Late Gothic and Early Renaissance Glass PDF

Sedlkov et al., Late Gothic and Early Renaissance Glass from Bratislava, ca.
14501550 353394
Late Gothic and Early Renaissance Glass from Bratislava, ca. 14501550
Pozdn gotick a ran renesann sklo z Bratislavy ca 14501550
Hedvika Sedlkov Dana Rohanov Branislav Lesk Petra imoniov Koov
Pedloeno redakci v dubnu 2016, upraven verze v ervenci 2016
This article follows in the tracks of a paper on glass in Bratislava in ca. 12001450 (Sedlkov et al. 2014). The reasons why the
text was divided into two studies are the differences in glassmaking in the two chronological horizons. After the mid-15th century Ve-
netian glassmaking resumed its leading position in Europe; at the same time, there was a distinct rise of regional production centres.
Changes did not only concern the shapes of vessels but also the production technology and the related chemical composition of glass.
Glass from the transition period between the Gothic and the renaissance in Slovakia is yet to be assessed in full, which is an obvious
drawback as Bratislava in particular had a highly convenient geographical and political position in terms of import from different re-
gions: Venice, Hungary, German glassmaking areas as well as Bohemia and Moravia. This article demonstrates, on the basis of ty-
pological and chemical analyses, how this position was reflected in finds from refuse pits located by the houses of the upper social
strata.
glass late Gothic chemical analyses Venetian glass Hungarian glass German glass Bohemian glass
Pspvek navazuje na st vnovanou sklu v Bratislav v obdob ca 12001450 (Sedlkov et al. 2014). Jednm z dvod rozdlen
do dvou studi je odlin sklsk problematika v obou asovch horizontech. Po polovin 15. stolet zskalo bentsk sklstv opt
vedouc roli v Evrop a zrove probhal vrazn vzestup a emancipace regionlnch produknch center. Zmny se netkaly pouze
vzhledu ndob, ale tak technologie vroby a s tm souvisejcho chemickho sloen skla. Sklu z obdob pechodu gotiky a renesance
na Slovensku nebyla dosud vnovna pozornost, co pedstavuje dosti citeln deficit, protoe konkrtn Bratislava mla velmi vhod-
nou pozici geografickou i politickou pro zsobovn z rznch oblast z Bentek, Uher, nmeckch sklskch region i z ech i
Moravy. Pspvek na zklad typologickho rozboru a chemickch analz ukazuje, jak se tato pozice msta projevila v nlezech
z odpadnch jmek u dom vych spoleenskch vrstev.
sklo pozdn gotika chemick analzy bentsk sklo uhersk sklo nmeck sklo esk sklo
This article1 follows the study Medieval Glass from 19531955: test research into cellar areas of the south
Bratislava (ca 12001450) in the Context of Contempo- and east wing of the palace. Original Gothic well was
raneous Glass Production and Trade Contacts from the unearthed in the courtyard (Piffl 1954).
same authors, i.e. Hedvika Sedlkov, Dana Rohano- 19581962: systematic research into the castle complex
v, Branislav Lesk and Petra imoniov Koov, within a reconstruction was conducted by B. Polla, Ar-
published also in Pamtky archeologick (Sedlkov chaeological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
et al. 2014). (SAS), and T. tefanoviov, Bratislava City Museum
(tefanoviov 1975, 79, Fig. 1).
19871999: on the north terrace by the palace frontage,
1. Catalogue of features, contexts part of a garden pavilion orangery was uncovered. The
and characteristics of the glass series2 research was conducted by the Bratislava Castle Admi-
nistration Development Department A-BH, and the
1.1. Bratislava Castle, Zmock no. 2, National Heritage Office of the Slovak Republic (Fiala
reg. no. 862, plot no. 860/1, National Semanko ulcov 1987; 2001).
Cultural Monument (NCM), 20082011: general archaeological research into the
Central Heritage Register no. (CHR) 28/1, castle courtyard in relation to the reconstruction and
palace (Fig. 1: 1)
1
The work was supported by a grant from the Czech Science Foun-
Research history dation (GAR): P405/12/1411: Renaissance Glass and the Be-
183637 eight small test pits around the palace; pit 7 ginnings of Baroque glassmaking in archaeological finds in the
region of the Central Danube region.
was located on the north terrace. Below a backfill of 2
In the characteristics of the series, individual specimens are
2.53 m early settlement layers were unearthed with placed with production regions, which is explained in the follow-
finds from the Eneolithic, the La Tne periods and the ing chapters. The authors believe that this information is highly
early Middle Ages (Jank 1948). important for the assessment of each series as a whole.
PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 353

Sedlkov et al., Late Gothic and Early Renaissance Glass from Bratislava, ca. 14501550 353394
Fig. 1. Map of Bratislava. 1 Bratislava Castle; 2 Kapitulsk 16; 3 Michalsk 6; 4 Pansk 16; 5 Pansk 24; 6 Sedlrsk 4; 7 Sedlrska 6; 8 Ventrska 3;
9 Ventrska 7; 10 Vodn vea. Drawn by the authors and editorial staff. Obr. 1. Mapka Bratislavy s pehledem lokalit. 1 Bratislavsk hrad; 2 Kapitulsk 16;
3 Michalsk 6; 4 Pansk 16; 5 Pansk 24; 6 Sedlrsk 4; 7 Sedlrska 6; 8 Ventrska 3; 9 Ventrska 7; 10 Vodn vea. Kresba autoi a redakce.
renovation of the palace and part of further masonry dence of the sovereign (Vivder 2010, 2526; Holk
features at Bratislava Castle was carried out by the Mu- 2014, 1935).
nicipal Institute of Heritage Care in Bratislava (Lesk
Kov Vrtel 2012), in 20132014 by the Via Magna Context
s. r. o. archaeological society and the Municipal Insti- A featured identified in the SE cellar of the palace.
tute of Heritage Care in Bratislava. Since 2015 research
has been conducted by the Archaeological Institute of
the SAS in Nitra. 1.1.1. Refuse pit 105/09
Location Ground plan: masonry refuse pit, not related to the
Bratislava Castle, a national cultural monument, is si- south perimeter masonry of the palace.
tuated in the western part of the Urban Protected Area Dimensions: internal dimensions 200 x 150 x 50 cm,
(UPA) in Bratislava. wall thickness 50 cm.
Fill: household waste of organic origin with fragments
Social milieu of ceramics and glass.
The castle, originally an early and high medieval forti-
fied seat, was restored under King Sigismund of Luxem- Characteristics of the glass series
bourg who acquired the country and the crown through The series illustrates the three main circles of Bratislava
his marriage to the last queen of the Anjou dynasty. The glass. Venetian imports are represented by a decorated
reconstruction of the external fortifications was started goblet with a lid, Hungarian glass by a bottle with ribs
in 1420 under the guidance of Konrd of Erling; stone and a bowl-shaped rim wound with a blue trail. A bea-
fortifications with cannon bastions and stone gates were ker of blue-green glass with four prunts in the shape of
built in 14271430. animal heads on a foot of a coiled trail comes from
After 1431 the castle was converted into a two-floor a glasshouse in the present-day Germany, possibly
building; an old stone tower was incorporated into the from Schwarzwald (Figs. 2: 14; Photo 1).
ground plan. After Sigismunds death in 1437 the re- A goblet, technically speaking a footed beaker with
construction did not continue but part of the building a lid, has a chalice-shaped cup wound with a pincered
was used for residential purposes, probably also under trail by the bottom with a hollow foot without a knob. It
Ladislaus the Posthumous. The importance of the city is decorated on the rim by a border of white and red
grew after the Battle of Mohacs. In December 1526 Fer- points between which is a band of golden scales with
dinand I was elected the King of Hungary in Bratislava, white points. Below a pair of lines of red and blue
and in 1531 he made Bratislava (Preporok) the coro- enamel are six vertical zigzag lines (snakes) in alternat-
nation city. The castle above it housed the coronation ing red and blue, separated by vertical white lines.
jewels from 1522 and was to become a permanent resi- There are six ovals of white lines on the foot and a pair
354 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

Fig. 2. Bratislava Castle, feature 105/09. 1st

half of 16th century. Drawn by H. Sedlkov,
technical support L. Sedlkov. Obr. 2.
Bratislavsk hrad, objekt 105/09. 1. polovina
16. stolet. Kresba H. Sedlkov, technick
prava L. Sedlkov.
1 2 3 4
5 6
0 5 cm 7 8
of points on the perimeter. The lid is not decorated of archaeological research, the small amount of glass
(goblet rim 8.2 cm, foot 7.0 cm, h. 11.1 cm, lid rim appears strange, notably the absence of glass before the
6.7 cm, h. 7.6 cm). late 15th century.
Part of an arched neck with a bowl-shaped rim with Dat.: first half of the 16th century.
a spout with optic-blown ribs has survived of a table Held by: Archeologick mzeum SNM Bratislava.
bottle or kuttrolf. The glass was originally clear with Lit.: Fryov Janovkov 1988; Maruniakov 1989.
blue-green tint and is covered in whitish corroded
layer, the trail on the rim is blue (rim 5.05.5 cm,
neck 1.2 cm). 1.2. Kapitulsk no. 16, reg. no. 121, plot no. 442,
The bottom section of a cylindrical beaker on a coiled- NCM-CHR no. 70/1, burgher house (Fig. 1: 2)
glass foot is of blue-green glass with stains caused by
corrosion. Four prunts have the shapes of animal heads, Research history
above them is a fine rich blue trail (body 4.0 cm, body 1976: archaeological research of the Municipal Heritage
fragment h. 3.7 cm). Care and Conservation Administration (Baxa 1980).
Dat.: first half of the 16th century.
Held by: MOP Bratislava (temporarily). Location
Lit.: Barta et al. 2011, 115. Burgher house in the western part of the historical
centre, a historical-urban block of houses no. 13, in the
Bratislava UPA. The block is demarcated by the streets
1.1.2. Earlier finds Kapitulsk, Na vrku, Klariska, Kapucnsk, idovsk
and Rudnayovo nmestie Square (Krianov Ondrei-
Research in 19581979 yielded finds of mainly renais-
kov 1971).
sance character (Maruniakov 1989). Only a few frag-
ments and body fragments of vessels can be related to Social milieu
the period before the mid-16th century, particularly the
fragment of a goblet in the shape of a foot with ribs of The present plot no. 442 has had, since the mid-15th
greenish glass; the foot features on Venetian goblets century, a number of owners. Part of the glass finds
from Bardejov (Fryov Janovkov 1988, 622, Figs. comes from the second quarter of the 16th century. The
1: 1 and 3). Bottles with a body-tubular ring and the documented owner in 15321533 was Her Thomen Be-
bottom barrel-shaped part of the body of clear greyish necifiat and the house was later referred to as domus
sodium-ash glass might also come from this period benecifialis (15421543). The owner thus must have
(Figs. 2: 5 and 6; Maruniakov 1989, 297, Fig. 1: c), as been a nobleman or clergyman, possibly a canon, who
well as some kuttrolfs (Figs. 2: 7 and 8; Maruniakov received the plot from the king (Obuchov tassel
1989, 306, Fig. 6). In the light of the mentioned extent 1983, 910; tassel 1988, 169).

Context the chapel and the village of Vajnory, and subsequently

on the purchase of the second half, in both cases for
A refuse pit was uncovered on the original medieval
1050 pounds of Viennese dinars.
plot, in the NW corner by the town wall.
When the sale was approved in 1525 by Hungarian
King Ludwig II, the town divided the original homestead
1.2.1. Refuse pit 1/76 into two plots for burghers, and in 1528 a new street
called Biela was reported (Horkov Jankovi
Without closer specification. Bal 1984, 213; Lesk Resutk 2000; evkov
2004, 473).
Characteristics of the glass series
The glass series comes from the period when the plot
The refuse pit filled during the second half of the 16th was owned by the monastery.
century (Baxa 1980) contained body fragments of two
older vessels: a beaker with an open-work foot with ten Context
lobes, and a cylindrical krautstrunk (Figs. 12: 1 and 2;
Without closer specification.
Tab. 3: A1, A2). The beaker with an open-work foot is of
light blue-green glass and has three rows of fine rich
blue trails marvered in the rim (rim 7.2 cm, h. 8.0 cm). 1.3.1. Ice house, secondary refuse pit 1/98
The krautstrunk of light green glass is preserved in the
upper and bottom section with a bottom wound with Ground plan: square.
a plain trail, the prunts have tips bent to the right (rim Dimensions: internal 130 x 130 cm, primary fill depth
5.9 cm, bottom 5.8 cm, h. ca. 10 cm). The glass 80 cm, perimeter wall thickness 56 cm.
composition and shape analogies show that both ves- Fill: rich series of ceramics and glass.
sels were made in Germany.
Analyses: Tab. 3: A1 and A2, calcium-potassium-sodium Characteristics of the glass series
glass. The refuse pit contained body fragments and fragments
Dat.: second quarter of the 16th century. of at least 15 vessels. The only Venetian (or Italian) pro-
Lit.: unpublished. duct was a large, almost complete beaker of the berke-
Held by: MuM Bratislava. meyer type with optic mold-blown decoration of di-
amonds. It is of clear light blue-green glass of the
common glass type (rim 11.2 cm, h. 13.5 cm, Fig. 3:
1.3. Michalsk no. 6, reg. no. 383, plot no. 29, 10; Photo 9; Tab. 1: A1; Hoo 2003, Abb. 1: 14).
NCM-CHR no. 107/1, burgher house (Fig. 1: 3) Seven krautstrunks with cylindrical bodies are eviden-
Research history ced by body fragments and fragments. With most of
them, bottom sections with in-turned bottoms wound
1998: archaeological research of the Municipal Heritage with a pincered trail have survived, in three cases with
Care Institute (Lesk Resutk 2000, 68). a trail below a bowl-shaped rim (Figs. 3: 24, 6, 8). One
beaker had atypical prunts (possibly 12) in the shape of
Location
animal heads (Fig. 3: 5; Photo 11). Another beaker with
The feature is located on a diagonal axis of the medieval a preserved bowl-shaped rim had vertical optic-blown
town, on the main route of the street network formed ribs and the glass was originally colourless (Fig. 3: 7). The
below the castle in the second half of the 13th century. prunts are large and pincered ( 1.82 cm). The glass of
It is situated on the corner of Michalsk and Biela stre- almost all the vessels was completely corroded, only with
ets. It is part of the historical-urban block of houses one body fragment original clear light green glass has
no. 2 in the Bratislava UPA demarcated by the streets survived and with another light blue-green glass (Figs. 3:
Michalsk, Biela, Zmonck and Frantiknsk n- 3, 4). Chemical analysis of three body fragments and two
mestie Square. It has an underground floor and four loose prunts shows that it belongs with the group of po-
above-ground floors. On the basis of building-historical
tassium-calcium glass (Tab. 2: A1A5).
research it is presumed that the oldest core of the buil-
ding on the plot was part of a homestead that belonged The body fragment of an upper section of a beaker
to the monastery of the Holy Cross in Heiligenkreuz, Au- with a low bowl-shaped rim and small coiled prunts is
stria (Horkov et al. 1984). of colourless glass, corroded (whitish peeling layers)
(rim 8.3 cm, Fig. 3: 1). A bottle with optic-blown ribs
Social milieu from which the bottom part of the body has survived is
The history of the plot with a homestead, a house and of greenish glass (Fig. 3: 9). A distinctly club-shaped
a storage place in the high Middle Ages is recorded in beaker is represented by the fragment of the upper part
written sources with interruptions from 1307 until with a cylindrical rim and prunts on the body. The colour-
15221523 when it was owned by the Cistercian mo- less glass with areas of whitish peeling corroded layers
nastery in Heiligenkreuz. They regard the purchase of has potassium-calcium composition (rim 7.8 cm,
property, payment of taxes, and in 13111325 the con- Fig. 3: 11; Photo 12; Tab. 2: A7). A foot of glass (corroded
struction of the Chapel of St. Catherine within the ho- opaque dark grey) might have belonged with another
mestead. In 1372 the house and the chapel were rented beaker of the same type ( 11 cm, Fig. 3: 12).
by the town. In 15221523 the monastery agreed with Three biconical bottles have survived in large frag-
the town first on the purchase of half of the house with ments of upper and bottom sections, one of them was

2 4 (Tab. 2: A3)
3 (Tab. 2: A2)
6 (Tab. 2: A4) 7
5 (Tab. 2: A1)
11 (Tab. 2: A7)
9
0 5 cm
10 (Tab. 1: A1)
12
15
14 (Tab. 2: A8)
13 17 18 16
Fig. 3. Bratislava, Michalsk 6, feature 1/98. Last decades of 15th beginning of 16th century. Drawn by H. Sedlkov, technical support L. Sedlkov.
Obr. 3. Bratislava, Michalsk 6, objekt 1/98. Posledn desetilet 15. potek 16. stolet. Kresba H. Sedlkov, technick prava L. Sedlkov.

