.

ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3

Copyright , 2015

Creative Commons -
- 3.0.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/gr/

9, 15780
www.kallipos.gr



- .. 17
- ... 19
. 21
. 23

1: 25
25
.. 25
1.1. . 25
1.2. ... 25
1.3. ... 27
1.4. .. 28
1.5. .. 29
1.6. . 29
1.7. ... 30
1.8. .. 30
1.9. ... 31
1.10 .. 31
... 32

2: .. 35
35
.. 35
2.1. 35
2.2. ... 35
2.3. 36
2.4. . 36
2.4.1. .. 37
2.4.2. .. 38
2.5. 39
2.6. 40
2.7. .. 41
2.7.1. . 41

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
8

2.7.2. ... 42
2.7.3. ... 44
2.8. . 44
2.8.1. 46
2.8.2. 47
2.8.3. ... 48
2.9. .. 49
2.9.1. .. 49
2.9.2. . 51
2.9.3. .. 51
2.10. 52
2.11. .. 54
2.12. 55
2.13. .. 56
2.14. .. 57
2.15. . 58
2.16. 59
2.17. . 60
2.17.1. ... 60
2.17.2. .. 60
2.18. .. 61
2.19. .. 62
2.19.1. 2.1 62
2.19.2. 2.2 65
2.19.3. 2.3 66
... 68

3: 69
69
.. 69
3.1. . 69
3.1.1. ... 69
3.1.2. Y .............................................................................................................. 69
3.1.3. Z .............................................................................................................. 70
3.1.4. ABCD ...................................................................................................... 71
3.1.5. ABCD .. 72
3.1.6. ABCD .. 72
3.1.7. ABCD .. 73
3.1.8. ABCD ... 74
3.1.9. . 74
3.1.10. .. 75
 9

3.2. ... 77
3.3. ... 77
3.4. . 78
3.5. . 80
3.5.1. 80
3.5.2. ... 82
3.5.3. 84
3.6. 85
3.6.1. . 85
3.6.2. 86
3.7. ... 86
3.7.1. Ferranti ...................................................................................................... 86
3.7.2. ... 87
3.8. ... 89
3.8.1. ... 89
3.8.2. .. 89
3.8.3. ... 91
3.9. .. 91
3.9.1. 3.1 91
3.9.2. 3.2 95
... 98

4: ... 99
99
.. 99
4.1. . 99
4.1.1. ... 100
4.1.2. .. 100
4.2. AC . 101
4.2.1. ... 101
4.2.2. ... 102
4.2.3. 103
4.2.4. 105
4.3. 107
4.3.1. 107
4.3.2. .. 107
4.3.3. ABCD ... 108
4.4. .. 108
4.4.1. 109
4.4.2. .. 111
4.4.3. ABCD ... 112
10

4.5. ... 112

4.5.1. . 113
4.5.2. . 115
4.6. ... 116
4.6.1. VI ................................................................................................... 116
4.6.2. ... 118
4.6.3. SVC ... 120
4.7. .. 123
4.7.1. .. 123
4.7.2. ... 124
4.7.3. ... 125
4.8. . 127
4.8.1. ... 127
4.9. ... 129
4.9.1. VI ................................................................................................... 129
4.9.2. ... 130
4.10. 134
4.10.1. ... 134
4.11. .. 136
4.11.1. .. 137
4.11.2. 138
4.11.3. UPFC
.. 141
4.12. .. 143
4.12.1. 4.1 143
4.12.2. 4.2 146
4.12.3. 4.3 150
... 152

5: ... 153
153
.. 153
5.1. . 153
5.2. 155
5.2.1. . 155
5.2.2. ... 155
5.2.3. .. 157
5.3. . 160
5.3.1. . 160
5.3.2. ... 160
5.4. 5.1 162
 11

... 166

6: 167
167
.. 167
6.1. . 167
6.2. .. 167
6.3. .. 169
6.4. ... 169
6.5. .. 170
6.6. DC . 172
6.6.1. DC ... 172
6.6.2. DC . 173
6.7. ... 176
6.7.1. DC ... 176
6.7.2. AC ... 176
6.8. ... 177
6.8.1. 177
6.8.2. DC . 177
6.9. 179
6.10. 180
6.11. .. 182
6.11.1. 6.1 182
6.11.2. 6.2 185
6.11.3. 6.3 188
... 188

7: 191
191
.. 191
7.1. . 191
7.2. ... 193
7.2.1. 193
7.2.2. . 193
7.2.3. 193
7.2.4. 193
7.2.5. ... 193
7.2.6. .. 194
7.2.7. .. 194
7.2.8. .. 194
12

7.2.9. 195
7.2.10. . 195
7.2.11. . 195
7.3 7.1 196
... 196

8: . 197
197
.. 197
8.1. . 197
8.2.
. 197
8.2.1. AC ... 197
8.2.2. 199
8.2.3.
... 202
8.3. . 205
8.3.1. 205
8.3.2. 206
8.3.3. ... 207
8.3.4. 207
8.3.5. . 208
8.4. ... 209
8.5.
. 210
8.5.1. AC ... 210
8.5.2. .. 211
8.5.3. . 212
8.5.4. 212
8.6. .. 213
8.7. .. 214
8.7.1. AC ... 214
8.7.2. .. 215
8.7.3. . 216
8.8. 216
8.8.1. . 216
8.8.2. .. 218
8.8.3. . 218
8.8.4. / / . 222
8.8.5. .. 222
8.8.6. AC / ... 222
 13

8.8.7. / .. 226
8.8.8. ... 227
8.9. .. 229
8.9.1. 8.1 229
8.9.2. 8.2 234
8.9.3. 8.3 236
8.9.4. 8.4 240
... 243

9: . 245
245
.. 245
9.1. . 245
9.2. 247
9.3. .. 250
9.3.1. . 250
9.3.2. AC ... 250
9.3.3. . 253
9.4. ... 255
9.4.1. . 255
9.4.2. AC ... 255
9.4.3. . 256
9.5. . 257
9.6. ... 259
9.7. .. 260
9.7.1. 9.1 260
9.7.2. 9.2 262
... 265

10: . 267
. 267
.. 267
10.1. . 267
10.2. ... 268
10.2.1. 268
10.2.2. ... 270
10.2.3. . 271
10.2.4. 272
10.3. .. 273
10.4. 273
14

10.4.1. 273
10.4.2. 274
10.4.3. . 274
10.4.4. 274
10.4.5. 275
10.4.6. .. 276
10.4.7. ... 276
10.5. 276
10.5.1. 276
10.5.2. .. 277
10.5.3. ... 277
10.5.4. . 278
10.5.5. ... 278
10.5.6. 278
10.5.7. . 278
10.5.8. 279
10.5.9. . 279
10.5.10. .. 279
10.5.11. ... 280
10.5.12. ... 280
10.5.13. ... 280
10.5.14. ... 281
10.5.15. . 281
10.5.16. ... 281
10.5.17. 281
10.5.18. .. 281
10.5.19. ... 282
10.5.20. . 282
10.6. .. 282
10.6.1. 282
10.6.2. .. 283
10.6.3. .. 284
10.6.4. 285
10.6.5. ... 285
10.6.6. ... 286
10.6.7. 287
10.7. . 287
10.7.1. .. 287
10.7.2. ... 288
10.7.3. 288
10.7.4. 288
 15

10.7.5. ... 289

10.7.6. 290
10.8. ... 293
10.8.1. 293
10.8.2. . 293
10.8.3. 294
10.9. .. 295
10.9.1. 295
10.9.2. 296
10.9.3. .. 297
10.9.4. ... 297
10.9.5. .. 299
10.10. .. 301
10.10.1. 10.1 . 301
10.10.2. 10.2 . 304
... 306

309
 -

ACSR Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced

CSC Current Source Converter
DER Distributed Energy Resources
DG Distributed Generation
FACTS Flexible AC Transmission Systems
GMD Geometric Mean Distance
GMR Geometric Mean Radius
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
PMU Phasor Measurement Unit
SIL Surge Impedance Limit
SPS Static Phase Shifter
SSSC Static Synchronous Series Compensator
STATCOM STATic synchronous COMpensator
SVC Static Var Compensator
SVS Synchronous Voltage Source
TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller
VSC Voltage Source Converter

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
18 -

/


 -

Aluminium conductor steel reinforced

Bundled conductors
Compensation
Conservation voltage reduction
Current source converter
Custom power
Distributed energy resources
Distributed generation
Extinction delay angle
Flexible AC transmission systems
Geometric mean distance
Geometric mean radius
Hosting capacity
Ignition delay angle
Insulated gate bipolar transistor
Inverter
Optimal power flow
Overlap angle
Phasor measurement unit
Power flow
Rectifier
Static phase shifter
Static synchronous compensator
Static synchronous series sompensator
Static Var compensator
Stranded conductor
Surge impedance limit
Synchronous voltage source
Synchrophasor
Thyristor controlled series capacitor

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
20 -

Unified power flow controller

Voltage regulation
Voltage source converter


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 2

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36 2:

r L r L r L

C g C g C g

2.1 .

2.2 r.

2.3.
, , R1 ( ), 1
[2.1]:
l
R 1 = 1 (2.1)
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1 ( m) 1 ( 1 = 200 C
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2, 100 C 1000 C, , R2 (
), :

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a1 1.
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2.4.
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I
 2: 37

( Wbt) I ( ) .
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2 x

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[2.2]
2.2:

I I
= x2 (2.5)
r 2
x

(2.5) Ix (2.4), :

I
Hx = x (2.6)
2 r 2

0,
Bx = 0Hx, (2.6), :

0 I
Bx = x (2.7)
2 r 2

0 ( ) 4107 H/m.
dx dx
dx = Bxdx1 = Bxdx, (2.7), :

0 I
d x = x dx (2.8)
2 r 2

dx Ix ( 2.2), ,
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:

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2 r 4

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0 I
int = dx =
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38 2:

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int = (2.10)
8

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8 2 m

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: 0 = 4107 H/m.
(2.11)
r .

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2.3
r. x > r, I, Ix = I, ,
(2.4), :

I
Hx = (2.12)
2 x

H Bx = 0Hx, (2.12), :

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Bx = (2.13)
2 x

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dx = d = Bxdx1 = Bxdx,
(2.13), :

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2 x

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D2 D
I 21
ext = d x = 0 dx
D
2 D x
1 1

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ext = ln 2 (2.15)
2 D1

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:

0 D D H
Lext = ln 2 = 2 10 7 ln 2 (2.16)
2 D1 D1 m
 2: 39

D2

D1
I
r

2.3 r.

2.4 .

(2.16)
: 0 = 4107 H/m.

2.5.
2.4,
r1 r2, . D. 1
I1 = I 2
I2 = I1 = I .
(2.11) (2.16), 1 :
1 1 D 1 D 1 D
L1 = = Lint + Lext = 10 7 + 2 10 7 ln = 2 10 7 + ln = 2 10 7 ln 1 / 4 + ln
I1 2 r1 4 r1 e r1

1 1 1 H
L1 = = 2 10 7 ln 1 / 4
2 10 7 ln (2.17)
I1 r1 e D m

Lext,
(2.16), D1 = r1 D2 = D.
, 2 :

2 1 1 H
L2 = = 2 10 7 ln 1 / 4
2 10 7 ln (2.18)
I2 r2 e D m

1, L11 L12,
:
40 2:

1 1
1 = L1 I1 = 2 10 7 ln 1 / 4
2 107 ln I1 = L11 I1 + L12 I 2 = ( L11 L12 ) I1 (2.19)
r1 e D

(2.19) I2 = I1 (2.17).
2, L22 L21,
:

1 1
2 = L2 I 2 = 2 10 7 ln + 2 10 7 ln I 2 = L21 I1 + L22 I 2 = ( L21 + L22 ) I 2 (2.20)
D r2 e 1 / 4

(2.19) (2.20), L11 L22, L12 L21,

:

1
L11 = 2 10 7 ln (2.21)
r1 e 1 / 4
1
L22 = 2 10 7 ln (2.22)
r2 e 1 / 4
1
L12 = L21 = 2 107 ln (2.23)
D

, r1 = r2 = r, (2.17) (2.18)
2 1,
L2 = L1. , :
1 1 H D H D mH
L = 2 10 7 ln 1 / 4
2 10 7 ln = 2 107 ln = 0,2 ln
r e D m r e 1 / 4 m r e 1 / 4 km
D GMD mH
L = 0,2 ln 1 / 4
= 0,2 ln (2.24)
r e GMR km

GMD = D GMR = r e 1 / 4 (2.25)

GMD (Geometric Mean Distance) GMR (Geometric Mean

Radius) . GMD GMR ,
, m, (2.24) mH/km.

2.6.
n , I1, I2, , In,
:

I1 + I 2 + ... + I i + ... + I n = 0 (2.26)

(2.19), i [2.3]:

n
i = Lii I i + Lij I j ji (2.27)
j =1
 2: 41

1 n
1
i = 2 10 7 I i ln
ri e 1 / 4
+ I j ln
Dij


ji (2.28)
j =1

Lii i, Lij j i ( )
i j, ri i Dij i
j.
Lii Lij :

1
Lii = 2 10 7 ln (2.29)
ri e 1 / 4
1
Lij = 2 107 ln (2.30)
Dij

(2.28) i = 1, 2, , n, (2.29)
(2.30), n (2.28) :

1 L11 L12 . . . L1n I1

L L21 . . . L2 n I 2
2 21
. . . . . . . .
= [ ] = [L] [I ] (2.31)
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .

n Ln1 Ln 2 . . . Lnn I n

(2.30) Lij = Lji, [L] .

2.7.
2.7.1.
2.5. ,
Dab = Dbc = Dca = D , ra = rb = rc = r.
, :

Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 (2.32)

(2.28), a :

1 1 1
a = 2 10 7 I a ln 1 / 4
+ I b ln + I c ln (2.33)
r e D D

(2.32) Ib + Ic = Ia, (2.33)

:
1 1
a = 2 10 7 I a ln 1 / 4
I a ln
r e D
42 2:

2.5 .

D
a = 2 10 7 I a ln (2.34)
r e 1 / 4

(2.34), a :

D H
La = 2 10 7 ln (2.35)
r e 1 / 4 m

, La = Lb = Lc,
. , :

GMD mH
L = 0,2 ln (2.36)
GMR km

GMD = D GMR = r e 1 / 4 (2.37)

GMD GMR .
GMD GMR , (2.36) mH/km.
(2.36) (2.37) (2.24) (2.25),

.

2.7.2.
2.6, D12 D23 D13.
, ra = rb = rc = r. (2.28),
:

1 1 1
a = 2 10 7 I a ln + I b ln + I c ln (2.38)
re 1 / 4
D12 D13
 2: 43

2.6 .

2.7 .

1 1 1
b = 2 10 7 I a ln + I b ln + I c ln (2.39)
D12 re 1 / 4
D23

1 1 1
c = 2 107 I a ln + I b ln + I c ln (2.40)
D13 D23 r e 1 / 4

Ia , :

I b = I a 120 0 = I a 240 0 = a 2 I a (2.41)

I c = I a 120 0 = a I a (2.42)

a = 11200. (2.41) (2.42) (2.38) (2.40) :

a 1 1 1
La = = 2 10 7 ln + a 2 ln + a ln (2.43)
Ia re
1 / 4
D12 D13
1 1 1
Lb = b = 2 107 a ln + ln + a 2 ln (2.44)
Ib D12 re 1 / 4
D23
c 1 1 1
Lc = = 2 10 7 a 2 ln + a ln + ln (2.45)
Ic D13 D23 r e 1 / 4

(2.43) (2.45)
.
44 2:

2.7.3.
2.6
,
, ,
2.7.
(i),
(ii) (iii) 2.7,
:

La + Lb + Lc
L= (2.46)
3

(2.43) (2.45) (2.46)

a+a2 = 11200 + 12400 = 1, :

2 10 7 1 1 1 1 1 1
L= 3 ln 1 / 4
ln ln ln = 2 10 7 ln 1 / 4
ln
1/ 3
3 re D12 D23 D13 r e ( D12 D23 D13 )

GMD mH
L = 0,2 ln (2.47)
GMR km

GMD = 3 D12 D23 D13 GMR = r e 1 / 4 (2.48)

,
, .
,
.

2.8.

. ,
(stranded conductors). , ,
(bundled conductors),
.
.
(GMR) . ,

(GMD) , ,
.
2.8 x y.
x I y I.
x n , rx. y m
, ry. .
I/n x I/m y. (2.28),
a x :
I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1
a = 2 10 7 ln + ln + ... + ln 2 10 7 ln + ln + ... + ln
n D D
aa ab D an m D aa Dab Dam
 2: 45

2.8 .

m Daa Dab Dac ... Dam

a = 2 10 7 I ln (2.49)
n Daa Dab Dac ... Dan

a x :

a m Daa Dab Dac ... Dam

La = = 2 n 10 7 ln (2.50)
I /n n Daa Dab Dac ... Dan

, n x :

n m Dna Dnb Dnc ... Dnm

Ln = = 2 n 10 7 ln (2.51)
I /n n Dna Dnb Dnc ... Dnn

x :

La + Lb + Lc + ... + Ln
Lav = (2.52)
n

x , x :

Lav La + Lb + Lc + ... + Ln
Lx = = (2.53)
n n2

(2.53) La, Lb, , Ln,

x :

GMD mH
Lx = 0,2 ln (2.54)
GMR x km

GMD = mn ( Daa Dab ... Dam ) ... ( Dna Dnb ... Dnm ) (2.55)
GMR x = n ( Daa Dab ... Dan ) ... ( Dna Dnb ... Dnn )
2
(2.56)
Daa = Dbb = ... = Dnn = rx e 1 / 4 (2.57)
46 2:

y .
y (GMRy) GMRx. , (GMD)
.

2.8.1.

, ,
.
(bundled conductors).
.
, ,
, . 2.9
. 2.9,
N -. - r
R. ,
, .
(2.56)
:

GMRa = N ( D11 D12 ... D1N ) ... ( D N 1 D N 2 ... DNN )

2
(2.58)

D11 = D22 = ... = DNN = r e 1 / 4 (2.59)

2.9 :

2 ( N 1)
D12 = 2 R sin , D13 = 2 R sin , ... , D1N = 2 R sin (2.60)
N N N

2 ( N 1)
2 sin 2 sin ... 2 sin = N , > 1 (2.61)
N N N

(2.59) (2.61), :

D11 D12 ... D1N = ... = D N 1 DN 2 ... D NN = r e 1 / 4 N R N 1 (2.62)

(2.62) (2.58),
:

GMRa = N r e 1 / 4 N R N 1 (2.63)

b c ,
:

GMR = GMRa = GMRb = GMRc = N r e 1 / 4 N R N 1 (2.64)

 2: 47

2.9 .

,
(2.48), :

GMD = 3 Dab Dbc Dac (2.65)

3 D D D
GMD mH mH
L = 0,2 ln = 0,2 ln ab bc ac
(2.66)

GMR km N
re 1 / 4
N R N 1 km

2.8.2.
2.10. ,
, .
(2.64). ,
, :

D bs = r e 1 / 4 2 R = r e 1 / 4 d = Ds d (2.67)

, :

D bs = 3 r e 1 / 4 3 R 2 = 3 r e 1 / 4 d 2 = 3 Ds d 2 (2.68)

, :

D bs = 4 r e 1 / 4 4 R 3 = 4 r e 1 / 4 21 / 2 d 3 = 4 Ds 21 / 2 d 3 (2.69)
48 2:

2.10 .

,
, :

D s = r e 1 / 4 (2.70)

2.8.3.

() . a1a2, b1b2 c1c2
. , a1 a2 Ia/2, b1 b2 Ib/2
c1 c2 Ic/2. ,
. ,

. 2.11.
.

(2.54) (2.57). , a1a2, b1b2 c1c2
(2.55) , DAB,
DBC DAC , , , GMD:

D AB = 4 Da1b1 Da1b2 Da2b1 Da2b2 (2.71)

DBC = 4 Db1c1 Db1c2 Db2 c1 Db2c2 (2.72)
D AC = 4 Da1c1 Da1c2 Da2c1 Da2 c2 (2.73)
GMD = 3 D AB DBC D AC (2.74)

, (a1a2, b1b2 c1c2), (2.56)

(DSA, DSB DSC). ,
, GMRL. , , L,
:

DSA = D bs Da1a2 (2.75)

DSB = D bs Db1b2 (2.76)

DSC = D bs Dc1c2 (2.77)

GMRL = 3 DSA DSB DSC (2.78)
 2: 49

a1 c2
Ia Ic
2 2

Ib Ib
b1 b2
2 2

Ic Ia
2 2
c1 a2

2.11 .

GMD mH
L = 0,2 ln (2.79)
GMRL km

(2.75) (2.77), Dsb

, Dsb (2.64)
(2.67) (2.70) .

2.9.
2.9.1.
a, r, I
h , 2.12.
, . 2.12,
a a', h
, 2.12.
:

0 h dx 2h r dx 0 h (2 h r ) 0 (2 h r )
ext = I + = I ln = I ln
2 r x h
x 2 rh 2 r

2h>>r, :
0 2h
ext = I ln
2 r
, :

0 2h
Lext = ln (2.80)
2 r

(2.11) (2.80), a :
0 0 2 h 0 1 2 h 0 1 2h
L = Lint + Lext = + ln = + ln = ln 1 / 4 + ln
8 2 r 2 4 r 2 e r

0 2 h 0 D H
L= ln 1 / 4
= ln aa (2.81)
2 re 2 GMRL m
50 2:

h
Daa

a -I

2.12 .

y2

a c

x5 x6

y3

Dcc

y3

a c

x5 x6

y2

2.13 A .

Daa = 2 h , GMR L = r e 1 / 4 (2.82)

 2: 51

2.9.2.

abc 2.13.
, . 2.13,
a, b c a', b' c', ,
, .
a :
0 D D D
a = I a ln aa + 0 I b ln ab + 0 I c ln ac
2 GMRL 2 Dab 2 Dac
, b c. ,
, :

Daa Dab Dac

ln ln ln
a Laa Lab Lac I a a GMRL Dab Dac I
a

[ ] = [L] [I] b = Lba Lbb Lbc I b b = 0 ln ba
2
D D
ln bb ln bc I b
D
(2.83)
Dba GMRL Dbc
c Lca Lcb Lcc I c c Dca D D I c
ln ln cb ln cc
Dca Dcb GMRL

,
:
1
L = (Laa + Lab + Lac + Lba + Lbb + Lbc + Lca + Lcb + Lcb )
3
1 D D D D D D D D D
L= 0 ln aa + ln ab + ln ac + ln ba + ln bb + ln bc + ln ca + ln cb + ln cc
3 2 GMRL Dab Dac Dba GMRL Dbc Dca Dcb GMRL

1 Daa Dab Dac Dba Dbb Dbc Dca Dcb Dcc

L = 3 0 ln
9 2 GMRL Dab Dac Dba GMRL Dbc Dca Dcb GMRL

0 9 Daa Dab Dac Dba Dbb Dbc Dca Dcb Dcc

L = 3 ln (2.84)
2 9 GMR 3 D 2 D 2 D 2
L ab ac bc

2.9.3.

abc 2.13.
. :

= (2.85)
2 0 f

f (Hz).
. ,

, :
52 2:

, Dij <
Dij = (2.86)
Dij , Dij

, = 100 m 50 Hz,
(2.85), = 503,29 m, , ,

, , (2.86), , ,
(2.84), :

0 9
L = 3 ln = 3 0 ln (2.87)
2 9 GMRL3 Dab 2
D 2
D 2 2 9 GMR 3 D 2 D 2 D 2
ac bc L ab ac bc

2.10.
, , , ,
, .
( abc) 2.14,
( n). ,
:

a Laa Lab Lac Lan I a

L Lbb Lbc Lbn I b
b = ba (2.88)
c Lca Lcb Lcc Lcn I c

n Lna Lnb Lnc Lnn I n

, 2.9. ,
:

n = 0 (2.89)

(2.89) (2.88) :
Lna I a + Lnb I b + Lnc I c + Lnn I n = 0

Lna L L
In = I a nb I b nc I c (2.90)
Lnn Lnn Lnn

(2.90) (2.88) :
L L L
a = Laa I a + Lab I b + Lac I c + Lan na I a nb I b nc I c
Lnn Lnn Lnn

L2 L L L L
a = Laa an I a + Lab an nb I b + Lac an nc I c (2.91)
Lnn Lnn Lnn

, b c Ia, Ib
Ic. , :
 2: 53

a c

2.14 A .

L2an Lan Lnb Lan Lnc

Laa Lab Lac
Lnn Lnn Lnn I
a a
[ ] = [L new ] [I] b = Lab an Lnb
L
Lbb
L2bn
Lbc
Lbn Lnc
Ib (2.92)
Lnn Lnn Lnn
c I
L Lan Lnc L L L2cn c
Lbc bn nc Lcc
ac Lnn Lnn Lnn

, :
L2an L2 L2 L L
Laa + Lbb bn + Lcc cn + 2 Lab an nb +

1 Lnn Lnn Lnn Lnn
Lnew =
3 L L L
+ 2 Lac an nc + 2 Lbc bn nc L
L L
nn nn

1 L2 + L2bn + L2cn + 2 Lan Lnb + 2 Lan Lnc + 2 Lbn Lnc

Lnew = Lold an
(2.93)
3 Lnn

1
Lold = (Laa + Lbb + Lcc + 2 Lab + 2 Lac + 2 Lbc ) (2.94)
3

Lold , Lnew
, .
(2.93) , Lnew < Lold.
Lnew Lnn
(Lan, Lbn, Lcn).
54 2:

D2
x
q r
D1

2.15 r.

2.11.
C q V:

q
C= (2.95)
V

r, , q ( Cb/m),
2.15. .
Gauss, , ,
x, :

q q
D= = (2.96)
A 2 x

D
E= (2.97)
0

0 = 8,854191012 F/m . (2.96) (2.97),

:

q
E= (2.98)
2 0 x

D1
D2 :
D2 D2 D 2
q q dx
V12 = E dx = dx =
D D
2 0 x 2 0 D x
1 1 1

q D2
V12 = ln (2.99)
2 0 D1
 2: 55

2.12.
2.16,
a b r. D. a qa = q
b qb = qa = q.
qa a (2.99),
a b :

qa D
Vab ( qa ) = ln (2.100)
2 0 r

qb b (2.99),
b a :

qb D
Vba ( qb ) = ln (2.101)
2 0 r

:
Vab ( qb ) = Vba ( qb )

(2.101) :

qb r
Vab ( qb ) = ln (2.102)
2 0 D

, a b
qa qb :

qa D qb r
Vab = Vab ( qa ) + Vab ( qb ) = ln + ln (2.103)
2 0 r 2 0 D

qb = qa = q, (2.103)
:

q D
Vab = ln (2.104)
0 r

(2.95) (2.104), a b :

0 F
C ab =
D m (2.105)
ln
r

Cab (2.105) ( a b).

, ,
C, 2.17. , Cab = C/2, , (2.105),
:
56 2:

2.16 .

2.17 .

2 0 F
C=
D m (2.106)
ln
r

, 0 = 8,854191012 F/m, , (2.106),

:

55,6325 55,6325 nF
C= =
D GMD km (2.107)
ln ln
r GMRC

GMD = D GMRC = r (2.108)

GMD GMRC .
GMD GMRC , (2.107) nF/km.
(2.107) (2.24),
.
(2.107) (2.24), (GMD = D). , (2.107)
(2.24), ,
GMR = re1/4, GMRC = r.

2.13.
n (1, 2, , n) q1, q2, ... ,
qn, . :

q1 + q2 + ... + qi + ... + qn = 0 (2.109)

(2.99),
i j :
 2: 57

n Dkj
1
Vij = qk ln (2.110)
2 0 k =1 Dki

k = i, Dii i ,
Dii = r, r i. k i, Dki
k i.

2.14.

2.18, D12 D23 D13.
, ra = rb = rc = r. , :

qa + qb + qc = 0 (2.111)

(2.110) I , Vab
a b (qa, qb qc) :

1 D r D
Vab(I) = qa ln 12 + qb ln + qc ln 23 (2.112)
2 0 r D12 D13

, II , Vab :

1 D r D
Vab(II) = qa ln 23 + qb ln + qc ln 13 (2.113)
2 0 r D23 D12

, III , Vab :

1 D r D
Vab(III) = qa ln 13 + qb ln + qc ln 12 (2.114)
2 0 r D13 D23

(2.112) (2.114), Vab :

Vab = (Vab(I) + Vab(II) + Vab(III) )

1
3

1 1 D D D13 r3 D D D
Vab = qa ln 12 23 + q ln + qc ln 12 23 13
3 2 0
b
r 3
D12 D23 D13 D12 D23 D13

1 3 D D D
r
Vab = qa ln 12 23 13
+ qb ln
2 0 r 3 D12 D23 D13

1 GMD r
Vab = qa ln + qb ln (2.115)
2 0 r GMD

GMD = 3 D12 D23 D13 (2.116)

58 2:

2.18 .

GMD .
, Vac :

1 GMD r
Vac = qa ln + qc ln (2.117)
2 0 r GMD

(2.115) (2.117) (2.111), :

1 GMD r 1 GMD r
Vab + Vac = 2 qa ln + ( qb + qc ) ln = 2 qa ln qa ln
2 0 r GMD 2 0 r GMD

3 qa GMD
Vab + Vac = ln (2.118)
2 0 r

Van , :

Vab = Van 0 0 Van 120 0 (2.119)

Vac = Van 0 Van 240
0 0
(2.120)

(2.119) (2.120) , :
Vab + Vac = 2 Van 00 + ( Van 120 0 Van 240 0 ) Vab + Vac = 2 Van 00 + Van 0 0

Vab + Vac = 3 Van (2.121)

(2.95), (2.118) (2.121),

:

qa 2 0 F
C= =
Van ln GMD m (2.122)
r

, GMD, (2.116).

2.15.

2.14.
:
 2: 59

2 0 2 0 F
C= =
GMD 3 D D D m
ln ab bc ac (2.123)
req ln
N 1
N
rN R

GMD = 3 Dab Dbc Dac , req = N r N R N 1 (2.124)

N - , r - R
, -
( 2.9).
( 2.10), :

req = 2 r R = r d (2.125)

( 2.10),
:

req = 3 3 r R 2 = 3 r d 2 (2.126)

( 2.10),
:

req = 4 4 r R 3 = 4 21 / 2 r d 3 (2.127)

,
, :

req = r (2.128)

2.16.
2.11.
.
2.14,
:

2 0 F
C=
GMD m (2.129)
ln
GMRC

, GMD, (2.129) (2.74).

,
, GMD . , (2.129),
, GMRC, (2.133) :

rA = req Da1a2 (2.130)

60 2:

rB = req Db1b2 (2.131)

rC = req Dc1c2 (2.132)
GMRC = 3 rA rB rC (2.133)

, req
, req (2.124)
(2.125) (2.128) .

2.17.
2.17.1.
a, r, h
, 2.12.
, . 2.12, a
a', h .
a :

2 0 2 0 F
C= =
2h m
ln ln Daa (2.134)
r req

Daa = 2 h , req = r (2.135)

req a.

2.17.2.

abc 2.13.
, . 2.13,
a, b c a', b' c', ,
.
.

:

2 0 F
C=
GMD m (2.136)
3 ln
GMRC

GMD = 9 Daa Dab Dac Dba Dbb Dbc Dca Dcb Dcc (2.137)
GMR C = 9 req3 Dab
2
Dac
2
Dbc
2
(2.138)
 2: 61

(2.138), req , req

(2.124) (2.125) (2.128).

(2.136)
.

