedings PIT
XII IAGI. Yogyakarta 6 - 8, Desember 1983,
p.135 - 140.
Rahardjo, W., Sukandarumiddi, and Rosidi,
H.M.D., 1977. Peta Geologi Lembar Yogya-
karta, Jawa, skala 1 : 100.000. Pusat Peneli-
tian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.
Samodra, H. dan Sutisna, K. 1997. Peta Geologi
Lembar Klaten (Bayat), Jawa, skala 1 :
50.000. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Geologi, Bandung.
Schopka, H.H., Gudmundsson, M.T., and
Tuffen, H., 2006. The formation of Helgafell,
southwest Iceland, a monogenetic subglacial
hyaloclastite ridge: Sedimentology, hydrol-
ogy and volcano-ice interaction. Journal Vol-
canology Geothermal Research 152, p.359-
377. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.11.010
Selley, R.C., 1970. Ancient Sedimentary en-
vironments (2 nd edition). Chapman and
Hall (London), 237pp. DOI: 10.1017/
S0016756800043673
Smith, H., 2005. Eocene to Miocene basin
history and volcanic activity in East Java,
Indonesia. Ph.D thesis, the University of
London, 470pp.
Soeria-Atmadja, R., Maury, R.C., Bellon,
H., Pringgopawiro, H., Polve, M., and
Priadi, B., 1994. Tertiary magmatic belts
in Java. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth
Sciences, 9, p.13-27. DOI: 10.1016/0743-
9547(94)90062-0
Soesilo, D., 2003. Batuan kristalin dalam pan-
dangan Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia 1996
(Baru): Penerapannya di Bayat dan Ka-
rangsambung, Jawa Tengah. Pusat Peneli-
tian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung,
20-21 Oktober 2003, Seminar Ilmiah.
Sumarso dan Ismoyowati, T., 1975. A contribu-
tion to the stratigraphy of the Jiwo Hills and
their southern suroundings. Proceedings of
4th Annual Convention of Indonesia Petro-
leum Association, Jakarta, II, p.19-26.
Suparka, M. E., 1988. Studi Petrologi dan Pola
Kimia Komplek Ofiolit Karangsambung
Utara, Luh Ulo, Jawa Tengah. Desertasi,
Program Doktor Teknik Geologi, Institut
Teknologi Bandung, 181pp.
Surono, 2008. Sedimentasi Formasi Semilir di
Desa Sendang, Wuryantoro, Wonogiri, Jawa
Tengah. Jurnal Sumber Daya Geologi, XVIII
(1), p.29-41.
Surono, Hartono, U., and Permanadewi, S.,
2006. Posisi stratigrafi dan petrogenesis
Intrusi Pendul, Perbukitan Jiwo, Bayat, Ka-
bupaten Klaten, Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Sumber
Daya Geologi, XVI (5), p.302-311.
Surono, Toha, B., and Sudarno, I, 1992. Peta
Geologi Lembar Surakarta-Giritontro,
Jawa, Skala 1 : 100.000. Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.
93
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 77-94
Sutanto, 2003. Himpunan Batuan dan Keanek-
aragaman Proses pada Busur vulkanik di
Lingkungan Busur Kepulauan dan Tepi
Benua Aktif. Jurnal Ilmu Kebumian Buletin
Teknologi Mineral, UPN Veteran Yogya-
karta, p.58-67.
Sutanto, Soeria Atmadja, R., Maury, R.C., and
Bellon, H., 1994. Geochronology of Ter-
tiary volcanism in Jawa. Prosiding Geologi
dan Geotektonik P. Jawa, sejak Mesozoik
- Kuarter, F. Teknik UGM, Yogyakarta,
p.53-56, p.73-76.
Thordarson, T., Hskuldsson, ., 2006 (2nd
edition). Classic Geology in Europe 3. Ice-
land. Harpenden: Terra Publishing. DOI:
10.1007/s00445-014-0878-7
G
Triana, K.E., 2013. Geologi dan studi
lingkungan pengendapan Formasi Kal-
ibeng Daerah Mondokan dan Sekitarnya,
O
IJ
94
Kecamatan Mondokan, Kabupaten Sragen,
Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Skripsi S1, Univer-
sitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran,
Yogyakarta, 65pp.
Trianto, A., 2006. Geologi dan studi fasies tur-
bidit Formasi Kebo-Butak di Pegunungan
Baturagung bagian barat. Skripsi S1, Uni-
versitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran,
Yogyakarta, 63pp.
Trnnes, R.G., 1990. Basaltic melt evolution
of the Hengill volcanic system, SW Iceland,
and evidence for clinopyroxene assimilation
in primitive tholeiitic magmas, Journal
Geophysical Research, 95, p.15893-15910.
DOI: 10.1029/JB095iB10p15893
Van Gorsel, J.T., Kadar, D., Sunarto, Hazuardi,
Toha, B., and Sumarinda, I.W., 1987. Cen-
tral Java Field Trip Guide Book. Indonesian
Petroleum Association, 30pp.