Fig. 4. Bratislava, Pansk 16, feature

1/91. 1st half of 16th century. Drawn
by H. Sedlkov, technical support
L. Sedlkov. Obr. 4. Bratislava,
Pansk 16, objekt 1/91. 1. polovina
2 16. stolet. Kresba H. Sedlkov,
technick prava L. Sedlkov.
3 4
1
6
7
8
0 5 cm
11
10 12 13
reconstructed (Hoo 2003, Fig. 2: 16). Fragments of 1.4.1. Ice house, secondary refuse pit 1/91
the other two were impossible to assemble. All were of
completely corroded light rusty orange glass. The ves- Ground plan: approximately square.
sels were small, the reconstructed specimen with Dimensions: 130 x 150 x X cm.
optic-blown ribs on the upper section of the body was Fill: black humus-like crumbly earth.
17 cm tall (Figs. 3: 1318; Tab. 2: A8), the other two
were probably of the same height, judging from the si- Characteristics of the glass series
milar dimensions of the bottoms (6.6 cm, 6.8 cm and Settlement in the 13th and 14th centuries that preceded
7 cm). the construction of the renaissance Pongrcz Palace is
Analyses: Tab. 1: A1 berkemeyer of the common glass evidenced by fragments of bottles with a body-tubular
type; Tab. 2: A1A6 krautstrunks; Tab. 2: A7 club- ring made of brown and colourless glass (Sedlkov
shaped beaker, Tab. 2: A8 biconical bottle. et al. 2014, Figs. 6: 3, 4).
Dat.: last decades of the 15th century early 16th cen- Fragments and body fragments of 13 vessels of vari-
tury. ous provenance come from the period between ca. 1500
Lit.: Lesk Resutk 2000; Hoo 2003, Fig. 1: 14; 2: 16. and the mid-16th century; analyses of the chemical com-
Held by: MOP Bratislava, acq. no. 45/98 (temporarily). position were not done. Vessels of Hungarian origin are
represented by beakers with tiny coiled prunts (bottom
sections of the body are wound with pincered trails, bot-
1.4. Pansk no. 16 (until 1989 Nlepkova),
tom ca. 7 cm and 5.7 cm, Figs. 4: 5, 6; Hoo 1997,
reg. no. 235, plot no. 323, NCM-CHR Tab. V: 20), a krautstrunk (fragment of the body with
no. 140/1, burgher house called Pongrcz a trail and one large flat pincered prunt of corroded
Palace (Fig. 1: 4) glass, with a pearly corroded layer, Fig. 4: 7) and table
bottles. Part of the body with ribs and a plain slender
Research history, Location, Social milieu, Context neck probably come from a bottle with a bowl-shaped
Information about the above was given in regard to me- rim, part of a bowl-shaped rim with a marvered zigzag
dieval glass. The building called Pongrcz Palace was trail has survived of a similar bottle (Figs. 4: 1, 2). Two
erected on the present plot no. 323, identical with ear- bottles with ribs probably had pear-shaped bodies (Figs.
lier plots with medieval constructions. The oldest writ- 4: 3, 4; Hoo 1997, Tab. V: 7, 11). The mentioned ves-
ten sources come from 1415 (Sedlkov et al. 2014, sels are of blue-green glass covered in a thick corroded
223, 224). dark brown-grey layer. The necks of two storage jars are

Sample Street SiO2 Al2O3 CaO K2O Na2O MgO MnO Fe2O3 P2O5 TiO2 CuO SO3 Cl SrO PbO Minorite Figure
A1* Michalsk 6 69.1 1.8 10.2 2.2 10.8 3.9 n.d. *0.5 n.d. n.d. 0.7 n.d. n.d. n.d. Fig. 3: 10; Photo 9
A2 Sedlrska 4 67.6 0.6 5.1 2.6 20.6 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3 0.8 <0.1 <0.1 ZnO <0.01 Fig. 5: 2; Photo 7
A3 Sedlrska 4 69.4 0.5 4.5 3.5 19.1 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 <0.1 n.d. 0.2 1.1 <0.1 <0.1 Fig. 5: 1; Photo 8
A4 Ventrska 3, rp. 1/01 70.2 1 4.1 2.8 18.7 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3 1.1 <0.1 <0.1 Fig. 8: 3
A5 Ventrska 3, rp. 1/01 66.7 0.7 5.6 2.8 20.5 1.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 0.3 1.1 <0.1 n.d. Fig. 8: 4; Photo 2
A6* Ventrska 3, rp. 1/01 68.3 0.8 7.3 2.5 16.1 2.9 0.5 *0.3 0.3 n.d. n.d. 0.4 n.d. n.d. n.d. Fig. 8: 1; Photo 4
A7* Ventrska 3, rp. 1/01 68.1 0.6 8.8 2.1 15 3.3 0.4 *0.3 0.2 0.1 n.d. 0.4 n.d. n.d. n.d. Fig. 8: 2
A8* Ventrska 3, rp. 1/01 68.2 1.1 8.8 2.4 13.2 3.4 1.1 *0.5 0.2 n.d. n.d. 0.3 n.d. n.d. n.d. Fig. 7: 3; Photo 6
A9 Ventrska 7, obj. 4 65.7 1.6 11.7 2.3 12.3 3.5 1.3 0.6 0.2 <0.1 n.d. 0.1 0.5 0.1 <0.01 ZrO2, Co3O4, NiO <0,01 Fig. 10: 14
Tab. 1. Bratislava, sodium-calcium glass *SEM/EDS or XRF [wt%] (rp. = refuse pit, n.d. = not determined, *FeO). Tab. 1. Bratislava, sodno-vpenat sklo
[hm%].
Sample Street SiO2 Al2O3 CaO K2O Na2O MgO MnO Fe2O3 P2O5 TiO2 CuO SO3 Cl SrO PbO Minorite Issue
Sedlkov
A10* Olomouc, Riegerova 11 73 1.6 5.2 2.7 12.8 1.8 0.8 *0.3 0.6 0.2 n.d. n.d. 1.1 n.d. n.d. /ed./ 1998,
no. 18.11, an 1
Sedlkov 2007,
A11 Brno, Petrov 2 72.4 2 6.6 2.9 16.4 <2 0.6 0.3 n.d. n.d. <0.01 n.d. 1.4 <0.1 <0.1 ZnO < 0.1; Rb2O < 0.01
fig. 25b
Sedlkov 2006,
A12 Brno, Meov 2 66.6 2.3 7 3.7 16.6 <2 1.1 0.6 n.d. n.d. <0.1 n.d. 1.2 <0.1 <0.1 ZnO < 0.1
fig. 5a
Tab. 1a. Brno, Olomouc sodium-calcium glass *SEM/EDS or -XRF [wt%] Tab. 1a. Brno, Olomouc sodno-vpenat sklo) [hm%].
Sample Glass type SiO2 Al2O3 CaO K2O Na2O MgO MnO Fe2O3 P2O5 TiO2 SO3 Cl SnO2 PbO
CG Common glass 65.5 1.6 10.6 2.8 12.6 3.7 1 0.7 0.3 <0.1 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.2
VB Vitrum Blanchum 66.9 1 9.8 2.9 13.8 3.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 <0.1 0.3 0.8 n.d. n.d.
C Cristallo 70.5 0.7 4.9 2.9 17.2 1.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 <0.1 0.3 1 n.d. n.d.
Tab. 1b. Venetian sodium-calcium glass, ca 1500 (Verit 2009) average composition [wt%] (n.d. = not determined). Tab. 1b. Bentsk sodno-vpenat
sklo, kolem 1500 (Verit 2009) prmrn sloen [hm%].
of light green glass with corroded stains on the surface 1.5. Pansk no. 24, reg. no. 231, plot no. 487,
(Figs. 4: 12, 13). NCM-CHR no. 10702/1, burgher house
A beaker with vertical droplets comes from a Bohe- (Fig. 1: 5)
mian glasshouse (fragment of the bottom section, glass
completely corroded, brown-grey surface, bottom 7 cm, Research history
Fig. 4: 10; Hoo 1997, Tab. V: 19). Part of a slightly
1987: Rescue archaeological research of the Municipal
arched body with a stick-shaped handle pincered on the
Heritage Care and Conservation Administration in Bra-
end has survived from a vessel with ribs of an uniden- tislava and the Archaeological Institute of the SAS in
tifiable shape; decoration on the body is evidenced by Nitra (Baxa Ferus 1988, 36).
a small segment of a vertically applied pincered trail.
The glass is corroded, the surface is beige (body ca. Location
6.4 cm, Fig. 4: 11).
A three-storey two-wing burgher house of the L-shaped
Cylindrical beakers with plain trails around the bot- ground plan is situated on the right of the historical-
tom, one with vertical optic-blown ribs and the other urban block of buildings no.12 in the Bratislava UPA.
plain, are of light blue-green and colourless glass (bot- The block is demarcated by the streets Pansk, Ven-
tom 8 and 6.5 cm, Figs. 4: 8, 9; Hoo 1997, Tab. V: trska, Prepotsk, Kapitulsk and Rudnayovo nmes-
17). The first one might come from a German glass- tie Square. The house is on a narrow medieval plot. The
house, the provenance of the beaker of colourless glass oldest core of the house from the second half of the 13th
is not clear: vessels of quality glass that resembled century was identified during the research into the cel-
Venetian glass, namely hanging lamps, appeared in the lar on the west side of the plot (Horkov Jankovi
first half of the 16th century. Bal 1984. 213; Ferus Baxa 2006, 92).
Dat.: first half of the 16th century.
Lit.: Hoo 1997, Tab. V: 7, 11, 17, 19 and 20. Social milieu
Held by: MOP Bratislava, acq. nos. 131, 132 (tempo- The owners of the present plot no. 487 have been recor-
rarily). ded since 1418. However, the earliest finds of glass are

Fig. 5. Bratislava, 16 Sedlrska 4,

feature X/8788. Last decades of
15th 1st half of 16th century; 78
Pansk 24, feature X/87. Laste de-
cades of 15th beginning of 16th
century. Drawn by H. Sedlkov,
technical support L. Sedlkov.
Obr. 5. Bratislava, 16 Sedlr-
ska 4, objekt X/8788. Posledn de-
setilet 15. 1. polovina 16. stolet;
1 (Tab. 1: A3) 3 78 Pansk 24, objekt X/87. Po-
sledn desetilet 15. potek 16.
stolet. Kresba H. Sedlkov, tech-
nick prava L. Sedlkov.
2 (Tab. 1: A2)
5
6
0 5 cm
7 8
related to Peter Kursner mentioned in 1457, or rather to 1.6. Sedlrska no. 4, reg, no. 361, plot no. 344,
Katrey uxor listed in 1482 and Jacob Sneider Unnger NCM-CHR no. 217/1, burgher house (Fig. 1: 6)
mentioned in 15031504. Peter Kursner owed in 1457
to the hospital of St. Ladislaus 25 golden florins, for Research history
which he gave his house and vineyard as a pledge. In
1492 the house owner (Jacob Sneider Unnger?) paid 19871988: Archaeological test research of the Munici-
from the capital of 10 fl. the interest of 100 dinars to pal Heritage Care and Conservation Administration in
the tanners guild and only returned the capital in 1513 Bratislava (led by K. Klinokov).
(Horkov Jankovi Bal 1984, 213).
Location
Context The burgher house is part of the historical-urban block
Eight features, storage pits and refuse pits, were inves- of houses no. 10 in the Bratislava UPA. The block is de-
tigated in the cellar area (Baxa Ferus 1988). marcated by the streets Sedlrska, Ventrska, Zelen
and Hlavn nmestie Square (Kovaoviov-Pukrov
Husovsk Paulusov 1971).
1.5.1. Refuse pit? X/87
Social milieu
Without closer specification. Archive material has not been published.
Characteristics of the glass series Context
Body fragments of two vessels have survived: a kraut- A well on the ground floor, on the original medieval plot.
strunk with optical ribs, with small coiled prunts and
a bowl-shaped rim (rim 8.0 cm), and an undecorated
bottle with a bulbous body and a tall slender neck bro- 1.6.1. Well, secondary refuse pit? X/8788
ken below a (probably) bowl-shaped rim (neck 1.4 cm,
bottom 6.0 cm, h. ca. 13 cm). The krautstrunk is of Without closer specification.
yellowish glass with a corroded dark layer, the bottle is
of colourless glass with a transparent brown corroded Characteristics of the glass series
layer (Figs. 5: 7 and 8). An important series including four Venetian vessels,
Dat.: last decades of the 15th century early 16th cen- a beaker of the Bohemian type and probably a Hunga-
tury (in parallel with Michalsk 6, chap. 1.3.1). rian bottle. Two beakers with ribs (made in moulds) sur-
Lit: unpublished. vived as body fragments; they were of different sizes,
Held by: MOP Bratislava (temporarily). with borders on plain rims made of Cristallo (rim 6.1

8
7
3
2 4
5 6
12 14
10
15
13
8 11 0 5 cm
Fig. 6. Bratislava, Sedlrska 6, feature S 3/89. Last decades of 15th mid- of 16th century. Drawn by H. Sedlkov, technical support L. Sedlkov.
Obr. 6. Bratislava, Sedlrska 6, objekt S 3/89. Posledn desetilet 15. polovina 16. stolet. Kresba H. Sedlkov, technick prava L. Sedlkov.
and 7.9 cm, h. 11.3 cm, Figs. 5: 1 and 2; Tab. 1: A2 and 1.7.1. Well S 3/89
A3). The border consists of two rows of points of white
enamel. The larger beaker has a band of rectangles of Ground plan: circular, stone, wreath-shaped.
gold-leaf between the points, the smaller one has gold- Dimensions: internal diameter 120 cm, depth -560 cm
leaf cut into the shape of tiny goblets. The beaker on from point 0 of research.
a ribbed foot is of rich blue glass, the footed beaker has Fill: household waste.
a plain, chalice-shaped cup of colourless glass (rim
7.8 cm, Fig. 5: 3). The body fragment of a tall plain Characteristics of the glass series
funnel-shaped cup of colourless glass comes from Information about finds of glass in the well filled in the
a goblet (rim 8.8 cm, Fig. 5: 4). 13th18th centuries did not survive. In terms of typo-
The beaker of the Bohemian type of light green- logy, finds from the 13th14th centuries were identified
blue glass is represented by part of the plain, slight- among them (Sedlkov et al. 2014, 230232), as well
ly in-turned rim wound with a trail (rim 7.4 cm, as a group of glass from the late 15th century and the
first half of the 16th century discussed below, and seve-
Fig. 5: 6), the table bottle with ribs of colourless?
ral renaissance vessels that are yet to be assessed.
glass covered in a brown-grey corroded layer is re-
presented by the upper section with a bowl-shaped Venetian glass is represented by a fragment of
rim (Fig. 5: 5). a krautstrunk of clear colourless glass; a blue applied
trail remained by the broken tip of a large flat prunt
Analyses: Tab. 1: A2, A3 Cristallo.
(Fig. 6: 9).
Dat.: last decades of the 15th century first half of the
16th century. The bottom section of a small beaker with prunts of
Lit: unpublished. colourless glass and with white corroded layer probably
Held by: MOP Bratislava (temporarily). comes from a Hungarian glasshouse (bottom 4.8 cm,
Fig. 6: 7), as do several bottles of different variants of he-
avily corroded glass. The bottom part of a small bottle
1.7. Sedlrska no. 6, reg. no. 1362, plot no. 341, with a body-tubular ring presents a variant with a barrel-
shaped bottom section (bottom 4.6 cm, ring 4/2.5 cm,
NCM-CHR no. 215/1, burgher house Fig. 6: 6); a bottle and an ewer with ribs were originally of
(Fig. 1: 7) light green glass (Figs. 6: 1 and 2). Two bottles with ribs on
the body had probably bowl-shaped rims (Figs. 6: 3 and 4),
Research history, Location, Social milieu, Context a fragment of a kuttrolf with two necks (Fig. 6: 5) and the
Sedlkov et al. 2014, 230 neck of a storage bottle (Fig. 6: 13) survived as well.

1
5
7
2 4
3 (Tab. 1: A8) 6 (Tab. 3: A4)
10 11 12
8 9
13
0 5 cm 15
14
Fig. 7. Bratislava, Ventrska 3, feature 1/01, layer -426 -471 cm. 2nd quarter of 16th century. Drawn by H. Sedlkov, technical support L. Sedlkov.
Obr. 7. Bratislava, Ventrska 3, objekt 1/01, vrstva -426 -471 cm. 2. tvrtina 16. stolet. Kresba H. Sedlkov, technick prava L. Sedlkov.
A stangenglas on a low bell-shaped foot with large flat 1.8. Ventrska no. 3 (until 1989 Jirskova),
prunts is made of light green glass with corroded stains
reg. no. 53, plot no. 481, NCM-CHR no. 49/2,
(foot 10.8 cm, Fig. 6: 8) and a beaker with optical
decoration of diamonds is of rich green glass (rim burgher house (Fig. 1: 8)
5.7 cm, Figs. 6: 11 and 12). The series closes with the
Research history
bottom section of a hanging lamp of light green glass
(body 3.5 cm, Fig. 6: 14). Typologically, it is glass made 1965966: preliminary archaeological research in rela-
in German glasshouses. tion to the general reconstruction of the building (mar-
Dat.: last decades of the 15th century mid-16th century. ked as Jirskova Street nos. 57, Academia Istropoli-
Lit: unpublished. tana, Vallaek 1966; 1972).
Held by: MOP Bratislava, inv. nos. 100, 102, 104106, 2001: Rescue archaeological research (Lesk 2002;
108 (temporarily). 2009).

1 (Tab. 1: A6) 2 (Tab. 1: A7)
3 (Tab. 1: A4) 4 (Tab. 1: A5)
7
6 (Tab. 3: A3)
5
0 5 cm a
11
14 9
10 12 13
Fig. 8. Bratislava, Ventrska 3, feature 1/01, layer -471 -485 cm. Beginning of 16th mid- of 16th century.. Drawn by H. Sedlkov, technical support
L. Sedlkov. Obr. 8. Bratislava, Ventrska 3, objekt 1/01, vrstva -471 -485 cm. Potek a polovina 16. stolet. Kresba H. Sedlkov, technick prava
L. Sedlkov.
Location In 14731478 one half of the house was registered in

the name of two professors of the Academia Istropoli-
The burgher house is located in the western section of
tana whose needs the building served. The Academia
the Bratislava UPA. It is part of the historical-urban
was established in 1465 by Matthias Corvinus and was
block of houses no. 12 demarcated by the streets Pan-
active in 14651490. When its activities ceased in con-
sk, Ventrska, Prepotsk, Kapitulsk and Rudnayovo
nection with the building, the following names are lis-
nmestie Square (Jankovi 1984; Kotulov et al. 1984).
ted: for the year 1493 Walasch Posa, for 1508 Johannes
Tilay, after 1513 Bernhard Horvath Bikovich, for 1535
Social milieu
Count Jan Szalay and for 1543 imon Kairo. The house
In 1446 the house was purchased from tefan Gmaitl underwent a major reconstruction from the first half of
for 1000 florins by Bartolomej Kocherdorfer, while Gmeitl the 16th century until the first half of the 17th century
postulated the right of a reverse purchase for four years. (Jankovi 1984).