2.18.
, , , ,
, .
( abc) 2.14,
( n). ,
:

Va Paa Pab Pac Pan q a

V P Pbb Pbc Pbn q b
1 1
[V ] = [P] [q ] =
b

ba (2.139)
2 0 Vc 2 0 Pca Pcb Pcc Pcn q c

Vn Pna Pnb Pnc Pnn q n

[P] , :

D
Pii = ln ii (2.140)
req

Dij
Pij = ln (2.141)
Dij

Dii' i i', req

i, Dij' i j' j
Dij i j.
.
, :

Vn = 0 (2.142)

(2.142) (2.139) :
Pna q a + Pnb q b + Pnc q c + Pnn q n = 0

Pna P P
qn = q a nb q b nc q c (2.143)
Pnn Pnn Pnn

(2.143) (2.139) :

1 P P P
Va = Paa q a + Pab q b + Pac q c + Pan na q a nb q b nc q c
2 0 Pnn Pnn Pnn

1 P2 P P P P
Va = Paa an q a + Pab an nb q b + Pac an nc q c (2.144)
2 0 Pnn Pnn Pnn
62 2:

, Vb Vc qa, qb qc.
, :

Pan2 Pan Pnb Pan Pnc

Paa Pab Pac
Pnn Pnn Pnn q
Va a
P Pbn2 Pbn Pnc
[Pnew ] [q ] Vb =
1 1 P
[V ] = Pab an nb Pbb Pbc qb (2.145)
2 0 2 Pnn Pnn Pnn
Vc 0
q
P Pan Pnc P P Pcn2 c
Pbc bn nc Pcc
ac Pnn Pnn Pnn

, [Pnew],
:

Caa Cab Cac

[Cnew ] = 2 0 [ Pnew ] [Cnew ] = Cba
1
Cbb Cbc (2.146)

Cca Ccb Ccc

, [Cnew], .
,
:

1
C = (Caa + Cbb + Ccc + 2 Cab + 2 Cac + 2 Cbc ) (2.147)
3

(2.145), .
,
, .

2.19.
2.19.1. 2.1
, 50 Hz, , , r = 3
cm, 2.19, x5 = 3,5 m, x6 = 4,1 m, y2 = 7,6 m y3 = 18 m.
.
, : 1)
, 2) 3) = 100 m.

2.19 a b :

Dab = x52 + y 22 = 3,52 + 7,6 2 Dab = 8,3672 m

2.20 a b' (b'

b) :

Dab = x52 + ( y2 + 2 y3 ) 2 = 3,52 + (7,6 + 2 18) 2 Dab = 43,7403 m

 2: 63

2.19 2.1.

y2

a c

x5 x6

y3

y3

a c

x5 x6

y2

2.20 2.1.

, :
Dab = 8,3672 m Dac = 7,6000 m Dbc = 8,6354 m Daa = 36,0000 m
Dab = 43,7403 m Dac = 36,7935 m Dba = 43,7403 m Dbb = 51,2000 m
64 2:

Dbc = 43,7924 m Dca = 36,7935 m Dcb = 43,7924 m Dcc = 36,0000 m

(GMRL)
(GMRC) :
1 1
GMRL = re 4 = 0,03 e 4 GMRL = 0,023364 m

GMRC = r GMRC = 0,03 m

1:

:
GMD = 3 Dab Dac Dbc = 3 8,3672 7,6000 8,6354 GMD = 8,188894 m

:
0 GMD 8,188894 mH
L= ln = 0,2 ln L = 1,17
2 GMRL 0,023364 km

:
2 0 55,6325 nF
C= = C = 9,92
GMD 8,188894 km
ln ln
GMRC 0,03

2:

:
GMD = 9 Daa Dab Dac Dba Dbb Dbc Dca Dcb Dcc GMD = 41,030652 m

(GMRL)
(GMRC) :

( )
3
GMRL = 9 r e 1 / 4 Dab
2
Dac
2
Dbc
2
= 9 0,023364 3 8,3672 2 7,6000 2 8,6354 2 GMRL = 1,161447 m

GMRC = 9 r 3 Dab
2
Dac
2
Dbc
2
= 9 0,033 8,3672 2 7,6000 2 8,6354 2 GMRC = 1,262381 m

:
3 0 GMD 41,030652 mH
L= ln = 0,6 ln L = 2,14
2 GMR L 1,161447 km

:
2 0 55,6325 nF
C= = C = 5,33
GMD 41,030652 km
3 ln 3 ln
GMRC 1,262381

3:

2, C = 5,33 nF/km.
:
 2: 65

100
= = = 503,2921 m
2 0 f 2 (4 10 7 ) 50

Daa' < Daa' = Dab', , Dcc',

:

GMD = 9 Daa Dab Dac Dba Dbb Dbc Dca Dcb Dcc = 9 9 = GMD = 503,2921 m

, GMRL, 2,
GMRL = 1,161447 m.
:
3 0 GMD 503,2921 mH
L= ln = 0,6 ln L = 3,64
2 GMRL 1,161447 km

2.19.2. 2.2
2.1,
. , ,
N = 2 , r = 1,41 cm,
R = 22,9 cm. ,
.

2.1.

(GMRL_eq) (GMRC_eq) :

GMRL _ eq = r e 1 / 4 2 R = 0,0141 e 1 / 4 2 0,229 GMRL _ eq = 0,070918 m

GMRC _ eq = r 2 R = 0,0141 2 0,229 GMRC _ eq = 0,080360 m

(GMRL)
(GMRC) :

GMRL = 9 GMRL3 _ eq Dab

2
Dac
2
Dbc
2
= 9 0,0709183 8,3672 2 7,60002 8,6354 2 GMRL = 1,681649 m

GMRC = 9 GMRC3 _ eq Dab

2
Dac
2
Dbc
2
= 9 0,0803603 8,3672 2 7,60002 8,6354 2 GMRC = 1,753198 m

2 ( )
2.1 : GMD = 41,030652 m.
:
3 0 GMD 41,030652 mH
L= ln = 0,6 ln L = 1,92
2 GMRL 1,681649 km

:
2 0 55,6325 nF
C= = C = 5,88
GMD 41,030652 km
3 ln 3 ln
GMRC 1,753198
66 2:

2.19.3. 2.3
, 50 Hz, N = 2 ,
r = 1,41 cm, R = 22,9 cm.
, ( n), rn =
0,56 cm. 2.21, x5 = 3,5 m, x6
= 4,1 m, x7 = 2,8 m, y1 = 7,8 m, y2 = 7,6 m y3 = 18 m. .
,
.

2.21 a n' (
n) :

Dan = ( x5 + x7 ) 2 + ( y1 + y2 + 2 y3 ) 2 = ( 3,5 + 2,8) 2 + (7,8 + 7,6 + 2 18) 2 Dan = 51,7847 m

, :
Dab = 8,3672 m Dac = 7,6000 m Dbc = 8,6354 m Dan = 16,6388 m
Dbn = 8,2873 m Dcn = 15,4548 m Daa = 36,0000 m Dab = Dba = 43,7403 m
Dac = Dca = 36,7935 m Dan = Dna = 51,7847 m Dbb = 51,2000 m Dbc = 43,7924 m
Dbn = Dnb = 59,0664 m Dcb = 43,7924 m Dcc = 36,0000 m
Dcn = Dnc = 51,4164 m Dnn = 66,8000 m

(GMRL_eq) (GMRC_eq) :

GMRL _ eq = r e 1 / 4 2 R = 0,0141 e 1 / 4 2 0,229 GMRL _ eq = 0,070918 m

GMRC _ eq = r 2 R = 0,0141 2 0,229 GMRC _ eq = 0,080360 m

(GMRL_n)
(GMRC_n) :
GMRL _ n = rn e 1 / 4 = 0,0056 e 1 / 4 GMRL _ n = 0,004361 m

GMRC _ n = rn GMRC _ n = 0,0056 m

Laa Lnn Lan :

Daa
Laa = 0,2 ln = 0,2 ln 36,0000 Laa = 1,246 mH
GMRL _ eq 0,070918 km

Dnn
Lnn = 0,2 ln = 0,2 ln 66,8000 Lnn = 1,927 mH
GMRL _ n 0,004361 km

D 51,7847 mH
Lan = 0,2 ln an = 0,2 ln Lan = 0,227
Dan 16,6388 km

.
:
 2: 67

2.21 2.3.

Laa Lab Lac Lan 1,246 0,331 0,315 0,227

L Lbb Lbc Lbn 0,331 1,316 0,325 0,393 mH
[ Lold ] = ba =
Lca Lcb Lcc Lcn 0,315 0,325 1,246 0,240 km

Lna Lnb Lnc Lnn 0,227 0,393 0,240 1,927

:
Laa Lab Lac Lan 1,219 0,285 0,287
[ Lnew ] = Lba Lbc Lbn Lcn ] [ Lnew ] = 0,285 1,236 0,276
1 mH
Lbb [Lan Lbn
L km
Lca Lcb Lcc Lcn nn
0,287 0,276 1,216

,
:
68 2:

1 mH
L = (1,219 + 1,236 + 1,216 + 2 0,285 + 2 0,287 + 2 0,276) L = 1,79
3 km
Paa, Pnn Pan :
Daa
Paa = ln = ln 36,0000 Paa = 6,105
GMRC _ eq 0,080360

Dnn
Pnn = ln = ln 66,8000 Pnn = 9,387
GMRC _ n 0,0056

D 51,7847
Pan = ln an = ln Pan = 1,135
D
an 16,6388
.
:
Paa Pab Pac Pan 6,105 1,654 1,577 1,135
P Pbb Pbc Pbn 1,654 6,457 1,624 1,964
[ Pold ] = ba =
Pca Pcb Pcc Pcn 1,577 1,624 6,105 1,202

Pna Pnb Pnc Pnn 1,135 1,964 1,202 9,387

:
Paa Pab Pac Pan 5,967 1,416 1,432
[ Pnew ] = Pba Pbc Pbn Pcn ] [ Pnew ] = 1,416 6,046 1,372
1
Pbb [Pan Pbn
P
Pca Pcb Pcc Pcn nn
1,432 1,372 5,951

,
:
1
5,967 1,416 1,432 10,271 1,946 2,023
[Cnew ] = 2 0 [ Pnew ] = 2 0 1,416 6,046 1,372 [Cnew ] = 1,946 10,078 1,855
1 nF
km
1,432 1,372 5,951 2,023 1,855 10,263

,
:
1 nF
C = (10,271 + 10,078 + 10,263 2 1,946 2 2,023 2 1,855) C = 6,32
3 km

[2.1] T. Gnen, Electric power transmission system engineering: analysis and design, 2nd edition. CRC
Press, New York, 2009.
[2.2] M. E. El-Hawary, Electrical power systems: design and analysis. IEEE Press, New York, 1995.
[2.3] H. Saadat, Power system analysis, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010.
 3

.

. ,
, . ,
(, , )
.
.
.
, , .
.

, .

3.1.
3.1.1.
(two-port network) , (bilateral)

.
3.1, VS IS , , (Send)
, VR IR , , (Receive)
. 3.1 ,
. 3.1,
IS
IS. , IR
IR.

.

3.1.2. Y
3.1, Y,
[3.1]:

I S y SS y SR VS
I = y
y RR VR
(3.1)
R RS

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
70 3:

3.1 .

ySS, ySR, yRS, yRR Y

.
Y :
IS
y SS = VR = 0
VS

IS
y SR = VS = 0
VR

IR
y RS = VR = 0
VS

IR
y RR = VS = 0
VR
VS = 0 S ()
. , Y
.
, :

y SR = y RS (3.2)

(3.2) ( )
Y Y .
, ,
. ,
. , :

y SS = y RR (3.3)

3.1.3. Z
3.1, Z,
:

VS Z SS Z SR I S
V = Z
Z RR I R
(3.4)
R RS

ZSS, ZSR, ZRS, ZRR Z

. (3.4) .
, :
 3: 71

Z SR = Z RS (3.5)

(3.5) Z
Z .
, :

Z SS = Z RR (3.6)

3.1.4. ABCD
3.1, ABCD,
:

VS A B VR
I = C D I (3.7)
S R

VS = A VR + B I R I S = C VR + D I R (3.8)

A, B, C, D ABCD ABCD
ABCD.
Y, ABCD :

y RR
A= (3.9)
y RS
1
B= (3.10)
y RS
y SS y RR
C = y SR (3.11)
y RS
y SS
D= (3.12)
y RS

ABCD, Y :

D
y SS = (3.13)
B
BC AD
y SR = (3.14)
B
1
y RS = (3.15)
B
A
y RR = (3.16)
B

(3.2) (3.9) (3.12), :

y y 1 y SS y RR
A D B C = RR SS y SR
y SR y SR y SR y SR
72 3:

3.2 .

AD BC =1 (3.17)

(3.17) ABCD.
(3.7), (3.17), :

1
VR A B VS 1 D B VS
I = C D I = (A D B C ) C A I
R S S

VR D B VS
I = C A I (3.18)
R S

VR IR ,
(3.7) VS IS .
, ,
(3.18) .
(3.3), (3.9) (3.12),
:

A=D (3.19)

3.1.5. ABCD
ABCD 3.2
[3.2]:

ZY
A = 1+ (3.20)
2
B=Z (3.21)
ZY
C = Y 1 + (3.22)
4
ZY
D = 1+ =A (3.23)
2

3.1.6. ABCD
Kirchhoff 3.3,
:
 3: 73

3.3 .

3.4 .

3.5 .

ZY Z Y
1+ Z 1 +
VS 2 4 VR
I =
Z Y I R
(3.24)
S Y 1+
2

(3.7) (3.24), ABCD

T 3.3, :

ZY
A = 1+ (3.25)
2
ZY
B = Z 1 + (3.26)
4
C=Y (3.27)
ZY
D = 1+ =A (3.28)
2

3.1.7. ABCD
ABCD Z 3.4,
, (3.20) (3.23) ABCD ,
Y=0. , ABCD Z
3.4 :
74 3:

A1 B1 A 2 B2
C C D 2
1 D1 2

A t Bt
C Dt
t

3.6 () , () .

A =1 (3.29)
B=Z (3.30)
C=0 (3.31)
D =1 (3.32)

3.1.8. ABCD
ABCD Y 3.5,
, (3.25) (3.28) ABCD , Z=0.
, ABCD Y
3.5 :

A =1 (3.33)
B=0 (3.34)
C=Y (3.35)
D =1 (3.36)

3.1.9.
3.6() , .
(3.7), , :
VS A1 B1 VM
I = C D I
S 1 1 M

VM A 2 B 2 VR
I = C
D 2 I R
M 2
VM IM , :
VS A1 B1 A 2 B 2 VR
I = C
D1 C 2

D 2 I R
S 1
 3: 75

y SS 1 y SR1
y y RR1
RS1

y SS 2 y SR 2
y y RR 2
RS 2

y SSt y SRt
y y RRt
RSt

3.7 () , () .

, 3.6(),
ABCD 3.6() :

A t B t A1 B1 A 2 B2
C =
D t C1 D1 C 2 D 2
(3.37)
t

(3.37) N , :

A t B t A1 B1 A 2 B2 A BN
C = .... N
D t C1 D1 C2 D N
(3.38)
t D2 C N

3.1.10.
3.7 , .
(3.1), , :

I S 1 y SS 1 y SR1 VS 1
I = y
y RR1 VR1
(3.39)
R1 RS 1

I S 2 y SS 2 y SR 2 VS 2
I = y
y RR 2 VR 2
(3.40)
R 2 RS 2

(3.39) (3.40) :
76 3:

I S1 = y SS1 VS1 + y SR1 VR1 (3.41)

I R1 = y RS1 VS1 + y RR1 VR1 (3.42)
I S 2 = y SS 2 VS 2 + y SR 2 VR 2 (3.43)
I R 2 = y RS 2 VS 2 + y RR 2 VR 2 (3.44)

Kirchhoff 3.7(),
:

I S = I S1 + I S 2 (3.45)
I R = I R1 I R 2 (3.46)
VS1 = VS 2 = VS (3.47)
VR1 = VR 2 = VR (3.48)

(3.41) (3.43) (3.45) (3.47) (3.48),

:
I S = (y SS1 VS1 + y SR1 VR1 ) + (y SS 2 VS 2 + y SR 2 VR 2 )
I S = (y SS1 + y SS 2 ) VS + (y SR1 + y SR 2 ) VR (3.49)

(3.42) (3.44) (3.46) (3.47) (3.48),

:

I R = (y RS1 + y RS 2 ) VS + (y RR1 + y RR 2 ) VR (3.50)

(3.49) (3.50), , :

I S y SS1 + y SS 2 y SR1 + y SR 2 VS
I = y + y
y RR1 + y RR 2 VR
(3.51)
R RS1 RS 2

I S y SS1 y SR1 y SS 2 y SR 2 VS
I = y +
y RR1 y RS 2

y RR 2 VR
(3.52)
R RS1

, 3.7(),
Y 3.7() :

y SSt y SRt y SS1 y SR1 y SS 2 y SR 2

y = +
y RRt y RS 1 y RR1 y RS 2 y RR 2
(3.53)
RSt

(3.53) N , :

y SSt y SRt y SS1 y SR1 y SS 2 y SR 2 y y SRN

y = + + ... + SSN
y RRt y RS1 y RR1 y RS 2 y RRN
(3.54)
RSt y RR 2 y RSN
 3: 77

r L r L r L

C g C g C g

3.8 .

Z = R + jX L

3.9 .

3.2.
,
3.8, L (
H/m), r ( /m), C
( F/m) g
( 1/m). L, r, C g
.
, ,
:

1.
, ,
.
2. .

3.3.
3.9.
, C g
( 3.8), 80 km.
3.9, VS () ( V), VR
() , IS ( A), IR
, l ( m), Z
( ), R
( ) XL
( ).
78 3:

3.10 .

3.11 .

H Z
:

Z = z l = R + jX L = r l + jxL l = r l + j 2 f L l (3.55)

z (
/m), r ( /m), xL
( /m), f
( Hz) L ( H/m).
( 3.9)
Z, , 3.1.7, ABCD
:

A =1 B=Z C=0 D =1 (3.56)

(3.7) (3.56), -
:

VS 1 Z VR
I = 0 1 I (3.57)
S R

3.4.
,
C g ( 3.8),
240 km.
( 3.10)
( 3.11). :

Z = z l = R + jX L = r l + jxL l = r l + j 2 f L l (3.58)
 3: 79

1 1
Y = y l = G + j = g l + j l = g l + j2 f C l (3.59)
XC xc

Z ( ), ,
(3.58) (3.55), ,
. (3.59), Y
( 1, 1 1 = 1 mho = 1 S), G
( 1), XC
( ), y
( 1/m), g
( 1/m), xC
( m), f ( Hz) C
( F/m).
3.10 3.11, VS () ( V), VR
() , IS
( A), IR l ( m).
( 3.10) ( 3.3),
, 3.1.6, ABCD
:

ZY ZY ZY
A = 1+ B = Z 1 + C=Y D = 1+ (3.60)
2 4 2

(3.7) (3.60), -
:

ZY Z Y
VS 1 + 2 Z 1 +


4 VR
I =
Z Y I R
(3.61)
S Y 1+
2

( 3.11) ( 3.2),
, 3.1.5, ABCD
:

ZY ZY ZY
A = 1+ B=Z C = Y 1 + D = 1+ (3.62)
2 4 2

(3.7) (3.62), -
:

ZY
1+ Z
VS 2 VR
I = ZY Z Y (3.63)
S Y 1 + 1+ IR
4 2
80 3:

3.12 .

3.5.
3.5.1.
,
,
.
3.12
. ,
dx, x,
dx zdx dx
ydx.
Kirchhoff dx
3.12 :
d V = I z dx (3.64)

d I = V y dx (3.65)

dV
= Iz (3.66)
dx

dI
= Vy (3.67)
dx

(3.66) x , , dI/dx
(3.67), [3.3]:

d 2V
= yzV (3.68)
dx 2

(3.67) x , , dV/dx
(3.66), :

d 2I
= yzI (3.69)
dx 2
 3: 81

( 3.12):

x = 0 : V(0) = VR I(0) = I R (3.70)

(3.68) (3.69) (3.70)

[3.3]:

V( x ) = cosh( x ) VR + ZC sinh( x ) I R (3.71)

sinh( x )
I( x ) = VR + cosh( x ) I R (3.72)
ZC

:
z
ZC = (3.73)
y

= zy (3.74)

ZC ( )
, z y (3.58) (3.59), .
(3.71) (3.72), , :

cosh( x ) Z C sinh( x ) V
V ( x ) R
I( x ) = sinh( x ) cosh( x ) I R
(3.75)

ZC

(3.75) (3.7), ABCD

, x ( 3.12):

A( x ) = cosh( x ) (3.76)
B( x ) = ZC sinh( x ) (3.77)
sinh( x )
C( x ) = (3.78)
ZC
D( x ) = cosh( x ) (3.79)

3.12 :

x = l : V(l ) = VS I(l ) = I S (3.80)

(3.80) (3.75) -
l:

cosh( l ) Z C sinh( l ) V
VS A B VR R
I = C D I = sinh( l ) cosh( l ) I R
(3.81)
S R
ZC

(3.81) ABCD
l ( 3.12):
82 3:

A = cosh( l ) (3.82)
B = ZC sinh( l ) (3.83)
sinh( l )
C= (3.84)
ZC
D = cosh( l ) (3.85)

, l , :

l = l + j l (3.86)

o:

cosh( l ) = cosh( l + j l ) = cosh( l ) cos( l ) + j sinh( l ) sin( l ) (3.87)

sinh( l ) = sinh( l + j l ) = sinh( l ) cos( l ) + j cosh( l ) sin( l ) (3.88)

eu + eu
cosh(u ) = (3.89)
2

eu eu
sinh(u ) = (3.90)
2

3.5.2.

.
(3.63),
:

Z Y
1+ Z
VS 2 VR
I = Z Y
Z Y I R (3.91)
S Y 1 + 1+
4 2

(3.81), :

cosh( l ) Z C sinh( l ) V
VS R
I = sinh( l ) cosh( l ) I R
(3.92)
S
ZC

(3.91) ,
(3.91) (3.92) , :

Z Y
1+ 2 Z cosh( l ) Z C sinh( l )
Z Y = sinh( l )
Z Y cosh( l ) (3.93)
Y 1 + 1+ ZC
4 2
 3: 83

sinh( l )
Z = ZC sinh( l ) = Z
l

l
tanh
Y Y 1 l Y 2
= tanh =
2 2 ZC 2 2 l
2

3.13 .

(3.93) :

Z = ZC sinh( l ) (3.94)

Z Y
1+ = cosh( l ) (3.95)
2

(3.95) Y'/2 , , (3.94)

:
Y cosh( l ) 1 Y cosh( l ) 1
= =
2 Z 2 Z C sinh( l )

Y 1 l
= tanh (3.96)
2 ZC 2

H (3.73), (3.58) (3.59), :

z Z/l
ZC = =
y Y/l

Z
ZC = (3.97)
Y

H (3.74), (3.58), (3.59) (3.97), :

Z Y 1 1 Z Y Z
= zy = = ZY = YY = l = Y ZC
l l l l Y l Y
l
Y= (3.98)
ZC

H (3.97), (3.98), :
Z Z l
ZC = Z C2 = Z = Z C2 Y Z = ZC2
Y Y ZC

Z = ZC l (3.99)

H (3.94), (3.99), :
84 3:

l
Z tanh
Z l Z 2
2 = ZC tanh =
2 2 2 l

1 sinh( l )
Y = sinh( l ) = Y
ZC l

3.14 .

sinh( l )
Z = Z C sinh( l ) = Z (3.100)
l

(3.98) ZC , , (3.96) :

l
tanh
Y 1 l Y 2
= tanh = (3.101)
2 ZC 2 2 l
2

(3.100) (3.101) Z' Y'/2

ZC Z Y/2
. 3.13.

3.5.3.
T
T , :

Z Y Z Y cosh( l ) Z sinh( l )
1 + 2 Z 1 +
4 = sinh( l )
C
(3.102)
Z Y cosh( l )
Y 1+ ZC
2

(3.102) :

1 sinh( l )
Y = sinh( l ) = Y (3.103)
ZC l

l
tanh
Z l Z 2 (3.104)
= Z C tanh =
2 2 2 l

(3.103) (3.104) Y'' Z''/2

ZC Y Z/2
. 3.14.

, , .
 3: 85

3.6.
3.6.1.
() :

R = 0 G = 0 (3.105)

(3.105) (3.58) (3.59), :

z = j 2 f L y = j2 f C (3.106)

(3.106) (3.73), :
L
ZC = (3.107)
C

(3.107) ZC
, ZC .
, ZC (3.107) (surge impedance),
( 3.8.3).
(3.106) (3.74), :

= j 2 f L C = j (3.108)

= 2 f L C (3.109)

(3.108) ,
.
:

cosh( l ) = cosh( j l ) = cos( l ) (3.110)

sinh( l ) = sinh( j l ) = j sin( l ) (3.111)

(3.107), (3.110) (3.111), (3.82) (3.85),

ABCD
l:

A = cos( l ) (3.112)
L
B= j sin( l ) (3.113)
C
C
C= j sin( l ) (3.114)
L
D = cos( l ) (3.115)

(3.112) (3.115), ,
A D , B C
.
86 3:

3.6.2.
:

r g
= (3.116)
L C

(3.58) (3.59), :

z = r + j 2 f L y = g + j2 f C (3.117)

(3.117) (3.73) (3.116),

:

r r
+ j2 f + j2 f
z r + j2 f L L L L L
ZC = = = =
y g + j2 f C C g
+ j2 f C r
+ j2 f
C L

L
ZC = (3.118)
C

3.7.
3.7.1. Ferranti
, ,
. :

IR = 0 (3.119)

(3.119) (3.81), :

VS = A VR = cosh( l ) VR (3.120)

sinh( l )
IS = VR (3.121)
ZC

cosh(l)<1,
(3.120) :

VR 1 1
= = >1 (3.122)
VS A cosh( l )

(3.122) , ,

. Ferranti,
,
.

 3: 87

3.7.2.

, ,
( Ferranti). XR,
j/XR.
3.15,
. ,
. ,
(R=0 G=0), (3.58) (3.59) :

1
Z = jX L Y = j (3.123)
XC

(3.123) (3.62), ABCD

( ):

XL
1 jX L
A1 B1 2 XC
C = (3.124)
1 D1 1 XL XL

j X 1 4 X 1
2 X C
C C

Y = j/XR,
(3.33) (3.36) ABCD
( ):

A 2 B2 1 0
C = j
D 2 X 1 (3.125)
2 R

, (3.37),
ABCD:

XL
1 jX L 1 0
A t Bt 2 XC
C = j (3.126)
t Dt 1 XL XL 1

j X 1 4 X 1
2 X C
XR
C C

, , (3.122),
At:

VRC 1
= (3.127)
VSC At
88 3:

1 2
IS IR

+ +
j
VS Y= VR
XR

3.15 .

(3.127), (VRC) (VSC), C

(compensated) ,
( 3.15).
(3.126) At:

XL X
At = 1 + L (3.128)
2 XC XR

(3.128) At .
(3.127) (3.128), :

VRC 1
=
VSC XL X (3.129)
1 + L
2 XC XR

,
XR, :

VRU 1
=
VSU XL (3.130)
1
2 XC

(3.130), (VRU) (VSU), U

(uncompensated) ,
.
(3.129) (3.130),
. :
VRC 1 XL X XL X
= = 1 1 + L =1 = L
VSC 1
XL X
+ L 2 XC X R 2 XC X R
2 XC XR
X R = 2 XC (3.131)
 3: 89

3.8.
3.8.1.

, ( VR0) ( VR1),
(VS), :

VR 0 VR1 VS / A VR1
V % = 100% = 100% (3.132)
VR1 VR1

VS , VR1
VS .
, IR=0, (3.7) VS = AVR0, VR0= VS/,
VR0 .

3.8.2.
SS :

S S = PS + jQS = 3 VS I*S (3.133)

PS ( ) , QS
, VS
, IS I* I.
SR :

S R = PR + jQ R = 3 VR I*R (3.134)

PR , QR
, VR IR
.
Sl :

S l = Pl + jQl = S S S R = (PS PR ) + j (Q S Q R ) (3.135)

Pl Ql
.
Pl = 0.
:

PR PR
= = (3.136)
PS PR + Pl

, , (3.7), :
VS = A VR + B I R

VS A
IR = VR (3.137)
B B
90 3:

VS = VS VR = VR 0 A = A A B = B B (3.138)

(3.138) (3.137) :

V A
I R = S ( B ) VR ( A B ) (3.139)
B B

(3.139) (3.134) :
*
V A
SR = 3 VR I*R = 3 (VR 0) S ( B ) VR ( A B )
B B

3 VS VR 3 VR A
2
SR = ( B ) ( B A ) (3.140)
B B

H PR SR,
(3.140) :

3 VS V R 3 VR2 A
PR = cos( B ) cos( B A ) (3.141)
B B

VS VR
VS VR :

V S VR
VS = VR = (3.142)
3 3

(3.142) (3.141),
PR :

VS VR V2 A
PR = cos( B ) R cos( B A ) (3.143)
B B

PS
:

VS2 A V V
PS = cos( B A ) S R cos( B + ) (3.144)
B B

(QS) (QR)
:

VS2 A V V
QS = sin( B A ) S R sin( B + ) (3.145)
B B

V S V R V2 A
QR = sin( B ) R sin( B A ) (3.146)
B B
 3: 91

(3.143) PR = B,
, :

VS VR VR2 A
PR max = cos( B A ) (3.147)
B B

= B
PRmax. ,
350 VS/VR 0,95 .

3.8.3.
, ZL
ZC ,
, ( 3.6.1):

L
Z L = ZC = (3.148)
C

(Surge Impedance Limit SIL)

(MW),
, :

V2 V2
SIL = = (3.149)
ZC L/C

ZC () V
(kV) .
( )

.

3.9.
3.9.1. 3.1
50 Hz, 220 kV, 350 km, : r
= 0,075 /km, x = 0,45 /km b = 3,5106 1/km. 95 MW
0,97 . ,
, : 1)
, 2) , 3)
4) .

