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Annex Building Structures

The formulae and data provided in this Annex are for education, training and assessment purposes only.

The information related to reinforced concrete design are based on the Hong Kong Code of Practice for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013 (HKCP-2013) and their application is subject to the following conditions:
Grade of concrete not higher than 45.
There is no moment redistribution.
The structural element is subjected to gravitational loads, i.e. dead and imposed loads, only.

Equations of Equilibrium (2D-structure):


Y
Fx = 0, Fy = 0, M = 0 Resolution of
force:
F
Fy Fx = F cos
Stress, = force/area = P/A
Fy = F sin
Stain, = deformation per unit length = / L
Elastic Module, E = stress/strain =/
2 Fx
E of Steel = 200 000N/mm X

Free Body Diagrams:

Sign Convention for +ve V Characteristics of Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and
Bending & Shear: Bending Moment Diagram (BMD):
Slope of SFD at a point
= Intensity of distributed load at that point
+ve M
Change in shear between points A & B
= total change in load between points A and B
Slope of BMD at point A = Shear at that point
The Moment of
Inertia b Change in bending moment between points A & B
of Rectangular = Area under the SFD between points A & B
h CG
Section about x-x: Change in shear at a point
Ixx = bh3 / 12 + bh y2 y = magnitude of concentrated load at that point.
x x

Simply-supported Beam under a UDL, w (kN/m):


Bending Stress:
= Mxy /Ixx Shear (kN) at supports: V = 0.5 w L
(where Ixx is about y
the centroidal axis) Mid-span Moment(kN-m): M = 0.125 w L2
x x
0
where L = effective span (m)

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Annex Building Structures

Deflection Formulae

Beam and Loading Type Deflection


1. Cantilever beam with point load, P, at the free end
P PL

3EI
at the tip
L
2. Cantilever beam with point load, P, at any location
P Pa
a b 3L a
6EI
at the tip
L
3. Cantilever beam with uniformly distributed load w (N/m)
w wL

8EI

L at the tip

4. Simply-supported beam with point load, P, at the center


P
PL

48EI
at the center
L
5. Simply-supported beam with point load, P, at any location
P Pb
a b 3L 4b
48EI
at the center if a > b
L
6. Simply-supported beam with uniformly distributed load, w (N/m)
w 5wL

384EI

L at the center

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Annex Building Structures

Mild Steel High Tensile Steel


Grade 250 500B or 500C
2
Specified characteristic strength, fy (N/mm ) 250 500
Appearance Plain Ribbed
Notation R T
Properties of Reinforcement Bars

Usage qk (kPa)
Domestic 2.0
Preferred nominal Nominal cross-sectional
size (mm) area (mm2) Offices for general use 3.0
10 78.5 Department stores, shops, etc. 5.0
12 113 Examples of Imposed Load
(Extracted from Table 3.2 of the Code of Practice for Dead and
16 201 Imposed Loads 2011)

20 314
25 491
32 804
40 1257
Sizes of Reinforcement Bars
(Extracted from Table 2 of CS2:2012)

Dead Load Imposed Load


Materials Density (kN/m3)
Adverse effect 1.4 1.6
Reinforced concrete 24.5
Beneficial effect 1.0 0
Cement mortar 23
Values of Partial Safety Factors for Load (f) for
Natural stone (granite) 29 ULS
(Extracted from Table 2.1 of HKCP 2013)
Soil 20
Examples of Density of Material
(Extracted from Appendix A of the Code of Practice for Dead
and Imposed Loads 2011)

Limit to neutral axis x 0.5d


The K-value K= M/(bd2fcu)
K' = 0.156

Singly-reinforced section, K < K


The lever arm z= [0.5 + (0.25 K/0.9)0.5] d
If K 0.0428 z= 0.95 d
As = M / (0.87 fy z)

Elements Minimum (%) Maximum (%)


Singly-reinforced Rectangular Beam 0.13 4
Column 0.80 6
Minimum & Maximum Percentage of Reinforcement (Grade 500)

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Annex Building Structures

V
Shear Stress v= bv = b for rectangular beam section
b vd

Concrete Shear 100 As 400 1


Stress vc = 0.79 ( )1/3 ( )1/4
b vd d m
where
100 As
( ) should not be taken as greater than 3. (As is the steel area of longitudinal tension steel.)
b vd
400
( )1/4 should not be taken as less than 0.67 for members without shear reinforcement.
d
400
( )1/4 should not be taken as less than 1 for members with minimum shear reinforcement.
d
m 1.25, partial factor of safety for shear strength of concrete

Values of Design Concrete Shear Stress, vc


(Extracted from Table 6.3 of HKCP-2013)
If fcu > 25 MPa, the value of vc has to be multiplied by (fcu / 25)1/3.

Max. Allowable Shear Stress = 0.8 fcu


If v < (vc + 0.4), nominal link: Asv / sv 0.4 bv / (0.87 fyv)
Otherwise, shear link: Asv / sv (v vc) bv / (0.87 fyv)
Max sv 0.75d

Spacing of Links (mm)


Link Size
80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325
8 1.257 1.005 0.804 0.670 0.574 0.503 0.447 0.402 0.366 0.335 0.309
10 1.964 1.571 1.257 1.047 0.898 0.785 0.698 0.628 0.571 0.524 0.483
12 2.827 2.262 1.810 1.508 1.293 1.131 1.005 0.905 0.823 0.754 0.696
16 5.027 4.021 3.217 2.681 2.298 2.011 1.787 1.608 1.462 1.340 1.237
Asv / sv Values for Single Link (2 legs) (mm2 per mm)

Short Column Subjecting to Axial Load with Moment due to Nominal Eccentricity,:
N = 0.4fcu Ac + 0.75fyAsc Eqn 6.55 of HKCP-2013

Short Braced Column Supporting an Approximately Symmetrical Arrangement of Beams,


N = 0.35fcu Ac + 0.67fy Asc Eqn 6.56 of HKCP-2013

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