Fig. 9. Bratislava, Ventrska 3, fea-

ture 2/01. Last decades of 15th be-
ginning of 16th century. Drawn by
H. Sedlkov, technical support
L. Sedlkov. Obr. 9. Bratislava,
Ventrska 3, objekt 2/01. Posledn
desetilet 15. potek 16. stolet.
Kresba H. Sedlkov, technick
4 prava L. Sedlkov.
0 5 cm
2
3 (Tab. 2: A10)
1
5 6 7 8
Context second half of the 16th century (Rohanov Sedlkov

2015).
Archaeological research was conducted on the ground
floor of the street wing, south of the main entrance. The The common repertoire comprised kuttrolfs and table
room of an irregular plan had longer sides with the WE bottles with ribs, originally of light green and blue-green
orientation, 7.34 m and 7.24 m long, and the shorter glass (Figs. 7: 811). This group might also include the
sides 6.27 m by 5.12 m. bottom section of a cylindrical beaker with large prunts
of corroded glass (body 4.6 cm, Fig. 7: 7; Lesk 2009,
Investigated area S3/2001 with the well was located
Fig. 3: 22).
in the northwest corner of the room. The well, a secon-
dary refuse pit, was filled from the early 16th century The group of German glass consists of several be-
until ca. 1620. It was sheltered with a simple cylindrical akers. The stangenglas beaker with large prunts is of
vault with the NS orientation, disturbed by a test pit rich blue glass and has a tubular ring by the bottom
in the 1960s. The bottom part of the fill originated be- (bottom 5.7 cm, body 3.4 cm, Fig. 7: 5; Lesk 2009,
fore the mid-16th century (Lesk 2009, 25). Fig. 3: 21). The upper sections of two plain cylindrical
beakers have fine blue trails wound around the rim
(rim 4, 6 and 5.3 cm, Figs. 7: 1 and 2; Lesk 2009,
1.8.1. Well, secondary refuse pit 1/01 Fig. 3: 20). Only a fragment has remained of a cylindri-
cal beaker made of potassium-sodium-calcium blue-
Ground plan: almost square, lining of quarry stone and green clear glass, with optic-blown decoration of di-
Gothic bricks. amonds (Fig. 7: 6; Photo 24; Tab. 3: A4; Lesk 2009,
Dimensions: 130 x 125 x 485 cm, wall thickness 40 cm. Fig. 2: 28).
Fill: fragments of ceramics and glass, paleobotanical The refuse pit fill contained fragments of several
material. hanging lamps; body fragments of three specimens
were also in layers dated to the period before the mid-
Characteristics of the glass series from layers 16th century. A lamp of light blue glass has a rich blue
-426 cm -471 cm and -471 cm -485 cm trail marvered in the rim, another is of glass with
-426 cm -471 cm: in the depth of -471 cm the layer green tint and the smallest fragment of this shape is
was lined with charred wood and positioned directly on of heavily corroded glass (Figs. 7: 1214, rim 11.4
the oldest, late Gothic horizon in the latrine. and 10.6 cm).
The layer contained at least 14 vessels including
a goblet with optic mold-blown decoration of diamonds -471 cm -485 cm: homogenous organic brown layer
of glass of the Vitrum Blanchum type, i.e. of Venetian above the bottom contained a series of table glass and
provenance (rim 9.0 cm, h. 13.2 cm, Fig. 7: 3; Tab. 1: kitchenware.
A8; Lesk 2009, 25, Fig. 1: 8). The funnel-shaped cup Fragments of two large Venetian goblets of Cristallo
with white filigree (rim 9.5 cm, Fig. 7: 4; Lesk 2009, correspond to shapes that were made in the last deca-
Fig. 3: 12) is the oldest find of this luxury glass in Bra- des of the 15th century (rim 10.6 and 11.6 cm, Figs. 8:
tislava where it was later imported, particularly in the 3, 4; Photo 2; Tab. 1: A4, A5), while two small beakers

of Vitrum Blanchum are more recent. A goblet with di- and have bottoms wound with a trail (rim 6.6 cm,
agonal optical ribs and two rows of handles with rings 6.3 cm, 7.8 cm and 6.4 cm, bottom 6.4 cm,7.4 cm and
(only one has survived), with relief diamonds on a flat- 6.4 cm, h. of the reconstructed specimens 13.5 and
tened hollow knob is a luxury product (rim 9.2 cm, 12.2 cm, Figs. 9: 14; Photo 13; Tab. 2: A10).
h. 13.4 cm, Fig. 8: 1; Photo 4; Tab. 1: A6; Lesk 2009, According to the chemical composition, Hungarian
25), while a goblet with a plain cup and a full ring on the origin is only proved with the kuttrolf.3 The vessel has
stem is an ordinary specimen (rim 8.8 cm, h. 12.5 cm, optic mold-blown ribs on an onion-shaped body and on
Fig. 8: 2; Tab. 1: A7; Lesk 2009, 25, Fig. 1: 12). a slender arched neck and an in-turned bottom without
This layer also yielded kuttrolfs with diagonal ribs on further modifications (rim 5.2 cm, bottom 6 cm,
tall slender necks with funnel-shaped rims (rim 3.4 cm, h. 14.5 cm, Photo 16; Tab. 2: A9). The other bottles are
Fig. 8: 10). Body fragments of upper sections belonged to also of heavily corroded glass: fragments of a bottle with
four ribbed bottles (rim 3.4 and 3.0 cm, Figs. 8: 1114). ribs and a slender plain neck wound with a trail on the
A novel item is a body fragment of a pilgrim bottle (rim rim (Fig. 9: 7), a body fragment of a bottle with a body-
2.4 cm, bottom 8.0 cm, Fig. 8: 9). These vessels are of tubular ring (bottom 6.1 cm, ring 5.7/4.3 cm, Fig.
greenish glass, now covered in dark brown corroded layer 9: 6) and two small bottles, originally of greenish glass,
(kuttrolf), rusty brown (bottles) and light grey corroded one of which was possible to reconstruct (neck 1.3 cm,
layer (pilgrim bottle). bottom 2.8 cm, h. ca. 7.2 cm, Fig. 9: 8). The kraut-
strunk is represented by two fragments from the neck
Blue-green potassium-sodium-calcium glass and
with a trail and from the body with one large roun-
fine, rich blue trails are well preserved on a low cylin- ded prunt, the glass is completely corroded, beige tint
drical bowl with a plain trail by the bottom and on an (Fig. 9: 5).
unusual barrel-shaped bowl, originally on three sphe-
Analyses: Tab. 2: A9, A10 potassium-calcium glass.
rical legs (rim 7.6 cm, h. 5.8 and 8.5 cm, Figs. 8: 5,
Dat.: last decades of the 15th century early 16th cen-
6; Photo 23; Tab. 3: A3; Lesk 2009, 28, Figs. 3: 19,
tury.
13). A plain cylindrical beaker with an open-work foot
Lit.: Lesk 2001a; 2002, 111112.
and a fragment of a beaker with optic blown-blown de-
Held by: MOP Bratislava acq. no. 9/01 (temporarily).
coration of diamonds are of blue-green glass covered
in a thick brown corroded layer (rim 5.4 cm, h. 10 cm,
Figs. 8: 7, 8). 1.9. Ventrska no. 7, reg. no. 1266, plot no. 478,
There is not a significant typological difference be- NCM-CHR no. 53/1, urban palace (Fig. 1: 9)
tween the glass vessels in the two layers, which is un-
derstandable, given their thickness of ca. 60 cm and the Research history, Location, Social milieu
good durability of highly valued drinkware glass. Information about the above was listed in relation to
Analyses: Tab 1: A4 and A5 Cristallo, Tab. 1: A6A8 medieval glass excavated on the plot (Sedlkov et al.
Vitrum Blanchum, Tab. 3: A3 and A4 calcium-potas- 2014, 235).
sium-sodium glass.
Dat.: second quarter of the 16th century (-426 cm Context
-471 cm) and after 1500 (-471 cm -485 cm). In room 19 (test pit IV/2001), in the western yard wing
Lit.: Lesk 2009, Figs. 1: 8, 12; 2: 28; 3: 12, 13, 1922. of the house, a hollow appeared in the north-western
Held by: MOP Bratislava (temporarily). corner when the wooden floor was dismantled, marking
a filled well (Lesk 2001b; 2002).
1.8.2. Refuse pit 2/2001

1.9.1. Well, secondary refuse pit 4/2001
Ground plan: probably square, with timber lining pre-
served on the eastern side and on the northwest corner. Ground plan: circular, lining of dry quarry stone, cylin-
Dimensions: cannot be identified due to the modern- drical brickwork vault.
age disturbance of the feature. Dimensions: internal 170 cm by the opening, 120 by
Fill: fragments of ceramics and glass. the bottom, depth 390 cm (-140,5 -530 cm). The levels
of finds are counted from mark 140,50 above sea level.
Characteristics of the glass series Fill: ceramics, glass, iron items, paleobotanical mate-
The finds of glass come from layer 160168 cm. They rial.
are four unusual cylindrical beakers wound with trails
Characteristics of the glass series
in the upper section, fragments of a krautstrunk, a kutt-
rolf, a bottle with a body-tubular ring and a barrel-sha- The fill had in the depth of 173522 cm several layers
ped bottom section, a ribbed bottle and at least two that yielded almost forty vessels of the tableware cha-
small bottles. racter, i.e. table bottles and beakers, mostly of Hunga-
All specimens are of originally greenish or blue-green rian and German provenance. Venetian (Italian) pro-
glass with a thick layer of dark brown-grey corroded
layer; the series appears unified. Nonetheless, analyses 3
The vessel was removed from the pit almost complete, yet before
revealed different chemical composition and origin. The 2009 it disintegrated into fragments and dust in the depository.
cylindrical beakers probably come from the circle of Bo- Its reconstruction at the University of Chemistry and Technology
hemian? or Moravian? glass. They are relatively large Prague could not restore the original state.

1a b d 5
2 3 4
c
0 5 cm
8 9
6 10
7
11 12 13
14 (Tab. 1: A9)
17a
16
b
15
18 19
20 22 21 23 24
Fig. 10. Bratislava, Ventrska 7, feature R/01, layers -173 -418 cm. Beginning of 16th mid- of 16th century. Drawn by H. Sedlkov, technical support
L. Sedlkov. Obr. 10. Bratislava, Ventrska 7, objekt 4/01, vrstvy -173 -418 cm. Potek a polovina 16. stolet. Kresba H. Sedlkov, technick prava
L. Sedlkov.
ducts are represented by a single bottle with a body- Layer 229278 cm: body fragments of two small be-
tubular ring (Fig. 10: 14). Hungarian glass mostly oc- akers with prunts and fragments of walls of blue-green
curred between the bottom and depth -418 cm, from clear glass and the upper section of a pilgrim bottle with
this depth until -173 cm German glass prevailed; it got optic mold-blown ribs of heavily corroded glass, origi-
to the pit before the mid-16th century. nally colourless with green tint (Fig. 10: 26), acq. no.
3/2001-15.
Layer 173235 cm: bottle with a body-tubular ring? Layers 278303314 cm: fragments of further beakers
fragment of a neck with part of a bulge of corroded with prunts of blue-green clear glass, fragments of a kraut-
glass, acq. no. 1/2001-1. strunk with large flat prunts and a plain trail by the bottom
Layer 190229 cm: fragments of a krautstrunk or stan- of light green glass and a fragment of a bell-shaped foot
genglas with large flat prunts of light green glass, cor- possibly from a stangenglas of rich green glass (Fig. 10: 7
roded stains (Figs. 10: 1ad), acq. nos. 2/2001-1, 2. 13), acq. nos. 6/2001-13, 10/2001-13.

Fig. 11. Bratislava, Ven-

trska 7, feature 4/01, layers
-418 -522 cm. 2nd quarter
of 16th century. Drawn by 3a b c
H. Sedlkov, technical 5
support L. Sedlkov.
Obr. 11. Bratislava, Ven-
trska 7, objekt 4/01, vrstvy
-418 -522 cm. 2. tvrtina
16. stolet. Kresba H. Se- c d
dlkov, technick prava 4a
L. Sedlkov. 1 b
2
7
8 9 10
11 19
13 16
17
12 20
0 5 cm
14 15 18 (Tab. 2: A11)
Layer 344390 cm: a body fragment of the upper se- Layer 418458 cm: this layer was the richest in finds
ction of a bottle with a body-tubular ring and a bar- and yielded several variants of bottles and beakers, most
rel-shaped bottom part of the body of colourless glass of them of heavily corroded glass. There were fragments
of the common glass type (ring 6.2/4.8 cm, Fig. 10: of a bottle with ribs and a tubular spout in the rim of
14; Tab. 1: A9) and a fragment of a funnel-shaped colourless glass with a layer of rusty brown corroded
rim of a beaker. The body fragment of a large pear- layer (Fig. 10: 20) and fragments of a bottle with a bowl-
shaped bottle had on the upper section clear, bright shaped rim of clear colourless glass with green tint and
green glass, the bottom part with the bottom wound a blue trail on the rim (Fig. 11: 16). Another body frag-
with a trail showed distinctly corroded glass (bottom ment of a bottle is of heavily corroded glass with a trail
8.5 cm, Fig. 10: 15). There were also fragments on the rim (Fig. 11: 1). From this variant there are also
of a body with ribs of corroded grey glass (bottle or numerous tiny fragments of plain necks, in-turned bot-
kuttrolf), acq. nos. 12/2001-1, 2, 18/2001-1, 19/2001- toms and arched bodies with ribs, chiefly of corroded
1, 2. glass. The body fragment of the upper and bottom se-
Layer 390418 cm: a body fragment of a small kraut- ction comes from a bottle with a body-tubular ring with
strunk with pairs of large prunts of rich green clear a barrel-shaped bottom section of the body and is of
glass (rim 5.6 cm, bottom 4.6 cm, h. 8 cm, Fig. 10: completely corroded glass, beige (bottom 7.6 cm, ring
16). Fragments with large prunts of light green heavily 5.2/3.8 cm, Fig. 10: 22).
corroded glass come from a cylindrical krautstrunk The bottom part of a beaker with a pincered trail by
(Figs. 10: 17a, b). Table bottles are represented by upper the bottom is of glass with green tint (bottom 5.8 cm,
sections of a bottle and a kuttrolf with ribs of heavily Fig. 10: 23), a beaker with a plain trail by the bottom is
corroded glass, originally light blue-green (Figs. 10: 18, of light green glass with stains caused by corrosion pro-
19) and fragments of a neck, an in-turned bottom and cess (bottom 6.6 cm, Fig. 10: 21). A reconstructed
a body with ribs from another kuttrolf of light green body fragment and further fragments evidence two to
glass with a transparent brown corroded layer, acq. nos. three krautstrunks of light blue-green glass, with a layer
20/2001-15, 21/2001-1. of whitish to beige corroded layer on the surface (rim

Photo 1. Bratislava Castle, refuse pit 105/09.

Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 1. Bratislavsk
hrad, jmka 105/09. Foto Milo Strnad.
Photo 2. Ventrska 3, refuse pit 1/01 (Tab. 1: A5). Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 2. Photo 3. Sedlrska 4, refuse pit X/8788? Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 3.
Ventrska 3, jmka 1/01 (Tab. 1: A5). Foto Milo Strnad. Sedlrska 4, jmka X/8788? Foto Milo Strnad.

Sample Street SiO2 Al2O3 CaO K2O Na2O MgO MnO Fe2O3 P2O5 TiO2 BaO SO3 Cl SrO Minorite Figure Issue
A1* Michalsk 6 63.5 0.1 12.4 19.1 n.d. 2.4 0.4 *0.2 1.2 n.d. 0.2 0.4 n.d. n.d. Fig. 3: 5; Photo 11 Toroov 2014
A2* Michalsk 6 93.8 1.1 1.2 0.8 n.d. 0.4 *1.1 n.d. n.d. 0.8 n.d. n.d. n.d. Fig. 3: 3 Toroov 2014
A3* Michalsk 6 60.5 0.7 16.5 17.7 n.d. 2.4 0.4 *0.2 1.2 n.d. 0.2 0.4 n.d. n.d. Fig. 3: 4; Photo 15 Toroov 2014
A4 Michalsk 6 corroded; Fig. 3: 6 Toroov 2014
A5* Michalsk 6 59.5 0.5 16.4 18.3 n.d. 3 0.4 *0.2 0.9 n.d. 0.5 0.4 n.d. n.d.
A6* Michalsk 6 58.3 0.5 14.3 22.3 n.d. 2.9 n.d. *0.1 0.9 n.d. 0.5 0.4 n.d. n.d.
A7* Michalsk 6 66.2 0.6 12.2 17.3 0.2 3.3 0.5 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Fig. 3: 11; Photo 12
A8* Michalsk 6 63.3 0.5 13.2 18.8 n.d. 3 0.4 *0.2 0.9 n.d. 0.5 0.4 n.d. n.d. Fig. 3: 14; Photo 10
Rohanov
A9* Ventrska 3 56.8 0.9 15.1 22 n.d. 3.2 n.d. *1 0.9 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Photo 16
Hrub 2013
A10* Ventrska 3 55.7 1.5 16.5 19.2 n.d. 3.5 0.6 *0.7 2.3 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Fig. 9: 3; Photo 13
ZnO, Rb2O, CuO < 0.1;
A11 Ventrska 7 54.3 1.6 18.4 20 0.2 2.7 0.7 0.4 0.7 <0.1 0.3 0.3 <0.1 0.1 Fig. 11: 18
PbO, ZrO2, Co3O4 < 0.01
A12 Ventrska 3, obj. 1/01 49.2 2.3 19.1 22.6 0.7 2.8 0.6 0.6 0.9 <0.1 0.2 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 ZnO, Rb2O, SnO2 < 0.1
A13* Ventrska 3, obj. 1/01 69.6 0.4 11.3 11.1 4.1 2.2 0.5 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Toroov 2014
Tab. 2. Bratislava, potassium-calcium glass*SEM Table /EDS or XRF [wt%] (rp. = refuse pit, n.d. = not determined, *FeO). Tab. 2. Bratislava, draselno-vpenat
sklo [hm%].
Sample Street SiO2 Al2O3 CaO K2O Na2O MgO MnO Fe2O3 P2O5 TiO2 BaO SO3 Cl SrO Minorite Issue
Olomouc, Sedlkov 2001, . kat. 3.9.9,
A14* 54,4 4 14,5 20,8 0,8 2,6 0,4 *0,5 1,1 0,3 n.d. n.d. 0,1 n.d. CuO: 0,6
Pavelkova 22 Anal 6
Co3O4, ZnO, Rb2O, CuO, ZrO2, Sedlkov Rohanov et al.
A15 Brno, Josefsk 10 50,3 3,4 20,3 18 1 2,6 1,1 1,3 1,1 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,1 <0,1
NiO < 0,1; Bi2O3 < 0,01 2016; Tab 4: A022
Sedlkov Rohanov et al.
A16* Brno, Josefsk 10 62,3 0,9 13,5 16,4 0,8 2,4 0,8 *1,8 0,8 n.d. n.d. 0,3 n.d. n.d.
2016; Tab 4: A021
Sedlkov 2007,
A17 Brno, Petrov 2 59 1,9 13,7 20,3 < 3 3,6 0,6 0,5 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. <0,1 0,1 PbO, ZnO, Rb2O, CuO < 0,1
Fig. 20: Pet 1104
A18* Maarsko, Pomz 57,4 0,8 13,9 22,9 n.d. 2,5 0,4 0,3 1,1 0,2 0,2 0,3 n.d. n.d. ern A. 2015
A19 Chrudim, Hradebn 62,3 2,3 17,5 11,6 0,5 2,5 0,7 0,7 1 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,1 0,1 Rohanov nepubl.
A20* Olomouc, Hrnsk 50,9 4,4 17,3 19,1 0,6 3,5 0,8 *1,1 1,3 0,5 n.d. n.d. 0,1 n.d. CuO: 0,3 Sedlkov 1998, Anal 5
Olomouc,
A21* 54,9 3,9 15,3 19 0,5 2,5 0,7 *0,9 1 0,3 n.d. n.d. 0,1 n.d. CuO: 1,0 Sedlkov 1998, Anal 8
Pavelkova 22
Tab. 2a. Potassium-calcium glass, Moravia (Olomouc, Brno), Bohemia (Chrudim) and Hungary (Pomz) *SEM/EDS, XRF or -XRF [wt%]. Tab. 2a. Draselno-
vpenat sklo (mimobratislavsk nlezy: Olomouc, Brno /Morava/, Pomz /Maarsko/, Chrudim /echy/) [hm%].
8.7 cm, Figs. 11: 2, 3ac, 4ad). One unusual shape Fragments of four bowl-shaped rims are wound with
is a plain pot-shaped beaker of corroded crumbly brown blue trails (one, Fig. 11: 16), one has three upper rows
glass (rim 9.7 cm, Fig. 10: 24). A small fragment of of blue trails and the others are colourless (Fig. 11:
corroded glass (opaque beige) comes from a beaker? 14), and on two the trails are only colourless (Figs. 11:
with optic mold-blown decoration of lenses (Fig. 11: 5), 15, 17). A fragment of a bowl-shaped rim and a frag-
acq. nos. 22/2001-1, 2. 23/2001-16, 26/2001-14, ment of the body with one small prunt have survived
27/2001-112. of a krautstrunk, the glass is corroded, light beige (rim
Layer 418458522 cm: numerous fragments of rib- 8.5 cm, Fig. 11: 13), acq. nos. 28/2001-14,
bed bodies and body fragments of two bowl-shaped 29/2001-14.
rims of bottles. One features a blue trail, the other has Layer 491522 cm: almost complete in-turned bot-
three blue upper trails and the others are colourless tom and part of the body with ribs from a bottle of
(Figs. 11: 11, 12). A fragment of a bowl-shaped rim and clear colourless potassium-calcium glass with green
fragments of bodies with prunts come from three kraut- tint (bottom 6 cm, Fig. 11: 18, Tab. 2: A11) and frag-
strunks of light green glass with whitish stains caused ments of further bottoms of identical vessels. The
by corrosion process (rim 8 cm, Figs. 11: 7, 8), a frag- conic body of a storage bottle is of corroded dark grey
ment with three pincered prunts is of grey corroded glass (rim 2.8 cm, Fig. 11: 20), acq. nos. 30/2001-1
glass (body 8 cm, Fig. 11: 9). The fragment of another and 36/2001-1.
beaker has vertical optic-blown ribs and prunts with Analyses: Tab. 2: A11 potassium-calcium glass.
folded tips. It was made of colourless glass with green Dat.: first half of the 16th century (to the depth of -314 cm
tint (body ca. 5.6 cm, Fig. 11: 10), acq. no. 25/2001- finds from the second and third quarter of the 16th cen-
18. tury prevail).
Layer 458491 cm: fragments of ribbed bottles of Lit.: unpublished.
corroded and clear colourless glass with green tint. Held by: MOP Bratislava (temporarily).