:
220 103
VR = VR = 127017 V
3
92 3:

, VR = 12701700 V,
:
95 106
IR = cos1 (0,97) I R = 257,02 14,070 A
3 ( 220 103 ) 0,97
:
z = r + jx z = (0,075 + j 0,45) /km

y = jb y = j 3,5 10 6 1/km
:
Z = (0,075 + j 0,45) 350 Z = ( 26,25 + j157,5)

Y = ( j 3,5 10 6 ) 350 Y = j1,225 10 3 1

1:

ABCD :
A B 1 Z A B 1 ( 26,25 + j157,5)
C D = 0 1 C D = 0
1
:
VS = A VR + B I R = 1 (127017 00 ) + ( 26,25 + j157,5) ( 257,02 14,07 0 )

VS = 148257 14,70 V
:
VS = 3 148257 10 3 VS = 256,8 kV
:
I S = C VR + D I R = 0 VR + 1 I R = I R I S = 257,02 14,07 0 A
:
S S = 3 VS I*S = 3 (148257 14,7 0 ) ( 257,02 14,07 0 )* 10 6

S S = 100,2 MW + j55,02 MVAR

:
S R = 3 VR I*R = 3 (127017 00 ) ( 257,02 14,07 0 )* 10 6
S R = 95 MW + j 23,81 MVAR
:
S l = S S S R = (100,2 95) + j (55,02 23,81) S l = 5,2 MW + j 31,2 MVAR
:
PR 95
= = = 94,81 %
PS 100,2
 3: 93

2:

ABCD :
ZY ( 26,25 + j157,5) ( j1,225 10 3 )
A = D = 1+ = 1+ A = D = 0,9041,02 0
2 2
B = Z B = ( 26,25 + j157,5) B = 159,67380,54 0

ZY 3 ( 26,25 + j157,5) ( j1,225 10 3 )

C = Y 1 + = ( j1, 225 10 ) 1 +
4
4
C = 1,116 10 3 90,480 1
:
VS = (0,9041,02 0 ) (127017 00 ) + ( 26,25 + j157,5) ( 257,02 14,07 0 )

VS = 137017 16,830 V
:
VS = 3 137017 10 3 VS = 237,3 kV
:
I S = (1,116 10 3 90,480 ) (127017 00 ) + (0,9041,02 0 ) ( 257,02 14,07 0 A )

I S = 244,523,030 A
:
S S = 3 (137017 16,830 ) ( 244,523,030 )* 10 6 S S = 99,91 MW j10,85 MVAR
:
S R = 95 MW + j 23,81 MVAR
:
S l = S S S R = (99,91 95) + j ( 10,85 23,81) S l = 4,91 MW j 34,66 MVAR
:
PR 95
= = = 95,08 %
PS 99,91

3:

ABCD :
ZY ( 26,25 + j157,5) ( j1,225 10 3 )
A = D = 1+ = 1+ A = D = 0,9041,02 0
2 2

ZY ( 26,25 + j157,5) ( j1,225 10 3 )

B = Z 1 + = ( 26,25 + j157,5) 1 +

4 4
B = 151,97681,02 0
94 3:

C = Y C = j1,225 10 3 1
:
VS = (0,9041,02 0 ) (127017 00 ) + (151,97681,02 0 ) ( 257,02 14,07 0 )

VS = 135490 16,280 V
:
VS = 3 135490 10 3 VS = 234,7 kV
:
I S = (1,225 10 3 90 0 ) (127017 00 ) + (0,9041,02 0 ) ( 257,02 14,07 0 A )

I S = 248,6724,510 A
:
S S = 3 (13549016,280 ) (248,6724,510 )* 10 6 S S = 100,04 MW j14,46 MVAR
:
S R = 95 MW + j 23,81 MVAR
:
S l = S S S R = (100,04 95) + j ( 14,46 23,81) S l = 5,04 MW j38,27 MVAR
:
PR 95
= = = 94,97 %
PS 100,04

4:

:
1/ 2
z 0,075 + j 0,45
Zc = = Z c = 361,03 4,730
y j 3,5 10 6

[
= z y = ( 0,075 + j 0,45) ( j 3,5 10 6 ) ] 1/ 2
= 1,264 10 6 85,270 m 1

l :
l = (1,264 10 6 85,27 0 ) (350 103 ) l = 0,442385,27 0
ABCD :
A = D = cosh( l ) = cosh( 0,442385,27 0 ) A = D = 0,9052 0,99 0

B = Z C sinh( l ) = ( 361,03 4,730 ) sinh( 0,442385,27 0 ) B = 154,58880,850

sinh( l ) sinh(0,442385,27 0 )
C= = C = 1,186 10 3 90,310 1
ZC 361,03 4,730
:
 3: 95

VS = (0,9052 0,99 0 ) (127017 00 ) + (154,58880,850 ) ( 257,02 14,07 0 A )

VS = 13617316,42 0 V
:
VS = 3 136173 10 3 VS = 235,9 kV
:
I S = (1,186 10 3 90,310 ) (127017 00 ) + (0,9052 0,99 0 ) ( 257,02 14,07 0 A )

I S = 246,123,460 A
:
S S = 3 (13617316,42 0 ) ( 246,123,46 0 )* 10 6 S S = 99,8 MW j12,32 MVAR
:
S R = 95 MW + j 23,81 MVAR
:
S l = S S S R = (99,8 95) + j ( 12,32 23,81) S l = 4,8 MW j 36,13 MVAR
:
PR 95
= = = 95,20 %
PS 99,8

3.9.2. 3.2
50 Hz, 330 kV, 600 km, : r
= 0,0512 /km, x = 0,512 /km, b = 3,3106 1/km g = 0 1/km.

1. . ,
,
.
2. 331 km
, 35%, 35%
.
,
: ) , ) )
.

:
x l 0,512 600
L= = L = 0,978 H
2 f 2 50

bl ( 3,3 10 6 ) 600
C= = = 6,3 10 6 C = 6,3 F
2 f 2 50
96 3:

4 ( )
3.1, ,
ABCD :
= 0,001387,14 0 Z C = 394,874 2,860

A = D = 0,7114 2,210 , A = 0,7114 A = 2,210

B = 278,378884,9 0 , B = 278,3788 B = 84,9 0

C = 0,00178590,61 1

:
V2 330 2
SIL = = SIL = 276,47 MW
L/C 0,978
6,3 10 6
:
VS VR VR2 A 330 330 3302 0,7114
PRumax = cos( B A ) = cos(84,9 0 2,210 )
B B 278,3788 278,3788

PRumax = 355,77 MW
( = ),
:
VS2 A V V V2 A V V
u
PSm = cos( B A ) S R cos( B + ) PSm
u
= S cos( B A ) S R cos( 2 B )
B B B B
330 2 0,7114 330 330
u
PSm = cos(84,9 0 2,210 ) cos( 2 84,90 ) PSm
u
= 420,43 MW
278,3788 278,3788
:
PRumax 355,77
u = u
= u = 84,62 %
PSm 420,43

3.16,
x1 = 331 km ,
x2 = 269 km
.
x1 =
331 km :
( )
A1 = D1 = cosh( x1 ) = cosh ( 0,001387,14 0 ) 331 A1 = D1 = 0,90890,57 0

( )
B1 = Z C sinh( x1 ) = (394,874 2,86 0 ) sinh ( 0,001387,14 0 ) 331 B1 = 165,111384,47 0
 3: 97

jX C

3.16 331 km .

C1 = =
(
sinh( x1 ) sinh (0,001387,14 0 ) 331 )
C1 = 0,0010690,180 1
ZC 394,874 2,86 0

x2 = 269
km :
( )
A 2 = D 2 = cosh( x2 ) = cosh ( 0,001387,14 0 ) 269 A 2 = D 2 = 0,93950,37 0

( )
B 2 = Z C sinh( x2 ) = ( 394,874 2,86 0 ) sinh ( 0,001387,14 0 ) 269 B 2 = 135,611884,410

C2 = =
(
sinh( x2 ) sinh (0,001387,140 ) 269 )
C 2 = 0,0008790,120 1
ZC 394,874 2,860
35%, :
X C = 0,35 x l = 0,35 0,512 600 X C = 107,52
,
, ,
At Bt ,
, :
A t B t A1 B1 1 jX C A 2 B2
C =
t Dt C1 D1 0 1 C2 D 2

A t = B1 C 2 j A 1 C 2 X C + A 1 A 2 B t = B1 D 2 jA1 D 2 X C + A1 B 2
:
A t = 0,79632,050 , At = 0,7963 At = 2,050

B t = 187,3281,94 0 , Bt = 187,32 Bt = 81,94 0

:
330 330 3302 0,7963
PRc max = cos(81,94 0 2,050 ) PRc max = 500,12 MW
187,32 187,32
( = t),
:
3302 0,7963 330 330
c
PSm = cos(81,94 0 2,050 ) cos( 2 81,94 0 ) PSm
c
= 639,72 MW
187,32 187,32
98 3:

:
PRc max 500,12
c = c
= c = 78,18 %
PSm 639,72
, , :
P = PRc max PRumax = 500,12 355,77 P = 144,35 MW

[3.1] M. E. El-Hawary, Electrical power systems: design and analysis. IEEE Press, New York, 1995.
[3.2] T. Gnen, Electric power transmission system engineering: analysis and design, 2nd edition. CRC
Press, New York, 2009.
[3.3] H. Saadat, Power system analysis, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010.
 4

()
,
. : 1) 2)
. ,
,
. ,
, .
,
, ,

.

, .

4.1.
, ()
, . ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
,
. ,

, ,
,
.
, ,
.
, .
,
, , (
). ,
,
. , :

( )
.

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
100 4:

( )
,
.
,
,
.

,
. ,
.

(Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS) [4.1].

,
[4.2].
:

1. (Static Var Compensator SVC).

2. (Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor TCSC).
3. (Static Phase Shifter SPS).
4. (STATic synchronous COMpensator STATCOM).
5. (Static Synchonous Series Compensator
SSSC).
6. (Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC).

, :

1. .
,
.
2. .
,
.

4.1.1.

, .
,
.
,

.

4.1.2.

.
,
.

 4: 101

.
H (Synchronous Voltage Source SVS)
:

1. SVS
.
2. , SVS
(, , )
.
3. SVS ,
. , SVS
.

STATCOM ( SVC)
.
SSSC ( TCSC) ,
.
UPFC ,
, (,
), , , .

4.2. AC
.
.

4.2.1.
4.1 k .
k m ( ykm
yskm). k yk
, .
k SGk. , k
SDk. k Vk,
m Vm.
, :
.
, k :

PGk PDk = Gkk Vk2 + Vk Vm Gkm cos( k m ) + Vk Vm Bkm sin( k m ) (4.1)

mA( k ) mA( k )

k :

QGk QDk = Bkk Vk2 + Vk Vm Gkm sin( k m ) Vk Vm Bkm cos( k m ) (4.2)

mA( k ) mA( k )
102 4:

4.1 .

Vk = Vk e j k = Vk k (4.3)
j m
Vm = Vm e = Vm m (4.4)
S Gk = PGk + jQGk (4.5)
S Dk = PDk + jQ Dk (4.6)
Ykk = Gkk + jBkk (4.7)
Ykm = Gkm + jBkm (4.8)

Ykk Ykm
. (4.1) (4.2), m A(k)
k.

4.2.2.
km 4.2, Pkm k,
k m, :

Pkm = ( g km + g skm ) Vk2 Vk Vm g km cos( k m ) Vk Vm bkm sin( k m ) (4.9)

km 4.2, Pmk m,
m k, :

Pmk = ( g km + g skm ) Vm2 Vm Vk g km cos( m k ) Vm Vk bkm sin( m k ) (4.10)

PLosskm km
:

PLoss km = Pkm + Pmk (4.11)

km 4.2, Qkm k,
k m, :
 4: 103

4.2 km.

Qkm = ( bkm + bskm ) Vk2 Vk Vm g km sin( k m ) + Vk Vm bkm cos( k m ) (4.12)

km 4.2, Qmk m,
m k, :

Qmk = ( bkm + bskm ) Vm2 Vm Vk g km sin( m k ) + Vm Vk bkm cos( m k ) (4.13)

QLosskm km
:

QLoss km = Qkm + Qmk (4.14)

4.2, ykm yskm

km, Vk k Vm m. Vk Vm
, (4.3) (4.4), .
ykm yskm , :

y km = g km + jbkm (4.15)
y skm = g skm + jbskm (4.16)

4.2.3.

km 4.3,
, Rkm = 0 BTkm = 0, Xkm 0, Rkm ,
Xkm BTkm
km. km :
1 1 1 1
y km = = = =j = g km + jbkm
z km Rkm + jX km jX km X km

1
g km = 0 , bkm = (4.17)
X km
104 4:

1
y km = j
X km

4.3 km .

H km :
BTkm
y skm = j = 0 = g skm + jbskm
2
g skm = 0 , bskm = 0 (4.18)

(4.17) (4.18) (4.9)

Pkm k, k m:

Vk Vm sin( k m )
Pkm = (4.19)
X km

Pmk m, m k,
:

Vk Vm sin( m k )
Pmk = (4.20)
X km

sin(m k) = sin(k m), Pmk = Pkm,

, :

PLoss km = Pkm + Pmk = 0 (4.21)

(4.17) (4.18) (4.12)

Qkm k, k m:

Vk2 Vk Vm cos( k m )
Qkm = (4.22)
X km X km

Qmk m, m k,
:

Vm2 Vk Vm cos( m k )
Qmk = (4.23)
X km X km
 4: 105

4.4 .

4.2.4.
4.4. :
(R), (X)
(BT) (12, 13 23), (V1)
1, (PG1) 1, (V2)
2, (2) 2 (SD3) 3.
4.4 :
Y11 Y12 Y13 G11 + jB11 G12 + jB12 G13 + jB13
[Y ] = Y21 Y22 Y23 = G21 + jB21 G22 + jB22 G23 + jB23

Y31 Y32 Y33 G31 + jB31 G32 + jB32 G33 + jB33

y s12 + y12 + y s13 + y13 y12 y13

[Y] = y12 y s12 + y12 + y s 23 + y 23 y 23

y13 y 23 y s13 + y13 + y s 23 + y 23

1 1 R jX 12 R X 12
y12 = y 21 = = = 122 = g12 + jb12 g12 = g 21 = 2 12 2 , b12 = b21 =
z12 R12 + jX 12 R12 + X 12
2
R12 + X 12 R122+ X 122

BT12 BT
y s12 = y s 21 = j = g s12 + jbs12 g s12 = g s 21 = 0 , bs12 = bs 21 = 12
2 2

R12, X12, BT12 () 12,

, , g12, b12, gs12 bs12 12,
R12 , X12 BT12
12.
(g13, b13, gs13, bs13 , g23, b23, gs23, bs23) (13 23).
:
106 4:

G11 G12 G13 g s12 + g12 + g s13 + g13 g12 g13

G G22 G23 = g12 g s12 + g12 + g s 23 + g 23 g 23
21
G31 G32 G33 g13 g 23 g s13 + g13 + g s 23 + g 23

B11 B12 B13 bs12 + b12 + bs13 + b13 b12 b13

B B22 B23 = b12 bs12 + b12 + bs 23 + b23 b23
21
B31 B32 B33 b13 b23 bs13 + b13 + bs 23 + b23

1 , 1
(PV). 2 , 2
. 3 , 3
(PQ).
4.4 , ,
(V1, V2, V3, 1, 2, 3), ( , )
. V1, V2 2. ,
: V3, 1 3.
, , :

, (4.1),
. 1
3.
, (4.2), .
3.

(4.1) ,
1 :

PG1 PD1 = G11 V12 + V1 V2 G12 cos(1 2 ) + V1 V2 B12 sin(1 2 )

+ V1 V3 G13 cos(1 3 ) + V1 V3 B13 sin(1 3 )

PG1 PD1 = ( g12 + g s12 + g13 + g s13 ) V12 V1 V2 g12 cos(1 2 ) V1 V2 b12 sin(1 2 )
V1 V3 g13 cos(1 3 ) V1 V3 b13 sin(1 3 )

3.
(4.2) ,
3 :
QG 3 QD 3 = B33 V32 + V3 V1 G31 sin( 3 1 ) V3 V1 B31 cos( 3 1 )
+ V3 V2 G32 sin( 3 2 ) V3 V2 B32 cos( 3 2 )

QG 3 QD 3 = (b13 + bs13 + b23 + bs 23 ) V32 V3 V1 g13 sin( 3 1 ) + V3 V1 b13 cos( 3 1 )

V3 V2 g 23 sin( 3 2 ) + V3 V2 b23 cos( 3 2 )
1, 3
3
V3, 1 3. ,
, NewtonRaphson.
 4: 107

VS = VS 0 VR = VR 00

PR + jQR
S R

4.5
.

4.3.
4.5,
. S R VS = VS0
VR = VR00, R .
, .
4.5.

4.3.1.
(R = 0), ,
(3.56), A B :

A = 1 = 10 0 A = 1 , A = 0 0 (4.24)
B = Z = R + jX = jX = X90 0 B = X , B = 90 0 (4.25)

(4.24) (4.25), (3.143), :

VS V R V2A V V V 2 1
PR = cos( B ) R cos( B A ) PR = S R cos( 900 ) R cos(900 00 )
B B X X
VS VR V V
PR = cos( 900 ) = S R sin (4.26)
X X

X . (4.26)
= 900, 900.
= 900 (4.26), [4.3]:

VS V R
PR max = (4.27)
X

PRmax (4.27)
4.5. = 900
4.5 .

4.3.2.
(R 0), ,
(3.56), A B :
108 4:

A = 1 = 10 0 A = 1 , A = 0 0 (4.28)
B = Z = R + jX = Z B = Z
0
, B = 0
, R = Z cos (4.29)

(4.28) (4.29), (3.143), :

VS V R V2A V V V 2 1
PR = cos( B ) R cos( B A ) PR = S R cos( ) R cos( 00 )
B B Z Z
VS V R V2 R
PR = cos( ) R 2 (4.30)
Z Z

R X
. (4.30) = ,
0.
= (4.30), [4.4]:

VS VR VR2
PR max = 2 R (4.31)
Z Z

PRmax (4.31)
4.5. =
4.5 .

4.3.3. ABCD
A B, A =
AA B = BB. (PRmax) = B,
.
(3.147), :

VS VR VR2 A
PR max = cos( B A ) (4.32)
B B

PRmax (4.32)
4.5. = B
4.5 .

4.4.
4.6, E
. S R VS = E00 VR = V0,
S .
, . ,
cos, , R SL = S = P + jQ.

4.6.
 4: 109

VS = E00 VR = V 0

S L = S = P + jQ

4.6 .

4.7 P-V 4.6.

4.4.1.
4.6 ,
:

VS = VR + jX I R , IS = IR (4.33)

X .
:

S*L S
VS = E00 = E , VR = V , S L = S = P + jQ , IR = = (4.34)
VR* VR*

(4.33) (4.34), :
S
VR = VS jX I R VR = VS jX VR VR* = VS VR* jX S
VR*

V 2 jX S
V 2 = E VR* jX S V 2 = E VR + jX S VR =
E E

V 2 X S( 900 ) V 2 X S X S
VR = + VR = + cos( 900 ) + j sin( 900 )
E E E E E
2 2
V 2 X S X S V 2 X S X S
VR = + sin j cos V 2 = + sin + cos
E E E E E E
110 4:

V 4 X 2 S2 2 V 2 X S X 2 S2
V2 = + sin 2
+ sin + cos 2
E2 E2 E2 E2
V 4 X 2 S 2 2 V 2 X S
V2 = + + sin
E2 E2 E2
V 4 ( E 2 2 S X sin ) V 2 + S 2 X 2 = 0 (4.35)

cos , P, (4.35)
V, , (
) PV. 4.7
PV 4.6. 0 P Pmax, ( V)
(4.35) , V ,
. ,
, c
VmaxP Pmax, c
.
c ( ) PV 4.7,
(4.35) V
:
( E 2 2 S X sin ) 2 4 S 2 X 2 = 0 E 4 + 4 S 2 X 2 sin 2 4 E 2 S X sin 4 S 2 X 2 = 0

4 X 2 (sin 2 1) S 2 4 E 2 X sin S + E 4 = 0 (4.36)

(4.36) S. (4.36) :
= 16 E 4 X 2 sin 2 4 4 X 2 (sin 2 1) E 4 = 16 E 4 X 2
(4.36) :
4 E 2 X sin 4 E 2 X E 2 (1 sin )
S max P = S max P =
8 X 2 (sin 2 1) 2 X (1 sin 2 )

E2 (1 sin ) E2 1
S max P = S max P =
2 X (1 sin ) (1 + sin ) 2 X (1 + sin )
Pmax = SmaxP cos, :

E 2 cos
Pmax = (4.37)
2 X (1 + sin )

R
(4.35):
E2 1
E2 2 X sin
E 2 2 S max P X sin 2 X (1 + sin ) E2
P = Vmax = Vmax P =
2 2 2
Vmax
2 (1 + sin )
P
2 2
E
Vmax P = (4.38)
2 1 + sin

R
:
 4: 111

V 2 jX S V2 jX S max P
VR = Vmax P max P = max P
E E E E
2
E E2 1
jX
E 2 1 + sin
2 X (1 + sin )
max P =
2 1 + sin E E

E E 1 j 1 j
max P = 1 max P = 1
2 1 + sin 2 1 + sin 2 1 + sin 2 1 + sin

1 + sin 1 + sin
cos max P = cos max P = cos max P = cos2 450
2 1 + sin 2 2

900
max P = (4.39)
2
Pmax (4.37)
4.6. maxP (4.39)
4.6 .

4.4.2.
4.6 ,
:

VS = VR + ( R + jX ) I R , IS = IR (4.40)

R X
Z = Z = R + jX.
:

S*L S
VS = E00 = E , VR = V , S L = S = P + jQ , IR = = (4.41)
VR* VR*

(4.40) (4.41), :

[ ]
V 4 E 2 2 S Z cos( ) V 2 + S 2 Z 2 = 0 (4.42)

E 2 cos
Pmax = (4.43)
2 Z [1 + cos( )]

R :

E
Vmax P = (4.44)
2 1 + cos( )

R :
112 4:

max P = (4.45)
2

Pmax (4.43)
4.6. maxP (4.45)
4.6 .

4.4.3. ABCD
4.6 ABCD,
:

VS = A VR + B I R , I S = C VR + D I R (4.46)

A = AA B = BB.
:

S*L S
VS = E00 = E , VR = V , S L = S = P + jQ , IR = = (4.47)
VR* VR*

4.4.1,
:

E 2 cos
Pmax = (4.48)
2 A B [1 + cos( B A )]

R :

E
Vmax P = (4.49)
A 2 1 + cos( B A )

R :

sin A + sin( B )
max P = tan 1 (4.50)
cos A + cos( B )

Pmax (4.48)
4.6. maxP (4.50)
4.6 .

4.5.


, .
, ,
, , (
).
. , ,
 4: 113

.
4.3 4.4.

4.5.1.

:

Pm.
.
() E
X. E
.

, 4.8.
V = V. E = E00.
,
:

V E
Pe = sin (4.51)
X

X .
, :

H d 2
= Pm Pe = Pa (4.52)
f 0 dt 2

H ( s) , f0 ( Hz)
, Pm , Pe
Pa .
(4.52) :
d 2 f 0
= ( Pm Pe )
dt 2 H
:

d d 2 f 0
2
d d 2 d f 0 d
2 2 = 2 ( Pm Pe ) = ( Pm Pe )
dt dt dt H dt dt H dt

d 2 2 f 0 2
d 2 f0
d = ( Pm Pe ) d = ( Pm Pe ) d
dt H dt H 0

d 2 f0
= ( Pm Pe ) d (4.53)
dt H 0
114 4:

V = V E = E00

4.8 .

4.9 .

(4.53) d/dt ( rad/s)

. ,
d/dt . ,
d/dt = 0 (4.53), :

( Pm Pe ) d = 0 (4.54)
0

0,
Pm0 = Pe0, 4.9.
Pm0 Pm1. Pm1 > Pe0, Pa
.
:

( Pm1 Pe ) d = abc = A1 (4.55)

0

, , = 1,
Pm1. ,
, Pe
. Pm < Pe
= max.
:
 4: 115

4.10 F .

Pe
e
Pe

A2

a d f
Pm

A1 Pe

b c
0 0 c max

4.11
4.10.

max

( Pm1 Pe ) d = bde = A2 (4.56)

1

(4.54), max :

A1 = A2 (4.57)

(4.57) . A1
, A2 .

4.5.2.
4.10,
. Pm
,
0, 4.11.
F, .
4.10 ,
, 4.11.
F,
. ,
116 4:

Pe
4.11.

. c
4.11 :
c max
A1 = A2 Pm d = ( Pmax sin Pm ) d
0 c

Pm ( c 0 ) = Pmax (cos c cos max ) Pm ( max c )

Pm
c = cos 1 ( max 0 ) + cos max (4.58)
Pmax

(4.52). Pe
, .
Pe = 0, (4.52) :
t
H d 2 d 2 f 0 d f 0
2 = Pm 2 = Pm = Pm dt
f 0 dt dt H dt H 0

t
d f 0 c
f0 c
f0
= Pm t d = Pm t dt c 0 = Pm t c2
dt H
H 0
2 H
0

2 H ( c 0 )
tc = (4.59)
f 0 Pm

4.6.
(Static Var Compensator SVC)
( ) . SVC
.
. , SVC
, .

4.6.1. VI
SVC ,
4.12. SVC 4.13,
VI :

1. , 0.
BSVC = BC = BSVCmax, BSVC
( ) SVC, BSVCmax
SVC BC SVC.
, SVC .
SVC SVC.
, SVC .
 4: 117

4.12 SVC : () , ()
.

VSVC
D

Vref
A B C

0
ISVC

4.13 V I SVC 4.12.

2. , CD.
BSVC = BL = BSVCmin, BSVC SVC,
BSVCmin SVC BL
SVC. , SVC
. SVC
SVC. , SVC
.
3. , AC.
VSVC = Vref + XS ISVC, VSVC , ISVC ,
XS SVC Vref . ,
SVC :
BSVCmin BSVC BSVCmax. 4.13 Vref
SVC ( 4.13) ISVC = 0. XS SVC
15%. XS =0%, SVC .
118 4:

VS = VS 0 VR = VR 00

4.14 M SVC .

VS = VS 0 VR = VR 00

4.15 4.14.

4.6.2.
4.14
. X. M
SVC BSVC.
M : SM
X1 MR X2, X = X1 + X2.
S R VS = VS0 VR = VR00, R
.
4.14, Z1, Z2 ZSVC
, 4.15, ,
, Z12 :
Z1 Z 2 ( jX 1 ) ( jX 2 )
Z12 = Z1 + Z 2 + Z12 = jX 1 + jX 2 + Z12 = jX 12 = j ( X 1 + X 2 X 1 X 2 BSVC )
Z SVC j / BSVC
:

X 12 = X 1 + X 2 X 1 X 2 BSVC = X 1 + X 2 X R (4.60)

X R = X 1 X 2 BSVC (4.61)

H :

VS V R
PR = PS = P = sin (4.62)
X 1 + X 2 X 1 X 2 BSVC
 4: 119

M SVC,
. X1 / X2 = Xr X = X1 + X2, :

X1 X Xr X
X1 + X 2 = X , = Xr , X1 = , X2 = (4.63)
X2 1+ X r 1+ X r

X1 X2 (4.63) (4.61) :
X Xr X B X 2 Xr
X R = X 1 X 2 BSVC X R = BSVC X R = SVC
(1 + X r ) (1 + X r ) (1 + X r ) 2
SVC , :

X R d Xr d Xr
= 0 BSVC X 2 2
=0 =0
X r dX r (1 + X r ) dX r (1 + X r ) 2

dX r d (1 + X r ) 2
dX (1 + X r ) X r dX
2

= 0 1 (1 + X r ) X r [2 (1 + X r )] = 0 1 X r = 0
2 2
r r

(1 + X r ) 4 (1 + X r ) 4 (1 + X r ) 4

(1 X r ) (1 + X r ) (1 X r ) X
=0 = 0 Xr =1 1 =1
(1 + X r ) 4
(1 + X r ) 3
X2

X
X1 = X 2 = (4.64)
2

(4.64) , SVC
.
(4.64) (4.62), SVC
:

VS V R
PR = PS = P = sin
X (4.65)
X 1 BSVC
4

(4.65) VS, VR BSVC,

= 900.
SVC, :

VS V R
Pmax = (4.66)
X

(4.65) (4.66) SVC

SVC :

P 1
= sin
Pmax 1 X B (4.67)
SVC
4
120 4:

1,40
P/Pmax (pu)

1,20

1,00

0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

0,00
0 45 90 135 180
()

4.16 4.14
SVC.

4.16 P/Pmax (4.67)

X = 0,4 pu SVC ( )
() :

1. BSVC = 2,0 pu, . ,

P/Pmax 0,833 pu.
2. BSVC = 0,0 pu, SVC.
, P/Pmax 1,0 pu.
3. BSVC = +2,0 pu, . ,
P/Pmax 1,25 pu.

4.16 SVC (BSVC = +2,0 pu)

SVC. ,
SVC (BSVC = 2,0 pu)
SVC.

4.6.3. SVC

, PV,
4.17 SVC .
.
SVC . ,
VR SVC .
, SVC ,
. ,
.
SVC
. SVC ,
BC = BCmax. ,
:

S*L
IR = + jBC VR (4.68)
VR*
 4: 121

4.17 SVC.

4.18 P-V 4.17.

VS = VS 00 , VR = VR 0 , S L = S 0 (4.69)

VS B
VR = IR (4.70)
A A

A B ,
:

A = a1 + ja 2 , B = b1 + jb2 (4.71)

(4.70) (4.68), (4.69) (4.71) :

VS b + jb2 S VS VR* b1 + jb2 S

VR = 1 + jBC VR VR VR
*
= + jBC VR VR*
a1 + ja2 a1 + ja2 VR*
a1 + ja2 a1 + ja2 VR *

VR2 =
VS VR* (b + jb2 )
1 [
( a1 + ja2 ) ( a1 + ja2 )
] V V
S + jBC VR2 VR2 = S R 1
(b jb2 )
[
( a1 ja2 ) ( a1 ja2 )
]
S jBC VR2
122 4:

V2 S V2 S
VR = ( a1 b2 BC ) R + (b1 cos + b2 sin ) + j ( a2 + b1 BC ) R + (b1 sin b2 cos )
VS VS VS VS

V2 S V2 S
VR = c1 R + (b1 cos + b2 sin ) + j c2 R + (b1 sin b2 cos ) (4.72)
VS VS VS VS

c1 = a1 b2 BC , c2 = a 2 + b1 BC (4.73)

(4.72) :
2 2
V2 S V2 S
VR2 = c1 R + (b1 cos + b2 sin ) + c2 R + (b1 sin b2 cos )
VS VS VS VS

[ ]
( c12 + c22 ) VR4 + 2 S (b1 c1 + b2 c2 ) cos + 2 S (b2 c1 b1 c2 ) sin VS2 VR2 + S 2 ( b12 + b22 ) = 0

c3 VR4 + c4 VR2 + c5 = 0 (4.74)

c3 = c12 + c22 , c5 = S 2 (b12 + b22 ) (4.75)

c4 = 2 S ( b1 c1 + b2 c2 ) cos + 2 S ( b2 c1 b1 c2 ) sin VS2 (4.76)

(4.74) , (
) PV. PV
4.17 BC = 0 (cos) 4.18.
0P<Pmax, ( VR) (4.74) ,
VR ,
. ,
, c VmaxP
Pmax.
c PV ( ) 4.18,
(4.74)
:

c42 4 c3 c5 = 0 (4.77)

(4.77) :

f ( S , ) = 0 (4.78)

(cos), (4.78)
S ,
Scr . Pmax ,
c PV, :

Pmax = S cr cos (4.79)

4.18, VmaxP 2
Pmax.
 4: 123

k m k m k m
ZTCSC = -jXTCSC
ZTCSC = jXTCSC
TCSC
Pkm_reg Pkm_reg Pkm_reg
() () ()

4.19 TCSC: () , ()
, () .

4.7.
(Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
TCSC) .
TCSC, ,
,
.
.
TCSC
. ,
.
,
.

4.7.1.
TCSC ZTCSC,
, km TCSC
Pkm_reg. TCSC,
4.19() 4.19(),
TCSC, ,
.
TCSC :

1 1
Bkk = Bmm = , Bkm = Bmk = (4.80)
X TCSC X TCSC

TCSC :

1 1
Bkk = Bmm = , Bkm = Bmk = (4.81)
X TCSC X TCSC

(Pkm) (Qkm) k, k
m, :

Pkm = Vk Vm Bkm sin( k m ) (4.82)

Qkm = Vk2 Bkk Vk Vm Bkm cos( k m ) (4.83)

Vk = Vkk Vm = Vmm k m, .
m
k m (4.82) (4.83).
124 4:

4.20 TCSC: () , () .

200
()

150

100

50

0
80 100 120 140 160 180
-50

-100

-150

-200
()

4.21 TCSC .

TCSC km Pkm_reg,
Pkm_reg = Pkm, Pkm (4.82).

4.7.2.
TCSC 4.20
TCSC , XTCSC(1), TCSC [4.5]:

X TCSC (1) = X C + C1 {2 ( a ) + sin[2 ( a )]}

(4.84)
C2 cos 2 ( a ) { tan [ ( a )] tan( a )}

XC
= (4.85)
XL
XC XL
X LC = (4.86)
XC X L
X C + X LC
C1 = (4.87)

 4: 125

4 X LC
2
C2 = (4.88)
X L

XC XL , , TCSC.
(4.84) XTCSC(1) < 0, TCSC
, XTCSC(1) > 0, TCSC . 4.21
TCSC, (4.84),
TCSC, XC = 15 XL = 2,6 . 4.21
TCSC 900 141,60, TCSC ,
TCSC 143,50 1800, TCSC .
TCSC :

1 1
Bkk = Bmm = , Bkm = Bmk = (4.89)
X TCSC (1) X TCSC (1)

(Pkm) (Qkm) k, k
m, :

Pkm = Vk Vm Bkm sin( k m ) (4.90)

Qkm = Vk2 Bkk Vk Vm Bkm cos( k m ) (4.91)

Vk = Vkk Vm = Vmm k m, .
m
k m (4.90) (4.91).
TCSC km Pkm_reg,
Pkm_reg = Pkm, Pkm (4.90).

4.7.3.
4.22
. X.
TCSC,
XTCSC. TCSC , XTCSC > 0, TCSC
, XTCSC < 0. :
S X1 R X2, X = X1 + X2.
S R VS = VS0 VR = VR00,
R .
S R :

X SR = X 1 + X 2 + X TCSC = X + X TCSC (4.92)

H :

VS V R VS VR
PR = PS = P = sin = sin (4.93)
X + X TCSC X (1 K TCSC )

KTCSC :

X TCSC
K TCSC = (4.94)
X
126 4:

VS = VS 0 VR = VR 00

4.22 TCSC .

1,80
1,60
P/Pmax (pu)

1,40
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
0 45 90 135 180
()

4.23 4.22
TCSC.

(4.93) TCSC, X1 X2
, X1 + X2 = X = .
(4.93) VS, VR XTCSC,
= 900.
TCSC, :

VS V R
Pmax = (4.95)
X

(4.93) (4.95)
TCSC TCSC :

P 1
= sin (4.96)
Pmax 1 K TCSC

4.23 P/Pmax (4.96)

X = 0,4 pu TCSC
XTCSC:

1. XTCSC = 0,16 pu KTCSC = 0,4 pu,

TCSC. , P/Pmax 1,667 pu.
2. XTCSC = 0,0 pu KTCSC = 0,0 pu,
TCSC. , P/Pmax 1,0 pu.
 4: 127

3. XTCSC = 0,16 pu KTCSC = 0,4 pu,

TCSC. , P/Pmax 0,714 pu.

4.23 TCSC (KTCSC = 0,4 pu)

TCSC. ,
TCSC (KTCSC = 0,4 pu)
TCSC.

4.8.
, (Static Phase Shifter SPS)
/ .
,
,
/ . ,
/ ,
. , , /
.

.
,
, ,
.

4.8.1.
4.24
. X.
: S X1 R
X2, X = X1 + X2. S
R VS = VS0 VR = VR00, R .
SPS,
4.25(). SPS k , :

VB
k= (4.97)
VE
= (4.98)

VB = k VE e j (4.99)
VB = VB , VE = VE (4.100)

(4.97) k SPS
VB VE. (4.98) SPS
VB VE. 4.26
SPS 4.24.
SPS , ,
:
128 4:

VS = VS 0 VR = VR 00

4.24 SPS.

4.25 : () , () .

VS = VS 0 VR = VR 00

4.26 SPS.

S E = S B VE I *E = VB I*B (4.101)

(4.101) (4.99) :
VE I *E = VB I *B VE I*E = k VE e j I*B I *E = k e j I *B

I E = k I B e j (4.102)

Kirchhoff 4.26 :

IS = IB + IE (4.103)
IR = IB (4.104)
 4: 129

4.27 VI STATCOM.

Kirchhoff 4.26 :

VS jX 1 I S VE = 0 (4.105)
VE + VB jX 2 I R VR = 0 (4.106)

k SPS, X1, X2, VS VR,

(4.99) (4.102) (4.106), VE, VB, IE, IB, IS, IR,
4.26 :

[
PR = Re[S R ] = Re VR I*R ] (4.107)

Re[SR] SR.

4.9.
(STATic synchronous COMpensator STATCOM)
. STATCOM
. STATCOM
( )
. STATCOM
, ,
.

4.9.1. VI
STATCOM 4.27,
V I :

1. , 0B. AB
, STATCOM .
2. , CD,
STATCOM .
3. , BC. ,
STATCOM SVC.
130 4:

VS = VS 0 VR = VR 00

4.28 SCOM Q.

4.9.2.
4.28
. X. Q
STATCOM IQ
IQ. Q : SQ
X1 QR X2, X = X1 + X2.
S R VS = VS0 VR = VR00,
R .
Kirchhoff 4.28 :

I S = IQ + I R (4.108)

Kirchhoff 4.28 :

VS jX 1 I S = VSTATCOM (4.109)
VSTATCOM jX 2 I R = VR (4.110)

(4.109) IS , , (4.108) (4.110)

:
VS VSTATCOM
IS = jX 1 I S = VS jX 2 I R VR jX 1 I S = VS jX 2 I S + jX 2 IQ VR
jX 1

( VS VR ) X2
IS = + IQ (4.111)
j( X 1 + X 2 ) ( X1 + X 2 )

(4.111) (4.109) :
( V VR ) X2 ( VS VR ) X 1 X1 X 2
VSTATCOM = VS jX 1 S + IQ VSTATCOM = VS jIQ
j( X 1 + X 2 ) ( X1 + X 2 ) ( X1 + X 2 ) ( X1 + X 2 )

X1 X 2
VSTATCOM = VQ jIQ (4.112)
( X1 + X 2 )

( VS VR ) X 1
VQ = VS (4.113)
( X1 + X 2 )
 4: 131

( VR VS ) X 1
( X1 + X 2 )

4.29 4.28.

(4.112) VQ SCOM (VQ = VSTATCOM),

SCOM, IQ = 0. SCOM :

VQ
IQ = jI Q (4.114)
VQ

(4.114) (4.112) :
VQ X 1 X 2 IQ X1 X 2
VSTATCOM = VQ j jI Q VSTATCOM = VQ + VQ
VQ ( X 1 + X 2 ) VQ ( X 1 + X 2 )

IQ X1 X 2
VSTATCOM = VQ 1 + (4.115)
VQ ( X 1 + X 2 )

4.29 4.28.
4.29 :

sin sin
= (4.116)
VR VR VS

4.29 :

sin a sin
=
VR VS X 1 VQ (4.117)
( X1 + X 2 )

(4.116) sin (4.117) :

sin a sin VR
=
VR VS X 1 VR VS VQ
( X1 + X 2 )
VR sin X 1
sin a = (4.118)
VQ ( X 1 + X 2 )
132 4:

(4.115) VSTATCOM VQ .
4.29 VQ , VSTATCOM , VSTATCOM =
VSTATCOM(). VS = VS, S Q :
VS VSTATCOM
PS = PR = P = sin[ ( )]
X1

VS VSTATCOM
P= sin (4.119)
X1

(4.118) (4.119) :

VS VR sin VSTATCOM
P= (4.120)
( X1 + X 2 ) VQ

(4.115) :

VSTATCOM IQ X 1 X 2 V IQ X 1 X 2
= 1+ STATCOM = 1 +
VQ VQ ( X 1 + X 2 ) VQ VQ ( X 1 + X 2 )

VSTATCOM IQ X 1 X 2
= 1+ (4.121)
VQ VQ ( X 1 + X 2 )

(4.121) (4.120) :

VS VR sin I Q X 1 X 2
P= 1 + (4.122)
X 1 + X 2 VQ ( X 1 + X 2 )

(4.113) VS = VS VR = VR0, :
( VS VR ) X 1 V X + VR X 1 (V ) X 2 + VR X 1
VQ = VS VQ = S 2 VQ = S
X1 + X 2 X1 + X 2 X1 + X 2

VS X 2 cos + jVS X 2 sin + VR X 1 (V X cos + VR X 1 ) + jVS X 2 sin

VQ = VQ = S 2
X1 + X 2 X1 + X 2

(VS X 2 cos + VR X 1 ) 2 + (VS X 2 sin ) 2

VQ =
X1 + X 2

VS2 X 22 cos 2 + VR2 X 12 + 2 VS VR X 1 X 2 cos + VS2 X 22 sin 2

VQ =
X1 + X 2

VS2 X 22 + VR2 X 12 + 2 VS VR X 1 X 2 cos

VQ = (4.123)
X1 + X 2

(4.123) (4.122) :

VS VR sin IQ X 1 X 2
PS = PR = P = 1 + (4.124)
X1 + X 2 VS X 2 + VR X 12 + 2 VS VR X 1 X 2 cos
2 2 2

 4: 133

1,40
1,20
P/Pmax (pu)

1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
0 45 90 135 180
-0,20
-0,40
()

4.30 4.28
STATCOM.

(4.24) STATCOM ,
IQ > 0. STATCOM ,
(4.124) IQ IQ.
STATCOM, :

VS V R V V
Pmax = = S R (4.125)
X X1 + X 2

(4.124) (4.125)
STATCOM STATCOM :

P IQ X 1 X 2
= 1 + sin (4.126)
Pmax VS X 2 + VR X 12 + 2 VS VR X 1 X 2 cos
2 2 2

4.30 P/Pmax (4.126)

X = 0,4 pu STATCOM , X1 = X2 =
0,2 pu, VS = 1,02 pu VR = 0,98 pu, STATCOM
IQ:

1. IQ = 1,5 pu, STATCOM.

, P/Pmax 1,217 pu =
95,770.
2. IQ = 0,0 pu, STATCOM.
, P/Pmax 1,0 pu
= 900.
3. IQ = 1,5 pu, STATCOM.
, P/Pmax 0,794 pu
= 83,580.

4.30 STATCOM (IQ = 1,5 pu)

STATCOM. ,
STATCOM (IQ = 1,5 pu)
134 4:

STATCOM. , 4.30
P
, STATCOM
, , .

4.10.
(Static Synchonous Series Compensator SSSC)
. SSSC
[4.6]. SSSC
,
.

4.10.1.
4.31
. X.
SSSC,
VT. : S
X1 R X2, X = X1 + X2.
S R VS = VS0 VR = VR00, R
.
SSSC , I = I I > 0, V = V VT < 0,
V I 900, V = j(V)(I/I) , V =
j(V)(), :

VT = VT ( + 90) (4.127)

, SSSC , I = I(180+) = I I > 0,

V = V VT > 0, V I 900, V
= j(V)(I/I) , V = j(V)(), :

VT = VT ( 90) (4.128)

SSSC . Kirchhoff
4.31 :

VS j ( X 1 + X 2 ) I + VT VR = 0 (4.129)

(4.129) VS VR (4.128) :
VS VR = jX I VT VS VR = jX [I( + 180)] VT ( 90) VS VR = ( X I VT )( 90)

VS VR = VS VR ( 90) (4.130)

(4.128) (4.130), SSSC,

VT (VS VR) ( 90).
(4.129) (4.128) (4.130) :

( VS VR ) + VT ( V VR ) VT ( VS VR ) VT ( 90)
I= I= S 1 + I= 1 +
jX jX ( VS VR ) jX VS VR ( 90)
 4: 135

VS = VS 0 VR = VR 00

4.31 SSSC .

( VS VR ) VT
I= 1 + (4.131)
jX VS VR

:
VS VR = VS VR 0 VS VR = VS cos + jVS sin VR

VS VR = (VS cos VR ) + jVS sin (4.132)

(4.132) :

VS VR = (VS cos VR ) 2 + VS2 sin 2 VS VR = VS2 cos 2 + VR2 2 VS VR cos + VS2 sin 2

VS VR = VS2 + VR2 2 VS VR cos (4.133)

(4.131) (4.133) VS = VS VR = VR0,

S Q :
( V VR )*
[ ]
PS = PR = P = Re VS I* = Re VS S *
1 +
VT

VS VR
( jX )

V ( V * V * ) VT (V 2 V V * ) VT
P = Re S S R
1 + = Re
S S R
1 +
jX VS VR jX VS VR

(V 2 V V cos jV V sin ) VT
P = Re S S R S R
1 +
jX VS VR

VS VR sin VT
P= 1 +
X VS VR

VS VR sin VT
P= 1 + (4.134)
X VS2 + VR2 2 VS VR cos

(4.134) SSSC, VT > 0.

SSSC , (4.134) VT VT.
SSSC, :

VS V R
Pmax = (4.135)
X
136 4:

2,00
P/Pmax (pu)

1,50

1,00

0,50

0,00
0 45 90 135 180
-0,50

-1,00
()

4.32 4.31
SSSC.

(4.134) (4.135)
SSSC SSSC :

P VT
= 1 + sin (4.136)
Pmax VS + VR 2 VS VR cos
2 2

4.32 P/Pmax (4.136)

X = 0,4 pu SSSC (X1 = X2 = 0,2 pu),
VS = 1,02 pu VR = 0,98 pu, SSSC V:

1. VT = 0,6 pu, SSSC. ,

P/Pmax 1,444 pu = 79,020.
2. VT = 0,0 pu, SSSC.
, P/Pmax 1,0 pu
= 900.
3. VT = 0,6 pu, SSSC.
, P/Pmax 0,601 pu =
103,630.

4.32 SSSC (VT = 0,6 pu)

SSSC. ,
SSSC (VT = 0,6 pu)
SSSC.

4.11.
(Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC)
. UPFC
. , UPFC,
,
. , UPFC
( , , ,
 4: 137

). ,
.

4.11.1.
UPFC
Vi Ii, 4.33.
Vi :

Vi = Vi e j( S + ) (4.137)

0 Vi Vi max 0 3600 (4.138)

S VS S
UPFC.
4.33
ABCD, A = AA B = BB. S
UPFC, .
S R VS = VSS VR = VRR, .
:

VM = VS + Vi (4.139)

(4.139) ( ),
VM = VMM, , VR =
VRR, (3.143) :

VM VR VR2
PR = cos( B M + R ) cos( B A ) (4.140)
B B

(3.146), :

VM VR VR2
QR = sin( B M + R ) sin( B A ) (4.141)
B B

(4.137) (4.139), UPFC

( VM) UPFC
4.33.
ABCD , VM IM
( M) :

VM = A VR + B I R (4.142)
I M = C VR + D I R (4.143)

(4.142) IR (4.143) :

I M = C VR + D ( VM A VR ) / B (4.144)
138 4:

VS = VS S VR = VR R

4.33 UPFC .

Si Vi UPFC
:

S i = Pi + jQi = Vi I*M (4.145)

Pi Vi Ii UPFC.
Qi Vi UPFC.

4.11.2.
UPFC : .
ZcR VcR = VcRcR.
ZvR VvR =
VvRvR. 4.34,
UPFC k m. 4.34, UPFC
k. ,
4.11.1.
UPFC ,
.
, .
VcR Vk k Vm
m.
, ,

.
UPFC :

VcR = VcR cR (4.146)

VcRmin VcR VcRmax 0 cR 3600 (4.147)

UPFC :

VvR = VvR vR (4.148)

:
 4: 139

Vk = Vk k Vm = Vm m

Ik IcR ZcR VcR = VcR cR Im

IvR
k m
ZvR

+
VvR = VvR vR

4.34 UPFC. UPFC k.

Vk = Vk k Vm = Vm m

Pkm Pmk
UPFC
Qkm Qmk

k m

4.35 UPFC.

VvRmin VvR VvRmax 0 vR 3600 (4.149)

(4.146) (4.149)
UPFC ,
.
Vk = Vkk Vm = Vmm k m, .
UPFC :

1
y cR = = g cR + jbcR (4.150)
Z cR
1
y vR = = g vR + jbvR (4.151)
Z vR

Kirchhoff 4.34, (4.151):
Vk VvR
Vk I vR Z vR VvR = 0 I vR =
Z vR

I vR = ( g vR + jbvR ) ( Vk VvR ) (4.152)

Kirchhoff 4.34, (4.150):
140 4:

Vk + VcR Vm
Vk I cR Z cR + VcR Vm = 0 I cR =
Z cR

I cR = ( g cR + jbcR ) ( Vk + VcR Vm ) (4.153)

Kirchhoff, k m :

I k = I cR + I vR , I m = I cR (4.154)

:
S vR = PvR + jQvR = VvR I*vR = (VvR vR ) [( g vR + jbvR ) ( Vk VvR )] *

S vR = PvR + jQvR = (VvR vR ) ( g vR jbvR ) [(Vk k ) (VvR vR )] (4.155)

(4.155)
PvR QvR
UPFC :

PvR = g vR VvR2 + VvR Vk g vR cos( vR k ) + VvR Vk bvR sin( vR k ) (4.156)

QvR = bvR VvR2 + VvR Vk g vR sin( vR k ) VvR Vk bvR cos( vR k ) (4.157)

UPFC :
S cR = PcR + jQcR = VcR I*cR = (VcR cR ) [( g cR + jbcR ) ( Vk + VcR Vm ) ] *

S cR = PcR + jQcR = (VcR cR ) ( g cR jbcR ) [(Vk k ) + (VcR cR ) (Vm m )] (4.158)

(4.158) PcR
QcR UPFC:

PcR = g cR VcR2 + VcR Vk g cR cos( cR k ) + VcR Vk bcR sin( cR k )

(4.159)
VcR Vm g cR cos( cR m ) VcR Vm bcR sin( cR m )
QcR = bcR VcR2 + VcR Vk g cR sin( cR k ) VcR Vk bcR cos( cR k )
(4.160)
VcR Vm g cR sin( cR m ) + VcR Vm bcR cos( cR m )

UPFC , :

PcR PvR = 0 (4.161)

4.35 UPFC.
k, k m, :
S km = Pkm + jQkm = Vk I *k = Vk [I cR + I vR ] * = Vk I *cR + Vk I *vR

S km = Vk ( g cR jbcR ) ( Vk* + VcR

*
Vm* ) + Vk ( g vR jbvR ) ( Vk* VvR
*
)
S km = Pkm + jQkm = (Vk k ) ( g cR jbcR ) [(Vk k ) + (VcR cR ) (Vm m )]
(4.162)
+ (Vk k ) ( g vR jbvR ) [(Vk k ) (VvR vR ) ]

(4.162), ,
Pkm k, k m:
 4: 141

Pkm = ( g vR + g cR ) Vk2 Vk Vm g cR cos( k m ) Vk Vm bcR sin( k m )

+ Vk VcR g cR cos( k cR ) + Vk VcR bcR sin( k cR ) (4.163)
Vk VvR g vR cos( k vR ) Vk VvR bvR sin( k vR )

(4.162), , Qkm
k, k m:

Qkm = (bvR + bcR ) Vk2 Vk Vm g cR sin( k m ) + Vk Vm bcR cos( k m )

+ Vk VcR g cR sin( k cR ) Vk VcR bcR cos( k cR ) (4.164)
Vk VvR g vR sin( k vR ) + Vk VvR bvR cos( k vR )

m, m k, :
S mk = Pmk + jQmk = Vm ( I *m ) = Vm I*cR

S mk = Pmk + jQmk = (Vm m ) ( g cR jbcR ) [(Vk k ) + (VcR cR ) (Vm m )] (4.165)

(4.165), ,
Pmk m, m k:

Pmk = g cR Vm2 Vm Vk g cR cos( m k ) Vm Vk bcR sin( m k )

(4.166)
Vm VcR g cR cos( m cR ) Vm VcR bcR sin( m cR )

(4.165), , Qmk
m, m k:

Qmk = bcR Vm2 Vm Vk g cR sin( m k ) + Vm Vk bcR cos( m k )

(4.167)
Vm VcR g cR sin( m cR ) + Vm VcR bcR cos( m cR )

4.11.3. UPFC

, PV,
4.36 UPFC
R. .
UPFC,
Vi Ii.
S, R VS = VSS, VR = VRR VM =
VM0 , , .
0

Qsh UPFC
VM Ii 900,
Ii = jIi, VM = VM00, Ii Ii
UPFC, Qsh UPFC :

Qsh = VM I i (4.168)

UPFC , Px
:
142 4:

VS = VS S VM = VM 00 VR = VR R
UPFC

Ix Vi
P + jQ
Sx = Px + jQx
S R
Ii
M

4.36 UPFC .

Px = P (4.169)

P R.
(4.168), Qx :

Q x = Q (Qse + Qsh ) Q x = Q Qse VM I i (4.170)

Qse Vi UPFC Q
R.
To Ix :

S*x P jQ x
Ix = *
Ix = x (4.171)
VM VM

(4.169) (4.170) (4.171) :

P Q Q
Ix = + j se + Ii (4.172)
VM VM

VS :

VS = A VM + B I x (4.173)

A B ,
:

A = a1 + ja2 , B = b1 + jb2 (4.174)

(4.173) (4.172) (4.174) :

P (Q Q )
VS = A VM + B I x VS = ( a1 + ja2 ) VM + (b1 + jb2 ) + j se + Ii
VM VM

b P b (Qse Q ) b (Qse Q ) b P
VS = a1 VM + 1 2 b2 I i + j a2 VM + 1 + b1 I i + 2
VM VM VM VM
2 2
b P b (Qse Q ) b (Qse Q ) b P
VS2 = a1 VM + 1 2 b2 I i + a2 VM + 1 + b1 I i + 2
VM VM VM VM
 4: 143

V3 = 1,00 pu
V1 = 0,95 pu
2 3 = 00
1 = 300 400 kV 400 kV
125 km, x = 0,4 /km 125 km, x = 0,4 /km

I1 I3
I2
1 Vref = 0,9901 pu 3
XS = 0
SVC
QCmax = 20 MVAR
QImax = 20 MVAR

4.37 4.1.

c1 VM4 + c2 V32 + c3 VM2 + c4 VM + c5 = 0 (4.175)

c1 = a12 + a22 (4.176)

c2 = 2 I i ( a2 b1 a1 b2 ) (4.177)
k1 = b1 P + b2 (Q Qse ) (4.178)
k 2 = b2 P + b1 (Qse Q ) (4.179)
c3 = I i2 (b12 + b22 ) + 2 (a1 k1 + a2 k2 ) VS2 (4.180)
c4 = 2 I i (b1 k2 b2 k1 ) (4.181)
c5 = k12 + k22 (4.182)

P , (4.175),
VM
PV. , PV
Pmax R VmaxP
.

4.12.
4.12.1. 4.1
4.37.
1 3 V1 = 0,95 pu V3 = 1,0 pu. 3
3 = 00. 50 Hz, 400 kV, 250 km
x = 0,4 /km. 800 MVA 400 kV. 2,
, SVC XS = 0, Vref = 0,9901 pu QCmax =
QImax = 20 MVAR. 1 1 = 300,
.

:
144 4:

4.38 VI SVC 4.1.

VB2 ( 400 10 3 ) 2
ZB = = Z B = 200
SB 800 10 6

( 13) :
x l 0,4 250
X = = X = 0,5 pu
ZB 200
SVC, :
QC max / S B 20 / 800
I min = = I min = 0,0252 pu
Vref 0,9901

SVC, :
Q I max / S B 20 / 800
I max = = I max = 0,0252 pu
Vref 0,9901

VI SVC 4.38.
SVC, 2 :
X X X
V1 + V3 = V2 + j I1 + V2 j I 3 V1 + V3 = 2 V2 + j ( I1 I 3 )
2 2 2
X X
V1 + V3 = 2 V2 + j I 2 V1 + V3 = 2 V2 + j ( jBC V2 )
2 2
X X BC
V1 + V3 = 2 V2 BC V2 V1 + V3 = 2 V2 1
2 4

V + V3 1
V2 = 1
2 1 X BC (4.183)
4

BC = 0 (4.183) 2 SVC:
 4: 145

V1 + V3
V2 = (4.184)
2

(4.183) 1/(1(XBC)/4) , (4.183)

(4.184) 2
SVC. , (4.184), 2 :
V1 + V3 0,9530 0 + 100
V2 = = = 0,94214,610 pu 2 = 14,610
2 2
1 = 300, SVC
.
SVC . ,
SVC 2:
QC max 20 2
QSVC = V22 = V2 QSVC = 0,025 V22 pu
SB 800
2, 2 1 :
V22 V2 V1 cos( 2 1 ) V22 V2 0,95 cos(14,610 300 )
Q21 = = Q21 = (4 V22 3,6637 V2 ) pu
X /2 0,5 / 2
2, 2 3 :
V22 V2 V3 cos( 2 3 ) V22 V2 1,0 cos(14,610 00 )
Q23 = = Q23 = ( 4 V22 3,8707 V2 ) pu
X /2 0,5 / 2
2 2
:
QSVC + Q21 + Q23 = 0 ( 0,025 V22 ) + ( 4 V22 3,6637 V2 ) + ( 4 V22 3,8707 V2 ) = 0

7,975 V22 7,5344 V2 = 0 7,975 V2 (V2 0,9448) = 0 V2 = 0 V2 = 0,9448 pu

V2 = 0,9448 pu. 4.38 V2 = 0,9448 pu
SVC,
SVC. , SVC :
QC max 20 10 6
BC = = BC = 125 10 6 -1
V2 ( 400 10 3 ) 2
1, 1 2 :
V1 V2 sin(1 2 ) 0,95 0,9448 sin(300 14,610 )
P12 = SB = 800 P12 = 762,38 MW
X /2 0,5 / 2
SVC :
QSVC = 0,025 V22 S B = 0,025 0,94482 800 QSVC = 17,85 MVAR
2, 2 1 :
Q21 = ( 4 V22 3,6637 V2 ) S B = ( 4 0,94482 3,6637 0,9448) 800 Q21 = 87,17 MVAR
2, 2 3 :
Q23 = ( 4 V22 3,8707 V2 ) S B = ( 4 0,94482 3,8707 0,9448) 800 Q23 = 69,32 MVAR
146 4:

4.39 4.1.

1, 1 2 :

0,952 0,95 0,9448 cos(300 14,610 )

Q12 = 800 Q12 = 118,99 MVAR
0,5 / 2
3, 3 2 :
V 2 V3 V2 cos( 3 2 ) 12 1 0,9448 cos(00 14,610 )
Q32 = 3 SB = 800 Q32 = 274,50 MVAR
X /2 0,5 / 2
4.39.

NEPLAN.

4.12.2. 4.2
60 Hz, 4.40,
, , :
(L1 L4) X = 0,4 pu,
XTF = 0,1 pu Xd = 0,3 pu. SVC
BC = 1,0 pu. SVC . ,
E = 1,206544,260 pu 5 V5 =
0,9500 pu, 1,0 pu,
L3, 4, 4.40. ,
4 , . ,
L3 , SVC .
H = 5,0 s.
,
SVC 4, SVC.
: SVC
SVC. ,
, SVC,

SVC ,
SVC .

 4: 147

4.40 4.2.

V5 = 0,95 00 pu
E = 1,2065 pu
= 0,4 pu = 0,4 pu
d = 0,3 pu TF = 0,1 pu

= 0,4 pu = 0,4 pu

1 2 3
4 5

4.41 .

SVC , SVC ( ),
.

4.41 .
4.41
( 1) ( 5):
X 15 = X d + X TF + X = 0,3 + 0,1 + 0,4 X 15 = 0,8 pu
P :
E V5 1,2065 0,95
P= sin = sin P = 1,4327 sin pu
X 15 0,8
Pm = 1,0 pu, :
1,0
0 = sin 1 0 = 0,7726 rad
1,4327

, SVC 4

4.42 ,
SVC 4.
148 4:

4.42 SVC 4.

E = 1,2065 pu 4 V5 = 0,95 00 pu

j1 = j0,6 pu j2 = j0,4 pu

1 5
j3 = j1,0 pu

4.43 4.42.

4.44 4.43.

4.43 4.42, :
X 0,4
Z1 = jX 1 = j X d + X TF + = j 0,3 + 0,1 + = j 0,6 X 1 = 0,6 pu
2 2
Z 2 = jX 2 = jX = j 0,4 X 2 = 0,4 pu
1 1
Z 3 = jX 3 = = = j1,0 X 3 = 1,0 pu
jBC j1,0
4.43
4.44, :
X1 X 2 0,6 0,4
X 15 = X 1 + X 2 + = 0,6 + 0,4 + X 15 = 0,76 pu
X3 1,0
 4: 149

4.45 SVC 4.

P :
E V5 1,2065 0,95
P= sin = sin P = 1,5081 sin pu
X 15 0,76
Pm = 1,0 pu, :
1,0
max = sin 1 max = 2,4167 rad
1,5081

, SVC 4

4.45 ,
SVC 4.
4.45
( 1) ( 5):
X 0,4
X 15 = X d + X TF + + X = 0,3 + 0,1 + + 0,4 X 15 = 1,0 pu
2 2
P :
E V5 1,2065 0,95
P= sin = sin P = 1,1462 sin pu
X 15 1,0
Pm = 1,0 pu, :
1,0
max = sin 1 max = 2,0814 rad
1,1462

1: , SVC 4

Pm = 1,0 pu. , P1max =

1,4327 pu, 0 = 0,7726 rad. , P2max =
0,0 pu. , P3max = 1,5081 pu, max = 2,4167 rad.
,
:
c max

Pm d = ( P3 max sin Pm ) d Pm ( c 0 ) = P3 max (cos c cos max ) Pm ( max c )

0 c

Pm ( max 0 ) + P3 max cos max

c = cos 1
P3 max
150 4:

VS = 1,000 pu VR = 0,95 0 pu

4.46 4.3.

1,0 ( 2,4167 0,7726) + 1,5081 cos(2,4167)

c = cos 1 c = 1,2222 rad
1,5081
(4.59):
2 H ( c 0 ) 2 5 (1,2222 0,7726)
tc = = tc = 0,1544 s tc = 154,4 ms
f 0 Pm 60 1,0

2: , SVC 4

Pm = 1,0 pu. , P1max =

1,4327 pu, 0 = 0,7726 rad. , P2max =
0,0 pu. , P3max = 1,1462 pu, max = 2,0814 rad.
,
:
Pm ( max 0 ) + P3 max cos max
c = cos 1
P3 max

1,0 ( 2,0814 0,7726) + 1,1462 cos(2,0814)

c = cos1 c = 0,8590 rad
1,1462
:
2 H ( c 0 ) 2 5 (0,8590 0,7726)
tc = = tc = 0,0677 s tc = 67,7 ms
f 0 Pm 60 1,0
SVC, 154,4 ms,
SVC, 67,7 ms. SVC
86,7 ms , , 128,1%.