Fig. 12. Bratislava, 1, 2

Kapitulsk 16, feature 1/76.
2nd quarter of 16th century;
39 Vodn vea, feature
1/74. 2nd quarter of 16th
3 century. Drawn by H. Se-
dlkov, technical support
5 L. Sedlkov. Obr. 12.
4 Bratislava, 1, 2 Kapitulsk
16, objekt 1/76. 2. tvrtina
16. stolet; 39 Vodn
1(Tab. 3: A1) 0 5 cm vea, objekt 1/74. 2. tvrtina
16. stolet. Kresba H. Sedl-
kov, technick prava L. Se-
2 (Tab. 3: A2) dlkov.
6 7 8 9
1.10. Vodn vea, tollhouse (vernacular term abbey in Pannonhalma, one third to the abbey in Pilisi,
referring to the heritage building), and one third to the Bratislava governor (later to the
Nbreie arm. gen. L. Svobodu 2, town). The recipients usually hired their share. In the
plot no. 545, NCM-CHR no. 653/1 second half of the 16th century the place hosted an eli-
(unified title NCM Vea strna) tist company of men known as stubengesselschaft; the
(Fig. 1: 10) members would meet to discuss politics and drink wine
(which was probably done there before). For the dating
Research history of the glass finds it is important that the building was,
1964: localization of a fortification at Vydrick Street for strategic reasons, blown up by General Henri Duval
46, 48, 50, Bratislava City Museum (Fiala Plach Dampierre on 9 October 1620. After the destruction of
Vallaek 1967). the fortification, parts of the masonry were incorporated
1971: research during the demolation of the Podhradie into new buildings (Klinokov Ferus 1982, 109111;
quarter (A. Piffl). 1989, 6869; Polla Vallaek 1991, 162).
19731984, 1988: systematic research into the Vodn
vea complex (36 test pits), MSPS and OP (Klinokov Context
Ferus 1982; 1989; Klinokov Ferus Kamenick Test pit S13/74 south of the south wall of Vodn vea
1986; Baxa Ferus Klinokov 1989; Polla Valla- uncovered square-shaped masonry from the Roman pe-
ek 1991, 162, 164). riod, while the north-west section of the test pit un-
Location earthed a semi-circular gate with paving of irregular
quarry stones. A well with a stone wreath was uncov-
The Vydrica suburban settlement that was part of the ered in the south-west corner of the pit (Klinokov
Podhradie quarter below Bratislava Castle and origi- Ferus 1982, 114; 1989, 71; Klinokov Ferus Ka-
nally fell under its legislation. After 1390 Vydrica was
menick 1986, 12, 13).
joined with the town. Vodn vea (Water Tower) became
part of the fortification system in the outer ward of the
town walls and protected the western entrance to the 1.10.1. Well, secondary refuse pit 1/74
town, above the ford. It was situated at the intersection
of two historical trade routes, the Danube Road and the Ground plan: circular, stone wreath.
Amber Road (Klinokov Ferus 1989, 68; imoniov Dimensions: external 120/internal 60 cm, depth >
Koov et al. forthcoming). -550 cm.
Social milieu Fill: ceramics including Gothic goblets and tiles, glass.
Archive materials convey the history of Vodn vea from Characteristics of the glass series
the year 1254.4 It primarily served for the protection
The finds of glass from the well were not registered ac-
of the Danube ford, and it also was the first tollhouse.
cording to depth or layers. They all come from the 16th
Toll was divided into three parts: one third went to the
century, and typologically a small group can be identi-
fied among them from the period before the mid-16th
4
Detailed history of Vodn vea and its material finds will be dis- century, as well as glass from ca. 15501620 when the
cussed in an article in Archaeologia historica. well ceased to exist.

6 7
1 2 3 4 5
13 15
8 9 10 11 12 14
18
19
16 17 20 21 22
25 26 27 31 32
23 29 30
24
28
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
45
41 42 43 44 46
Fig. 13. Types of vessels in Bratislava from laste decades of 15th mid- of 16th century. Last decades of 15th beginning of 16th century: 16 Venetian glass; 713 glass
produced in today-Hungary; 1416 glass produced in Germany; 1718 Bohemian glass; 1st half of 16th century: 1921 Venetian glass; 2232 glass produced in
today-Hungary; 2nd quarter of 16th century: 3346 German glass. Drawn by H. Sedlkov, technical support L. Sedlkov. Obr. 13. Typy ndob v Bratislav z poslednch
desetilet 15. a poloviny 16. stolet. Posledn desetilet 15. potek 16. stolet: 16 bentsk sklo; 713 uhersk sklo; 1416 nmeck sklo; 1718 echy;
1. polovina 16. stolet: 1921 bentsk sklo; 2232 uhersk sklo; 2. tvrtina 16. stolet: 3346 nmeck sklo. Kresby H. Sedlkov, technick prava L. Sedlkov.

The older group comprises vessels of blue-green glass coration. Maigeleins, rippenbechers and kreuzrippenbe-
with a transparent brown corroded layer typical of Hun- chers are documented among archaeological finds by
garian glasshouses: a stangenglas on a foot of coiled thousands of specimens (Baumgartner Krueger 1988,
trail (Fig. 12: 6), a kuttrolf with two necks with diagonal 296, 307, cat. nos. 357, 336 and 373). Tall club-shaped
ribs (Fig. 12: 7) and several ribbed bottles (Figs. 12: 4, goblets and multi-sided achtkantglas beakers, beakers
5, 8, 9). Fragments of the upper section of a pilgrim and krautstrunks of many forms were also popular.
bottle are also of blue-green glass, while a larger and A novel feature that appeared in German glassmaking
possibly younger body fragment is of colourless glass around 1500 was with an open-work foot and a coiled
covered in a white-yellow corroded layer (Figs. 12: 3, 10). foot (Henkes 1994, 90, Fig. 60). Apart from green and
Dat.: first half of the 16th century. blue-green calcium-potassium glass there was red opa-
Lit.: unpublished. que glass; blue glass was employed more and more
Held by: MOP Bratislava (temporarily). often. Among numerous variants of table bottles, kutt-
rolfs with ribs are best known. Direct influence of Ve-
netian glass can be also observed on the return of
2. Analysis of the finds in terms of typology goblets; however, in German glassmaking these were
and glass composition represented by footed beakers (Baumgartner Krueger
1988, 408417). The variety of shapes, decoration and
The glass comes from features at Michalsk 6 (1.3), kinds of glass corresponds with the general spirit of the
Pansk 16 (1.4), Pansk 24 (1.5), Sedlrska 4 (1.6), fe- late Gothic style (overview of shapes, Prohaska-Gross
ature 2 at Ventrska 3 (1.8.2) and feature 4 at Ventr- 2002, 210212, Fig. 2).
ska 7 (1.9) filled between the last decades of the 15th According to information from some locations, for ex-
century and the mid-16th century, and from layers in ample Most, glassmaking in Bohemia was in decline
features filled in longer time periods at Kapitulsk 16 that manifested itself in archaeological series by a de-
(1.2), Sedlrska 6 (1.7), feature 1 at Ventrska 3 (1.8.1) crease in finds (ern 2002, 108109). This situation
and from the well in Vodn vea (1.10). There are also was most obvious in Prague where minimum finds are
finds from Bratislava Castle, from earlier excavations reported from the period after the mid-15th century
conducted in the 20th century and in 2009 (1.1). (rsk 2014, 126). Yet some material from this period
The period of the second half of the 15th century and has been published from several Czech towns and cas-
the mid-16th century was exceptionally rich in glass. It tles (esk Budjovice: Krajc 2007; Cheb: ebesta
was the period when regional glassmaking flourished in 1979; Klatovy: Vondrkov 1996; Kutn Hora: Le-
Europe and glass products became affordable for broad hekov 1975; Most: ern 1997; Plze: Frda 2007;
urban strata. Venice resumed its leading position in the Tbor: Krajc et al. 1998; castles Radyn, Plze-jih Dis-
trict and Touim, Karlovy Vary District: Frda 1979;
innovation of production and in the introduction of new
castles Rab and Klenov, Klatovy District, Guttejn,
shapes and decoration techniques, and the city influenc-
Tachov District: Frda 2000).
ed and inspired glassmaking in the whole of Europe.
One novelty in Venetian technology was Cristallo, com- A boom in the use of glass occurred in Hungary. Du-
pletely colourless glass whose quality was based on the ring the reign of Matthias Corvinus, after 1476, the po-
use of a leachant from soda ash and very low content of litical, cultural and trade ties between the Venetian Re-
ash. Clear colour glass was produced as well, coloured public and the Kingdom of Hungary were restored.
with polyvalent metal ions: purple (Mn3+), blue (Co2+) Venetian glass made its way back to Hungary under
and emerald green (Fe2+ and Cu2+). Opaque glass was Corvinus, King of Bohemia and Hungary and a keen ad-
white, light blue and blue-green opacified with com- mirer of the Italian renaissance. Glassware was com-
missioned for the king and the members of the highest
pounds containing of antimony, lead and/or tin or with
secular and religious circles, and also sold by Venetian
the addition of bone meal (apatite). Decoration saw re-
merchants in Buda (Balogh 1975, 300301). Archaeo-
turn to colour enamels and gilding and the revival of en-
logical finds from Buda, Visegrd, Tt and other Hun-
graved decoration introduced in the ancient era, now
garian towns and castles (Solymr) evidence its spread
with the use of the diamond point. Popular decoration
in the second half of the 15th century all over the terri-
techniques included filigrano, the marvering of opaque
tory of the present-day Hungary (for finds see Gyrky
white sticks of lead glass opacified with particles of cas- 1986; 1991; Mester 1997; Megyeri 2012). There was also
siterite (SnO2), less often with red or blue sticks. a significant amount of glass in Upper Hungary, todays
The development of glassmaking in Italy was not lim- Slovakia. Venetian glassmaking and the wealth of the
ited to Venice. There were also numerous glasshouses towns are illustrated by six goblets with the emblem of
in Liguria and Tuscany whose production did not differ Bardejov commissioned in Venice by the local council
much from that of Venice. They produced glass of (Balogh 1975, 301). Fragments of ribbed foot of Venetian
the same formula and shapes as those introduced in beakers have been published from research into the
Venice. Apart from luxury vessels such as goblets and monastery in Krsna nad Horndom near Koice and
bowls for the upper classes throughout Europe, afford- from Bratislava Castle (Fryov Janovkov 1988,
able goods included beakers with optic mold-blown dec- 621, Figs. 1: 14).
oration (Mendera 2002).
An important glassmaking circle took shape in the 5
Glass, particularly from this period, was introduced in specialist
German lands where potassium-calcium glass was circles in the 1930s by Franz Rademacher, who classified and
made.5 Mass production of cheap, popular glassware defined basically all types and shapes of glass from German
was enabled by the technique of optic mold-blown de- glasshouses (Rademacher 1933).

Nonetheless, domestic glass of potassium-calcium in Vienna was run by Niclas Pitti from Venice, others
composition prevailed in Hungary, produced by numer- came into existence after the mid-16th century (Page
ous glasshouses. In the mid-15th century a glasshouse 2004, 30). The assortment of these glasshouses is not
was established in buda (now part of Budapest) by known. However, import from the glasshouse in Hall,
Italian master Antonius (Gyrky 2003, 48), further Tyrol in the second quarter of the 16th century can be
glasshouses were unearthed: three in Disjen, the old- excluded (15341635) as it produced glass of a different
est one active from the 13th century until the 15th cen- composition (mixed-alkali).
tury, and glasshouses II and III from the second half of The situation in Moravia that was, beyond doubt, in-
the 15th century until the first half of the 16th century fluenced by the countrys incorporation into the empire
(Mester 1997; 2003; 2010, 659). Two glasshouses were ruled by Matthias Corvinus (14691490), is discussed
investigated in Visegrd, one from the second half of the in an extensive study charting the regional development
14th century and the first half of the 15th century, the of glass and influences affecting it. Venetian glass got
other active in parallel with the more recent glass- to Moravia sporadically, to Brno and Olomouc, and
houses in Disjen. The younger glasshouse (Rv utca glass products were imported from Hungary (bottles
5) was a genuine factory comprising two workshops with bowl-shaped rims), yet the main assortment con-
symmetrically located in a masonry building of 29 x sisted of domestic products modifying the traditional
10 m. Each workshop had two rooms, one with an oval Gothic beakers of the Bohemian type to suit the require-
kiln for the manufacture of blown glass, the other con- ments of the arriving renaissance. One example of local
tained a square-plan kiln probably for the cooling of glassmaking is a regional variant of tall goblets called
products. The glasshouse produced window discs for beakers of the Olomouc type, manufactured in ca.
the construction of Corvinuss palace in Visegrd in 14801540 (Sedlkov 2007).
14701490 and supplied hollow glass not only to the
In terms of typology and chemical composition of
palace but also to Buda (Mszros 2008; 2010; 2014).
glass, there were three groups of products in Bratislava:
The latest investigated glasshouse is in Pomz where at
Venetian goods (14 specimens), vessels of potassium-
least five masonry buildings have been excavated, of the
calcium glass made in Hungary and those made in Ger-
same dimensions as the royal glasshouse in Visegrd
man glasshouses. In the second quarter of the 16th cen-
and active in the same period. One building has been tury there appeared a group of calcium-potassium glass
investigated so far, also similar in its internal layout and from Germany, possibly connected with the incorpora-
glassmaking equipment to the glasshouse in Visegrd. tion of Hungary into the Habsburg monarchy. The last
The assortment was dominated by table bottles and group indicates transition to the renaissance composi-
beakers (Megyeri 2015, Tab. IV: 7). tion of glass. Products made in Bohemia also sporadi-
The repertoire in Visegrd included painted window cally occurred in Bratislava in the first half of the 16th
panes, bottles with a handle, beakers with bottoms century (Fig. 13).
wound with a pincered trail and goblets (Mszros A representational series of glass that comprised all
2010, 684, Fig. 16). The finds from the glasshouse are three glassmaking circles was excavated in pit 105/09
bottles of different variants including those with a body- at Bratislava Castle, filled in the first half of the 16th
tubular ring and the bottom barrel-shaped part of the century: a Venetian goblet decorated with enamels with
body, bottles with a bowl-shaped rim and kuttrolfs, a lid, a Hungarian bottle with a bowl-shaped rim and
beakers with prunts and krautstrunks (Megyeri 2015, a German stangenglas with prunts in the shape of ani-
Tab. VIXII), same as in Pomz (Megyeri 2015, Tab. mal heads (Photo 1).
XIVXXIII). These products come from royal palaces in
Buda and Visegrd, as well as from other locations in Venetian glass (sodium-calcium-potassium glass)
Hungary including Bratislava. The influence of Venice
The metamorphoses of the Gothic style of glass prod-
is particularly obvious in goblets and lids, though made
ucts are best documented by renaissance goblets that
of domestic potassium-calcium glass.
are represented in Bratislava by nine examples. Typo-
Unfortunately, information about glasshouses in the logically older variants that occurred in the last decades
present-day Slovakia only comes from archive sources. of the 15th century and in the early 16th century come
In the observed period there were active glasshouses from Bratislava Castle and Sedlrska 4, in refuse pit 1
in Sklen near Teplice (1350 early 18th century, at Ventrska 3 two of the goblets were found. The goblet
Gasper 1969, 153154, 156; Bakoov Pitov from the castle, 11 cm tall, counts among small speci-
1978, 154155 no. 57), Sklen near Turiansk Teplice mens, and although it is decorated with gilding and
(13601579, Gasper 1969, 152153; Bakoov Pi- colour enamels, the shape corresponds to the goblet of
tov 1978, 154 no. 56), near Bardejov (14731873, Cristallo from Ventrska 3 only preserved in fragments
Gasper 1969, 144, 156; Bakoov Pitov 1977, 229 (Figs. 2: 1; 8: 4; Photos 1 and 2; Tab. 1: A5). Goblets with
no. 2) and in Nov Huta near Bardejov mentioned in re- chalice-shaped cups above a bottom wound with a pin-
lation to the year 1545 (Gasper 1969, 156). cered trail appear from the last decades of the 15th cen-
Two glasshouses established by Venetian glassmak- tury. A richly decorated goblet with coats of arms is re-
ers are documented near Vienna in the observed period. lated to the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia; it was
Nicolas Walch founded a glasshouse in 1486 under the made for Matthias Corvinus around 1480 (Strasser
patronage of Matthias Corvinus. Its main purpose was Baumgrtner 2002, 20, Fig. 2, no. 1). The above men-
to produce glass whose price and quality would be com- tioned goblets with lids come from Bardejov, from the
parable to Venice; it probably ceased to exist during the period around 1500, yet they have cups separated from
Turkish siege of Vienna in 1529. In 1530 a glasshouse the foot by a flattened hollow knob. An identical undec-