4.12.3. 4.3
, 4.46,
100 MVA 345 kV. , 345 kV,
, 450 km : r = 0,0299
/km, x = 0,2849 /km b = 3,989106 1/km.
VS = 1,000 pu VR = 0,950 pu, .
UPFC, Vi
 4: 151

Ii, 4.46.
Vi UPFC Qse = 0,5 pu.
Ii UPFC Ii = 0,5 pu. R
1,0. :

1. R P = 3,5 pu,
.
2. R.

3.1
, ABCD :
A = D = (0,8871 + j 0,0116) pu , B = (12,4405 + j123,3962)
:
VB2 ( 345 10 3 ) 2
ZB = = Z B = 1190,25
SB 100 10 6
B :
12,4405 + j123,3962
B= B = ( 0,0105 + j 0,1037 ) pu
1190,25
:
A = (0,8871 + j 0,0116) pu , a1 = 0,8871 pu a2 = 0,0116 pu
B = (0,0105 + j 0,1037) pu , b1 = 0,0105 pu b2 = 0,1037 pu

1:

1,0 P = 3,5 pu,

Q = 0,0 pu.
c1, c2, k1, k2, c3, c4 c5 :
c1 = a12 + a22 c1 = 0,88712 + 0,01162 c1 = 0,7871 pu
c2 = 2 I i ( a2 b1 a1 b2 ) c2 = 2 0,5 (0,0116 0,0105 0,8871 0,1037) c2 = 0,0918 pu
k1 = b1 P + b2 (Q Qse ) k1 = 0,0105 3,5 + 0,1037 (0,0 0,5) k1 = 0,0153 pu
k 2 = b2 P + b1 (Qse Q ) k 2 = 0,1037 3,5 + 0,0105 (0,5 0,0) k 2 = 0,3681 pu

c3 = I i2 (b12 + b22 ) + 2 ( a1 k1 + a2 k 2 ) VS2

c3 = 0,52 (0,01052 + 0,1037 2 ) + 2 ( 0,8871 0,0153 + 0,0106 0,3681) 1,02 c3 = 1,0158 pu

c4 = 2 I i (b1 k2 b2 k1 ) c4 = 2 0,5 (0,0105 0,3681 + 0,1037 0,0153) c4 = 0,0054 pu

c5 = k12 + k 22 c5 = 0,01532 + 0,36812 c5 = 0,1357 pu

:
c1 VM4 + c2 VM3 + c3 VM2 + c4 VM + c5 = 0

0,7871 VM4 0,0918 VM3 1,0158 VM2 + 0,0054 VM + 0,1357 = 0

152 4:

1,3
(pu)

1,1

0,9
Vcr
0,7

0,5

Pcr
0,3
3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0
(pu)

4.47 K PV 4.3.

VM :

VM = 1,1323 pu .
VM = 0,3839 pu .

2:

1, ,
PV,
4.47. , R :
Pmax = Pcr = 5,609 pu
:
Vmax P = Vcr = 0,830 pu

[4.1] Y. H. Song, A. T. Johns, Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS). IEE, London, 1999.
[4.2] N. G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and technology of flexible AC
transmission systems. IEEE Press, New York, 2000.
[4.3] T. Van Cutsem, C. Vournas, Voltage stability of electric power systems. Kluwer, Norwell, 1998.
[4.4] C. Vournas, Maximum power transfer in the presence of network resistance, IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 28262827, September 2015.
[4.5] E. Acha, C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel, H. Ambriz-Perez, C. Angeles-Camacho, FACTS: Modelling and
simulation in power networks. Wiley, Chichester, 2004.
[4.6] P. S. Georgilakis, G. N. Korres, Computer aided education on flexible transmission systems, Proc.
8th Mediterranean Conference on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy
Conversion (MEDPOWER 2012), Cagliari, Italy, October 2012.
 5

(High
Voltage Direct Current HVDC) .
HVDC: a) o (Current Source Converter CSC)
, CSCHVDC ) o (Voltage Source
Converter VSC) ,
VSCHVDC. CSCHVDC VSCHVDC
() (). CSCHVDC VSCHVDC
, ,
.

, .

5.1.
(High Voltage Direct Current HVDC)
() .
() [5.1], [5.2]:

30 km.

.


.

.
600 km.

1. (Current Source Converter CSC).

,
(CSC
HVDC). CSCHVDC
. CSCHVDC
.
2. (Voltage Source Converter VSC).
(Insulated Gate
Bipolar Transistor IGBT),
(VSCHVDC).

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
154 5:

5.1 CSCHVDC.

5.2 CSCHVDC.

5.3 CSCHVDC .

VSCHVDC :

,
.
.

,
, , ,
.
 5: 155

5.2.
5.2.1.

(CSCHVDC).
.
, Graetz.
, .
.
,
. CSCHVDC
,
.
CSCHVDC [5.3]:

1. CSCHVDC ( 5.1).
,
.
.
2. CSCHVDC ( 5.2).
CSCHVDC .
.

. ,
.
3. CSCHVDC .
. , 5.3
, 1 3
2 . , 2
1 3 .

5.2.2.

( Graetz),
.
5.4 ,
. (rectifier)
V2 2 Vdr 3.
() :

3 2
Vdor = Br V2 (5.1)

Br V2
2.
156 5:

5.4 .

1:r :

V1 1
= (5.2)
V2 Tr
(5.1) (5.2), :

3 2
Vdor = Br Tr V1 (5.3)

3
Vdr = Vdor cos a X cr Br I d (5.4)

(ignition delay angle) , Id

Xcr .
:

3
Rcr = X cr (5.5)

(5.4) (5.5), :

Vdr = Vdor cos a Rcr Br I d (5.6)

, (ignition delay angle),

(extinction delay angle) (overlap angle),
:

=a+ (5.7)

Vdor V
Vdr = (cos a + cos ) = dor [cos a + cos( a + )] (5.8)
2 2

Vdr .
Pdc ( 5.4) :
 5: 157

Pdc = Vdr I d (5.9)

( ),
P12 ( 5.4) :

P12 = Pdc = Vdr I d (5.10)

1 ( 5.4) :

Vdr
= cos 1 (5.11)
Vdor

Q12 ( 5.4) :

V
Q12 = P12 tan = P12 tan cos 1 dr (5.12)
Vdor

, IL1
( 1, 5.4) :

6
I L1 = Br Tr I d (5.13)

P12 :

P12 = 3 V1 I L1 cos (5.14)

Id :

V2 Vdor
Id = (cos cos ) = (cos cos ) (5.15)
2 X cr 2 Br Rcr

5.2.3.

( Graetz),
.
5.5 ,
. (inverter)
Vdi 4 V5 5.
5.2.2.
, :

3 2
Vdoi = Bi V5 (5.16)

Bi V5
5.
158 5:

4
Pdci
( )
Id V5 V6
+
Ti P65
Vdi
Q65

5 6
( ) ( )

5.5 .

i :

V5
= Ti (5.17)
V6

(5.16) (5.17), :

3 2
Vdoi = Bi Ti V6 (5.18)

(5.8), :

Vdoi V
Vdi = (cos a + cos ) = doi [cos a + cos( a + )] (5.19)
2 2

Vdi .
t Vdi :
Vdoi
Vdi = 0 [cos at + cos( at + )] = 0 cos at + cos( at + ) = 0 2 at + =
2

t = (5.20)
2

,
(
00). ,
900 1800. , ,

( 1800). ,
:

= (5.21)

= (5.22)

= = (5.23)

(5.21) :
 5: 159

= cos = cos( ) cos = cos

cos = cos (5.24)

, (5.22) :

cos = cos (5.25)

, (5.19)
Vdi, Vdi ,
(5.24) (5.25). , :
Vdoi V
Vdi = (cos a + cos ) Vdi = doi ( cos cos )
2 2
Vdoi
Vdi = (cos + cos ) (5.26)
2

(5.4), Vdi
(5.24), :
3 3
Vdi = Vdoi cos a X ci Bi I d Vdi = Vdoi ( cos ) X ci Bi I d

3
Vdi = Vdoi cos + X ci Bi I d (5.27)

Id Xci
.

:

3
Rci = X ci (5.28)

(5.27) (5.28), :

Vdi = Vdoi cos + Rci Bi I d (5.29)

(5.15) (5.24) (5.25),

Id :
Vdoi Vdoi
Id = (cos cos ) I d = ( cos + cos )
2 Bi Rci 2 Bi Rci

Vdoi
Id = (cos cos ) (5.30)
2 Bi Rci

(5.30) cos (5.26),

Vdi :
Vdoi V V 2 Bi Rci I d Vdoi
Vdi = cos + doi cos Vdi = doi cos + cos
2 2 2 Vdoi 2
Vdi = Vdoi cos Rci Bi I d (5.31)
160 5:

5.6 VSCHVDC IGBTs.

5.3.
5.3.1.
VSCHVDC,
(High Voltage Direct Current HVDC)
(Voltage Source Converter VSC)
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IGBT).
VSCHVDC 5.6, 1
, 2 3,
2 , 4
5. 1 2 (VSC)
(IGBT). 1 ()
VSCHVDC P23 Q23
( 5.6) 2 () VSCHVDC
4 5.

5.3.2.
5.7 , VSC
HVDC, , , VSCHVDC 5.6.
5.7 k, Vk = Vkk. k,
Pkm Qkm, ( 5.7). 5.7
.
5.8 5.7.
Vc Zc
. Vc :

Vc = Vc c (5.32)

Vcmin Vc Vcmax 0 c 360 0 (5.33)

(5.33) Vc ,
.
:

1
yc = = g c + jbc (5.34)
Zc
 5: 161

5.7 VSCHVDC.

5.8 5.7.

Kirchhoff
5.8, (5.34):
Vk Vc
Vk I k Z c Vc = 0 I k =
Zc

I k = ( g c + jbc ) ( Vk Vc ) (5.35)

k, k m, :
S km = Pkm + jQkm = Vk I *k = (Vk k ) [ ( g c + jbc ) ( Vk Vc ) ]*
S km = Pkm + jQkm = (Vk k ) ( g c jbc ) [(Vk k ) (Vc c )] (5.36)

(5.36)
Pkm Qkm k,
k m, :

Pkm = g c Vk2 g c Vk Vc cos( k c ) bc Vk Vc sin( k c ) (5.37)

Qkm = bc Vk2 + bc Vk Vc cos( k c ) g c Vk Vc sin( k c ) (5.38)

(5.37) (5.38) 5.7

.
162 5:

5.9 5.1.

5.10 5.1.

5.4. 5.1
5.9. 1, 2, 5 6
() 220 kV. 3 4
() 500 kV.
2 5 CSCHVDC 1000 MW
500 kV (). / ( ) HVDC
2 3, / ( ) HVDC
4 5. HVDC (Br = Bi = 4)
, Xcr = Xci =
6. r = i =
0,5, (Tr Ti ) 0,4
0,6, 20% ,
.
( ).
3 4 Rd = 20 .
1 2 5 6
X = 0,1 (
).
/
: 1 6 V1 =
229,0200 kV V6 = 213,5100 kV. HVDC
Id = 2 kA ( 5.9)
(Tr = r = 0,5). HVDC =
180 500 kV 4.

5.10 .
 5: 163

Kirchhoff 34, 4
:
V3 = V4 + I d Rd V3 = 500 + 2 20 V3 = 540 kV
(5.3), :
3 2 3 2
Vdor = Br Tr V2 Vdor = 4 0,5 V2

6 2
Vdor = V2 (5.39)

(5.39) Vdr V2 kV.

(5.4), :
3 6 2 3
Vdr = Vdor cos a X cr Br I d Vdr = V2 cos a 642

6 2 144
Vdr = V2 cos a (5.40)

(5.40) Vdr V2 kV.

, 3, Vdr = V3 = 540 kV,
(5.40) :

6 2 144
V2 cos a 540 = 0 (5.41)

(5.18), :
3 2 3 2
Vdoi = Bi Ti V5 Vdoi = 4 Ti V5

12 2
Vdoi = Ti V5 (5.42)

(5.42) Vdi V5 kV, i (0,4 i

0,6)
5.9.
(5.31), (5.28) (5.42), :
3 12 2 3
Vdi = Vdoi cos X ci Bi I d Vdi = Ti V5 cos(180 ) 642

12 2 144
Vdi = cos(180 ) Ti V5 (5.43)

(5.43) Vdi V5 kV.

, 4, Vdi = V4 = 500 kV,
(5.43) :

12 2 144
cos(180 ) Ti V5 500 = 0 (5.44)

164 5:

(MW) 3 34,
3 4, :
P34 = I d V3 P34 = 2 540 P34 = 1080 MW
, 2 3
1 2 , :

P12 = P21 = P23 = P34 = 1080 MW (5.45)

(MW) 1 12,
1 2, :
V1 V2 229,02 V2
P12 = sin( 1 2 ) P12 = sin(0 2 )
X 0,1
P12 = 2290,2 V2 sin 2 (5.46)

(5.46) V2 kV.
(5.45) (5.46), :

1080 + 2290,2 V2 sin 2 = 0 (5.47)

(MW) 4 34,
4 3, :
P43 = ( I d ) V4 P43 = ( 2) 500 P43 = 1000 MW
, 4 5
5 6 , :

P56 = P65 = P54 = P43 = 1000 MW (5.48)

(MW) 5 56,
5 6, :
V5 V6 V 213,51
P56 = sin( 5 6 ) P56 = 5 sin( 5 0)
X 0,1
P56 = 2135,1 V5 sin 5 (5.49)

(5.49) V5 kV.
(5.48) (5.49), :

2135,1 V5 sin 5 1000 = 0 (5.50)

Vdr = 540 kV (5.11) (5.39),

2 :
Vdr 540 540
cos r = cos r = cos r =
Vdor 6 2 6 2 V2
V2

90
r = cos1 (5.51)
2 V2
 5: 165

(5.45) (5.51), (MVAR) 2 ,

2 3, :
Q23 = P23 tan r

90
Q23 = 1080 tan cos 1 (5.52)
2 V2

2 :

Q21 + Q23 = 0 (5.53)

(MVAR) 2 12,
2 1, :
V22 V2 V1 V 2 V 229,02
Q21 = cos( 2 1 ) Q21 = 2 2 cos( 2 0)
X X 0,1 0,1

Q21 = 10 V22 2290,2 V2 cos 2 (5.54)

(5.52) (5.54) (5.53), :

90
10 V22 2290,2 V2 cos 2 + 1080 tan cos 1 = 0 (5.55)
2 V2

Vdi = 500 kV (5.11) (5.42),

5 :
Vdi 500 500
cos i = cos i = cos i =
Vdoi 12 2 12 2 Ti V5
Ti V5

500
i = cos 1 (5.56)
12 2 Ti V5

(5.48) (5.56), (MVAR) 5 ,

5 4, :
Q54 = P54 tan i

500
Q54 = 1000 tan cos 1 (5.57)
12 2 Ti V5

5 :

Q56 + Q54 = 0 (5.58)

(MVAR) 5 56,
5 6, :
166 5:

5.11 5.1.

V52 V5 V6 V 2 V 213,51
Q56 = cos( 5 6 ) Q56 = 5 5 cos( 5 0)
X X 0,1 0,1

Q56 = 10 V52 2135,1 V5 cos 5 (5.59)

(5.57) (5.59) (5.58), :

500
10 V52 2135,1 V5 cos 5 + 1000 tan cos 1 = 0 (5.60)
12 2 Ti V5

(5.41), (5.44), (5.47), (5.50), (5.55) (5.60)

: V2, V5, 2, 5, Ti . Newton
Raphson, V2 = 220 kV, V5 = 220 kV, 2 = 0 rad, 5 = 0 rad, Ti = 0,5
= 180 = 0,31416 rad, /
5.9:
V2 = 228,757 kV , V5 = 213,24522 kV , 2 = 0,00206147 rad = 0,118110

5 = 0,00219636 rad = 0,12584 0 , Ti = 0,49823 , = 0,32337303 rad = 18,527910

(5.54), Q21 :
Q21 = 10 V22 2290,2 V2 cos 2

Q21 = 10 228,757 2 2290,2 228,757 cos( 0,118110 ) Q21 = 600,51 MVAR

(5.59), Q56 :
Q56 = 10 V52 2135,1 V5 cos 5

Q56 = 10 213,24522 2 2135,1 213,24522 cos( 0,12584 0 ) Q56 = 563,53 MVAR

. 5.11
. NEPLAN.

[5.1] J. Arrillaga, Y. H. Liu, N. R. Watson, Flexible power transmission: The HVDC options. Wiley,
Chichester, 2007.
[5.2] P. Kundur, Power system stability and control. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.
[5.3] N. Flourentzou, V. G. Agelidis, G. D. Demetriades, VSC-based HVDC power transmission systems:
An overview, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 592602, March 2009.
 6

. .
,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
. ,
,
.

, .

6.1.
,
.
,
.


.
,
,
.
,

, . ,
.

.
.

6.2.

.

, . ,
,
[6.1]. ,

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
168 6:

( )
.


. 6.1.

,
, .
,
, ( ).
, ,
, .
( ),
.
,
, ( ),
,
. ,
.

. , ,
.
, ,
,
.

, ,
.
, :
.
, .

, .
, .
, ,
, ,
,
.

.

6.1 .
 6: 169

6.3.
,
.
,
. ,
:

(,
), 1.

.
,
.

, ,
,
2. , ,
,
, .
, , ,

. , ,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.

6.4.
.
,
. ,
.
.
.
JP JV :

2
Pk
J P = (6.1)

k Pk _ max

J V = (Vi Vi _ sp ) 2 (6.2)
i

JP , Pk k, Pk_max
k, JV , Vi
i Vi_sp i.
170 6:

6.2 .

JP .
, JV
.
JP
( JV) , ,
JP ( JV). JP ( JV).

6.5.
, Fi ( /h), i :

Fi = ai + bi Pi + ci Pi 2 (6.3)

Pi (MW) i, ai, bi ci
i.
,
.

(6.3). , (6.3)
( ) Fi i.

,
[6.2].

. ,
.
, ,
(P1, P2 , ... , Pn) PD
(MW), 6.2.

Ft (/h) :

n n
min{Ft } = min Fi = min ( ai + bi Pi + ci Pi 2 ) (6.4)
i =1 i =1

:
 6: 171

n
PD = Pi (6.5)
i =1

P1, P2 , ... , Pn (MW) n

PD (MW) .
(6.4) (6.5)
Lagrange. Lagrange :

n n
L = ( ai + bi Pi + ci Pi 2 ) + ( PD Pi ) (6.6)
i =1 i =1

Lagrange (6.6)
Lagrange Pi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) :

L
=0 (6.7)
Pi

L
=0 (6.8)

(6.6) (6.7) :

bi + 2 ci Pi = 0 (6.9)

(6.6) (6.8) :

n
PD = Pi (6.10)
i =1

(6.9) :

bi
Pi = , i = 1, 2, ... , n (6.11)
2 ci

(6.11) (6.10) :
n n
bi n
1 n
b
PD = Pi PD = PD = i
i =1 i =1 2 ci i =1 2 ci i =1 2 ci

n
bi
PD +
i =1 2 ci
= n (6.12)
1
2c
i =1 i

, (6.4) (6.5)
:

1. , Lagrange (/MWh)
(6.12).
172 6:

2. , Pi i (i = 1, 2, ..., n)
n (6.11).

6.6. DC
6.6.1. DC
4.2 AC . DC AC
:

1. AC 4.2.3,

.
2.
, .
3. , (k m) k
m , k m ( ) k
m, , sin(k m) = k m cos(k m) = 1.

DC , km
6.3, ,
Rkm = 0 BTkm = 0, Xkm 0, Rkm , Xkm
BTkm
km. 4.2.3, km :

1
y km = j (6.13)
X km

4.2.3, Pkm k,
k m :

Vk Vm sin( k m )
Pkm = (6.14)
X km

4.2.3, Qkm k,
k m :

Vk2 Vk Vm cos( k m )
Qkm = (6.15)
X km X km

DC , :

Vk = 1,0 pu Vm = 1,0 pu (6.16)

Vk Vm k m, .
DC , :

sin( k m ) = k m (6.17)

cos( k m ) = 1,0 (6.18)

 6: 173

k m 1
Pkm = y km = j
X km X km

6.3 km DC .

k m , , k m, .
(6.16) (6.17) (6.14), DC
, Pkm k, k
m :

k m
Pkm = (6.19)
X km

Pmk m, m k
:

m k
Pmk = = Pkm (6.20)
X km

(6.20)
km , DC :

PLosskm = Pkm + Pmk = 0 (6.21)

(6.16) (6.18) (6.15), DC

, Qkm k, k
m :

Qkm = 0 (6.22)

Qmk m, m k
:

Qmk = 0 (6.23)

(6.22) (6.23)
km , DC :

QLosskm = Qkm + Qmk = 0 (6.24)

6.6.2. DC
6.4, DC
. :
174 6:

6.4 DC .

X12, X13 X23 12, 13

23, .
PG1, PG2 PG3 1, 2
3, .
PD1, PD2 PD3 1, 2 3,
.
1, 1 = 0, 1 1.

DC
,
PG1 1:
PG1 = PD1 + PD 2 + PD 3 PG 2 PG 3
DC
(1, 2 3), , (1 = 0). ,
, DC
2 3. , ,
2 3.
2 :

PG 2 + P12 = PD 2 + P23 (6.25)

3 :

PG 3 + P13 + P23 = PD 3 (6.26)

(6.19) :

1 2 2
P12 = P12 = (6.27)
X 12 X 12

1 3 3
P13 = P13 = (6.28)
X 13 X 13

2 3
P23 = (6.29)
X 23
 6: 175

(6.27) (6.29) (6.25),

2:
2 2 3
PG 2 + P12 = PD 2 + P23 PG 2 = PD 2 +
X 12 X 23

1 1 1
+ 2 3 = PG 2 PD 2 (6.30)
X
12 X 23 X 23

, (6.28) (6.29) (6.26),

3:
3 ( 2 3 )
PG 3 + P13 + P23 = PD 3 PG 3 + = PD 3
X 13 X 23

1 1 1
2 + + 3 = PG 3 PD 3 (6.31)
X 23 X 13 X 23

(6.30) (6.31) :

1 1 1
X + X
X 23 2 PG 2 PD 2
12 23
=
1 3 PG 3 PD 3
(6.32)
1 1
+
X 23 X 13 X 23

(6.32), DC , 2
3 :

1
1 1 1
+
2 X 12 X 23 X 23 PG 2 PD 2
=
1 PG 3 PD 3
(6.33)
3 1 1
+
X 23 X 13 X 23

(6.33) 2 3, ,
P12, P13 P23, (6.27), (6.28) (6.29), .
n , 1, (6.33) :

1

2 B22 . . . B2 n PG 2 PD 2 2
B23 PG 2 PD 2
B . . . B3n
B33 P P P P
3 32 G3 D3 3 G3 D3
. . . . . . . . . .
= [B ]
1
= (6.34)
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .

n Bn 2 PGn PDn n
Bn 3 . . . Bnn PGn PDn

[B'] :

1
n
1 , i k
Bii = , Bik = X ik (6.35)
k =1 X ik 0 , i k
176 6:

6.7.
, :

1. DC . DC
6.6,
, ( ) ,
.
2. AC . AC
4.2,
( ) .

DC AC
. DC

.

6.7.1. DC
DC DC
6.6. .
Ft (/h)
,
:

n n
min{Ft } = min Fi = min ( ai + bi Pi + ci Pi 2 ) (6.36)
i =1 i =1

DC :

.
.
( ).
,
.

( ) .

6.7.2. AC
AC AC
4.2. .
Ft (/h)
:

n n
min{Ft } = min Fi = min ( ai + bi Pi + ci Pi 2 )
i =1 i =1

AC :
 6: 177

.
.
,
.
.
( ).
,
.
,
.

( ) .

6.8.

( )
.
,
[6.3].

6.8.1.
, (/MW)
. ,
, [6.4]:

TC
TCt = Pt = R Pt (6.37)
Pmax

TCt () t ( ) t, TC ()
, Pmax (MW) , Pt (MW)
t t t
R (/MW) .
. ,
,
.

6.8.2. DC
DC
, [6.5].
DC
[6.6]:

1. , ,
, DC
(MW) ,
(6.40).
2. (MW) ,
(6.43).
178 6:

3. (MW) ,
(6.46).
4. () , (6.47).
5. () , (6.48).

, N , 1.
, [B']
(6.34) (6.35). , S [6.7]:

0 0
S= 1 (6.38)
0 [ B ]

Alk,i ,
lk ( ) i,
:

S li S ki
Alk ,i = (6.39)
xlk

xlk lk.
P (MW)
:

P = A PINJ (6.40)

PINJ (MW) .
Dlk,i D,
i lk, :

N
Plk Alk ,i PGi
i =2
Dlk ,1 = N (6.41)
PGi
i =1

Dlk ,i = Dlk ,1 + Alk ,i (6.42)

Plk (MW) lk PGi (MW)

i. (6.41) D
1 , , (6.42)
D.
FGlk,i (MW) lk i :

FGlk ,i = Dlk ,i PGi (6.43)

Clk,i C,
i lk, :
 6: 179

N
Plk + Alk ,i PDi
i =2
Clk ,1 = N (6.44)
PDi
i =1

Clk ,i = Clk ,1 Alk ,i (6.45)

Plk (MW) lk PDi (MW)

i. (6.44) C
1 , , (6.45)
C.
FLlk,i (MW) lk i :

FLlk ,i = Clk ,i PDi (6.46)

CGi () Gi :

NT FGlk ,i
CGi = TGlk NG (6.47)
lk =1
FGlk ,i
i =1

TGlk () lk , NT
NG .
CLi () Li :

NT FLlk ,i
C Li = TLlk NL (6.48)
lk =1
FLlk ,i
i =1

TLlk () lk , NT
NL .

6.9.

,
.
,
. (phasor)
( ) .
,
.

(Phasor Measurement Units PMU)
. (synchrophasor)
. PMU ,

, PMU .
180 6:

,
.
,
PMU [6.8]. PMU

PMU [6.9].
xi ,
, :

1 , PMU i
xi = (6.49)
0 ,

PMU:

N
min wi xi (6.50)
i =1

wi PMU i N
.
[6.10]:

A X 1 (6.51)

X xi A
. Ai,j A :

1 , i = j

Ai , j = 1 , i j (6.52)
0 ,

(6.51) (6.51)
.
,
xi, (6.50) (6.51)
xi .

6.10.

nij ij,
[6.11][6.13]. 6.5 ij
(nij_0 = 3) (nij = 2).
DC ,
(6.53)
(6.54) (6.60). .

min{ v } = min cij nij + rk , (i , j ) , k (6.53)
( i , j ) k
 6: 181

6.5 ij .

S f +g+r =d (6.54)

f ij ij ( nij _ 0 + nij ) ( i j ) = 0 , (i , j ) (6.55)

f ij ( nij _ 0 + nij ) f ij _ max , (i , j ) (6.56)

0 g g max (6.57)

0rd (6.58)

0 nij nij _ max , (i , j ) (6.59)

nij : , (i , j ) (6.60)

cij () ij, ij (pu)

( ) ij, nij
ij, nij_0
ij, fij (pu)
ij, fij_max (pu) ij, v ()
, S , f (pu) fij (
), g (pu) gk (
k), gmax (pu) g, nij_max
ij, ,
, r (pu) rk (
k) a .
(6.53)
. (6.54)
, DC .
(6.55)
, DC . (6.56)
. (6.57)
. (6.58)
182 6:

. (6.59)
. (6.60)
nij .

6.11.
6.11.1. 6.1
6.6.
0,05 pu , 100 MVA.
. 1
V1 = 1,000 pu. 3 PG3 = 150 MW
V3 = 1,0 pu. 2 PD2 + jQD2 = (400 MW + j100 MVAR).
6.6 :

1. AC .
2. DC .

1: AC

6.6, 1 , 2 3
. 6.6 , ,
(V1, V2, V3, 1, 2, 3), ( ,
) . () V1, V3 1.
, : V2, 2 3.
, ,
:

,
. 2 3.
, .
2.

4.2, 2
(6.61), 3 (6.62)
2 (6.63):

20 V2 sin 2 + 20 V2 sin( 2 3 ) + 4 = 0 (6.61)

20 sin( 3 ) + 20 V2 sin( 2 3 ) + 1,5 = 0 (6.62)

40 V22 20 V2 cos 2 20 V2 cos( 2 3 ) + 1 = 0 (6.63)

NewtonRaphson, (6.61), (6.62)

(6.63) :
2 = 6,4080 3 = 0,967 0 V2 = 0,9688 pu
, AC , :
V1 = 1,00,00 pu V2 = 0,9688 6,408 0 pu V3 = 1,0 0,967 0 pu
 6: 183

PG3 = 1,5 pu 2
3

(4,0 + j 1,0) pu
V3 = 1,0 pu

1
V1 = 1,0 pu
1 = 00

6.6 6.1.

P (MW) Q (MVAR)
3 2
150
183,7 183,7
400
71,1 51,7
71,4 100
33,7 216,3

0,3 48,3
1

()

P (MW) Q (MVAR)
3 2
150
183,3 183,3
400
0,0 0,0
0,0 0,0
33,3 216,7

0,0 0,0
1

()

6.7 6.1: () AC , ()
DC .
184 6:

(4.19), P12 1,
1 2 :
V1 V2 sin(1 2 ) 1,0 0,9688 sin(00 + 6,4080 )
P12 = P12 = P12 = 2,163 pu
X 12 0,05
(4.22), Q12 1,
1 2 :
V12 V1 V2 cos( 1 2 ) 1,02 1,0 0,9688 cos( 00 + 6,4080 )
Q12 = Q12 = Q12 = 0,745 pu
X 12 0,05
6.7() 6.1,
AC .

2: DC

DC ,
. , 2
3. 2 3 ,
2 3.
2 :
( 2 1 ) ( 2 3 ) ( 0) ( 2 3 )
P21 + P23 + PD 2 = 0 + +4=0 2 + +4=0
X 12 X 23 0,05 0,05

40 2 20 3 = 4 (6.64)

3 :
( 3 1 ) ( 3 2 ) ( 0) ( 3 2 )
P31 + P32 PG 3 = 0 + 1,5 = 0 3 + 1,5 = 0
X 13 X 23 0,05 0,05

20 2 + 40 3 = 1,5 (6.65)

(6.64) (6.65) :

1
40 20 2 4 2 40 20 4 2 0,1083 rad
20 40 = 1,5 = 20 40 1,5 = 0,0167 rad
3 3 3

, DC , :
V1 = 1,00,00 pu V2 = 1,0 6,207 0 pu V3 = 1,0 0,9550 pu
6.7() 6.1,
DC .
6.7 (AC DC)
.
. , AC , P12 = 216,3 MW,
DC , P12 = 216,7 MW.
 6: 185

6.11.2. 6.2

6.1, 5%
. , 400 MW
12 23 200 MW 13. AC ,
:

1. 6.1.
2. 6.1 12.
3. 6.1 12,
1 3 1,03 pu, 3
200 MW.

, :

0,95 pu V1 1,05 pu (6.66)

0,95 pu V2 1,05 pu (6.67)
0,95 pu V3 1,05 pu (6.68)
P12 400 MW (6.69)
P23 400 MW (6.70)
P13 200 MW (6.71)

1:

6.1
:

V1 = 1,0 pu V2 = 0,9688 pu V3 = 1,0 pu

P12 = 216,3 MW P23 = 183,7 MW P13 = 33,7 MW

(6.66) (6.71),
.
6.8() . ,
.

2: 12

6.1,
2 (6.72), 3 (6.73)
2 (6.74):

20 V2 sin( 2 3 ) + 4 = 0 (6.72)

20 sin( 3 ) + 20 V2 sin( 2 3 ) + 1,5 = 0 (6.73)

20 V22 20 V2 cos( 2 3 ) + 1 = 0 (6.74)

186 6:

3 2 3 2
150 150
183,7 400
400 400
V3 = 1,00 33,7 216,3 V3 = 1,00 250

V2 = 0,97 V2 = 0,92
1 1
V1 = 1,00 V1 = 1,00
250 250

() ()

3 2
200
400
400
V3 = 1,03 200

V2 = 0,96
1
V1 = 1,03
200

()

6.8 6.2: () 1, () 2, () 3.