orated goblet is depicted in the painting Lot with His Venetian glass in Bratislava is further represented by
Daughter by Albrecht Altdorfea from 1537 (Barovier beakers with ribs, a berkemeyer and a fragment of
Mentasti /ed./ 2006, 106, Figs. 37, 38). The other goblet a krautstrunk. They all come from the last decades of
of Cristallo from Ventrska 3 comes from the same pe- the 15th century and the first decades of the 16th cen-
riod; it has a solid knob between a funnel-shaped cup tury. The body fragments of two beakers with ribs made
and the foot. A body fragment of a funnel-shaped cup of Cristallo and blown in moulds come from Sedlrska
was excavated at Sedlrska 4 (Fig. 8: 3; Tab. 1: A4; 5: 4. They differ through their size and decoration of gold-
4). Sedlrska 4 also yielded a footed beaker with leaf on the rim: the smaller one has unusual small gob-
a ribbed foot of blue glass, with a slightly opening cup lets?, the larger one rectangles (Figs. 5: 1, 2; Photos 7,
of colourless glass (Fig. 5: 3; Photo 3). This combination 8; Tab. 1: A2, A3). In Hungary they were found in large
is typical of Venetian goblets from the late 15th century numbers in Buda (Gyrky 1986, Tab. XXVI: 5, 6 and
and the early 16th century, as illustrated by some of the others), Esztergom (Gyrky 1991, Fig. 32: 6) and Kszeg
Bardejov goblets. From archaeological contexts, the (Gyrky 1991, Fig. 45: 3) and at Solymr Castle (Me-
mentioned ribbed foot of rich blue glass is known, from gyeri 2012, 47, Fig. 64). In Moravia they come from Brno
the monastery in Krsna, and a wealth of finds comes and Olomouc (Sedlkov 2007, Figs. 24: Pet1182 and
from locations in western Hungary (Gyrky 1986; 1991; OlRie1, 25a). Archaeological finds are dated to the pe-
Mester 1997). riod around 1500 and to the first half of the 16th cen-
tury, as are the specimens from museum collections.
The listed typologically older goblets might have got
However, judging from the depiction of this beaker in
to Bratislava during the reign of Matthias Corvinus.
the painting by the Master of Marie of Burgundy Libro
This is particularly true about finds from Ventrska 3,
delle Ore from 147790, they were already made in the
where the Academia Istropolitana operated under the
last decades of the 15th century (Barovier Mentasti /ed./
kings patronage in 14641490.
2006, 50, Fig. 20). In this period, they were also proba-
Goblets with the cup and foot separated with a knob, bly imported to Hungary and Moravia.
i.e. genuine goblets consisting of three parts, only be-
The berkemeyer from refuse it 1 at Michalsk 6 is
came standard around 1500. In Bratislava they are rep-
a relatively large beaker of clear light blue-green glass
resented by three specimens from the first half of the
16th century, from the refuse pit at Ventrska 3. Almost of the common glass type, with optic-blown decoration
complete vessels of the glass of the Vitrum Blanchum of diamonds and two rows of large flat prunts on the
type are smaller than goblets made of Cristallo, they bottom part (Fig. 3: 10; Photo 9; Tab. 1: A1). This shape
have the same dimensions and similar shapes. A luxury occurs from the first half of the 16th century especially
goblet with a funnel-shaped cup with optic mold-blown in the German lands, and at the turn of the 16th and
decoration of diagonal ribs has a large flattened hollow 17th centuries was considered, along with roemers,
knob blown in a mould with diamonds. The cup origi- the culmination of prunted beakers (Baumgartner
nally had two rows of three applied handles with hang- Krueger 1988, 362367; Dumitrache 1990, e.g. cat.
ing rings, the foot is plain, bell-shaped (Fig. 8: 1; Photo 4; nos. G 141144, Figs. 16: 58; Henkes 1994, 7174,
Tab. 1: A6). An analogy from the same area and period cat. nos. 18.4, 18.5, 189196). Nonetheless, berkemeyers
is the body fragment of a goblet with handles from Olo- of clear, light blue-green glass with optic-blown deco-
mouc (Sedlkov 2007, 208, Fig. 27: OlDN2003), frag- ration of diamonds appear in the last decades of the
ments of cups with diagonal ribs come from Buda 15th century. Fragments of one of them come, for exam-
(Gyrky 1986, Fig. XXXVI: 1). The shape of the cup and ple, from the royal palace in Buda (Budapest Trtneti
the knob with diamonds correspond to goblets from the Mzeum, inv. no. 80.505). Complete specimens dated
second quarter of the 16th century and younger (e.g. to the period around 1500 were published from the
Barovier Mentasti /ed./ 2006, 111, Fig. 45). chateau in Heidelberg (Gross 2015a, 112, Fig. 162 on
the right), from Braunschweig (Bruckschen 2004, 298,
The same shape of cup is represented by fragments
cat. no. 202, Fig. 46: 2) and from Lbeck (Dumitrache
with white filigree from the older layers of the refuse pit
1990, 38, cat. no. G 142, Fig. 16: 6). In Bohemia, a sim-
(Fig. 7: 4; Photo 5). It is the oldest goblet with this type
ilar berkemeyer with diagonal ribs was in a well in
of decoration in Bratislava that anticipated their popu-
Cheb, Mincovn Street (ebesta 1979, 90, cat. no. 22;
larity in the second half of the 16th century (Rohanov
Hejdov et al. 1983, 255256, Fig. 30).
Sedlkov 2015). Identical goblets come, for exam-
ple, from Hall with dating to around 1500 (Holzhammer From a krautstrunk of Venetian provenance at
2001, Taf. 72: 1) and from Trnava (Zpadoslovensk Sedlrska 6 only a fragment of the body with one large
mzeum Trnava inv. no. 13281/A). prunt survived. The glass is colourless, thin-walled, and
by the broken tip of the prunt a small part of a trail of
Cheaper products include two goblets of more simple
blue glass is preserved (Fig. 6: 10). It is a fragment of
rendering with small hollow rings on the stem that fully
a luxury vessel found, for example, in the collections of
correspond to renaissance shapes. Both have funnel-
the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague; this one has
shaped cups, slightly narrow in the middle, one with the
optic-blown decoration of diamonds (Figs. 7: 3 and 8: 2; prunts of colourless blue and emerald green glass
Photo 6; Tab. 1: A8 and A7). These goblets are mostly (Baumgartner Krueger 1988, 343, 344, cat. no. 414).
known from archaeological research in Slovenia (e.g. The assortment of products made of common glass
Kos vanut 1994, Tab. 3: 22) and Buda (Gyrky includes a bottle with a body-tubular ring from refuse
1986, Fig. XXXV: 2). Yet the origin of the goblet of the pit 4 at Ventrska 7, and bottles from Bratislava Castle
same shape from the first half of the 16th century from are probably of the same glass. Body fragments (Figs. 2:
Isny im Allgu is sought in France (Scheschkewitz 5, 6; 10: 14; Tab. 1: A9) represent their variant spread,
Schmid 2015, 150 and 155, Figs. 210, 218). in particular, in the Balkans, until the early 17th cen-

Photo 4. Ventrska 3, refuse pit 1/01 (Tab. 1: A6). Photo 5. Ventrska 3, refuse pit 1/01. Photo Milo Photo 6. Ventrska 3, refuse pit 1/01 (Tab. 1: A8).
Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 4. Ventrska 3, jmka Strnad. Foto 5. Ventrska 3, jmka 1/01. Foto Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 6. Ventrska 3, jmka
1/01 (Tab. 1: A6). Foto Milo Strnad. Milo Strnad. 1/01 (Tab. 1: A8). Foto Milo Strnad.
Photo 7. Sedlrska 4, refuse pit X/8788? (Tab. 1: Photo 8. Sedlrska 4, refuse pit X/87-88? (Tab. 1: Photo 9. Michalsk 6, feature 1/98 (Tab. 1: A1).
A2). Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 7. Sedlrska 4, A3). Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 8. Sedlrska 4, Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 9. Michalsk 6, objekt
jmka X/8788? (Tab. 1: A2). Foto Milo Strnad. objekt X/87-88? (Tab. 1: A3). Foto Milo Strnad. 1/98 (Tab. 1: A1). Foto Milo Strnad.
tury. Their manufacture of sodium-calcium (soda-ash) Regional products (potassium-calcium glass)

glass is reported from Ljubljana (Kos 2007, nos. 219 Vessels of potassium glass make up a much larger
236; imek 2010, Fig. 1, 2). Several specimens are group that contains chiefly beakers and table bottles of
known from Moravia from Brno, Opava and the Cviln different variants. In chronological terms, it is a group of
castle where this find is related to the stay of Matthias vessels from the last decades of the 15th century and the
Corvinuss army (Sedlkov 2004, Fig. 1: 2). Bottles of early 16th century, or its first half, and a younger group
the same shape were also made in Hungarian glass- from the second quarter of the 16th century with overlap
houses, but of potassium-calcium glass (see further). to the second half of the 16th century conveyed below.

Products from the older group are mostly of heavily common in northern Germany, for example in Lbeck
corroded glass, originally colourless with green tint, where it is dated to the 15th/16th century (Dumitrache
light green or blue-green. Typologically and by means 1990, Figs. 31: 4; 32: 1, 2; cat. nos. 262264). In this
of chemical analyses, four groups of different origin can case German origin is also probable.
be distinguished: from German glasshouses (I), from Glass made in Bohemia (II) was rare in Bratislava,
glasshouses in Bohemia (or Moravia) (II) and in Hungary same as in the previous period (Sedlkov et al. 2014,
(III); group IV with possible origin in todays Holland or 251). It includes a body fragment of a beaker with ver-
Belgium is represented by bottles from Ventrska 7 and tical droplets from Pansk 16 (Fig. 4: 10) and a fragment
3 and, as comparative material, by a beaker from Brno. of a plain rim wound with a trail from a tall beaker of
In some cases, analysis confirmed preliminary determi- the Bohemian type from Sedlrska 4 (Fig. 5: 6). These
nation of origin on the basis of typology, in others it are typical shapes of Bohemian glass that also appeared
brought more questions and topics for further research. among finds after 1500, although it is not completely
Vessels of German provenance by the glass compo- clear whether they were still produced then. According
sition (I) biconical bottles, a beaker with prunts in the to the glass composition the group might comprise
shape of animal heads and a club-shaped beaker are a krautstrunk, a prunt from another one from Michal-
reported from Michalsk 6. This origin cannot be sk 6 (Fig. 3: 4; Tab. 2: A3, A5) and also cylindrical
doubted with three biconical bottles that are not known beakers from feature 2 at Ventrska 3 (Figs. 9: 14;
from the Czech lands, Upper and Lower Hungary and Photo 13; Tab. 2: A10). As the composition of the cylin-
Lower Austria. A closest specimen comes from Cheb drical beakers is similar to that of the beakers of the
(ebesta 1979, 132, Fig. 8). They are analogies of bottles Olomouc type (Tab. 2a: A20 and A21) whose Moravian
with a body-tubular ring and were widespread espe- origin cannot be doubted, the Bratislava finds might
cially in southern Germany from the late 13th century also come from this area. However, while krautstrunks
until the 16th century. Their production of light green were common in Moravia, a cylindrical beaker wound
forest glass is documented in glasshouses in Spessart. with a trail is only known from Olomouc, and its com-
The oldest bottles did have a body-tubular ring but it position corresponds to group III, i.e. Hungarian glass
gradually evolved into a collar reaching across the bot- (Sedlkov 2001a, 416, cat. no. 3.9.8, Fig. 2: 7, Tab.
tom conical part of the body. There were both undeco- 2A: 14). Yet this shape is not represented among finds
rated shapes and bottles with optic-blown decoration of published from Hungary.
ribs. Their development, dating and spread as well as Moravian origin can be also considered with two
evidence in period paintings were investigated by Rita krautstrunks with optic-blown decoration of ribs from
Hannig in relation to finds from Amberg and Regens- Michalsk 6 and Pansk 24. These beakers are almost
burg (Hannig 2009, 101104, 132134, 182184). Spec- identical in shape and are cylindrical, with a bowl-
imens from Michalsk 6 (Figs. 3: 1318; Photo 10; Tab. shaped rim; one has large pincered prunts, the other
2: A8) are closest to those from Amberg, dated to be- small coiled ones. Both are made of colourless glass
tween the late 14th century and the mid-16th century with transparent brown corroded layer (Figs. 3: 7 and
(Hannig 2009, 203, Fig. 110; Taf. 6: 2; 30: 2). 5: 7; Photo 14). Their possible origin is perhaps evi-
Prunts in the shape of animal heads were a typical denced by optical ribs on beakers of the Olomouc type
decorative element on German glass in the late Gothic, as in Hungarian glasshouses this decoration was only
especially in the Rhine region. Their manufacture is employed with bottle shapes.
confirmed in glasshouses in the Taurus mountains in Further vessels such as beakers, krautstrunks and
the second half of the 15th century (Dornsweg: Steppuhn table bottles of different variants can be, on the basis
2006, 131, Fig. bottom), the majority of finds only come of shape analogies and in several cases according to the
from the first half of the 16th century and in the ob- glass composition, attributed to glasshouses in Hun-
served area are related to the import of blue-green gary (III).
glass (see further). Fragments of beakers with prunts come from
Of the whole series, only one beaker has prunts in Michalsk 6, Pansk 16, Pansk 24, Sedlrska 6 and
the shape of animal heads. It was made of rich green Ventrska 7. They are documented by upper or bottom
glass apparent on the fracture only (Fig. 3: 5; Photo 11; sections of the bodies (Figs. 3: 1; 4: 5; 6: 7 and 10: 23).
Tab. 2: A1). It has the same cylindrical shape and style Their almost colourless glass (with green tint) is usually
of the bottom as other beakers with common large covered in a brown-grey or whitish layer caused by cor-
prunts with pincered tips. It is a unique find, with a sin- rosion process. None of the beakers with prunts have
gle analogy (the shape of prunts and corrosion manifes- been analysed, yet numerous analogies come from
tation) from Vienna, with dating to the 15th? century glasshouses in Visegrd and Pomz, as well as from
(Tarcsay 2002, 177, Fig. 3). A relatively larger number Buda, from the palace in Visegrd and from Solymr
of beakers with this decoration only come from the pe- Castle (Megyery 2012, Figs. 5355).
riod before the mid-16th century when animal heads ap- Krautstrunks differ from beakers through large pin-
peared on blue-green glass (see below). Analysis con- cered prunts. The composition of a prunt from Michal-
firmed typological determination of the vessels origin in sk 6 corresponds to glass from the glasshouse in
German glasshouses, possibly in the Rhine region. Pomz (Tab. 2: A6); yet the glass of large body fragments
A distinctly club-shaped beaker is documented by with cylindrical bodies, possibly of the same origin, was
a fragment of the upper section with a cylindrical rim, partly corroded (Figs. 3: 24, 6; Photo 15; Tab. 2: A2,
small prunts on the body and a foot (Figs. 3: 11 and 12; A4). Further specimens come from Pansk 19 (Fig. 4:
Photo 12; Tab. 2: A7). Outside Bohemia, this shape is 7), from refuse pits 1 and 2 at Ventrska 3 (Figs. 7: 7;

Photo 10. Michalsk 6, feature 1/98 (Tab. 2: A8). Photo Milo Strnad. Photo 12. Michalsk 6, feature 1/98 (Tab. 2: A7). Photo Milo Strnad.
Foto 10. Michalsk 6, objekt 1/98 (Tab. 2: A8). Foto Milo Strnad. Foto 12. Michalsk 6, objekt 1/98 (Tab. 2: A7). Foto Milo Strnad.
Photo 11. Michalsk 6, feature 1/98 (Tab. 2: A1). Photo Milo Strnad. Photo 13. Ventrska 3, feature 2/01 (Tab. 2: A10). Photo Peter Horansk.
Foto 11. Michalsk 6, objekt 1/98 (Tab. 2: A1). Foto Milo Strnad. Foto 13. Ventrska 3, objekt 2/01 (Tab. 2: A10). Foto Peter Horansk.
9: 5) and from Ventrska 7 (Fig. 10: 23). Analogies for over Europe, with concentration in the German lands.
typical barrel-shaped krautstrunks with a bowl-shaped Cylindrical shapes were less common, perhaps typolog-
rim in different modifications can be encountered all ically older, judging e.g. by a find from Heidelberg from

Photo 14. Pansk 24, feature X/87. Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 14. Pan- Photo 15. Michalsk 6, feature 1/98 (Tab. 2: A4). Photo Milo Strnad.
sk 24, objekt X/87. Foto Milo Strnad. Foto 15. Michalsk 6, objekt 1/98 (Tab. 2: A4). Foto Milo Strnad.
the early 15th century (Prohaska-Gross 1992, 85, Fig. 97 with a body-tubular ring were particularly popular;
bottom row, on the left). they come from Sedlrska 6 (Fig. 6: 6), Ventrska 3, re-
In glasshouses in Visegrd and Pomz active in the fuse pit 2 (Fig. 9: 6) and Ventrska 7 (Fig. 10: 22). They
second half of the 15th century and in the first half of were of the same shapes as bottles of sodium-calcium
the 16th century krautstrunks made up the basic reper- (soda-ash) glass (see above) but the glasshouses in
toire (Megyeri 2015, Tab. XI: 6974; XXII: 185214), Visegrd and Pomz made them of potassium-calcium
which is confirmed by their spreading in Hungary. glass (Megyeri 2015, Tab. VIIIX: 2038; Tab. XIVXVII:
Finds also come from Moravia, from the Cviln castle 90131). They were small shapes, possibly used as
and Brno Koblin 4, nmst Svobody and Petrov drinkware.
(Sedlkov 2007, 201202, Figs. 20: Cvi, Kob105, Bottles with a bowl-shaped rim and kuttrolfs with
NS115, NS521 and DPL531). The krautstrunk from a single neck appeared at Bratislava Castle (Fig. 2: 5;
Petrov even has the Hungarian composition of glass Photo 1), Michalsk 6 (Fig. 3: 9), Pansk 16 (Fig. 4: 1, 2),
(Tab. 2a: A17, Sedlkov 2007, Fig. 20: Pet1). Kinga Sedlrska 6 (Fig. 6: 5), Ventrska 3 in feature 1 (Figs.
Tarcsay places the finds of krautstrunks from Vienna 7: 8, 9; 8: 10) and in feature 2 (Photo 16; Tab. 2: A9).
with the group of heavily corroded glass (III, Tarcsay A large series comes from Ventrska 7 (Figs. 10: 19, 20;
2002, 177, Formtaf. 3). In Austria they were also in 11: 1, 6, 11, 12, 1418; Photo 17; Tab. 2: A11). The dif-
Tulln and Krems (Tarcsay 2003, 169, Figs. 5 and 6). ference between the two shapes is rather insignificant
Special shapes include a large pot-shaped vessel from and difficult to identify among fragments. The bottles
Ventrska 7 of completely corroded brown glass, with are related to fragments that have plain rims and necks,
only analogies among finds from the Teleki palace at often with a spout in the rim (Figs. 2: 3; 7: 8 and 9; 8:
Buda Castle (Mester 2010, 654, Fig. 15: 9). A fragment 10; 10: 19). In both cases the rims might be wound with
of a cylindrical vessel from Pansk 16 with optic-blown trails (blue); a fragment from Pansk 16 features an un-
ribs and a hook-shaped stick-type handle pincered on usual zigzag line of an applied trail (Fig. 4: 2). One ex-
the loose end is difficult to determine (Fig. 4: 11). ception is an undecorated bottle from Pansk 24 that
Table bottles bottles with a body-tubular ring and is completely plain (Fig. 5: 8; Photo 18). Fragments
the bottom barrel-shaped part of the body, bottles with of kuttrolfs with two necks were only preserved at
a bowl-shaped rim and kuttrolfs, bottles with ribs and Sedlrska 6 and in Vodn vea (Figs. 6: 5 and 12: 7). In
ewers make up a large group. A vast number of frag- both cases these might have been later admixtures.
ments have survived, yet the glass was, with a few ex- Bottles with ribs on the body and a bowl-shaped rim
ceptions, completely corroded and it was not possible wound with (usually) a blue trail occurred from the sec-
to conduct analyses. These bottles were produced in ond half of the 14th century until the first half of the 16th
large quantities by glasshouses in Hungary. Bottles century. In trans-Alpine Europe a number of regional

Photo 16. Ventrska 3, feature 2/01 (Tab. 2: A9). Photo Peter Horansk. Photo 18. Pansk 24, feature X/87. Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 18. Pan-
Foto 16. Ventrska 3, objekt 2/01 (Tab. 2: A9). Foto Peter Horansk. sk 24, objekt X/87. Foto Milo Strnad.
Photo 17. Ventrska 7, feature 4/01. Photo Branislav Lesk. Foto 17. Ven- Photo 19. Ventrska 7, feature 4/01. Photo Branislav Lesk. Foto 19. Ven-
trska 7, objekt 4/01. Foto Branislav Lesk. trska 7, objekt 4/01. Foto Branislav Lesk.
variants were produced: in Bohemia bottles with ribs and 278, cat. no. 311), in Braunschweig and other
and a slender neck wound with a trail from the second towns in northern Germany there were similar bottles
half of the 14th century (Drahotov et al. 2005, 100, Fig. of light blue-green glass (e.g. Bruckschen 2004, 122,
12: III.4; colour plate 9), while in Germany at least cat. no. 172, Fig. 40: 1). Numerous finds come from
30 bottles were in a refuse pit in Regensburg from the western Hungary, Lower Austria and Moravia. In Brno
late 14th century (Baumgartner Krueger 1988, 277 and in Moravia in the first half of the 15th century they

Sample Street SiO2 Al2O3 CaO K2O Na2O MgO MnO Fe2O3 P2O5 TiO2 BaO SO3 Cl SrO Minorite Figure
A1 Kapitulsk 16 60.7 1.7 15.2 10.4 5.3 3.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 n.d. 0.3 0.3 n.d. n.d. CeO, V < 0.1 Fig. 12: 1; Photo 20
A2* Kapitulsk 16 57.6 2.2 16.6 12.9 4.4 3 1 *0.6 1.1 n.d. 0.3 0.2 n.d. n.d. Fig. 12: 2; Photo 21
A3 Ventrska 3, rp. 1/01 53.6 2 18.3 14.3 4.3 3.3 0.7 1.2 0.9 <0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ZnO, Rb2O, CuO, Co3O4, SnO2 < 0.1 Fig. 8: 6; Photo 23
A4* Ventrska 3, rp. 1/01 62.2 1.4 12.5 9.1 7.8 3.6 0.6 *1.5 0.7 n.d. n.d. 0.2 n.d. n.d. Fig. 7: 6; Photo 24
A4a* Ventrska 3, rp. 1/01 63 1.6 11.6 8.4 7.4 3.5 0.6 *2.1 0.6 n.d. n.d. 0.1 n.d. n.d. CuO: 0.6
Tab. 3. Bratislava, blue-green glass, calcium-potassium glass *SEM/EDS or XRF [wt%] (rp. = refuse pit). Tab. 3. Bratislava, modro-zelen, vpenato-draseln
sklo [hm%].
Sample Street Type SiO2 Al2O3 CaO K2O Na2O MgO MnO Fe2O3 P2O5 TiO2 BaO SO3 Cl SrO Minorite Issue
Sedlkov Rohanov et al.
A5* Mikulov, Brnnsk D 64.7 1.4 12.7 9.5 5.8 3.2 0.5 *0.5 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 n.d. n.d.
2016; Tab 4: A212
Brno, PbO: 0.3; ZnO, Rb2O, Sedlkov 2007,
A6 58 2.2 16.6 12.7 < 3 3 0.9 1.1 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. <0.1 0.1
Nm. Svobody 17 CuO < 0.1 fig. 22: DPL 531039
Brno, PbO: 0.3; ZnO, Rb2O,
A7 57.1 2.3 18.1 12.2 < 3 3.4 0.8 1.2 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. <0.1 0.1 Sedlkov 2007, fig. 15d
Nm. Svobody 17 CuO < 0.1
PbO: 0.4; ZnO, Rb2O, Sedlkov 2007,
A8 Brno, Ranova 6 58.3 2.2 15.9 12.6 < 3 3.2 0.8 1.1 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. <0.1 0.1
CuO < 0.1 fig. 22: Ra 5132
Pouzdany PbO. ZnO, Rb2O < 0.1; Sedlkov 2007,
A9 63.3 1.2 17.7 13.6 < 3 < 2 0.9 1 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.2 0.1
anabaptist settl. CuO < 0.01 fig. 22: Pou1
Salzburg, PbO: 0.3; ZnO, Rb2O, Sedlkov 2007,
A10 59.6 2.5 16.9 9.2 <3 3.4 1 1.1 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. <0.1 0.1
Vor der Griebe 3 CuO < 0.1 203 note 7
Tab. 3a. Blue-green calcium-potassium glass, Moravia and Salzburg *SEM/EDS or -XRF [wt%] (n.d. = not determined, *FeO). Tab. 3a. Modro-zelen vpe-
nato-draseln sklo (mimobratislavsk nlezy: Brno, Mikulov, Pouzdany, Salzburg) [hm%].
started to replace older bottles with ribs and a funnel- table glass. At the end of 1500, decorated specimens
shaped rim, and appeared until the mid-16th century appeared among Venetian glass (e.g. Dreier 1989, 49,
(Sedlkov 2007, 211 a 212, Fig. 34). In Vienna they cat. no. 17) and in the 16th century they were popular
also occurred until the first half of the 16th century. The in Germany; over 100 examples are known from mu-
different quality of their glass (with low chemical dura- seum collections, others come from archaeological re-
bility) has led to the opinion that they were local imita- search (Sartorius 1992, 116; Baumgartner Krueger
tions of Italian table bottles (Tarcsay 1999, 40, cat. nos. 1988, cat. nos. 535 and 536). In Bratislava body frag-
131132). Bottles from Bratislava, Brno and Vienna ments come from Ventrska 3, refuse pit 1 (Fig. 8: 10)
correspond to bottles from sites in western Hungary and Ventrska 7 (Fig. 10: 6; Photo 19), i.e. from the first
(Mester 1997, 85, 99, cat. nos. 194, 286; Gyrky 1991, half of the 16th century, and probably also from Vodn
33, 107, Fig. 24: 5) that are considered products of local vea (Fig. 12: 3). In the second half of the 16th century
glasshouses (Gyrky 2003, 48, Figs. 2: 10; 3: 8, 9; 4: 5). these bottles were plentiful in Anabaptist manors in
Of the two analysed Bratislava bottles or kuttrolfs, southern Moravia (Sedlkov 2001b, 49 and 50; 2003,
Hungarian composition was found with the specimen 37, cat. no. 2). Outside this area they were relatively
from Ventrska 3, feature 2 (Photo 16; Tab. 2: A9). How- rare among renaissance glass.
ever, the composition of the bottom section of the other It appears that glass vessels in the observed period
bottle that was one of a few not affected by corrosion were already a natural part of everyday life. Yet storage
process corresponds more to glass from western Eu- bottles that were only used as packaging for liquids
rope, todays Holland and Belgium (Fig. 11: 18; Tab. 2: were few in refuse pits. Their conic necks with out-
A11) or to the older central-European Gothic technology turned rims signal that they had pear-shaped bodies,
(basic formula of the Gothic period). sometimes with ribs (Figs. 4: 4, 12; 6: 13; 7: 12; 10: 15;
11: 20; 12: 4, 5, 9).
Finds from refuse pits included table bottles and
ewers with ribs. Specimens from Pansk 16 (Figs. 4: 3
Glass of the second quarter of the 16th century
and 4), Sedlrska 4 (Fig. 5: 5), Sedlrska 6 (Figs. 6: 1, 2,
4), Ventrska 3, refuse pit 1 (Figs. 7: 10, 11 and 8: 11 The youngest vessels were made of glass of distinct
14) and refuse pit 2 (Fig. 9: 7), Ventrska 7 (Fig. 10: 20) colours: blue-green (Figs. 2: 4; 12: 1; Photos 1, 20 and
and Vodn vea (Fig. 12: 8) are again of heavily corroded 24), blue (Figs. 7: 5 and 8: 6; Photos 22 and 23), bright
glass, originally light green or blue-green. They have green (Figs. 6: 8; 10: 15, 1113 and 16; 12: 2; Photos
short necks with bowl-shaped or funnel-shaped rims 21 and 25) and sporadically rich green (Fig. 10: 10).
and arched (pear-shaped?) bodies with ribs. This vari- They differed from the older products through their
ant of bottles was common in nearly the whole trans- chemical composition (calcium-potassium) with a higher
Alpine Europe. content of Na2O (Tab. 3). Glass of this type appeared in
Pilgrim bottles were bottles with a flattened pear- Austria (Vienna, Krems and Salzburg) in the early 16th
shaped body with optic-blown ribs or diamonds and two century. In Bratislava it occurred later, before the mid-
handles below the neck. The rendering of the bottoms 16th century or in its second half. It was found at Bra-
wound with trails indicates that they counted among tislava Castle, Kapitulsk 16, Pansk 16, Sedlrska 6

Photo 20. Kapitulsk 16, feature 1/76 (Tab. 3: A1). Photo Milo Strnad.
Foto 20. Kapitulsk 16, objekt 1/76 (Tab. 3: A1). Foto Milo Strnad.
Photo 21. Kapitulsk 16, feature 1/76 (Tab. 3: A2). Photo Milo Strnad.
Foto 21. Kapitulsk 16, objekt 1/76 (Tab. 3: A2). Foto Milo Strnad.
Simple cylindrical beakers are plain (Figs. 7: 1, 2 and

8: 5), with optic-blown decoration of ribs and with dia-
mond decoration (Figs. 4: 9; 6: 11 and 12; 7: 6; 8: 8;
Photo 24), yet there were also special shapes such as
a barrel-shaped beaker from Ventrska 3, refuse pit 1
(Fig. 8: 6; Photo 23). They are regularly decorated with
fine rich blue trails in the rim. The bottoms have thick
plain trails instead of pincered ones (Figs. 6: 11; 8: 5; 10:
16). Novel features include foot spirally coiled from trails
Photo 22. Ventrska 3, feature 1/01. Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 22. Ven- (Figs. 2: 4; 12: 6), hollow bell-shaped foot (Fig. 6: 8) and
trska 3, objekt 1/01. Foto Milo Strnad.
with open-work foot (Figs. 8: 7 and 12: 1; Photo 20),
exceptionally a hollow ring (Fig. 7: 5; Photo 22).
The same shapes of vessels of the glass of the men-
and Vodn vea. An accumulation of finds was at Ven-
tioned colours occur in large quantities in Germany.
trska 3 in feature 1 and at Ventrska 7.
identical analogies can be found basically for every
The spectrum of shapes of this period is comple- piece, for example, a beaker with prunts from Kapitul-
mented with krautstrunks and stangenglases, with large sk 16 and a krautstrunk from Ventrska 7 (Figs. 12: 2
flat prunts (Figs. 6: 8; 10: 1, 79 and 16). Small shapes and 10: 16) correspond with finds from Isny im Allgu,
have small prunts, with tips stretching to one side (Figs. dated to the period between the late 15th century and
10: 25, 1113; 12: 2, 6). A beaker from Bratislava Cas- the first half of the 16th century (Scheschkewitz
tle has prunts in the shape of animal heads (Fig. 2: 4; Schmid 2015, 153, 154, Figs. 214, 217). Beakers with
Photo 1). optic-blown decoration of ribs or diamonds were typical,

Photo 23. Ventrska 3, feature 1/01 (Tab. 3: A3). Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 23. Ventrska 3, objekt Photo 24. Ventrska 3, feature 1/01 (Tab. 3: A4).
1/01 (Tab. 3: A3). Foto Milo Strnad. Photo Milo Strnad. Foto 24. Ventrska 3, objekt
1/01 (Tab. 3: A4). Foto Milo Strnad.
Photo 25. Ventrska 7, feature 4/01 and Sedlrska 6, feature 3/89. Photo Branislav Lesk. Foto 25. Photo 26. Ventrska 3, feature 1/01. Photo Milo
Ventrska 7, objekt 4/01 a Sedlrska 6, objekt 3/89. Foto Branislav Lesk. Strnad. Foto 26. Ventrska 3, objekt 1/01. Foto
Milo Strnad.
in the 16th century, of south-western Germany (Gross scheuers have solid prunts, sometimes of red opaque
2015b, 126 and 126, Fig. 183). German Gothic glass glass (Baumgartner Krueger 1988, 356358, nos.
frequently featured prunts in the shape of animal 435438, 383, no. 477).
heads. Luxury stangenglases with trunks and garlands Analogical vessel of German provenance occurred
have hollow prunts, often of blue glass (Baumgartner in Salzburg (Wintersteiger 1991, 386398, esp. cat. nos.
Krueger 1988, 399407; Beutmann 2014, 159, Fig. 5: 501, 502, 504, 512, 516, 518, late 15th century first
7), small vessels, beakers with open-work foot and half of the 16th century). The finds include a barrel-

shaped beaker with a handle similar to the one from regional glasshouses manufactured these lamps after
Ventrska 3 (Fig. 8: 6; Wintersteiger 1991, cat. no. 509). Venetian models, and apparently in large numbers.
Vessels of blue-green glass from Krems are dated to the
first quarter of the 16th century, including a beaker with
prunts in the shape of animal heads (Tarcsay 2003, 3. Results of the Chemical Analyses
170, Fig. 7). Another beaker with animal heads comes of the Glass Composition
from Vienna (Tarcsay 1999, 19, Fig. 1, first half of the
16th century). In Bohemia a vessel with prunts in the Sodium-calcium (soda-ash) glass (ca. 1500)
shape of animal heads was excavated at Rb Castle, Analyses of archaeological glass from Bratislava (the
Klatovy District in a series from the early 16th century methods of analysis see in Sedlkov et al. 2014) con-
(Frda 2000, 118, no. 5, Fig. 2: 2). firmed a relatively large proportion of sodium-calcium
In south Moravia beakers of blue-green glass with glass (SiO2-Na2O-CaO). In the period when central Eu-
prunts and usually on a foot coiled from a trail occurred rope saw the shift from the basic formula of the Gothic
in Anabaptist settlements in Pouzdany and Strachotn, period to the renaissance one, the production of glass
i.e. before the mid-16th century. This group comprising in Venice reached its peak. The composition of the
stangenglases, beakers with optic-blown decoration and analysed sodium-calcium glass corresponds to three
with prunts in the shape of animal heads is relatively main Venetian types (Verit 2009). These were common
prominent in Brno (Sedlkov 2007, 196, 197, 202, glass (CG), glass of the Vitrum Blanchum type (VB) and
203, Figs. 13, 14, 22, 23). The listed published finds the high-quality Cristallo glass (C)7. The three types of
have been supplemented with further specimens from Venetian glass differ visually, not only through their
the first half of the 16th century from Brno, Josefsk 10. colour shades but also by their optical quality. For ex-
One analysed beaker had the composition and shape ample, common glass has greenish, purplish or greyish
identical with the group of blue-green glass (Tab. 3: shades, the Vitrum Blanchum glass sometimes has grey-
A16), yet the composition of another, optically of the ish or purplish shades but is usually colourless, while
same appearance, differs starkly (Tab. 3: A15). Doubt- Cristallo with its homogeneity and transparency comes
lessly, this means that vessels in this style were pro- close to rock crystal (Verit 1985), is of high quality,
duced in several regions. colourless and well refined.
Judging from the finds in refuse pit 1 at Ventrska 3, The work of M. Verit (2009; 1985) characterizes in
in Vodn vea and at Bratislava Castle (Maruniakov detail the above types, also in chemical terms (see
1989, 330, Fig. 18a),6 households of the upper strata Table 1b). In order to describe the period glassmaking
were equipped with glass hanging lamps. Three speci- formulas, we tried, on the basis of published chemical
mens come from the older layer at Ventrska 3, several analyses of raw materials (Verit 1985), to calculate the
were in the younger layer. They were sizeable vessels possible composition of the glass batch. We employed
with rim diameters around 11 cm, with horizontal rims the results of analyses of ash that pointed towards the
and cylindrical, in some cases pear-shaped, bodies use of the allume catino ash from the Salsola Kali plant
(Figs. 17: 1214; Photo 26). The majority have in the rim (Tab. I, A) and the Soda di Catania depurata made from
a marvered trail of white, blue, less often red opaque it (Tab. I, C). For common glass, the presumed source
(seal wax) glass. With a few exceptions, the glass is with- of SiO2 is river sand from the Belus river (Henderson
out bubbles and non-melted stones, almost colourless, 1985), for the Vitrum Blanchum glass and Cristallo we
greenish or bluish. used for the calculation the chemical composition
The culture of high-quality light fixtures made its way of siliceous pebbles from the Ticino area (Verit 1985,
to Bratislava palaces and houses of wealthy burghers Tab. I, G).
from royal palaces in Buda and Visegrd where several
variants of lamps were employed, including the shapes Common glass (before the 14th century)
known from Bratislava (Gyrky 1986, Tab. VI, VII; The mentioned raw materials in the weight proportion
Mester 2010, 654, Fig. 15). Some lamps from Buda dec- of 100 kg sand: 40 kg allume catino : 20 kg Soda di
orated below the rim with enamel points were evidently Catania and the composition of common glass (CG) cal-
of Venetian origin (Budapest Trtneti Mzeum, inv. no. culated from them correspond well with Bratislava sam-
8851 1988). These lamps are not known from Moravia, ples (Diagram A, a berkemeyer from Michalsk 6, Tab.1:
and in contrast, other variants of lamps are not docu- A1, and a bottle with a body-tubular ring from Ven-
mented in Bratislava. trska 7, Tab. 1: A9). The bottle with a body-tubular
The dating of these lamps is complicated as they ring was coloured to a greyish shade with the use of ca.
clearly had a long life; they even feature in series from 2 kg of MnO28. The berkemayer was not coloured with
the second half of the 17th century (e.g. in the refuse pit MnO2 but its bright green colour was achieved by the
at Sedlrska 5). In refuse pit 1 at Ventrska 3 they were
in layers from the period before the mid-16th century.
7
Yet analyses of several specimens from more recent lay- Published as an invention by the Murano glassmaker Angelo
Barovier (Verit 2009) in the mid-15th century; however, our cal-
ers at Ventrska 3 and from Vodn vea, approximately
culations show that glass of the Cristallo type was more like en-
from the 16th century, showed calcium-potassium glass hanced Vitrum Blanchum.
of the renaissance type (Tab. 2: A13). This means that 8
Ash from seaside plants (Allume catino) contains, unlike beech
wood ash, only traces of Mn (manganese). Manganese (as mineral
pyrolusite MnO2) was added to sodium-calcium glass for de-
6 colouring. In contrast, beech ash contains manganese and was
In a drawn reconstruction, the upper section of a lamp was
wrongly attached to the bottom part of a goblet with white filigree. not deliberately added to potassium-calcium glass.