NewtonRaphson, (6.72), (6.73)

(6.74) :
2 = 19,710 0 3 = 7,1810 V2 = 0,922 pu
, AC , :
V1 = 1,00,00 pu V2 = 0,922 19,710 0 pu V3 = 1,0 7,1810 pu
6.8() 6.1,
12 . 6.8() P13 = 250 MW,
(6.71). , V2 = 0,922 pu, (6.67).
, , 12,
13
2.

3: 12, 1 3
1,03 pu, 3 200 MW

6.1,
2 (6.75), 3 (6.76)
2 (6.77):

20 1,03 V2 sin( 2 3 ) + 4,0 = 0 (6.75)

 6: 187

20 1,032 sin( 3 ) + 20 1,03 V2 sin( 2 3 ) + 2,0 = 0 (6.76)

20 V22 20 1,03 V2 cos( 2 3 ) + 1,0 = 0 (6.77)

NewtonRaphson, (6.75), (6.76)

(6.77) :
2 = 17,1250 3 = 5,409 0 V2 = 0,956 pu
, AC , :
V1 = 1,00,00 pu V2 = 0,956 17,1250 pu V3 = 1,0 5,409 0 pu
6.8() . 6.8()
(6.66) (6.71), , (
3 150 MW 200 MW, 1 1,0 pu
1,03 pu, 3 1,0 pu 1,03 pu),
.

3 2 3 2
150 150
183,7 400
400 400
V3 = 1,00 33,7 216,3 V3 = 1,00 250

V2 = 0,97 V2 = 0,92
1 1
V1 = 1,00 V1 = 1,00
250 250

() ()

3 2 3 2
150 150
150
400 400
V3 = 1,00 150 400 V3 = 1,00 250

V2 = 0,92 V2 = 0,97
1 1
V1 = 1,00 V1 = 1,00
250 250

() ()

3 2 3 2
400
266,7 133,3
400 400
V3 = 1,00 133,3 133,3 V3 = 0,98 133,3 266,7

V2 = 0,96 V2 = 0,96
1 1
V1 = 0,98 V1 = 1,00
400

() ()

6.9 6.3: () , ()() 1.

188 6:

6.11.3. 6.3
N1 6.1,
AC .

6.9() AC N,
( ) .
6.9() 6.14() AC
N1 ,
.
6.9 :

12, 6.9()
13
2, .
23, 6.9()
2,
.
13, 6.9()
(6.66) (6.71),
.
1, 6.9()
(6.66) (6.71),
.
3, 6.9()
(6.66) (6.71),
.

[6.1] A. Gomez-Exposito, A. J. Conejo, C. Canizares, Electric energy systems: Analysis and operation.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2009.
[6.2] H. Saadat, Power system analysis, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010.
[6.3] P. S. Georgilakis, G. A. Orfanos, N. D. Hatziargyriou, Computer-assisted interactive learning for
teaching transmission pricing methodologies, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 29, No. 4,
pp. 19721980, July 2014.
[6.4] M. Shahidehpour, H. Yamin, Z. Li, Market operations in electric power systems: Forecasting,
scheduling, and risk management. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002.
[6.5] G. A. Orfanos, P. S. Georgilakis, N. D. Hatziargyriou, A more fair power flow based transmission
cost allocation scheme considering maximum line loading for N-1 security, IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 33443352, August 2013.
[6.6] G. A. Orfanos, G. T. Tziasiou, P. S. Georgilakis, N. D. Hatziargyriou, Evaluation of transmission
pricing methodologies for pool based electricity markets, Proc. IEEE Trondheim PowerTech, June
2011.
[6.7] G. T. Tziasiou, G. A. Orfanos, P. S. Georgilakis, N. D. Hatziargyriou, Transmission pricing software
for power engineering education, Computer Applications in Engineering Education, Vol. 22, No. 3,
pp. 410428, September 2014.
 6: 189

[6.8] N. M. Manousakis, G. N. Korres, P. S. Georgilakis, Taxonomy of PMU placement methodologies,

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 10701077, May 2012.
[6.9] N. C. Koutsoukis, N. M. Manousakis, P. S. Georgilakis, G. N. Korres, Numerical observability
method for optimal phasor measurement units placement using recursive tabu search method, IET
Generation Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 347356, April 2013.
[6.10] X. Bei, Y. J. Yoon, A. Abur, Optimal placement and utilization of phasor measurements for state
estimation, Proc. Power Systems Computation Conference, August 2005.
[6.11] R. Romero, A. Monticelli, A. Garcia, S. Haffner, Test systems and mathematical models for
transmission network expansion planning, IEE Proceedings Generation Transmission and
Distribution, Vol. 149, No. 1, pp. 2736, January 2002.
[6.12] G. A. Orfanos, P. S. Georgilakis, N. D. Hatziargyriou, Transmission expansion planning of systems
with increasing wind power integration, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.
13551362, May 2013.
[6.13] P. S. Georgilakis, Market-based transmission expansion planning by improved differential
evolution, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp.
450456, June 2010.
 7

.
, ,
, .
/
.

7.1.
()
.
, . ,
, .
,
, ,
.
. ,
, . ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
7.1 , 7 (1 7).
() 2, 3 4, ()
5, 6 7. / / ( / ) 1
2, ( 1 7) .
/ / ( / ), 25, 36
47, . / / (/) /.
( ) 234, 2, 3
4 / /.
:

1. ( ),
, .
2. / /,
( ) .
3. / /,
( ) .

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
192 7:

7.1 .

8,0
(kW)
7,0
(kW)
6,0
(kW)

5,0

4,0

3,0

2,0

1,0

0,0
8 9
(h)

7.2 ( 8 9 ).

7.3 .

,
/ /. , / /
.
,
 7: 193

. ,
/ / ,
/ /
.

7.2.

7.2.1.
7.2
. ,
.
,
.
, 15 30 ,
(24 ) 96 48 24
, . .
.
7.3 () ,

. 7.3 24
, 24,
24 .

7.2.2.
7.3, ,
. , PA (kW),
. ,
7.3, 19:00 20:00.

7.2.3.
, (h), . ,
7.3, = 24 h.
= 168 h. (365 ) = 8760 h.

7.2.4.
, E (kWh), . ,
. ,
, ,
.

7.2.5.
, P (kW), :
194 7:

3,50

2,92 2,94 2,96

2,80 2,82 2,84 2,86 2,88 2,90 2,90
3,00 2,67 2,70 2,74 2,78
2,55 2,60 2,65
2,50 2,30 2,40
2,10 2,20
2,00 1,80
1,60
1,50
1,00
1,00

0,50

0,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

7.4 .

E
P = (7.1)
T

(E kWh)
(T h).

7.2.6.
, TA (h), :

E
TA = (7.2)
PA

(E kWh)
(PA kW).

7.2.7.
, , :

P
= (7.3)
PA

(P kW)
(PA kW).

. , , ,
.
. ,
.

7.2.8.
, , :
 7: 195

PA
= (7.4)
P

(PA kW)
(P kW), P
.

.

7.2.9.
( ,
)
.
.

7.2.10.
, , N [7.1]:

PN
PAi (7.5)
i =1
E = = 1,00
PA PA

N N . (7.5), PAi ( kW)
i, PN ( kW) N PA (
kW) N . N

N , PN PA, 1,00.
7.4 .

. .
N ( , 7.4
), , PAi, i N
, N :

PAi (7.6)
i =1
PA =
E

7.2.11.
, , N :

1 P PA
T = = A = N
1,00
E PN (7.7)
PAi
i =1
196 7:

1
7,00
6,00
6,00
5,00
(kW)

3,78
4,00 3,65 3,58 3,60
3,18
2,70 2,68
3,00 2,40 2,65 2,50 2,50
2,10 2,13 2,05 2,10
1,60 1,60 1,79 1,65
2,00 1,40 1,33 1,40 1,50
1,00
0,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
(h)

7.5 1.

.
N
, PAi, i N , PA N
:

N
PA = T PAi (7.8)
i =1

7.3. 7.1
1 7.5.
30 kW. , ,
, 1.

7.5:
E = [(3,65 + 3,78 + ... + 1,50) kW] (1 h ) E = 59,87 kWh
7.5 PA = 6,00 kW
18:00. T = 24 h. :
E 59,87 kWh
P = = P = 2,49 kW
24 h
:
P 2,49 kW
= = = 0,42
PA 6,00 kW
:
6,00 kW
= = 0,20
30,00 kW

[7.1] W. H. Kersting, Distribution system modeling and analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2002.
 8

.
: AC
, , .
, ,
.
. .

8.1.
().
:

1. .
2. .
(). ,
() .
3. .
.
4. .
.

1, 3 4
. ,
AC 4.2
.

AC ,
.

8.2.

8.2.1. AC
8.1
AC 4.2

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
198 8:

. AC
.
8.1. (11) . 0
/ (/ /).
4, 5, 7, 8, 9 10.
( 1 8.1). 0
( ), .
, ( ),
.
8.1 ,
.
22, 11 11 . ,
0. , :
, . ,
, :

, (4.1),
.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, .
, (4.2), .
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
10, .

,
, NewtonRaphson.

8.1.
8.1 . / / ( 0)
( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10).

, AC
4.2, Ci i
yi, :

2 f CYi VBi2
yi = j (8.1)
SB

yi ( pu) i, f ( Hz)
, CYi ( F)
i, VBi ( V) i SB ( VA) .
(8.1) i .
i , yi
:

2 f (3 Ci ) VBi2
yi = j (8.2)
SB

i
VBi, yi :

QCri
yi = j (8.3)
SB
 8: 199

/ /

: ACSR-95

: ACSR-35 10
m
5 7k
9
km m
5 5k
10 km 8 km 2 9 km 11 km 4
0 1 5 km 6 3
6 km
5 km 8

8.1 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 10.

8.2 j.

Ci ( F) i, yi
( pu) i QCri ( VAR)
i VBi.
AC i,
i :

QCi = QCri Vi 2 (8.4)

Vi ( pu) i, VBi ( V)
i, QCi ( VAR) i
Vi QCri ( VAR) i
VBi.

8.2.2.
8.2, j
ij, L :

ZT = Z0 L = ( R0 + jX 0 ) L = R0 L + jX 0 L = RT + jX T (8.5)

Z ( ) , Z0 ( /m)
, L ( m) ij, R0 ( /m)
, X0 ( /m) , R ( )
X ( ) ij.
200 8:

SB ( VA) VB ( V) j.
ij :

SB S
Z = ZT 2
= ( RT + jX T ) B2 = R + jX (8.6)
VB VB

Z ( pu) , R ( pu)
X ( pu) ij.
j :

V j = V j 0 0 = V j (8.7)

j :

S D = PD + jQD (8.8)

j :

S*D PD jQD
I= = (8.9)
V *j Vj

Kirchhoff (8.6), (8.7) (8.9),

i :

P jQD
Vi = V j + I Z Vi = V j + D [R + jX ]
V j

R PD + X QD R QD X PD
Vi = V j + j (8.10)
Vj Vj

(8.10) i.
(8.10)
i:

R PD + X Q D
Vi V j + (8.11)
Vj

ij [8.1]:

Vi V j
ij = 100 % (8.12)
VB

(8.11) (8.12), :

R PD + X QD
ij 100 % (8.13)
V j VB
 8: 201

R
PD
X

8.3 ij 8.2
( ) j.

,
:

V j VB (8.14)

(8.14) (8.13),
ij:

R PD + X QD
ij 100 % (8.15)
VB2

R ( pu) ij, X ( pu)

ij, PD ( pu)
j, QD ( pu)
j VB = 1,0 pu j.
(8.15) ij
. , ij :

RT Pij + X T Qij
ij (8.16)
10 VB2

RT ( ) ij, XT ( )
ij, Pij ( kW)
ij i j, Qij ( kVAR)
ij i j VB ( kV) j, :

Pij PD S B , Qij QD S B (8.17)

PD ( pu) j, QD ( pu)
j SB ( kVA) .
(8.15) ij:

ij (ij>0) RPD+XQD>0.
8.3, j
(QD>0). , j
0>QD>(R/X)PD.
ij (ij<0) RPD+XQD<0.
8.3, j
QD<(R/X)PD.
202 8:

8.4
j.

(8.15) , ij, ij
(0) g. ,
j, y, :

PDy = (1 + g ) y PD , Q Dy = (1 + g ) y Q D (8.18)

, ij y :

R PDy + X QDy R (1 + g ) y PD + X (1 + g ) y QD
ijy 100 % ijy 100 %
VB2 VB2

R PD + X Q D
ijy (1 + g ) y 100 %
VB2

ijy (1 + g ) y ij (8.19)

8.2.3.

8.4, j
ij, L :

ZT = Z0 L = ( R0 + jX 0 ) L = R0 L + jX 0 L = RT + jX T (8.20)

Z ( ) , Z0 ( /m)
, L ( m) ij, R0 ( /m)
, X0 ( /m) , R ( )
X ( ) ij.
SB ( VA) VB ( V) j.
ij :

SB S
Z = ZT 2
= ( RT + jX T ) B2 = R + jX (8.21)
VB VB

Z ( pu) , R ( pu)
X ( pu) ij.
j :
 8: 203

V j = V j 0 0 = V j (8.22)

j :

S D = PD + jQD (8.23)

j :

S*D PD jQD
I= = (8.24)
V *j Vj

j :

I C = I C 90 0 = jI C (8.25)

Kirchhoff (8.24) (8.25),

j :

PD jQD
I = I I C I = + jI C (8.26)
Vj

Kirchhoff (8.21), (8.22) (8.26),

i :
P jQD
Vi = V j + I Z Vi = V j + D + jI C [R + jX ]
V j

R PD + X Q D R QD X PD
Vi = V j + X IC j R IC (8.27)
Vj Vj

(8.27) i.
(8.27)
i:

R PD + X QD
Vi V j + X IC (8.28)
Vj

j :

QC = V j I C (8.29)

ij :

V V
ijC = i j
100 % (8.30)
VB

(8.28) (8.30) (8.29), :

204 8:

R PD + X QD X IC R PD + X Q D X I C V j
ijC 100 % ijC 100 %
V j VB VB V j VB VB V j

R PD + X QD X QC
ijC 100 % (8.31)
V j VB V j VB

,
:

V j VB (8.32)

(8.32) (8.31),
ij:

R PD + X QD X QC
ijC 100 % (8.33)
VB2 VB2

R ( pu) ij, X ( pu)

ij, PD ( pu)
j, QD ( pu) j, QC ( pu)
j VB = 1,0 pu
j.
(8.15) ij
, j. (8.33)
ij ,
j. (8.15) (8.33),
ij ,
j:

ijC ij C (8.34)

R PD + X QD
ij 100 % (8.35)
VB2

X QC
C 100 % (8.36)
VB2

C ij
j.
(8.33) ij
. , ij :

RT Pij + X T Qij X tot QC

ij (8.37)
10 VB2 10 VB2

RT ( ) ij, XT ( )
ij, Xtot ( )
 8: 205

( i) ( j), Pij ( kW)

ij i j, Qij ( kVAR)
ij i j, QC ( kVAR)
j VB ( kV) j, :

Pij PD S B , Qij Q D S B (8.38)

PD ( pu) j, QD ( pu)
j SB ( kVA) .

8.3.
8.3.1.

, .
,

J(x).
, L, ,
, J(x),
8.5. :

Z0 = R0 + jX 0 (8.39)

Z0 ( /m) , R0 ( /m)
X0 ( /m) .
Kirchhoff, dx, x
, Ix, x
L ( ):

L
I x = J ( x ) dx (8.40)
x

8.5 J(x) L.
206 8:

cos . Ix
dx :

I x = I x (8.41)

dx :

d ( V ) = I x Z0 dx (8.42)

(x=0) x
:

x x
V ( x ) = d ( V ) = I x Z 0 dx (8.43)
0 0

(x=0) x :

x x
V ( x ) = Z 0 I x dx = R02 + X 02 I x dx (8.44)
0 0

8.3.2.
, .
8.6(). :

x
J ( x) = J 0 (J0 J L ) (8.45)
L

dx :
L L
x
I x = J ( x ) dx I x = J 0 ( J 0 J L ) dx
x
x
L

( L x) x
Ix = J 0 + J L ( J 0 J L ) (8.46)
2 L

(x = 0) x
[8.2]:
x x
( L x) x
V ( x ) = Z 0 I x dx V ( x ) = Z 0 J 0 + J L ( J 0 J L ) dx
0 0
2 L

Z0 (J J L ) 2
V ( x ) = x 0 x J 0 x + ( J 0 + J L ) L (8.47)
2 3 L

(8.47) x = L, :

L2
V ( L) = VL = Z 0 (2 J L + J 0 ) (8.48)
6
 8: 207

J(x) J(x)
(A/m) (A/m)

J0
J
JL

0 L x (m) 0 L x (m)

() ()

J(x) J(x)
(A/m) (A/m)

J0

JL

0 L x (m) 0 L x (m)

() ()

8.6 : () , () , ()
, () .

8.3.3.
8.6().
8.6() 8.6() 8.6()
8.6() :

J0 = J L = J (8.49)

(8.49) (8.47), ,
(x = 0) x, :

x
V ( x ) = Z 0 J x L (8.50)
2

(8.50) x = L, :

L2
V ( L ) = V L = Z 0 J (8.51)
2

8.3.4.
8.6().
8.6() 8.6()
8.6() 8.6() :
208 8:

J(x)
(A/m)
JL

0 L x (m)
2L/3

8.7 .

JL = 0 (8.52)

(8.52) (8.47), ,
(x = 0) x, :

1 x2
V ( x ) = Z0 J 0 x x + L (8.53)
2 3 L

(8.53) x = L, :

1
V ( L) = VL = Z 0 J 0 L2 (8.54)
6

8.3.5.
8.6().
8.6() 8.6()
8.6() 8.6() :

J0 = 0 (8.55)

(8.55) (8.47), ,
(x = 0) x, :

1 x2
V ( x ) = Z0 J L x L (8.56)
2 3 L

(8.56) x = L, :

1
V ( L) = VL = Z 0 J L L2 (8.57)
3

VL .
, VL :
 8: 209

V ( L) = VL = Z 0 E x (8.58)

xKB
(x = 0). , 8.7 xKB
, :

2 L
x = (8.59)
3

, 8.7 :

1
E= L JL (8.60)
2

(8.59) (8.60) (8.58), :

1 2 L
V ( L) = VL = Z 0 E x VL = Z 0 L J L
2 3

1
V ( L) = VL = Z 0 J L L2 (8.61)
3

8.4.
,
, . ,
( )
6,5%
. [8.2]:

: 3,0%
: 2,0%
/ /: 1,5%

(150 kV 400 kV)

4,0% .
:

,
.
.

8.5 8.6
, . 8.7
/.
210 8:

8.5.

8.5.1. AC

AC :

1. AC ,
4.2 8.2.1. AC ,
.
2. (4.11)
.
3. (4.14)
.

, .
N , Ti, i = 1, 2,
..., N.
AC :

1. AC ,
4.2 8.2.1. AC ,
.
2. (4.11)
Ti.
SB, ,
km, Ti, (8.62).
3. , km,
,
(8.63).
4. , km,
,
(8.64).
5. , km, Ti,
(8.65).
6. , km,
, (8.66).

PLosskm ,i = ( Pkm ,i + Pmk ,i ) S B , km , i (8.62)

N
PLosskm = PLosskm ,i , km (8.63)
i =1

PLosskm ,max = max( PLosskm ,1 , PLosskm , 2 , ... , PLosskm , N ) , km (8.64)

ELosskm ,i = PLosskm ,i Ti , km , i (8.65)

N
ELosskm = ELosskm ,i , km (8.66)
i =1
 8: 211

8.8 , i, m.

AC
.

8.5.2.
N , Ti, i =
1, 2, ..., N. 8.8 i.

:

1. Ikm,i, km, i
Ti, (8.67), PD,i
m i, QD,i
m i VB
m.
2. , km,
, (8.68).
3. , km,
,
(8.69), Rkm km.
4. (8.70) km,
m.
5. (8.71).
6. (8.72) km,
m km.
7. (8.73) km.
8. (8.74)
km.
9. , km,
, (8.75).

PD2,i + QD2 ,i
I km ,i = I i , km , i (8.67)
3 VB

I km ,max = max( I km ,1 , I km , 2 , ... , I km , N ) , km (8.68)

PLoss km ,max = 3 Rkm I km

2
, max , km (8.69)

Pkm ,max Pm ,max = max( PD ,1 , PD ,2 , ... , PD , N ) , km (8.70)

212 8:

N
Ttot = Ti (8.71)
i =1

PD,i Ti (8.72)
i =1
Pkm , Pm , = , km
Ttot

Pkm ,
km = , km (8.73)
Pkm ,max

km = 0,3 km + 0,7 km
2
, km (8.74)

ELosskm = Ttot km PLosskm ,max , km (8.75)

8.5.3.

, .
, , :

2
1 N PD ,i
km = Ti , km (8.76)
Ttot i =1 Pmax

(8.76)
, (8.74).
,
8.5.2.
,
(8.76).

8.5.4.
N , Ti, i =
1, 2, ..., N. 8.9 , i,
m.
, ,

8.5.2. , Ikm,i,
km, i Ti, :

PD2,i + (QD ,i QC )
2

I km ,i = I i , km , i (8.77)
3 VB

PD,i m i, QD,i
m i, VB m
QC m VB.
 8: 213

Vk,i Vm,i
Ikm,i Zkm = Rkm + jXkm Ii I
SD,i = PD,i + jQD,i
k IC
m
C

8.9 , i,
m.

8.5.2
(8.74)
(8.76).

8.6.
,
J(x) 8.5,
Ttot ( h). L ( m) R0 ( /m)
.
, , :

1. Ix, dx x
, (8.78).
2. , Ttot,
(8.79).
3. (8.80)
.
4. km,
Ttot, (8.81).

L
I x ,max = J ( x ) dx (8.78)
x

L
PLossmax = 3 R0 I x2,max dx (8.79)
0

= 0,3 + 0,7 2 (8.80)

ELoss = Ttot PLossmax (8.81)

214 8:

8.10 / AC .

8.7.
8.7.1. AC
(/) AC
, /
AC . 8.10.
/ k m 8.10
Ur1 ( kV), Ur2 ( kV), Sr ( kVA),
NLL ( kW), LLr ( kW) Sr, Uk
( pu) I0 ( pu) Sr Ur1.
m 8.10 N
, Ti, i = 1, 2, ..., N. , 8.10
m, PD,i QD,i, , i.
(SB) / (Sr). (VB)
/ (Ur1). :

S B = Sr , VB = U r1 (8.82)

/ :

LLr
R= (8.83)
Sr

/ [8.3]:

Z = Uk (8.84)

/ :

X = Z 2 R2 (8.85)

/ :

2
NLL NLL
Y= j I 02 (8.86)
Sr Sr
 8: 215

8.11 , i, m.

/ ( 8.10) :

1
y km = (8.87)
R + jX

/ ( 8. 10) :

Y
y skm = y smk = (8.88)
2

ykm, yskm ysmk

/ 8.10.
/
8.5.1 . /
8.10.

8.7.2.
8.11. / k m 8.11
Sr ( kVA), NLL ( kW) LLr ( kW)
Sr. / , 24 24, /
, / . /
/. /
, /.
m 8.11 N
, Ti, i = 1, 2, ..., N. , 8.11
m, PD,i QD,i, ,
i. m cos .


:

1. (8.89) / km,
m.
2. , / km,
, (8.90).
3. (8.91).
4. (8.92) / km,
m / km.
5. (8.93) / km.
6. (8.94) /
km.
7. , / km,
, (8.95).
216 8:

Pkm ,max Pm ,max = max( PD ,1 , PD ,2 , ... , PD , N ) , km (8.89)

2
Pkm ,max

cos (8.90)
PLosskm ,max = NLL + LL
r , km
S r2

N
Ttot = Ti (8.91)
i =1

PD,i Ti (8.92)
i =1
Pkm , Pm , = , km
Ttot

Pkm ,
km = , km (8.93)
Pkm ,max

km = 0,3 km + 0,7 km
2
, km (8.94)

2
Pkm ,max

cos (8.95)
ELosskm = NLL Ttot + LL T
r km tot , km
S r2

8.7.3.

, / .
, /
, :

2
1 N PD ,i
km = Ti , km (8.96)
Ttot i =1 Pkm ,max

(8.96)
/ , (8.94).
,
8.7.2.
,
/ (8.96).

8.8.
8.8.1.

, [8.2]:
 8: 217

1. ( ) ,
, (
).
2. ( ),
( ,
),
( , )
( , ).

, ,
.
.
,
,

, .

, .
50160 [8.4], ,
, , , 95%

10% [8.5]. ,
, 95%
10% [8.5].
50160,
[8.2]:

5%
.
3% .

, (V) (V) :

Vmax + Vmin
V = (8.97)
2

Vmax Vmin
V = (8.98)
2

Vmax Vmin , , .
:

(Vmax), (min),
.
(Vmin), (max),
.
218 8:

8.12 .

8.8.2.
() :

1. , : )
/ / ) ,
. ,
(), ,
.
2. / /, /
. / /
.
3. , : ) / / (

) ) () .

8.8.3.
, .
, / /,
/ ( ), ,
.
, . 10% (
15%) , 1%
. .
, / 150/20 kV,
( 150 kV), 10% 1%. 21
.
() / /.
()
 8: 219

() / /, 8.12(), 1
1, 2 3.
, ,
24-, ( ,
). ,
, 8.12(), 1
1, 2
2, 3, / /,
3.
8.13() L,
( ). ( )
. 8.13()
, ,
( / /) (
x = 0 / /), .
8.13(), . 8.13()
, ,
( ),
,
. 8.13() ,
,
( ),
, .

( ), ( ) ( )
.
, 8.13(),
, ,
, 8.13(). ,

, , 8.8.1.
, , 8.14(), / /
. 8.14() n ,
n . 8.14()
8.14() ,
(e = 0), :

1 < 2 < 3 < n (8.99)

i ( pu) i ,
(e=0).
, ,
. ,
, :

i ,min = i , i = 1, 2, ..., n (8.100)

emin = e (8.101)

i,min ( pu) i ,
(e=0), emin ( pu)
e ( pu) .
, , e 0,
i :
220 8:

(%)

max

(x = 0) (x = L)

(0 < x < L) min


0 L x (m)

() ()

(%) (%)
L
0
x (m)
min
0
L x (m)

max

() ()

8.13 () , ()

, ()
, ()
.

1 2 3 n
1 2 3 n

SD1 SD2 SD3 SDn

()

(pu)

1 2 3 n

()

8.14 () n n , ()
n .
 8: 221

8.15 ( ), / 20/0,4 kV,

20 kV, 5% 2,5%.

Vi = 1 i + e , i = 1, 2, ..., n (8.102)

, , emin 0,
i :

Vi ,min = 1 i ,min + emin , i = 1, 2, ..., n (8.103)

(8.98), i :

Vi Vi ,min
i = , i = 1, 2, ..., n (8.104)
2

(8.100) (8.103) (8.104) :

Vi Vi ,min (1 i + e) (1 i ,min + emin )

i = i =
2 2
( e i ) ( emin i ,min ) ( e i ) ( e i )
i = i =
2 2

(1 )
i = (e i ) , i = 1, 2, ..., n (8.105)
2

(V1, V2, ..., Vn) .

( 1 1)
( n n):

(1 ) (1 )
1 = n (e 1 ) = (e n )
2 2

e 1 = e n e 1 = e n e 1 = n e

1 = n () 2 e = 1 + n

1 + n
e= (8.106)
2

(8.106) ( ) ,
( 1 1)
( n n).
222 8:

8.8.4. / /
, , / /
5% +5% 2,5%, 5%
2,5%, ( ). ,
/ / 20/0,4 kV,
( 20 kV), 5%
2,5%. 8.15, / 5 ,
, 0,4 kV,
19 kV ( 1) 21 kV ( 5).
, ( )
, /
/ ( 8.8.3) / / ( 8.8.4).
.
, .
, .

8.8.5.
. ,
( ),
.
/ /
. ,
, .
(
) (
). ,
, (
, 8.2.3),
, .
,
,
.

8.8.6. AC /
8.16() /
( i).
AC . t,
, /.
/ i a :

Vi t
= Vi = t Va (8.107)
Va 1

t ( pu) , Vi ( pu) i Va ( pu)

a.
 8: 223

Vi Va Vj
t:1 Ys = 1/(R + jX)
Ii Ia Ia b Ib2 Ic2 c Ij

Ib1 Ic1
/

i a j
Yp = Y/2 p = Y/2

()

Vi Vj

Ii
Ys + Yp Ys
t
Ij
[Ybus ] = tY
2

s
Ys + Yp
t
i j

()

8.16 () /
( i), () 8.16().

/ i a :

Ii 1
= Ia = t Ii (8.108)
Ia t

i ( pu) i a ( pu)
a.
Kirchhoff b :

I a = I b1 + I b 2 I a = Yp Va + Ys ( Va V j ) (8.109)

(8.108) (8.109) :

t Ii = Yp Va + Ys ( Va V j ) (8.110)

(8.107) Va (8.110) :
Yp Vi Ys V
t Ii = Yp Va + Ys ( Va V j ) Ii = + i Vj
t t t t
Ys + Yp Ys
Ii = 2 Vi + t V j (8.111)
t

Kirchhoff c (8.107) :
224 8:

I j = I c1 + I c 2 I j = Yp V j + Ys ( V j Va )

V
I j = Yp V j + Ys V j i
t

Ys
Ij = [
Vi + Ys + Yp V j ] (8.112)
t

(8.111) (8.112) :

Ii Vi
I = [Ybus ] V (8.113)
j j

Ys + Yp Ys
y ij
y
[Ybus ] = ii = t
2
t

y jj Ys
(8.114)
y ji Ys + Yp
t

1
Ys = (8.115)
R + jX

Y
Yp = (8.116)
2

[Ybus] ( pu) i j, R ( pu)

/ (8.83), X ( pu)
/ (8.85) Y ( pu)
/ (8.86).
8.16() 8.16(),
(8.113) [Ybus] i j.
, , t:1
8.16(), 1:n. , :

1
t= (8.117)
n

i j :

y ii y ij n 2 ( Ys + Yp ) n Ys
[Ybus ] = =
y jj n Ys
(8.118)
y ji Ys + Yp

n ( pu) .
 8: 225

8.17 /
( i).

1,06
1,04
, V (pu)

1,02
1,00
0,98
0,96
0,94
0,92
0,90
0,88
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

, x (km)

8.18 : ()
, () / / /
, () / /
/ .
226 8:

1,06
1,04
, V (pu)

1,02
1,00
0,98
0,96
0,94
0,92
0,90
0,88
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

, x (km)

8.19 : ()
, () / / / 12
0,95 / , ()
/ / / 12 0,95 / .

8.8.7. /
8.17 /
( i).
AC .
t, , /.
j t :

Vi V
V jt = ij V jt = i (Vi V j ) (8.119)
t t

t ( pu) , Vjt ( pu) j t, Vj (

pu) j (t = 1), Vi ( pu)
 8: 227

i ij ( pu)
ij , ij (8.15).
, , t:1
8.17, 1:n. , :

1
t= (8.120)
n

j n
:

V jt = n Vi ij V jt = n Vi (Vi V j ) (8.121)

n ( pu) .

8.8.8.

8.18() .
:

0,95 pu 1,05 pu.

1,0 pu.

8.18()
/ /, / (t = 1). 8.18()
/
/, / . 8.18() 8.18()
:

1 2 0,95 pu 1,05 pu.

3, 4, 5, 6 7 (0,95 pu).

3, 4, 5, 6 7, / 12 t12 = 0,95 pu. (8.119),
2 :

V1 1,0
V2 t = (V1 V2 ) V2 t = (1,0 0,9871) V2 t = 1,0397 pu
t12 0,95

8.19()
/ /, / 12 0,95 /
. 8.18()
/ /, / 12 0,95 /
. 8.19() 8.19() :

0,95 pu 1,05 pu.

6 7 (1,0
pu) / 36 57, .
228 8:

1,06
1,04
, V (pu)

1,02
1,00
0,98
0,96
0,94
0,92
0,90
0,88
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

, x (km)

8.20 : ()
, () / / / 12
0,95, / 36 0,975 / 57 0,95, ()
/ / / 12 0,95, / 36 0,975 / 57 0,95.

6 7 (1,0 pu),
/ 36 t36 = 0,975 pu / 57 t57 = 0,95
pu. (8.119), 6 :

V3 0,9908
V6t = (V3 V6 ) V6t = (0,9908 0,9746) V6t = 1,0000 pu
t36 0,975

8.20() 8.20()
/ /, / 12 0,95, /
36 0,975 / 57 0,95. 8.20() 8.20()
/,
.
 8: 229

m
7k

m m
5k 5k

8.21 8.1.

8.22 8.1.

8.9.
8.9.1. 8.1
20 kV 8.21. ( 0
1234) ACSR-95 (0,215 + j0,334) /km.
( 15, 267, 268 3910) ACSR-35
(0,576 + j0,397) /km.
8.21. 0 ,

. :

4: 500 kVA 0,8 .

5: 1500 kVA 0,6 .
7: 1000 kVA 0,9 .
8: 1000 kVA 0,8 .
9: 500 kVA 0,8 .
10: 800 kVA 0,8 .
230 8:

8.22
. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 10, ,
:
S D 4 = (400 kW + j 300 kVAR )
S D 5 = (900 kW + j1200 kVAR )
S D 7 = (900 kW j 436 kVAR )
S D8 = (800 kW + j 600 kVAR )
S D 9 = ( 400 kW + j 300 kVAR )
S D10 = (640 kW + j 480 kVAR )
34, 910, 39, 23, 67, 68, 26, 12, 15 01,
, :
S 34 = S D 4 S 34 = P34 + jQ34 = 400 kW + j 300 kVAR
S 910 = S D10 S 910 = P910 + jQ910 = 640 kW + j 480 kVAR
S 39 = S D 9 + S 910 S 39 = P39 + jQ39 = 1040 kW + j 780 kVAR
S 23 = S 34 + S 39 S 23 = P23 + jQ23 = 1440 kW + j1080 kVAR
S 67 = S D 7 S 67 = P67 + jQ67 = 900 kW j 436 kVAR
S 68 = S D8 S 68 = P68 + jQ68 = 800 kW + j 600 kVAR
S 26 = S 67 + S 68 S 26 = P26 + jQ26 = 1700 kW + j164 kVAR
S12 = S 23 + S 26 S12 = P12 + jQ12 = 3140 kW + j1244 kVAR
S15 = S D5 S15 = P15 + jQ15 = 900 kW + j1200 kVAR
S 01 = S12 + S15 S 01 = P01 + jQ01 = 4040 kW + j 2444 kVAR

01

01 :
R01 P01 + X 01 Q01 (0,215 10) 4040 + (0,334 10) 2444
01 = = 01 = 4,21 %
10 V 2 10 202
0 0% (0 = 0 %), 1 :
1 = 0 + 01 = 0 % + 4,21 % 1 = 4,21 %
1 :
V1 = 1 1 = 1 0,0421 V1 = 0,9579 pu

12

12 :
 8: 231

R12 P12 + X 12 Q12 (0,215 8) 3140 + (0,334 8) 1244

12 = = 12 = 2,18 %
10 V 2 10 202
2 :
2 = 1 + 12 = 4,21 % + 2,18 % 2 = 6,39 %
2 :
V2 = 1 2 = 1 0,0639 V2 = 0,9361 pu

23

23 :
R23 P23 + X 23 Q23 (0,215 9) 1440 + (0,334 9) 1080
23 = = 23 = 1,51 %
10 V 2 10 202
3 :
3 = 2 + 23 = 6,39 % + 1,51 % 3 = 7,90 %
3 :
V3 = 1 3 = 1 0,0790 V3 = 0,9210 pu

34

34 :
R34 P34 + X 34 Q34 (0,215 11) 400 + (0,334 11) 300
34 = = 34 = 0,51 %
10 V 2 10 20 2
4 :
4 = 3 + 34 = 7,90 % + 0,51 % 4 = 8,41 %
4 :
V4 = 1 4 = 1 0,0841 V4 = 0,9159 pu

15

15 :
R15 P15 + X 15 Q15 (0,576 5) 900 + (0,397 5) 1200
15 = = 15 = 1,24 %
10 V 2 10 202
5 :
5 = 1 + 15 = 4,212 % + 1,244 % 5 = 5,46 %
5 :
V5 = 1 5 = 1 0,0546 V5 = 0,9454 pu

26

26 :
232 8:

R26 P26 + X 26 Q26 (0,576 5) 1700 + (0,397 5) 164

26 = = 26 = 1,31 %
10 V 2 10 202
6 :
6 = 2 + 26 = 6,39 % + 1,31 % 6 = 7,70 %
6 :
V6 = 1 6 = 1 0,0770 V6 = 0,9230 pu

67

67 :
R67 P67 + X 67 Q67 (0,576 5) 900 + (0,397 5) ( 436)
67 = = 67 = 0,43 %
10 V 2 10 202
7 :
7 = 6 + 67 = 7,70 % + 0,43 % 7 = 8,13 %
7 :
V7 = 1 7 = 1 0,0813 V7 = 0,9187 pu

68

68 :
R68 P68 + X 68 Q68 (0,576 6) 800 + (0,397 6) 600
68 = = 68 = 1,05 %
10 V 2 10 202
8 :
8 = 6 + 68 = 7,70 % + 1,05 % 8 = 8,75 %
8 :
V8 = 1 8 = 1 0,0875 V8 = 0,9125 pu

39

39 :
R39 P39 + X 39 Q39 (0,576 5) 1040 + (0,397 5) 780
39 = = 39 = 1,14 %
10 V 2 10 20 2
9 :
9 = 3 + 39 = 7,90 % + 1,14 % 9 = 9,04 %
9 :
V9 = 1 9 = 1 0,0904 V9 = 0,9096 pu

910

910 :
 8: 233

(km) (pu)
0 0 1,0000
1 10 0,9579
5 15 0,9454
2 18 0,9361
6 23 0,9230
3 27 0,9210
7 28 0,9187
8 29 0,9125
9 32 0,9096
4 38 0,9159
10 39 0,8998

()

1,02

1,00
(pu)

0,98

0,96

0,94

0,92

0,90

0,88
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
(km)

()

8.23 () , ()
.

R910 P910 + X 910 Q910 (0,576 7) 640 + (0,397 7) 480

910 = = 910 = 0,98 %
10 V 2 10 202
10 :
10 = 9 + 910 = 9,04 % + 0,98 % 10 = 10,02 %
10 :
V10 = 1 10 = 1 0,1002 V10 = 0,8998 pu

8.23() (
) ( 0) 8.23()
,
.

8.24() ,
AC . , 8.24()
AC . 8.24()
.
234 8:

(pu) (pu)

(km) AC
(%)

0 0 1,0000 1,0000 0,00
1 10 0,9579 0,9530 0,51
5 15 0,9454 0,9397 0,61
2 18 0,9361 0,9283 0,84
6 23 0,9230 0,9138 1,01
3 27 0,9210 0,9115 1,04
7 28 0,9187 0,9090 1,07
8 29 0,9125 0,9021 1,15
9 32 0,9096 0,8987 1,21
4 38 0,9159 0,9058 1,12
10 39 0,8998 0,8877 1,36

()

1,6%
(%)

1,4%

1,2%

1,0%

0,8%

0,6%

0,4%

0,2%

0,0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
(km)

()

8.24 () AC , ()
.

8.9.2. 8.2
1, 2, 3 4 8.1
, 3
900 kVAR.

8.1 ( 900 kVAR 3)

1, 2, 3 4:
1 = 4,21 % , 2 = 6,39 % , 3 = 7,90 % , 4 = 8,41 %
1 QC = 900 kVAR 3
:
X 01 QC (0,334 10) 900
C1 = = C1 = 0,75 %
10 V 2 10 202

1 :
1n = 1 C1 = 4,21 % 0,75 % 1n = 3,46 %
 8: 235

(pu) (pu)
(km)

0 0 1,0000 1,0000
1 10 0,9579 0,9654
2 18 0,9361 0,9496
3 27 0,9210 0,9413
4 38 0,9159 0,9362

()

1,01
1,00
(pu)

0,99
0,98
0,97
0,96
0,95
0,94
0,93
0,92
0,91
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(km)

()

8.25 () , ()
.

2 3 :
X 02 QC (0,334 18) 900
C2 = = C 2 = 1,35 %
10 V 2 10 202
2 :
2 n = 2 C 2 = 6,39 % 1,35 % 2 n = 5,04 %
3 3 :
X 03 QC (0,334 27) 900
C3 = = C 3 = 2,03 %
10 V 2 10 202
3 :
3n = 3 C 3 = 7,90 % 2,03 % 3n = 5,87 %
( 0) ( 1 4). ,
3, 3,
01, 12 23, 34. ,
4 3
3 3, :
C 4 = C 3 C 4 = 2,03 %
4 :
4n = 4 C 4 = 8,41 % 2,03 % 4n = 6,38 %
236 8:

(kW)

400

300

200

1 2 100

0 7 14 18 22 24 h

() ()

8.26 () 8.3, () 2.

1 :
V1n = 1 1n = 1 0,0346 V1n = 0,9654 pu
8.25()
( 0) : 1) 3 2)
900 kVAR 3. 8.25()
, .

8.9.3. 8.3
20 kV 8.26(). /
1 2 Ur1 = 20 kV, Ur2 = 0,4
kV, Sr = 500 kVA, NLL = 0,88 kW, LLr = 5,5 kW
Sr Uk = 4%. 1
. 2 0,87
8.26(), 365 .
/
AC .
/ 0%, 2,5% 5%,
/, , , 2
.

8.26()
(PL1, PL2, PL3 PL4) (T1, T2, T3 4):
PL1 = 100 kW , PL 2 = 200 kW , PL 3 = 300 kW , PL 4 = 400 kW
T1 = 9 h , T2 = 4 h , T3 = 7 h , T4 = 4 h
:
T = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 T = 24 h
:
 8: 237

Pmax = PL 4 Pmax = 400 kW

1:

8.26() ,
. , :
E day = PL1 T1 + PL 2 T2 + PL 3 T3 + PL 4 T4

E day = 100 9 + 200 4 + 300 7 + 400 4 E day = 5400 kWh

:
E day 5400 kWh
P = P = P = 225 kW
T 24 h
:
P 225 kW
= = = 0,5625
Pmax 400 kW
:
= 0,3 + 0,7 2 = 0,3 0,5625 + 0,7 0,56252 = 0,3902
/ (400 kW).
/ :
2 2
Pmax 400

cos 0,87
PLoss = NLL + LLr PLoss = 0,88 + 5,5 PLoss = 5,53 kW
S r2 5002
/ :
PLoss 5,53
100 % = 100 % = 1,38 %
Pmax 400
(365 ) / :
Pmax
2


cos
E Loss = 365 NLL T + 2
LLr T
Sr

400
2


0,87
E Loss = 365 0,88 24 + 2
5,5 0,3902 24 E Loss = 23 606,48 kWh
500


:
E = 365 Eday E = 365 5400 E = 1 971 000 kWh

/ :
238 8:

E Loss 23 606,48
100 % = 100 % = 1,20 %
E 1 971 000

2:

,
8.26() :

1 P
2 2 2 2
P P P
= L1 T1 + L 2 T2 + L3 T3 + L 4 T4
T Pmax Pmax Pmax Pmax

1 100 400
2 2 2 2
200 300
= 9 + 4 + 7 + 4 = 0,3958
24 400 400 400 400

/ ,
1, PLoss = 5,53 kW.
/ :
Pmax
2


cos
E Loss = 365 NLL T + 2
LLr T
Sr

400
2


0,87
E Loss = 365 0,88 24 + 2
5,5 0,3958 24 E Loss = 23 834,58 kWh
500

3:

20 kV :
U r21 20 0002
Z B1 = = Z B1 = 800
Sr 500 000
/ :
LLr 5 500
R12 = Z B1 R12 = 800 R12 = 8,8
Sr 500 000
/ :
2 2
LL 5 500
X 12 = U k2 r Z B1 X 12 = 0,04 2 800 X 12 = 30,766
Sr 500 000
, 12 / :
P12 = PD 2 P12 = 400 kW

[ ]
Q12 = QD 2 Q12 = 400 tan cos 1 (0,87) Q12 = 226,69 kVAR
 8: 239

8.27 / / .

/. 12 / :
R12 P12 + X 12 Q12 8,8 400 + 30,766 226,69
12 = = 12 = 2,62 %
10 V 2 10 202
1 0% (1 = 0 %), 2 :
2 = 1 + 12 = 0 % + 2,62 % 2 = 2,62 %
2 :
V2 = 1 2 = 1 0,0262 V2 = 0,9738 pu
/ 0%, 2,5% 5%,
8.27, :
V1 t V 1
= Va = 1 Va =
Va 1 t t

/ 0%, 2,5% 5% ,
t 0,95, 0,975, 1,0, 1,025 1,05, t = 1,0
V1 = 1,0 pu.
t = 1,0 ( ), , ,
, 8.27 :
V1 = 1,0 pu , Va = 1,0 pu , V2 = 0,9738 pu
, V2 ,
V2 :
V2 = (1,0 0,9738) pu V2 = 0,0262 pu
V2 0,0262 pu, Va 0,0262 pu,
Va 1,0262 pu. , / :
1 1
Va = = 1,0262 t = t = 0,9745
t 1,0262
/, 0,9745 t = 0,975,
. t = 0,975, Va :
1 1
Va = Va = Va = 1,0256 pu
t 0,975
2 :
V2 = Va a 2 V2 = Va 12 V2 = 1,0256 0,0262 V2 = 0,9994 pu
240 8:

8.28 () 8.4, () .

8.29 8.4.

t = 0,975, 2 0,9994 pu,

(1,0 pu).

8.9.4. 8.4
0,4 kV, / /, , 100 kVA
0,8 , 8.28(). 0,45.
8 L = 200 m ,
8.28().
(0,426 + j0,294) /km. :

1. .
2. ,
, .
 8: 241

8.28(), s0
(Sr = 100 kVA) :
L 1 L 3 s0 L 4 Sr 4 100 000 VA
s0 + s0 = S r = S r s0 = s0 = s0 = 666,67
2 2 2 4 3 L 3 200 m
H J0, 8.29, :
s0 666,67 A
J0 = J0 = J 0 = 0,962
3 V 3 400 m
0,8 , :
A
J 0 = 0,962 36,870
m

1:

: 0 x L/2
L/2 x L. 8.29
() (x = 0) x1 = L/4,
() x2 = 2L/3.
1 2.
x = L . L :
L L 1 L 2 L
VL = Z 0 E1 x1 + Z 0 E2 x2 VL = Z 0 J 0 + Z 0 J 0
2 4 2 2 3

VL =
7
24
Z 0 J 0 L2 VL =
7
24
[ ]
(0,426 + j0,294) 10 3 (0,962 36,870 ) 2002

VL = 5,81 2,26 0 V
L :
5,81
100 % = 2,52 %
400
3

1:

8.29 :
L
J0 , 0 x
J ( x) = 2
x L
2 J 0 1 , xL
L 2

0 x L/2, :
L L/2 L
I1 ( x ) = J ( x ) dx = J ( x ) dx + J ( x ) dx
x x L/2
242 8:

L/2 L
x
I1 ( x ) = J 0 dx + 2 J 0 1 dx
L
x L/2

L L J L2 L2 / 4
I1 ( x ) = J 0 x + 2 J 0 L 2 0

2 2 L 2 2
J0 L J L
I1 ( x ) = J0 x + 2 J0 L J0 L J0 L + 0
2 4
3
I1 ( x ) = J0 L J0 x
4
L/2 x L, :
L L
x
I 2 ( x ) = J ( x ) dx = 2 J 0 1 dx
x x L

J0 2
I 2 ( x) = J 0 L 2 J 0 x + x
L
:
3 L
J0 L J0 x , 0 x
I ( x) = 4 2
J L
J 0 L 2 J 0 x + 0 x 2 , xL
L 2
0,8 , :
I( x ) = I ( x ) 36,870 A
, L, :
L
VL = Z 0 I( x ) dx
0

:
L L/2 L
VL = Z 0 I ( x ) dx = Z 0 I ( x ) dx + Z0 I ( x ) dx
0 0 L/2

L/2 L
3 J 2
VL = Z 0 J 0 L J 0 x dx + Z 0 J 0 L 2 J 0 x + 0 x dx
L/2
0
4 L

7
VL = Z 0 J 0 L2 VL = 5,81 V
24

2:

:
L L/2 L
PLoss = 3 R0 [I ( x )]2 dx = 3 R0 [I ( x )] dx + 3 R0 [I ( x )] dx
2 2

0 0 L/2
 8: 243

L/2 2 L 2
3 J 2
PLoss = 3 R0 J 0 L J 0 x dx + 3 R0 J 0 L 2 J 0 x + 0 x dx
L/2
0
4 L

PLoss =
17
40
17
[ ]
R0 J 02 L3 PLoss = 0,426 10 3 (0,962) 2 2003
40
PLoss = 1 341,11 W
:
Pmax = S r cos Pmax = 100 0,8 Pmax = 80 kW
:
PLoss 1 341,11
100 % = 100 % = 1,68 %
Pmax 80 000
:
= 0,3 + 0,7 2 = 0,3 0,45 + 0,7 0,452 = 0,27675
:
E Loss = (8760 h ) PLoss E Loss = 8760 0,27675 (1 341,11 10 3 ) E Loss = 3 251,30 kWh
:
E = (8760 h ) Pmax E = 8760 0,45 80 E = 315 360 kWh

:
E Loss 3 251,30
100 % = 100 % = 1,03 %
E 315 360

[8.1] T. Gnen, Electric power distribution system engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1986.
[8.2] . . , . , , 1994.
[8.3] P. S. Georgilakis, Spotlight on modern transformer design. Springer, London, 2009.
[8.4] CENELEC, EN 50160, Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems.
European Standard, Brussels, 19992010.
[8.5] . . ,
. , , 2013.
 9

.
. ,
,
.

.

.

, , .

9.1.
()
[9.1].
kW 50 MW. ,
(Distributed Energy Resources DER),
(Distributed Generation DG),
(responsive loads) [9.2][9.4].
9.1 . ,
.
( )
( ).
(), , ,
.

().
,

[9.5]. , 20%
2020 .
,
, , ,
,
.
,
. ,
. , . ,
.

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
246 9:

, . ,
.
. ,
, , [9.5].

. ,
. , .
. ,
. ( )
( )
,
.
.

.
.
,

.
, , ,
,
. , ,

, .
, , , :

kW ,
. ,
,
.

, , , [9.6].
,
.

, , , . ,

, ,
.
.

.
,
. ,

. ,
,
,
.
.
,
,
[9.7].
 9: 247

9.1 .

,

[9.8].
,

.
.
.
,
[9.9].
,
,
.
,
, .
.

, ,

.

9.2.
. ,
.
, .
.
, ,
. .

. ,
248 9:

. 9.2,
. ,
. ,
, .
.
9.2
. ,
, 9.3.
.
. ,
. , ,
, .

. , ,
. 9.4, .

.
.

.

.
,
[9.8].
(
, , ) ( ,
). ,

( , ) .

,
:

.
.
.

. , .
, ,
.
,

. .
 9: 249

9.2 , ,
.

9.3 , ,
.

9.4 , ,
, , , .
250 9:

1 2 SDG 3
S12

SD2 SD3

9.5 .

9.3.
9.3.1.

9.5 :

1. 12, Z12 = R12 + jX12.

2. 23, Z23 = R23 + jX23.
3. 12, S12ther.
4. QDG / PDG , PDG
QDG .
,
.
5. 1, V1 = V11, N
.
6. 2, SD2 = PD2 + jQD2,
N .
7. 3, SD3 = PD3 + jQD3,
N .

9.3.2. AC
2
9.5, AC , 12.
:

1. 12
, 2.
2. 2.

12 ,
2, ,
N :

max S12 max (9.1)

G22 V22 + V2 V1 G21 cos( 2 1 ) + V2 V3 G23 cos( 2 3 )

(9.2)
+ V2 V1 B21 sin( 2 1 ) + V2 V3 B23 sin( 2 3 ) + PD 2 = 0
 9: 251

B22 V22 + V2 V1 G21 sin( 2 1 ) + V2 V3 G23 sin( 2 3 )

(9.3)
V2 V1 B21 cos( 2 1 ) V2 V3 B23 cos( 2 3 ) + QD 2 = 0

G33 V32 + V3 V2 G32 cos( 3 2 ) + V3 V2 B32 sin( 3 2 ) + PD 3 = 0 (9.4)

B33 V32 + V3 V2 G32 sin( 3 2 ) V3 V2 B32 cos( 3 2 ) + Q D 3 = 0 (9.5)

S12 max = max( S12 , S 21 ) (9.6)

S12 = P122 + Q12

2
(9.7)

P12 = g12 V12 V1 V2 g12 cos(1 2 ) V1 V2 b12 sin(1 2 ) (9.8)

Q12 = b12 V12 V1 V2 g12 sin(1 2 ) + V1 V2 b12 cos(1 2 ) (9.9)

S 21 = P212 + Q21
2
(9.10)

P21 = g 21 V22 V2 V1 g 21 cos( 2 1 ) V2 V1 b21 sin( 2 1 ) (9.11)

Q21 = b21 V22 V2 V1 g 21 sin( 2 1 ) + V2 V1 b21 cos( 2 1 ) (9.12)

R12 X 12
g12 = g 21 = , b12 = b21 = (9.13)
2
R12 + X 12
2
R122 + X 122

R12 R12
G11 = , G12 = G21 = (9.14)
2
R12 + X 122 R122 + X 12
2

R12 R
G13 = G31 = 0 , G22 = + 2 23 2 (9.15)
2
R12 + X 12 R23 + X 23
2

R23 R23
G23 = G32 = , G33 = (9.16)
2
R23 + X 23
2 2
R23 + X 23
2

X 12 X 12
B11 = , B12 = B21 = (9.17)
2
R12 + X 122 + X 12
R122 2

X 12 X
B13 = B31 = 0 , B22 = + 2 23 2 (9.18)
R122+ X 12 R23 + X 23
2

X 23 X 23
B23 = B32 = , B33 = (9.19)
2
R23 + X 23
2 2
R23 + X 23
2

, (9.1) (9.6), :
252 9:

(9.1)
12.
(9.2) 2.
(9.3) 2.
(9.4) 3.
(9.5) 3.
(9.6) 12, S12max,
1 12, S12,
2 12, S21.

, (9.1) (9.6), :
2, V2.
2, 2.
3, V3.
3, 3.
12, S12max.

(9.1) (9.6) k,
12, S12max,k, k.
(9.1) (9.6) N , k.
12, S12max,
12 N :

S12 max, no DG = max( S12 max,1 , S12 max, 2 , ... , S12 max, N ) (9.20)

, (9.20),
12, , 2,
2.
2
(9.21) (9.27) N :

max PDG (9.21)

G22 V22 + V2 V1 G21 cos( 2 1 ) + V2 V3 G23 cos( 2 3 )

(9.22)
+ V2 V1 B21 sin( 2 1 ) + V2 V3 B23 sin( 2 3 ) PDG + PD 2 = 0

B22 V22 + V2 V1 G21 sin( 2 1 ) + V2 V3 G23 sin( 2 3 )

(9.23)
V2 V1 B21 cos( 2 1 ) V2 V3 B23 cos( 2 3 ) d PDG + QD 2 = 0

G33 V32 + V3 V2 G32 cos( 3 2 ) + V3 V2 B32 sin( 3 2 ) + PD 3 = 0 (9.24)

B33 V32 + V3 V2 G32 sin( 3 2 ) V3 V2 B32 cos( 3 2 ) + QD 3 = 0 (9.25)

S12 max = max( S12 , S 21 ) (9.26)

S12 max = S12 max, no DG (9.27)

:
 9: 253

Q DG
d= (9.28)
PDG

d , PDG
QDG .
, .
, (9.22)
(9.26), (9.7) (9.19).
, (9.21) (9.27), :
(9.21)
2.
(9.22) 2.
(9.23) 2.
(9.24) 3.
(9.25) 3.
(9.26) 12, S12max,
1 12, S12,
2 12, S21.
(9.27)
2 9.5,
12. ,
12, S12max, 12,
, 2, (9.20).

, (9.21) (9.27), :

2, V2.
2, 2.
3, V3.
3, 3.
, PDG.

(9.21) (9.27) k,
, PDG,k, k.
(9.21) (9.27) N , k.
, PDGmax, (first
hosting capacity, HC1) 2,
N :

PDG max = HC1 = min( PDG ,1 , PDG ,2 , ... , PDG , N ) (9.29)

9.3.3.
2
9.5, ,
12. :

1. 12
, 2.
2. 2.
254 9:

,
12 , 2, :

S12, no DG ,k = S D 2 + S D 3 = ( PD 2 + jQ D 2 ) + ( PD 3 + jQ D 3 ) = ( PD 2 + PD 3 ) + j (Q D 2 + Q D 3 )

S12 , no DG ,k = ( PD 2 + PD 3 ) 2 + (QD 2 + QD 3 ) 2 (9.30)

(9.30), 12, S12,noDG,k,

k. N ,
k. 12, S12max,noDG,
12 N :

S12 max, no DG = max( S12, no DG ,1 , S12 , no DG ,2 , ... , S12 , no DG , N ) (9.31)

, (9.31),
12, , 2,
2.
,
12 2, :

S12 = S D 2 + S D 3 S DG = ( PD 2 + jQ D 2 ) + ( PD 3 + jQD 3 ) ( PDG + jQ DG )

S12 = ( PD 2 + PD 3 PDG ) + j (QD 2 + QD 3 Q DG )

S12 = ( PD 2 + PD 3 PDG ) + j (Q D 2 + QD 3 d PDG )

S12 = ( PD 2 + PD 3 PDG ) 2 + (Q D 2 + QD 3 d PDG ) 2 (9.32)

d (9.28).
k, :

S12 = S12 max, no DG (9.33)

(9.32) (9.33), :

( PD 2 + PD 3 PDG ) 2 + (QD 2 + Q D 3 d PDG ) 2 = S12 max, no DG

( PD 2 + PD 3 PDG ) 2 + (Q D 2 + QD 3 d PDG ) 2 = S122 max, no DG

( PD 2 + PD 3 ) 2 + PDG
2
2 ( PD 2 + PD 3 ) PDG + (Q D 2 + QD 3 ) 2
+ d 2 PDG
2
2 (Q D 2 + QD 3 ) d PDG = S12
2
max, no DG

(1 + d 2 ) PDG
2
2 [( PD 2 + PD 3 ) + d (QD 2 + QD 3 )] PDG
[ ]
+ ( PD 2 + PD 3 ) 2 + (Q D 2 + Q D 3 ) 2 S122 max, no DG = 0

a PDG
2
+ b PDG + c = 0 (9.34)
 9: 255

a = 1+ d 2 (9.35)

b = 2 [( PD 2 + PD 3 ) + d (QD 2 + QD 3 )] (9.36)

c = ( PD 2 + PD 3 ) 2 + (QD 2 + QD 3 ) 2 S122 max, no DG (9.37)

, PDG,
(9.34). , k, :

b + b2 4 a c
PDG ,k = (9.38)
2a

(9.38) , PDG,k,
k. N ,
k. , PDG,
N :

PDG = min( PDG ,1 , PDG ,2 , ... , PDG , N ) (9.39)

, ,
.

9.4.
9.4.1.

9.3.1.

9.4.2. AC
2 9.5
(9.40) (9.46) N
:

max PDG (9.40)

G22 V22 + V2 V1 G21 cos( 2 1 ) + V2 V3 G23 cos( 2 3 )

(9.41)
+ V2 V1 B21 sin( 2 1 ) + V2 V3 B23 sin( 2 3 ) PDG + PD 2 = 0

B22 V22 + V2 V1 G21 sin( 2 1 ) + V2 V3 G23 sin( 2 3 )

(9.42)
V2 V1 B21 cos( 2 1 ) V2 V3 B23 cos( 2 3 ) d PDG + QD 2 = 0

G33 V32 + V3 V2 G32 cos( 3 2 ) + V3 V2 B32 sin( 3 2 ) + PD 3 = 0 (9.43)

256 9:

B33 V32 + V3 V2 G32 sin( 3 2 ) V3 V2 B32 cos( 3 2 ) + QD 3 = 0 (9.44)

S12 max = max( S12 , S 21 ) (9.45)

S12 max = S12 therm (9.46)

d (9.28).
, (9.41) (9.45), (9.7)
(9.19).
, (9.40) (9.46), :

(9.40)
2.
(9.41) 2.
(9.42) 2.
(9.43) 3.
(9.44) 3.
(9.45) 12, S12max,
1 12, S12,
2 12, S21.
(9.46)
2 9.5,
12. ,
12, S12max, 12, S12therm.

, (9.40) (9.46), :

2, V2.
2, 2.
3, V3.
3, 3.
, PDG.

(9.40) (9.46) k,
, PDG,k, k.
(9.40) (9.46) N , k.
, PDGmax,
(second hosting capacity, HC2) 2,
N :

PDG max = HC 2 = min( PDG ,1 , PDG , 2 , ... , PDG , N ) (9.47)

9.4.3.

, 12
9.5 2, :

S12 = S D 2 + S D 3 S DG = ( PD 2 + jQ D 2 ) + ( PD 3 + jQD 3 ) ( PDG + jQ DG )

 9: 257

S12 = ( PD 2 + PD 3 PDG ) 2 + (Q D 2 + QD 3 d PDG ) 2 (9.48)

d (9.28).
k, :

S12 = S12therm (9.49)

S12therm 12.
(9.48) (9.49), :

( PD 2 + PD 3 PDG ) 2 + (QD 2 + QD 3 d PDG ) 2 = S12 therm

(1 + d 2 ) PDG
2
2 [( PD 2 + PD 3 ) + d (QD 2 + QD 3 )] PDG
[ ]
+ ( PD 2 + PD 3 ) 2 + (Q D 2 + Q D 3 ) 2 S122 therm = 0

a PDG
2
+ b PDG + c = 0 (9.50)

a = 1+ d 2 (9.51)

b = 2 [( PD 2 + PD 3 ) + d (QD 2 + QD 3 )] (9.52)

c = ( PD 2 + PD 3 ) 2 + (Q D 2 + Q D 3 ) 2 S122 therm (9.53)

, PDG,
(9.50). , k, :

b + b2 4 a c
PDG ,k = (9.54)
2a

(9.54) , PDG,k,
k. N ,
k. , PDG,
N :

PDG = min( PDG ,1 , PDG ,2 , ... , PDG , N ) (9.55)

, ,
.

9.5.
9.6 :

1. 12, Z12 = R12 + jX12.

2. 12, I12max.
258 9:

V1 V2
SDG

1 2 SD2

9.6 .

3. 2, V2min V2max, .
4. QDG / PDG , PDG
QDG .
.
5. 1, V1 = V11.
6. 2, SD2 = PD2 + jQD2.