addition of a compound of copper (Cu). Both analysed and employed for different kinds of products, or one
types of glass have a higher proportion of Al2O3 (around after the other, with the outdated types wiped out by the
2 wt%), just like previously published vessels of sodium- advancing technology. What is certain is that there was
calcium glass with the Gothic receipe (Sedlkov et al. an important quality shift from common glass to Vitrum
2014). The calculation of the proportion of raw materi- Blanchum (change in the source of SiO2 and addition of
als in the glass batch for common glass showed that a calcic material), and in the production of Cristallo the
sand with a high content of Al2O3 (up to ca. 5 wt%) was proportion of ash was lowered even more, in favour of
used, as well as CaO (around 10 wt%). These require- leached ash (Soda di Catania).
ments would be well met, for example, by the sand from
the Belus river that would also bring CaO in the glass Regional potassium glass9
batch. Speculations about sand of volcanic origin can The excavated products of potassium-calcium glass
be excluded as it contains too high a content of Al2O3 (from the last decades of the 15th century and the early
(Brems Degryse et al. 2012). 16th century, or its first half), created with the use of
the Gothic technology (recipe), were divided into 4
Vitrum Blanchum (from 14th century)
groups, after their possible origin (Diagram B). The basic
From the proportion of CaO : Na2O (Diagram A) it is ob- ingredients of the Gothic glass batch were sand, beech
vious that the chemical composition of common glass ash and potash (K2CO3) in weight proportions 100 : 60
and Vitrum Blanchum is similar in the content of alkali : 40 or 100 : 70 : 30, i.e. to 100 parts of sand 100 parts
components and SiO2. The difference is in the content of a melting agent (flux) were added, divided between
of Al2O3. Glass of the Vitrum Blanchum type from Ven- ash and a potash. The slightly different composition of
trska 3 (Tab. 1: A6, A7, A8) and from Brno, Meov the analysed Gothic glass results from the variability of
(Tab. 1a: A12) has a lower content of Al2O3 in compari- the composition of beech ash in different regions (pro-
son with common glass (CG). The source of Al2O3, as portion of CaO : K2O and the content of minority com-
mentioned above, is sought in sand. If we take into ac- ponents). In the renaissance period lime (Ca CO3)
count that for the melting of VB very clear siliceous peb- started to be added in the glass batch as a substitute
bles (cogoli from Ticino) were used, then the source of for expensive potash and part of ash, together with
CaO would be missing and it would have had to be sodium salt (NaCl) for refining. This glass is called cal-
added together with another raw material. The hypoth- cium-potassium glass. The Gothic and later also ren-
esis about the addition of CaO by means of another ma- aissance basic formula spread very quickly in central
terial is also supported by the fact that the proportion Europe and both were used relatively long. For example,
of ash, the main source of CaO, was slightly lower. As the Gothic formula was in use from the mid-14th cen-
for impurities, the main proportion of Fe2O3 was added tury until the mid-16th century (Sedlkov Rohanov
through ash. Yet it was not always possible to decolour et al. 2016), and after this period the renaissance for-
glass perfectly with added MnO2, as proved by the grey- mula was employed almost exclusively until the third
ish and purplish shades of VB. Calculations revealed quarter of the 17th century.
that the VB glass was melted from the glass batch that
had, unlike the batch for common glass, a decreased Potassium-calcium glass, the Gothic formula
proportion of ash in favour of Soda di Catania. More- Group I (see Diagram B). Vessels from Michalsk 6, i.e.
over, a raw material bringing CaO in the glass batch had a kraustrunk with animal heads (Tab. 2: A1), a club-
to be added. The glass batch for VB, although it is not shaped beaker (Tab. 2: A7) and a biconical bottle (Tab.
obvious immediately, presented a turning point in the 2: A8) have a very similar chemical composition. The
glassmaking technology in Venice. glass has a higher content of SiO2 (ca. 6266 wt%) and
a relatively high content of K2O. Finds outside Bra-
Cristallo (middle of 15th century) tislava include a blue-green beaker with coiled trails
Glass of the Cristallo type differed from the mentioned from Brno, Josefsk 10 (Tab. 2a: A16) whose chemical
types by the higher proportion of SiO2 and half the con- composition, however, does not rank it with the com-
tent of CaO and MgO, as shown by samples from pared blue-green glass (see below), despite a relatively
Sedlrska 4 (Tab. 1: A2, A3) and Ventrska 3 (Tab. 1: high content of Fe2O3 (1.8 wt%). Apart from the chemi-
A4, A5), see Diagram A, and by comparative samples cal composition, the typology also indicates that the
from Olomouc (Tab. 1a: A10) and Brno, Petrov (Tab. 1a: mentioned vessels might have been produced in Ger-
A11). The calculation of the proportions of materials in many.
the glass batch for the production of sodium-calcium
glass confirmed that Cristallo was melted from very pure
9
sand or quartz pebbles leached ash (called cogoli), pos- Sedlkov Rohanov et al. 2016, part 3: the terms Gothic and
renaissance technology are explained in detail in the mentioned
sibly from the Ticino region in Sicily, and from a small
publication. Multiple analyses of glass and calculations of glass
amount of ash (allume catino). In comparison with VB, batches (i.e. formulas) showed that the production of glass in the
part of the ash was replaced with leached ash. A raw individual periods (the Gothic, renaissance and baroque) was al-
material providing CaO had to be added in the glass ways characterized by a single basic formula (the same propor-
batch. If it had not been so, the used sand would have tions of raw materials) of the glass batch, and thus also (very
contained CaO but no Al2O3. probably) by the used technology (melting temperature and the
construction of the furnace). Although in the renaissance and
The types of glass mentioned above were produced in baroque the variability in the glass composition expanded, it al-
Venice for a long period of time, and it is not clear if ways concerned only a small segment of products (e.g. blue-green
these chemical variants of glass were made in parallel glass).

Diagram A. The CaO/Na2O ratio in

sodium-calcium (ash) glass impor-
ted from Venice aroend 1500 and
its comparison with common glass,
Vitrum Blanchum and Cristallo
(after Verit 2009; blank marks).
Graf A. Pomr CaO/Na2O v sodno-
popelovch sklech importovanch
z Bentek kolem roku 1500 a jejich
srovnn se skly typu Common glass,
Vitrum Blanchum a Cristallo (podle
Verit 2015; przdn tvary znaek).
Group II (see Diagram B), with the CaO/K2O ratio close turn of the 15th and 16th centuries in Pomz in the pres-
to two finds from Michalsk 6 (Tab. 2: kraustrunk A3 ent-day Hungary10 (Tab. 2a: A18; ern, A. 2015). In
and prunt A5), and probably also cylindrical beakers all probability, this group also comprises the prunt from
from Ventrska (Tab. 2: A10), was melted from the glass an unidentifiable beaker from Michalsk 6 (Tab. 2: A6),
batch in proportions 100 kg of sand : 70 kg of ash : a kuttrolf from Ventrska (Tab. 2: A9), and among com-
30 kg of potash. As this corresponds to beakers of the parative glass samples a cylindrical beaker with a trail
Olomouc type from Hrnsk and Pavelkova streets from Olomouc, Pavelkova Street (Tab. 2a: A14) and
in Olomouc (Tab. 2a: A20 and A21), it cannot be ruled a kraustrunk from Brno, Petrov (Tab. 2a: A17). Differ-
out that these products come from Moravia. ences in the composition are not significant and it is
Group III is typified by a higher content of K2O and the

proportion of CaO : K2O lower than one. Similar glass 10
Samples of glass from Pomz were kindly donated by Prof. Jzsef
was produced e.g. by the former glasshouse from the Laszlovszky from Central European University, Budapest.
Diagram B. The CaO/K2O ratio in

potassium-calcium glass. Purple circ-
les mark glass of the Gothic techno-
logy (IIV). Glass samples in the red
circle represent the renaissance tech-
nology. Graf B. Pomr CaO/K2O
v draselno-vpenatch skel. Fialov
kruhy oznauj skla gotick technolo-
gie (IIV). Vzorky skel v ervenm
kruhu maj bl k renesann techno-
logii.

Diagram C. The CaO/K2O ratio in

blue-green calcium-potassium glass
that was probably imported from the
area of todays Germany (two produc-
tion circles are obvious). These glases
were melted with the NaCl addition.
Graf C. Pomr CaO/K2O v modro-
zelench vpenato-draselnch sklech,
kter byla pravdpodobn importo-
vna z oblast dnenho Nmecka.
Jednalo se o dv msta produkce. Tato
skla byla tavena s pdavkem NaCl.
possible that unlike the previous group of glass a higher raw material (CaCO3). A kraustrunk from Kapitulsk 16
proportion of ash was replaced with potash. Typologi- (Tab. 3: A2) and beakers from Kapitulsk 16 (Tab. 3: A1)
cally similar kraustrunks (Tab. 2: A2 and A4) are not de- and Ventrska 3 (Tab. 3: A3, A4), as well as a compar-
picted in Diagram B as they were completely corroded. ative sample, a beaker from Mikulov (Tab. 3a: A5), were
Chemical durability of glass of the Gothic composition refined by a higher addition of sodium salt (NaCl) that
was generally very low. probably also replaced expensive potash. Comparative
samples from Mikulov and Brno (Tab. 3a: A6, A7 and
Group IV: A beaker with ribs from Brno, Josefsk 10 A8) and beakers from Pouzdany (Tab. 3a: A9) and
(Tab. 2a: A15) and bottles from Ventrska 7 and 3 (Tab. Salzburg (Tab. 3a: A10) show slight deviations in their
2: A11 and A12) have a high content of both CaO and K2O composition as they were measured by -XRF (K.
and thus do not fit in the three groups above. Glass with Mller). However, they also contain a higher proportion
a higher content of CaO was melted in the area of todays of sodium chlorite salt (NaCl), and the CaO/K2O ratio is
Holland and Belgium. It is possible, however, that the the same as with samples from Bratislava. Blue-green
glass of Group IV was only an older Gothic formula with glass probably comes from the region of todays Ger-
a higher content of alkali components in the glass batch. many (as well as the lamp from Ventrska 3, Tab. 2:
A13). The typical colour was achieved by the addition of
Calcium-potassium glass, renaissance technology iron (blue-green form of the ion Fe2+) and reduction con-
ditions of melting. Copper ions are only found in the
A lamp with white filigree in the rim from Ventrska 3
glass in traces, i.e. copper was not used for colouring,
(Tab. 2: A13) dated to the turn of the 16th and 17th cen-
with the exception of the blue trails on the beaker with
turies and a sample of glass from Chrudim (Tab. 2a:
optic mold-blown decoration (Tab. 3a: A4). This was
A19) dated to the year 1550 represent the basic renais-
clearly a sophisticated technology employed in several
sance formula (Diagram B red circle). It is character-
places or in two time periods (Diagram C). The chemical
ized by a proportion of CaO : K2O higher than one, a low
composition of blue-green glass is close to renaissance
content of K2O and the content of SiO2 over 60 wt%. It glass enhanced with decorations (e.g. filigree: Rohanov
is obvious that CaO was added together with another Sedlkov 2015) found in the area of the central
raw material (CaCO3). The lamp (Tab. 2: A13) also has Danube Region.
a higher addition of sodium salt (NaCl), which points to-
wards the area of todays Germany (together with blue-
green glass, see below). 4. Conclusion
Blue-green glass Glass from Bratislava can be chronologically divided
Blue-green glass (from the second quarter of the 16th into series that originated in the last decades of the 15th
century) represents the renaissance formula but century and in the early 16th century, and finds from
slightly different from the formula used north of the refuse pits filled over long periods of time in which older
Alps. Blue-green glass can be characterized as calcium- vessels appear alongside blue-green glass imported in
potassium glass (see Diagram C), as the CaO : K2O ratio the second quarter of the 16th century (Fig. 13).
is higher than one (1.31.5). However, calculations re- The older group includes series from Michalsk 6
vealed that CaO was not added in the form of another (1.3.1), Pansk 24 (1.5.1) and Ventrska 3, refuse pit 2

(1.8.2). The other refuse pits also contained younger and Olomouc), and is not known from archaeological
glass, yet precious Venetian products such as the goblet research in Vienna, Lower Austria and Bohemia includ-
with lid from Bratislava Castle (1.1.1), beakers from ing Prague, nor from e.g. Switzerland and Germany.
Sedlrska 4 (1.6.1) and some of the goblets in refuse Vessels of Venetian provenance confirm the high status
pit 1 at Ventrska 3 (1.8.1) might have been made in of not only Bratislava but the whole territory of the pres-
the last decades of the 15th century. Nonetheless, the ent-day Slovakia. There were many of them, and pre-
refuse pits were mostly filled in the period when sumably further specimens are held by museum depos-
Bratislava (Preporok) became the capital of Hungary itories. The finds of this luxury glass are related to
and its political importance grew. Finds of glass from the reign of Matthias Corvinus who is generally credited
Bratislava Castle also come from this period, whatever with promoting the renaissance in Hungary and Mo-
the reasons for their absence in the early Middle Ages. ravia.
Even, precious glass got to the refuse pit when Pre- Most questions are connected with the large group of
porok became the capital of Hungary (1531), the seat of potassium-calcium glass that in terms of typology cor-
the Hungarian Assembly and the coronation city (1536). responds to the output of Hungarian glasshouses, and
The castle housed the crown jewels and was the resi- according to the chemical composition was made with
dence of King Ferdinand I. The dating to the period after the use of the Gothic formula. The formula was wide-
1536 is enabled by the youngest vessel in the series, spread in Germany and Bohemia, as well as in Moravia
a beaker with animal heads of blue-green glass (1.1.1). and Hungary. The differences in the chemical composi-
In socio-economic terms, the series were associated tion of glass between these regions are small and were
with the high religious and secular milieu, although caused by the slightly different composition of beech
their particular owners or users are not known. A re- ash. The specification of the origin of the Bratislava ves-
ligious dignitary, Her Thomus Beneficiat, possibly a ca- sels will be possible after the analyses of a large number
non, used glass at Kapitulsk 16 (1.2.1). Glass at of samples of clear origin that would provide an over-
Michalsk 6 corresponds to the period when the build- view of the proportion of minority components. We have
ing was owned by the Cistercian monastery in Heili- analysed a large number of glass samples from Lower
genkreuz, i.e. before the third decade of the 16th century Austria and todays Hungary, from the glasshouse in
(1.3.1). The remaining glass vessels were used by own- Pomz and found out that only two samples among
ers from the secular milieu: the content of the refuse pit Bratislava finds correspond to the production of this
at Pansk 24 (1.5.1) corresponds to the period when the glasshouse. However, there also operated glasshouses
house was held by Katrey uxor (1482) or Jacob Sneider in Upper Austria, now Slovakia, whose production and
Unnger (15031504, 1513?). Refuse pit 2 at Ventrska glass composition are unknown. At the same time, it is
3 (1.8.2) might have been filled in the last years of the apparent that glass from Bratislava only presents a cer-
existence of the Academia Istropolitana (before 1490), tain, though important, segment among the wealth of
or under the first recorded owners named Walasch Posa finds from other Slovak towns and castles where the as-
(1493) and Johannes Tilay (1508). The older layer in re- sortment of glass and its origin might be completely dif-
fuse pit 1 on the same site (1.8.1) came into existence ferent.
under Johann Tilay (1508) and Bernhard Horvath In its style and chemical composition, vessels from
Bilkovich (after 1513), the younger layer in the period the second quarter of the 16th century of blue-green cal-
when the owners were Count Jan Szalay (1535) and cium-potassium glass constitute an individual group.
imon Kairo (1543). Regrettably, there is no information The glass was made of beech ash with the addition of
about the owners of the houses at Sedlrska 6 (1.7.1), NaCl that, apart from its refining properties, also prob-
Ventrska 7 (1.9.1), Pansk 16 (1.4.1) and Sedlrska 4 ably partially replaced potash (early renaissance for-
(1.7.1). Judging by their prestigious location in the city mula). However, their classification with German glass
centre, they were probably owned by wealthy burghers. is only based on numerous shape analogies as analyses
The series from Vodn vea holds a special position of similar vessels from Germany are not known to the
as the building served as a tollhouse. The series origi- authors. In theory, the glass might have also been man-
nated before the mid-16th century and the last items got ufactured in one of Austrian glasshouses, except for
there around 1620. The owners, the abbeys in Pannon- Hall in Tyrol that operated in 15341635 but produced
halma and Pilisi and the Bratislava governor (later the glass of different composition (mixed alkali glass). There
town of Bratislava) hired their shares. The stubenges- is no information about the glass composition and as-
selschaft society would meet there in the second half of sortment of the glasshouses established in 1482 and
the 16th century at the latest (see above). 1530 near Vienna by Italian glassmakers. In any case,
The origin of the glass products on the basis of typo- in contrast to Vienna where it appeared from the late
logical analysis appeared clear. After chemical analy- 15th century and the early 16th century, blue-green glass
ses this determination remained valid, especially for the got to Bratislava and Moravia with a delay. Its import
group of sodium-calcium (soda-ash) Venetian glass. to the neighbouring countries can be clearly linked to
The vessels of Cristallo manufactured from the middle their affiliation in the Habsburg monarchy. Yet accord-
of the 15th century make up a series completely unique ing to the results of analyses, blue-green glass also got
beyond the borders of todays Hungary. The beakers to Moravia from other production centres than to
and goblets from Sedlrska 4, two goblets from Ven- Bratislava.
trska 3 (refuse pit 1) and a goblet with lid from The study on glass from the period before ca. 1450
Bratislava Castle are unparalleled in central Europe. conveys that until the late 14th century finds in Bra-
This glass only sporadically occurred in Moravia (Brno tislava did not differ from Moravian ones. In both cases