, 2,
(9.56) (9.61):

max PDG (9.56)

G22 V22 + V2 V1 G21 cos( 2 1 ) + V2 V1 B21 sin( 2 1 ) PDG + PD 2 = 0 (9.57)

B22 V22 + V2 V1 G21 sin( 2 1 ) V2 V1 B21 cos( 2 1 ) d PDG + QD 2 = 0 (9.58)

V2 min V2 V2 max (9.59)

2 (9.60)

I12 I12 max (9.61)

Q DG
d= (9.62)
PDG

V1 V2
I12 = (9.63)
Z12

R12 R12
G21 = , G22 = (9.64)
R122 + X 12
2
R122 + X 12
2

X 12 X 12
B21 = , B22 = (9.65)
+ X 12
R122 2 2
R12+ X 122
 9: 259

J(x)
(A/m)
IDG
I(x)-IDG
I(x)

J(x)

x (m) L x0 0

9.7 J(x).

(9.56) (9.61) :

(9.56) .
(9.57) 2.
(9.58) 2.
(9.59) 2.
(9.60) 2.
(9.61) 12.

(9.56) (9.61) :

2, V2.
2, 2.
, PDG.

9.6.

L
, J(x), 9.7.
Z = R + jX. x0 ,
.
, :

x
I ( x ) = J ( x ) dx (9.66)
0

, :

L
PA = 3 R [I ( x )]2 dx (9.67)
0

.
, :

L
I DG = J ( x ) dx (9.68)
0
260 9:

1 2 SDG
S21

SD2

9.8 9.1.

9.7 ( 0 x x0)
I(x), (9.66) . , 9.7
( x0 x L) I(x) IDG. ,
, :

I ( x) , 0 x x0

I ( x ) = (9.69)
I ( x) I , x0 x L
DG

, :

L x0 L
PA = 3 R [I ( x )]2 dx =3 R [I ( x )]2 dx + 3 R [I ( x )]2 dx
0 0 x0

x0 L
PA = 3 R [I ( x )]2 dx + 3 R [I ( x ) I DG ]2 dx (9.70)
0 x0

, ,
x0 :

d
x0 L
d
PA = 0 3 R [I ( x ) ] 2
dx + 3 R [I ( x ) I DG ]2 dx = 0 (9.71)
dx0 dx0
0 x0

9.7.
9.7.1. 9.1
9.8. H
1 2 Z12 = (0,1 +j0,1) pu.
2,0 pu. 2 SD2 = (0,2 +j0,2) pu. 1
1,000 pu. 2 0,9 1,1 pu.
, 2, 0,8
. .
 9: 261

9.9 9.1: () , () .

12 :
1 1
y12 = = y12 = (5 j5) pu
Z12 0,2 + j 0,2
:
G11 + jB11 G12 + jB12 y12 y12 5 j5 5 + j5
G + jB = = pu
21 21 G22 + jB22 y12 y12 5 + j5 5 j5

0,8 , :
S DG = PDG + jQDG S DG = PDG + j 0,75 PDG
(4.1), 2 :
PDG PD 2 = G22 V22 + V2 V1 G21 cos( 2 1 ) + V2 V1 B21 sin( 2 1 )

PDG 0,2 = 5 V22 + V2 1 ( 5) cos( 2 0) + V2 1 5 sin( 2 0)

5 V22 5 V2 cos 2 + 5 V2 sin 2 PDG + 0,2 = 0

(4.2), 2 :
Q DG Q D 2 = B22 V22 + V2 V1 G21 sin( 2 1 ) V2 V1 B21 cos( 2 1 )

0,75 PDG 0,2 = ( 5) V22 + V2 1 ( 5) sin( 2 0) V2 1 5 cos( 2 0)

5 V22 5 V2 sin 2 5 V2 cos 2 0,75 PDG + 0,2 = 0

262 9:

12 :
V12 V V2 1,0 V2 2
I12 = I12 = 1 I12 = I12 = (5 j5) (1,0 V2 2 )
Z12 Z12 0,1 + j 0,1
: 2 (V2),
2 (2) (PDG). ,
AC :

max PDG (9.72)

5 V22 5 V2 cos 2 + 5 V2 sin 2 PDG + 0,2 = 0 (9.73)

5 V22 5 V2 sin 2 5 V2 cos 2 0,75 PDG + 0,2 = 0 (9.74)

0,9 V2 1,1 (9.75)

2 (9.76)

(5 j 5) (1,0 V2 2 ) 2,0 (9.77)

AC , (9.72) (9.77),
:

(9.72) .
(9.73) 2.
(9.74) 2.
(9.75) 2.
(9.76) 2.
(9.77) 12.

(9.72) (9.77) :
PDG = 0,8583 pu , V2 = 1,1 pu , 2 = 0,01951 rad = 1,11778 0
9.9(), ,
( 1) ( 2). 9.9(),
, 2
( ) ( 1). ,
, 9.9().

9.7.2. 9.2
L = 200 m
, 9.10, J0 = 0,97
A/m. Z = (0,4 + j 0,3) /km.

1. .
 9: 263

J(x)
(A/m)
IDG I(x)
I(x)-IDG
J0

x (m) L x0 0

9.10 9.2.

2. x0 ,
.
x0 ( ).
3. 2, x0 ( ),
,

1 ( ).

1:

, :
x x
I ( x ) = J ( x ) dx = J 0 dx I ( x ) = J 0 x
0 0

, :
L L L
PA = 3 R [I ( x )] dx =3 R [J 0 x ] dx
2 2
=3 R J 02 x 2 dx
0 0 0

L3
PA = 3 R J 02 PA = R J 02 L3
3
PA = (0,4 10 3 ) 0,97 2 200 3 PA = 3010,88 W

2:

:
L L
I DG = J ( x ) dx = J 0 dx I DG = J 0 L
0 0

9.10 ( 0 x x0)
I(x), 1. , 9.10
( x0 x L) I(x) IDG. :
264 9:

3500
(W)

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 50 100 150 200
x0 (m)

9.11 (x0) .

I ( x) , 0 x x0

I ( x ) =
I ( x) I , x0 x L
DG

J0 x , 0 x x0

I ( x ) =
J x J L , x x L
0 0 0

, :

L x0 L
PA = 3 R [I ( x )] dx =3 R [I ( x )]2 dx + 3 R [I ( x )]2 dx
2

0 0 x0

x0 L
PA = 3 R [J 0 x ]2 dx + 3 R [J 0 x J 0 L]2 dx
0 x0

x0
[ ]
L
PA = 3 R J 02 x 2 dx + 3 R J 02 x 2 + J 02 L2 2 J 02 L x dx
0 x0

x3
PA = 3 R J 02 0 +
3
L3 x3 L2 x2
3 R J 02 J 02 0 + J 02 L2 L J 02 L2 x0 2 J 02 L + 2 J 02 L 0
3 3 2 2

[
PA = R J 02 L L2 3 L x0 + 3 x02 ] (9.78)

(9.78)
x0 . (9.78) R, L J0
0 200 m x0, 9.11,
x0
. x0 3.
 9: 265

3:

, ,
:
d
dx0
PA = 0
d
dx0
{ [
R J 02 L L2 3 L x0 + 3 x02 ] }= 0
R J 02 L [ 3 L + 6 x0 ] = 0 3 L + 6 x0 = 0

L 200 m
x0 = x0 = x0 = 100 m
2 2
x0 = L/2 = 100 m,
:
[ ]
PA = R J 02 L L2 3 L x0 + 3 x02

L L2 R J 02 L3
PA = R J 02 L L2 3 L + 3 PA =
2 4 4

PA 3010,88 W
PA = PA = PA = 752,72 W
4 4
, x0 = L/2,
25%
. ,
1 ( ) :
PA 1
PA PA 1
[PA PA ] 100 % = 4
100 % = 4 100 % = 75 %
PA PA PA
, x0 = L/2,
75% .

[9.1] T. Ackermann, G. Andersson, L. Sder, Distributed generation: a definition, Electric Power
Systems Research, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 195204, April 2001.
[9.2] P. S. Georgilakis, N. D. Hatziargyriou, Optimal distributed generation placement in power
distribution networks: Models, methods, and future research, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 34203428, August 2013.
[9.3] V. A. Evangelopoulos, P. S. Georgilakis, Optimal distributed generation placement under
uncertainties based on point estimate method embedded genetic algorithm, IET Generation,
Transmission, and Distribution, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 389400, March 2014.
[9.4] E. E. Sfikas, Y. A. Katsigiannis, P. S. Georgilakis, Simultaneous capacity optimization of distributed
generation and storage in medium voltage microgrids, International Journal of Electrical Power and
Energy Systems, Vol. 67, pp. 101113, May 2015.
[9.5] J. A. Pecas Lopes, N. Hatziargyriou, J. Mutale, P. Djapic, N. Jenkins, Integrating distributed
generation into electric power systems: A review of drivers, challenges and opportunities, Electric
Power Systems Research, Vol. 77, pp. 11891203, July 2007.
266 9:

[9.6] P. S. Georgilakis, Technical challenges associated with the integration of wind power into power
systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 852863, April 2008.
[9.7] P. S. Georgilakis, Book review: Integration of distributed generation in the power system,
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 48, pp. 6970, June 2013.
[9.8] M. Bollen, F. Hassan, Integration of distributed generation in the power system. IEEE Press,
Piscataway, NJ, 2011.
[9.9] R. A. Walling, R. Saint, R. C. Dugan, J. Burke, L. A. Kojovic, Summary of distributed resources
impact on power delivery systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp.
16361644, July 2008.
 10

. :
( )
.
. ,
.
.
.

, .

10.1.
()

.
()
, : ,
() [10.1].
() .
.
, ,
,

( , , ) [10.2]. ,

,
.
( , ) ,
.
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.
( 30 ),
, ,
,

.

, (
, )

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
268 10:

( ), ,

.

[10.3].

. , ,
.

. ,
. ,
[10.4].
:

[10.5].
, .
.

.
(self-healing)
.
,
.

. , ,

,
. ,
, ,
()
.

10.2.
10.2.1.
8,
[10.6]. 10.1()
j. j :

I = I = I cos jI sin = I R jI X (10.1)

I , cos (), IR
, IX , j
.
Kirchhoff j 10.1()
ij, j:

I b = I I b = I R jI X (10.2)
 10: 269

Z = R + jX Ib I
SD = PD + jQD
i j
()

Z = R + jX I' I
SD = PD + jQD
i IC j
C

()

, Ix (A)

IXn

IX2
....

IX1

0
t (h)
T1 T2 Tn
....

()

10.1 () j, ()
j, ()
j.

10.1() 10.1()
j. :

I C = jI C (10.3)

Kirchhoff j 10.1()
ij, j:

I = I I C I = ( I R jI X ) + jI C

I = I R j ( I X I C ) (10.4)
270 10:

10.2.2.
j, ij
:

2
PLossbefore = 3 R I b = 3 R ( I R2 + I X2 ) (10.5)

R ij.
j,
ij :

PLossafter = 3 R I
2
[
= 3 R I R2 + ( I X I C ) 2 ] (10.6)

j,
ij :

PLoss = PLoss before PLoss after

[
PLoss = 3 R ( I R2 + I X2 ) 3 R I R2 + ( I X I C ) 2 ]
[
PLoss = 3 R I R2 + I X2 I R2 I X2 I C2 + 2 I X I ]
C

PLoss = 3 R I C ( 2 I X I C ) (10.7)

(10.7)
ij, j,
ij, IC IX
j.
(10.7) PLoss:

PLoss > 0, 2IX IC > 0, o

ij .
PLoss < 0, 2IX IC < 0, o
ij .

IC ,
:

IC
I X = I X max IX > (10.8)
2

IXmax j.
j , IXmax
. , ,
:

PLoss max = 3 R I C ( 2 I X max I C ) (10.9)

 10: 271

10.2.3.
10.1()
j 10.1() 10.1(). 10.1()
n , Tt
IXt, t = 1, 2, , n. :

n
T = Tt (10.10)
t =1

I X max = max( I X 1 , I X 2 , ..., I Xn ) (10.11)

n n

I Xt Tt I Xt Tt
t =1 t =1
I Xav = n
= (10.12)
T
Tt
t =1

,
:

I Xav = I X max (10.13)

.
j,
ij, t, :

PLoss t = 3 R I C ( 2 I Xt I C ) PLoss t = 6 R I C I Xt 3 R I C2 (10.14)

j,
ij, t, :

ELoss t = (6 R I C I Xt 3 R I C2 ) Tt (10.15)

,
:

n
ELoss = (6 R I C I Xt 3 R I C2 ) Tt
t =1

n n
ELoss = 6 R I C I Xt Tt 3 R I C2 Tt
t =1 t =1

ELoss = 6 R I C I Xav T 3 R I C2 T

ELoss = 6 R I C I X max T 3 R I C2 T
272 10:

ELoss = 3 R T ( 2 I X max I C I C2 ) (10.16)

(10.16)
ij, j,
R ij, T
, ,
IC IXmax
j.
(10.16) ,
j, o ij :

ELoss > 0 3 R T ( 2 I X max I C I C2 ) > 0

3 R T I C ( 2 I X max I C ) > 0 2 I X max I C > 0

IC
I X max > (10.17)
2

, (10.16) ,
j, o ij :

ELoss < 0 3 R T ( 2 I X max I C I C2 ) < 0

IC
I X max < (10.18)
2

10.2.4.

ij, j, :

PLoss = a m PLoss max (10.19)

( /kWyear)
, PLossmax ( kW)
(10.9) m o

. 0 m 1. (10.19)
PLoss , , ,
.

ij, j, :

ELoss = ELoss (10.20)

( /kWh) ELoss ( kWh)

(10.16) = 8760 h.
(10.20) ELoss , , ,
.
 10: 273

ij,
j, :

tot = PLoss + ELoss = a m PLoss max + ELoss (10.21)

(10.21) tot , ,
, .

10.3.

(
), . ,
.
, ,
.
, , , ,
. ,
G (N, B), N B .
( )
( ).
: .
(
) ( ).

( ).



[10.7].
.
, , (
) .
. ,
, , ,
.

10.4.
10.4.1.

21 .
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
[10.8].

.
274 10:

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.
:
, , ,
. , ,
,
.

.

.

10.4.2.
, ,
10.2.
.
. ,
.

10.4.3.
,
. 10.3,
: , .
, .

.


.

10.4.4.

. ,
, .

, ,
.

( 15 ) ( 4 6 )
.
, , .
, ,
24 ,
4 8 24, .
 10: 275

10.2 .

(/kWh)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

10.3 .

10.4 .

10.4.5.


, ,

. .

( 15 ).
.
276 10:

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,
.

10.4.6.

,
.
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.
,
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10.4.7.
15 .

, 24.
10.4. ,
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24
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10.5.
10.5.1.

,
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[10.9].

,
,


[10.10][10.12].
 10: 277

, , ,
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, [10.4].

10.5.2.

, .

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:

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10.5.3.

, ,
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278 10:

(
).

10.5.4.

.

,

.

10.5.5.

, ,
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(custom
power).

.
, ,
.

10.5.6.

.

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.
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,
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10.5.7.
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 10: 279

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10.5.8.


.
,
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.
, (panels) ,
, . ,
(module) , ,
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,

.

,

. , MW,
.
,
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10.5.9.

(interface).
,
.
, .
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.

10.5.10.
(switchgear)
(modular) .

.
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, .
280 10:

10.5.11.

.

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10.5.12.

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10.5.13.
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 10: 281

10.5.14.

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10.5.15.
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10.5.16.

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10.5.17.

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10.5.18.
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282 10:

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10.5.19.
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75% 5000 .
75% 5000 .
.

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10.5.20.

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10.6.
10.6.1.

, , ,
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 10: 283

10.6.2.
[10.13]:

1. .
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284 10:

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10.6.3.

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).

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 10: 285

10.5
.

10.6.4.
(conservation voltage reduction)
.

.
2% 5%.

, .
,
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.
0,7.
0,7% 1%.
,
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10.6.5.

15 .

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286 10:

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 10: 287

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10.6.7.
,

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.
.

10.7.
10.7.1.
:

N
1 r N +1
rk = 1 r
(10.22)
k =0

(10.22), :

N
r (1 r N )
rk = 1 r
(10.23)
k =1

(10.23) r = 1/(1+i), :

N
1 1 1
(1 + i )k = 1
i (1 + i ) N
(10.24)
k =1

(10.23) r = 1+i, :

(1 + i )
[ ]
N

(1 + i )k = i
(1 + i ) N 1 (10.25)
k =1
(10.24) :
288 10:

1 i (1 + i ) N
=
N
1 (1 + i ) N 1 (10.26)
(1 + i )k
k =1

10.7.2.
(),
() . ,
.
. ,

.
()
i. i
. , , i
.
i . ,
i
, ,
.

10.7.3.
Ct t N , t<N.
Ct Ct t.
Ct . Ct t C0
:

Ct
C0 = (10.27)
(1 + i ) t

i , C0 Ct (
) Ct Ct t.

10.7.4.
C0 N .
C0 C0 .
C0 t, t<N. C0
Ct t :

Ct = C0 (1 + i ) t (10.28)

i , C0 C0 Ct
C0 t.
 10: 289

10.7.5.
C1, C2, ..., Cn,
1, 2, , n, . () ,
( ), :

C1 C2 Ci
Ctot ,0 = + + ... + (10.29)
(1 + i ) (1 + i )
1 2
(1 + i ) n

i . :

C1 = C2 = ... = Cn = R (10.30)

(10.29) (10.30)
(), , :

R R R
Ctot ,0 = + + ... + (10.31)
1 + i (1 + i ) 2
(1 + i ) n

(10.31) :

Ctot ,0 = R A(i , n ) (10.32)

n
1
A(i , n ) = (10.33)
k =1 (1 + i )
k

(10.24) (10.33), :

1 1
A(i, n ) = 1
i (1 + i ) n
(10.34)

(10.32) :

Ctot ,0
R= (10.35)
A(i , n )

(10.33) :

1 1
= n
A(i, n ) 1 (10.36)
(1 + i )k
k =1

(10.26) (10.36), :
1 i (1 + i ) n
= (10.37)
A(i, n ) (1 + i ) n 1
290 10:

1
(i , n ) = (10.38)
A(i, n )

(10.37) :

i (1 + i ) n
(i , n ) = (10.39)
(1 + i ) n 1

(10.35) (10.38), :

R = Ctot ,0 (i , n ) (10.40)

(i, n)
(10.39). R (10.40). H
R , n
, n i, Ctot,0
. , R
, n , n i,
Ctot,0 .

10.7.6.
V0,
, i.
( ) N N
VN, N. N
N .
t, t<N.
(10.40), N
:

VN
R = V0 (i , N ) (10.41)
(1 + i ) N

, (10.39) :

i (1 + i ) N
(i , N ) = (10.42)
(1 + i ) N 1

(10.41) (10.42), :

VN i (1 + i ) N
R = V0 (10.43)
(1 + i ) N (1 + i ) N 1

(10.32), t N
( Nt ), t :
 10: 291

Ctot ,t = R A(i , N t ) (10.44)

, (10.34) :

1 1
A(i, N t ) = 1 N t (10.45)
i (1 + i )

(10.43) (10.45) (10.44), :

VN i (1 + i ) N 1 1
Ctot ,t = V0
N 1 N t (10.46)
(1 + i ) (1 + i ) 1 i (1 + i )
N

(10.46) :

VN i (1 + i ) N 1 1
Ctot ,t = V0
N 1 N t

(1 + i ) (1 + i ) 1 i (1 + i )
N

VN i (1 + i ) N 1 (1 + i ) t
Ctot ,t = V0 1
(1 + i ) N (1 + i ) N 1 i (1 + i ) N

VN i (1 + i ) N 1 (1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t
Ctot ,t = V0
(1 + i ) N (1 + i ) N 1 i (1 + i ) N

VN (1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t
Ctot ,t = V0
(1 + i ) N (1 + i ) N 1

(1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t VN (1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t
Ctot ,t = V0 (10.47)
(1 + i ) 1 (1 + i ) (1 + i ) 1
N N N

VN, N. ,
, t, :

(1 + i ) t
Vl ,t = VN (10.48)
(1 + i ) N

t
t N, t,
, t, :

Vr ,t = Ctot ,t + Vl ,t (10.49)

(10.47) (10.48) (10.49), :

(1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t VN (1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t (1 + i )t
Vr ,t = Ctot ,t + Vl ,t Vr ,t = V0 + V N
(1 + i ) 1 (1 + i ) (1 + i ) 1 (1 + i ) N
N N N
292 10:

(1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t VN (1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t
Vr ,t = V0 + (1 + i ) t
(1 + i ) 1 (1 + i ) (1 + i ) 1
N N N

(1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t
Vr ,t = V0
VN [ ] [
(1 + i ) t (1 + i ) N 1 (1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t ]
+
(1 + i ) 1 (1 + i ) (1 + i ) N 1
N N

(1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t VN (1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t 1
Vr ,t = V0 +
(1 + i ) 1 (1 + i ) N (1 + i ) 1
N N

(1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t (1 + i ) t 1
Vr ,t = V0 + V
N (10.50)
(1 + i ) 1 (1 + i ) 1
N N

(10.50) :

(1 + i ) N (1 + i )t
Vr ,t = VN + (V0 VN ) (10.51)
(1 + i ) 1
N

(10.50) (10.51), Vr,t

t,
V0 N VN
N.
:

Vr ,t
Vr , 0 = (10.52)
(1 + i ) t

(10.50) (10.52), :

V0 (1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t VN (1 + i )t 1
Vr ,0 = + (10.53)
(1 + i ) t (1 + i ) N 1 (1 + i ) t (1 + i ) N 1

(10.51) (10.52), :

VN (V0 VN ) (1 + i ) N (1 + i )t
Vr ,0 = + (10.54)
(1 + i ) t (1 + i ) t (1 + i ) N 1

(10.53) (10.54) Vr,0

,
V0 N VN
N.
N
, :

VN = 0 (10.55)

(10.55) (10.53), :
 10: 293

V0 (1 + i ) N (1 + i ) t
Vr ,0 = (10.56)
(1 + i )t (1 + i ) 1
N

(10.56) Vr,0
, V0
N VN.

10.8.
10.8.1.
( /year)
:

Ctot = a m PLoss max + ELoss (10.57)

( /kWyear)
, ( /kWh) , PLossmax ( kW)
, ELoss ( kWh)
m o
.
( kW)
:

PLoss max = 3 10 3 R0 L I max

2
(10.58)

R0 ( /km) , L ( km)
Imax ( A) () .
( kWh) :

ELoss = 3 10 3 R0 L I max
2
T (10.59)

= 8760 h
.
(10.58) (10.59) (10.57)
:

Ctot = 3 10 3 R0 L I max
2
( a m + T ) (10.60)

10.8.2.
( /year)
:

Ctot = a NLL + a m LLmax + ELoss (10.61)

( /kWyear)
, ( /kWh) , NLL ( kW)
, LLmax ( kW)
294 10:

, ELoss ( kWh)
m o
.

[10.16]:

2
I
LLmax = LLr max (10.62)
Ir

LLr ( kW) Sr (
kVA), Vr ( kV) Ir ( A), Imax ( A)
() .
Sr :

LLr = 3 10 3 R I r2 (10.63)

R ( ) .
(10.63) (10.62), :

LLmax = 3 10 3 R I max
2
(10.64)

ELoss = NLL T + LLmax T (10.65)

= 8760 h
.
(10.64) (10.65), :

ELoss = NLL T + 3 10 3 R I max

2
T (10.66)

(10.64) (10.66) (10.61)

:

Ctot = NLL ( a + T ) + 3 10 3 R I max

2
( a m + T ) (10.67)

(10.67) NLL = 0, (10.60),

.

10.8.3.
, ,
, n , :

Ctot = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 C5 (10.68)

:
 10: 295

Ctot ( ) , ,
n
.
C1 ( ) , ,
n .

.
,
.
C2 ( ) , ,
n .
,
10.8.1 10.8.2, .
C3 ( ) , ,
n .
.
C4 ( ) , ,
n .
C5 ( ) , ,
n .
10.7.6.

,
Ctot ( ), (10.68),
, .
Ctot.

10.9.
10.9.1.
,

[10.17].
,
. ,
, [10.18].
, ,
, , ,
.
,

.

, ,
, .

, , , ,
[10.19], [10.20]. ,

.
296 10:

10.9.2.
,
.
.
,
, , , .
,
20 . ,

( , , , ).
, ,
.
,
. ,


,
. ,
,
.


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.
,
,
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,
.
,
, .
,
. , ,

.

.
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
, .
(, ),
. (
)
. ,


, ,
.

 10: 297

( MW).
,
,
, , ,
.
, ,
(
kW) . ,
,
.
,
.

10.9.3.


, ,
, ,
.
/
.
,
,
0% ( )
100% ( , ). ,
,
.
.
( , 10 20 ),
. ,
,
.
,
, , .

,
.
,
, , ,
, .
,

.
.
.

10.9.4.

.
( ,
298 10:

,
)

( , ,
, ).

,

( )
[10.21].
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.

.
.
, ,
.


.

.
. ,

. ,
.
10.6 (
) .
,
,
. ,
(
)
.

.
, ,

. , ,



.
,
, .
, ,
, ( ,
). ,

.
 10: 299

10.6 .

10.9.5.



[10.17], [10.22], [10.23]. , ,
, .
,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
, , .
,
,

. , .
,
,
.
,
(, , ).
, ,
. .


.



( ).
,
, ,

. ,

.

, ,
, ,

300 10:

. ,
,
.

. ,
,
,
,
.

( )

, . ,
,

.
,

.
, ,
,

.
, ( )
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
,
.

.
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
(agents), .
,
. , ,
Monte-Carlo,

.
,
.

,
,
,
, .
, 8760
( ) .

 10: 301

( ,
).

. 8760

. ,
8760 0,1%
, . , 10%
, .


,
.

10.10.
10.10.1. 10.1
20 kV 10.7.
1 6, 10 km, (0,215 +
j0,334) /km. 2500 kVA 0,8 .
= 200 /kWyear. = 0,06 /kWh.
m = 0,8. = 0,4.
(kVAR) ( )
5
. ,
.
.

:
S 500 kVA
I x = I sin = sin = 0,6 I x = 8,6603 A
3 V 3 ( 20 kV)
10.8()
, . 10.8()
, 5.
10.8() 10.8()
12, 23, 34 45. (2 km)
, (),
R.
5,
12 :
P12 = 3 R I c ( 2 I12 I c )
, 10.8() I12 = 5Ix, :
P12 = 3 R I c (10 I x I c )
302 10:

10.7 10.1.

10.8 10.1: ()
, () 5.

, 23, 34 45, , :
P23 = 3 R I c (8 I x I c )

P34 = 3 R I c (6 I x I c )

P45 = 3 R I c ( 4 I x I c )
5,
:
Ptot = P12 + P23 + P34 + P45

Ptot = 3 R I c ( 28 I x 4 I c )
5,
12 :
E12 = 3 R I c ( 2 I12 I c ) T E12 = 3 R I c ( 2 5 I x I c ) T

E12 = 3 R I c ( 10 I x I c ) T
, 23, 34 45, ,
:
E 23 = 3 R I c ( 8 I x I c ) T
 10: 303

1000
900
800
()

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
(kVAR)

10.9 ,
5 10.1.

E 34 = 3 R I c ( 6 I x I c ) T

E 45 = 3 R I c ( 4 I x I c ) T
5,
:
E tot = E12 + E 23 + E 34 + E 45

E tot = 3 R I c ( 28 I x 4 I c ) T
5,
:
tot = a m Ptot + Etot

tot = a m 3 R I c ( 28 I x 4 I c ) + 3 R I c ( 28 I x 4 I c ) T

tot = 84 a m R I x I c 12 a m R I c2 + 84 R T I x I c 12 R T I c2
Ic .
, :
d [ tot ]
=0
dI c

84 a m R I x 24 a m R I c + 84 R T I x 24 R T I c = 0

84 R I x ( a m + T ) 3,5 I x ( a m + T )
Ic = Ic =
24 R (a m + T ) a m + T
3,5 8,6603 ( 200 0,8 + 0,06 0,4 8760)
Ic = I c = 16,3686 A
200 0,8 + 0,06 8760
:
Qc = 3 V I c Qc = 3 20 16,3686 Qc = 567 kVAR
:
tot = a m 3 R I c ( 28 I x 4 I c ) + 3 R I c ( 28 I x 4 I c ) T
304 10:

10.10 10.2.

tot = 200 0,8 3 (0,215 2) 16,3686 ( 28 8,6603 4 16,3686) 10 3 +

+ 0,06 3 (0,215 2) 16,3686 (0,4 28 8,6603 4 16,3686) 8760 103
tot = 947,86
10.9
, (kVAR) 5.
947,86 567 kVAR.

10.10.2. 10.2
20 kV 10.10.
1 2, 1 4, (0,215 + j0,334) /km.
2 3, 3 4, (0,576
+ j0,397) /km. 2300 kVA 0,8 .

.

10.10
12, 14, 23 34. :
. 16 .
16 , (4) 10.11
.
,
10.11, . , ,
,
10.11.

1432

1432 10.11()
:
PA = 3 R14 I142 + 3 R43 I 43
2
+ 3 R32 I 32
2

 10: 305

1 2 1 2
2 km

500 kVA 500 kVA

cos = 0,8 . cos = 0,8 .

2 km 2 km 2 km 2 km

4 3 4 3

2 km 2 km

800 kVA 1000 kVA 800 kVA 1000 kVA

cos = 0,8 . cos = 0,8 . cos = 0,8 . cos = 0,8 .

() ()

1 2 1 2
2 km 2 km

500 kVA 500 kVA

cos = 0,8 . cos = 0,8 .

2 km 2 km 2 km

4 3 4 3

2 km

800 kVA 1000 kVA 800 kVA 1000 kVA

cos = 0,8 . cos = 0,8 . cos = 0,8 . cos = 0,8 .

() ()

10.11 10.2.

2300
2
1500
2
500 3
2

PA = 3 (0,215 2) + 3 ( 0,576 2 ) + 3 ( 0,576 2 ) 10

3 20 3 20 3 20

PA = 12,887 kW

12 142

12 143 10.11()
:
PA = 3 R12 I 12
2
+ 3 R14 I 14
2
+ 3 R43 I 43
2

500
2
1800
2
1000 3
2

PA = 3 (0,215 2) + 3 (0,215 2) + 3 (0,576 2) 10

3 20 3 20 3 20
306 10:

PA = 6,632 kW

123 14

123 14 10.11()
:
PA = 3 R12 I 12
2
+ 3 R23 I 23
2
+ 3 R14 I142

1500
2
1000
2
800 3
2

PA = 3 (0,215 2) + 3 ( 0,576 2 ) + 3 ( 0, 215 2 ) 10

3 20 3 20 3 20

PA = 5,987 kW

1234

1234 10.11()
:
PA = 3 R12 I122 + 3 R23 I 23
2
+ 3 R34 I 34
2

2300
2
1800
2
800 3
2

PA = 3 (0,215 2) + 3 (0,576 2) + 3 (0,576 2) 10

3 20 3 20 3 20

PA = 16,861 kW

(5,987 kW)
123 14 10.11(),
.

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AC 101

DC 172

193
74
281
180
44
123
275
282
209
36
39
44
41

AC 176
DC 176
273
179

85

279
89
282
69

. , . ,
(), , 2015. ISBN: 978-960-603-038-3
310

87
276
129
134
136
279
278
277
279
60
49
61
289

193

35

169
247
82
84
89

193
167
293
293
274
115

107
113
268
288
218
40
 311

40
193
194
112
155
160
245
80
78
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281
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170
78
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75
290
ABCD 71
288
193
278
44
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277
280
282
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101
216
218

274
169
116
312

127
211
195
194
195
194
195
281
278
280
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193
276
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296

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