their core was Venetian glass. During the second half of 1.1.2. Z vzkum v letech 19581979
the 14th century glass from the local and Bohemian pochz jen nkolik ndob z doby ped polovinou 16. stolet lhve
glasshouses was used in Moravia more and more often, s vnitnm prstencem a spodn soudkovitou st tla a hrdla n-
and this trend continued. In the second half of the 15th kolika kutrolf (obr. 2: 58).
century the local production was influenced by import Dat.: 1. polovina 16. stol.
from Venice and from German glasshouses and was
also influenced and possibly inspired by models from 1.2. Kapitulsk .p. 16, sp. . 121, parcela . 442,
NKP-ZPF .70/1, mansk dm (obr. 1: 2)
these glassmaking regions. The same tendencies are ap-
parent in Bratislava where, however, glass from the 1.2.1. Jmka 1/76
local (Hungarian) glasshouses appeared somewhat Dv ndoby z jmky, zaplnn bhem 2. poloviny 16. stolet, byly
later, in the mid-15th century. The table of types of glass dle analogi vyrobeny bhem 1. poloviny 16. stolet ka s prola-
movanou patkou a vlcovit krautstrunk (obr. 12: 1 a 2; Foto 20
(Fig. 13) in Bratislava and the overview of glass in Brno
a 21, analzy Tab. 3: A1 a A2).
and Moravia under Matthias Corvinus and the Jagiello
Dat.: 2. tvrtina 16. stolet.
dynasty (Sedlkov 2010, 365, Fig. 5) show joint
trends in the import of Venetian and German glass, 1.3. Michalsk .p. 6, sp. . 383, parcela . 29,
though of different shapes and in different quantities. NKP-ZPF . 107/1, mansk dm (obr. 1: 3)
Above all, the local production in both countries was 1.3.1. Lednice, druhotn odpadn jmka 1/98
represented by starkly different shapes: in Moravia it
obsahovala zlomky a torza nejmn 15 ndob bentsk berke-
followed the tradition of tall shapes of the beakers of the meyer ze skla typu common glass, sedm krautstrunk a ek
Bohemian type, while in Hungary low beakers and table s nlepy, zlomky t dvojknickch lahv, lhev s optickmi ebry
bottles were popular. a zlomky kyjovit e. Krautstrunk s nlepy ve tvaru zvecch
hlaviek, dvojknick lhve a patrn i kyjovit e pochzej
Renaissance-style goblets came to the fore in the sec- z oblasti nmeckch sklren, dal ndoby jsou uherskho p-
ond quarter of the 16th century. While in Moravia the vodu (obr. 3, Foto 912 a 15, analzy Tab. 2: A1A8).
first domestic products appeared, in Bratislava there Dat.: posledn desetilet 15. potek 16. stol.
were Venetian goblets. Glass of the late Gothic style was
fully replaced with renaissance glass after the mid-16th 1.4. Pansk p. 16 (do r. 1989 Nlepkova), sp. . 235,
century. parcela . 323, NKP-ZPF . 140/1, mansk dm,
Translation by Irma Charvtov zvan Pongrcz Palace (obr. 1: 4)
1.4.1. Lednice, druhotn odpadn jmka 1/91
Z jmky pochzej torza a zlomky 13 ndob typologicky rzn pro-
Acknowledgement venience: patrn z uherskch sklren ky s nlepy a kraut-
strunk doloen nlepem, lhev s miskovitm stm a lhve
for restauration works to Dominika Lukkov, Jana se ebry. Pvod v echch m spodn st ky s taenmi
Toroov, Barbora Hrub, Jitka Seifertov, Margarita kapkami, vlcovit ka z bezbarvho skla je patrn bentsk,
Gorelikov. ka s optickmi ebry z modrozelenho skla nejspe nmeck
(obr. 4).
Dat.: 1. polovina 16. stol.
Souhrn
1.5. Pansk .p. 24, sp.. 231, parcela . 487,
Pspvek11 navazuje na st, vnovanou sklu v Bratislav v obdob NKP-ZPF .10702/1, mansk dm (obr. 1: 5)
ca 1200 a 1450 (Sedlkov et al. 2014). 1.5.1. Odpadn jmka? X/87
1. Katalog objekt, nlezovho prosted a charakteristika obsahovala torza dvou ndob krautstrunku s optickmi ebry
soubor skla12 a hladk lhve, patrn s miskovitm stm (obr. 5: 7 a 8; Foto 14
a 18).
1.1. Bratislavsk hrad, Zmock .p. 2, sp. . 862,
Dat.: posledn desetilet 15. potek 16. stolet (soudob s Michal-
parcela . 860/1, Nrodn kultrna pamtka (NKP),
skou 6, 1.3.1).
stredn zoznam pamtkovho fondu . (. ZPF) 28/1,
palc hradn (obr. 1: 1)
1.6. Sedlrska .p. 4, sp. . 361, parcela . 344,
Nlezy tohoto obdob pochzej ze starch vzkum, provdnch NKP-ZPF . 217/1, mansk dm (obr. 1: 6)
s pestvkami v letech 1936 a 1999 a ze zdn jmky 105/09,
1.6.1. Studna, druhotn odpadn jmka? X/8788
odkryt pi plonm vzkumu v letech 20082011.
vydala vznamn celek esti bentskch ndob ek se ebry,
1.1.1. Jmka ku na modr ebrovan patce a kupu pohru, zlomek e e-
skho typu a stoln lhev se ebry, patrn z uherskch sklren
obsahovala tyi ndoby, zastupujc hlavn proudy dovozu skla do (obr. 5: 16; Foto 3, 7 a 8; analzy Tab. 1: A1 a A2).
Bratislavy: bentsk pohr s vkem, uhersk kutrolf a nmeckou
Dat.: posledn desetilet 15. 1. polovina 16. stol.
ku s nlepy ve tvaru zvecch hlaviek (obr. 2: 14; Foto 1).
Dat.: 1. polovina 16. stol. 1.7. Sedlrska .p. 6, sp. . 1362, parcela . 341,
NKP-ZPF . 215/1, mansk dm (obr. 1: 7)
11
Prce byla podpoena grantem GAR: P405/12/1411: Renais-
1.7.1. Studna 3/89
sance glass and beginnings of Baroque glassmaking in archaeo- byla pouvna od 13. do 18. stolet. Men soubor skla lze typolo-
logical finds in the region of the Central Danube region. gicky datovat tak mezi zvr 15. a polovinu 16. stolet: zlomek
12
V rmci charakteristiky soubor uvdme zaazen jednotlivch bentskho krautstrunku s natavenm modrm vlknem na n-
exempl do vrobnch region, co zdvodujeme teprve v n- lepu, ka s nlepy a stoln lhve vetn lhve s vnitnm prsten-
sledujcch kapitolch. Domnvme se, e tyto informace jsou cem a spodn soudkovitou st tla pochzej z uherskch sklren;
z hlediska posouzen souboru jako celku velmi vznamn. spodn st stangenglasu a ka s optickmi routami zastupuj

nmeck sklo. Neznm provenience je spodn st zvsn lampy (1.6), z objektu 2 na Ventrskej 3 (1.8.2) a objektu 4 na Ventr-
(obr. 6; Foto 25 vpravo dole). skej 7 (1.9). Soubory z Kapitulskej 16 (1.2), Sedlrskej 6 (1.7), z ob-
Dat.: posledn desetilet 15. polovina 16. stol. jektu 1 na Ventrskej 3 (1.8.1) a ze studny ve Vodnej vei (1.10)
pochzej z objekt dlouhodobji zaplovanch a posuzovan n-
1.8. Ventrska .p. 3, (do r. 1989 Jirskova) sp. . 53, lezy tvo jen star st soubor. Nyn jsou ji tak znmy nlezy
parcela . 481, NKP-ZPF . 49/2, mansk dm (obr. 1: 8) z Bratislavskho hradu, a to ze starch vzkum v rmci 20. sto-
let a z roku 2009 (1.1).
1.8.1. Studna, druhotn odpadn jmka 1/01
Bentsk sklo je zastoupeno pohrem s vkem z Bratislavskho
byla zaplovan od potku 16. stolet do ca 1620. Pozdn gotick hradu, nkolika pohry z jmky 1/01 na Ventrskej 3 a torzem
vrstva nade dnem (-471 -485 cm) obsahovala zlomky dvou be- kupy ze Sedlrskej 4. Dva pohry z Ventrskej 3 z Cristalla a kupa
ntskch pohr z Cristalla a dva pohry ze skla typu Vitrum ze Sedlrskej 4 pedstavuj star varianty pohr, kter znme ji
Blanchum, nkolik kutrolf a lahv se ebry a torzo poutnick lhve. z doby Matye Korvna a pravdpodobn v tto dob se i do Bra-
Z modrozelenho draselno-sodno-vpenatho skla nmeck prove- tislavy dostaly.
nience zde byla torza vlcovit ka na prolamovan patce a sou-
Ti dal pohry z jmky 1/01 na Ventrskej 3 ze skla typu Vi-
dkovit ky (obr. 8; Foto 2, 4, 20 a 23; analzy Tab. 1: A8 a Tab.
trum Blanchum pedstavuj typologicky mlad vrobky z 1. polo-
3: A4).
viny 16. stolet. Zlomkem kupy je rovn doloen pohr s blm
Z vrstvy oddlen od spodn sti vpln zuhelnatlm devem filigrnem a je to nejstar vrobek tto skupiny v Bratislav.
(-426 -471 cm) pochz nejmn 14 ndob: bentsk pohry s op-
Tvarov meme k pohrm potat i ndobu s kupou z bez-
tickmi routami ze skla typu Vitrum Blanchum a zlomek kupy
barvho skla na vysok ebrovan patce ze skla modrho, co je
s blm filigrnem, ka s nlepy, kutrolfy a lhve se ebry jsou
vak v podstat ka na noce footed beaker.
uherskho pvodu a nkolik ndob z nmeckch sklren, jedna
i ze syt modrho skla, jin s optickm dekorem rout z draselno- Dv ky se ebry a emailovm a zlacenm dekorem z Cristalla
sodno-vpenatho skla. Soubor dopluj torza t zvsnch lamp byly nalezeny na Sedlrskej 4, berkemeeyer ze skla typu common
a stejn lampy se nachzely i v renesann sti vpln studny (obr. glass na Michalsk 6.
7; Foto 5, 6, 22, 24 a 26; analzy Tab. 1: A4A7 a Tab. 3: A3). Zlomkem s nlepem je zastoupen rovn krautstrunk na Sedlr-
Dat.: 2. tvrtina 16. stolet (-426 -471 cm) a po roce 1500 (-471 skej 6. Ndoba z bezbarvho skla byla zdobena modrm sklem,
-485 cm). kter se dochovalo na hrotu nlepu.
Ze skla typu common glass byla vyrobena tak lhev s vnitnm
1.8.2. Odpadn jmka 2/01 prstencem se spodn soudkovitou st tla. Tato varianta byla roz-
mla ve vrstv 160168 cm nkolik ndob: tyi neobvykl vlcovit en pedevm na Balkn a vyrbla se napklad ve sklrnch
ky ovinut vlkny, krautstrunk, kultrolf, lhev s vnitnm prs- v Lublani.
tencem a spodn soudkovitou st tla, lhev se ebry a nejmn Pro bentsk ndoby nachzme analogie zejmna v nlezech
dv drobn lahviky. Podle sloen skla ky pochzej z okruhu v Uhrch, a to jak na zem dnenho Maarska, tak Slovenska.
eskho? skla, kutrolf z uherskch sklren (obr. 9; Foto 13 a 16; Nkolik exempl je znmo i z Moravy, kter krtce spadala pod
analzy Tab. 2: A9 a A10). vldu Matye Korvna, kter oblibu bentskho skla do Uher i na
Dat.: posledn desetilet 15. potek 16. stol. Moravu pinesl. Mimo tuto oblast sklo tohoto typu z archeologic-
kch nlez nen znm.
1.9. Ventrska .p. 7, sp. . 1266, parcela . 478, Regionln vrobky z draselnho skla tvo vt skupinu, ve
NKP-ZPF . 53/1, mstsk palc (obr. 1: 9) kter jsou zejmna ky a stoln lhve. V jejm rmci lze odliit
skupinu, datovanou do zvru 15. a poloviny 16. stolet a sklo,
1.9.1. Studna, druhotn odpadn jmka 4/01 vyskytujc se ve druh tvrtin 16. stolet s pesahem do 2. po-
loviny.
byla hlubok 390 cm (-173 -522 cm). Obsahovala tm tyi
destky ndob ze skla pevn uherskho a nmeckho pvodu. Ve star skupin bylo mon typologicky i na zklad chemic-
Pouze jedna lhev s vnitnm prstencem a spodn soudkovitou kho sloen odliit sklo z nmeckch sklren (I), ze sklren v e-
st tla byla ze skla typu common glass. Do hloubky -418 cm chch (II) a v Uhrch (III). Sklo ze skupiny (IV) mohlo bt vyrobeno
pevaovalo sklo nmeck provenience jako krautstrunky a stan- v dnenm Holandsku nebo Belgii. V nkterch ppadech sloen
genglasy, poutnick lhev, vyskytla se zde i neobvykl ka potvrzuje typologick uren, v jinch pin otzky a nmty
hrncovitho tvaru (obr. 10; analza Tab. 1: A1). Ve vrstvch nade k dalmu bdn.
dnem byly zlomky nkolika stolnch lahv s miskovitm stm, Skupina starho nmeckho skla zahrnuje ti dvojknick
zlomky krautstrunku, jako i hrdlo zsobn lhve (obr. 11; Foto 19 lhve, ku s nlepy ve tvaru zvecch hlaviek a kyjovitou i
a 25). a pochz z jmky na Michalskej 6. Nlezy dvaj tuit zk ob-
Dat.: 1. polovina 16. stolet (do hloubky -314 cm pevauj nlezy chodn? kontakty majitele s nmeckmi zemmi, kterm v tto
z 2. a 3. tvrtiny 16. stolet). dob byl cistercick klter v Heileigenkreuzu mstu. Prkazn
jsou zejmna dvojknick lhve, vyrbn ve velkm mnostv v n-
1.10. Vodn vea, mtna stanica (zait nzev pamtkovho meckch sklrnch od 13. do 16. stolet, vchodnm smrem se
objektu), Nbreie arm. gen. L. Svobodu 2, parcela . 545, vak nevyskytuj.
NKP-ZPF . 653/1 (unifikovan nzev NKP Na Pansk 16 a Sedlrskej 4 byly nalezeny zlomky ky s ta-
Vea strna) (obr. 1: 10) enmi kapkami a vysok e esk provenience. Vedle tchto
1.10.1. Studna 1/74, typickch tvar eskho skla lze s jistou rezervou uvaovat o stej-
nm pvodu i u jednoho krautstrunku z Michalskej 6. U vlcovi-
kter zanikla v roce 1620 a obsahovaly vtinou renesann sklo.
tch ek z jmky 2/01 na Ventrskej 3 existuje pouze monost
Do skupiny skla z 1. poloviny 16. stolet typologicky pat ndoby
eskho pvodu, zaloen jen na sloen, oporu v typologii vak
z modrozelenho skla s hndou prsvitnou zkorodovanou vrstvou,
nem. Vroba ve sklrnch na Morav nen vylouena u dvou
charakteristickou pro uhersk vrobky: spodn st stangenglasu
krautstrunk s optickmi ebry z Michalskej 6 a Panskej 24, co
na patce ze svinutho vlkna, kutrolf se dvmi hrdlky a nkolik
je ovem zaloeno pouze na optickm dekoru, v tto dob pou-
lahv se ebry, ppadn i poutnick lhve (obr. 12: 39).
vanm zejmna na Morav; v Uhrch byl aplikovn pouze na stol-
Dat.: 1. polovina 16. stol. nch lahvch.
Vtina ek s nlepy, krautstrunk a stolnch lahv rznch
2. Analza nlez na zklad typologie a sloen skla
variant, mezi kter patily i lhve s vnitnm prstencem se spodn
Do obdob zvru 15. a 1. poloviny 16. stolet pat soubory z Mi- soudkovitou st tla a konviky byla dle tvarovch analogi vyro-
chalskej 6 (1.3), Panskej 16 (1.4), Panskej 24, (1.5), Sedlrskej 4 bena v Uhrch. Vzhledem ke znanmu pokozen ndob koroz

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Mgr. Petra imoniov Koov, Ph.D., Mestsk stav ochrany pamiatok, Urulnska 9, SK 811 01 Bratislava;
e-mail: almos@post.cz

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Sedlkov et al., Late Gothic and Early Renaissance Glass from Bratislava, ca.

Pozdn gotick a ran renesann sklo z Bratislavy ca 14501550

Hedvika Sedlkov Dana Rohanov Branislav Lesk Petra imoniov Koov

Pedloeno redakci v dubnu 2016, upraven verze v ervenci 2016

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 353

354 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

Fig. 2. Bratislava Castle, feature 105/09. 1st

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 355

Context the chapel and the village of Vajnory, and subsequently

356 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 357

Fig. 4. Bratislava, Pansk 16, feature

358 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 359

Fig. 5. Bratislava, 16 Sedlrska 4,

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3 (Tab. 1: A8) 6 (Tab. 3: A4)

362 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

1 (Tab. 1: A6) 2 (Tab. 1: A7)

3 (Tab. 1: A4) 4 (Tab. 1: A5)

Location In 14731478 one half of the house was registered in

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 363

Fig. 9. Bratislava, Ventrska 3, fea-

Context second half of the 16th century (Rohanov Sedlkov

364 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

1.8.2. Refuse pit 2/2001

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 365

366 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

Fig. 11. Bratislava, Ven-

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 367

Photo 1. Bratislava Castle, refuse pit 105/09.

368 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 369

Fig. 12. Bratislava, 1, 2

370 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

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372 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

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tury. Their manufacture of sodium-calcium (soda-ash) Regional products (potassium-calcium glass)

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 375

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380 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

Simple cylindrical beakers are plain (Figs. 7: 1, 2 and

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382 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 383

384 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

Diagram A. The CaO/Na2O ratio in

Group III is typified by a higher content of K2O and the

Diagram B. The CaO/K2O ratio in

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 385

Diagram C. The CaO/K2O ratio in

386 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 387

388 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016

PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016 389

bylo vak provedeno jen mlo analz. Jsou zastoupeny v tm Literatura

390 PAMTKY ARCHEOLOGICK CVII, 2016