Professional Documents
Culture Documents
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 119
NOV 2009
6 . 1 S U S TA I N A B L E D E S I G N P R O C E S S A N D R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S
The sustainable master plan lays a path to an envisioned future for the
campus where resources are used wisely, with minimized waste and reduced
operating costs, while creating a healthy and inspiring environment that
contributes to the environmental health of the site and its surrounding
region.
The foundation for this design process is to carry out research into the
ecology of the site, the climate, the culture, the community of people served
by the campus, and a survey of existing facilities.
Future development and retrofits are to efficiency shall target an improvement aggregate area of not less than (i) 5% of the Buildings shall not exceed 50W/m2.
use the following standards to improve of at least 10% above regulatory baseline floor area of the room or space required to
conservation of energy: efficiency requirements. be ventilated; and (ii) 15% of the floor area of In respect of roofs without skylight, the
the aboveground car parking area required average thermal transmittance (U-value) for
ETTV stands for Envelope Thermal Transfer For air-conditioned distribution area, CO2 to be ventilated. the gross area of the roof shall not exceed the
Value of the building, as determined in sensors or similar automatic control devices limit prescribed in the following Tables for
accordance with the formula set out in BCAs to be installed to regulate outdoor air flow (b)Where mechanical ventilation or the corresponding weight group:
Code on Envelope Thermal Performance rate to maintain the concentration of CO2 to air-conditioning systems are used, the
for Buildings and it is applicable to air- the level of less than 1000ppm. ventilation rates of these systems shall
conditioned building spaces with aggregate comply with SS CP 13 Code of Practice for
areas > 500 m2. ETTV should be targeted in Mechanically ventilated carparks shall Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
the range of at least 44 W/m2. The baseline be adequately incorporated with carbon in Buildings.
standard based as specified in the Code on monoxide (CO) sensors to regulate the
Envelope Thermal Performance for Buildings amount of mechanical ventilation (MV) To encourage the use of energy efficient
issued by BCA is 50W/m2. The salient where applicable for carparks. It is design and control of ventilation systems
parameters such as material properties encouraged to consider fully naturally in common areas i.e. toilets, staircases,
for the faade or external wall system, ventilated design or otherwise incorporating corridors, lift lobbies, atriums etc, natural
shading provision and louvre glazing fume extract system or combination of ventilation systems shall be used wherever
shall be selected accordingly to meet this different ventilation modes to reduce MV. applicable. If natural ventilation is not
requirement. Ventilation shall be adequately provided in applicable, MV system shall be used.
all building for its intended occupancy.
Air distribution system (Air Handling In respect of roofs with skylight, the roof
Units (AHUs) & Fan Coil Units (FCUs)) (a) Where natural ventilation is applicable, thermal transfer value (RTTV) as determined
shall comply with Clause 7.11.5 in SS CP13. it shall be provided by means of openable in accordance with the formula set out in the
The design for the air distribution system windows or other openings with an Code on Envelope Thermal Performance for
Maximum Thermal Transmittance for Roof of Air-Conditional Building Maximum Thermal Transmittance for Roof of Non- Air-Conditional Buildingng
(Reference: Code for Environmental Sustainability of Buildings Version 1.0) (Reference: Code for Environmental Sustainability of Buildings Version 1.0)
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 121
NOV 2009
6.2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Air Tightness and Leakage: (b) The design for the lighting system shall Building shall be sited to preserve views, eliminate unnecessary daytime use of electric
target the improvement of at least 20% above allow day lighting, shade common light in non-patient care areas.
(a) All windows on the building envelope the baseline. (Baseline = Maximum lighting spaces, allow cross-ventilation, eliminate
shall not exceed the air leakage rates specified Provide for efficacious lighting design
power budget stated in SS 530,Code of cross-contamination, and minimize site
in SS 212 Specification for Aluminum Alloy parameters such as controls, daylight
Practice for Energy Efficiency Standard for disturbances.
Windows. integration, proper fixture spacing, proper
Building Services and Equipment)
Passive design criteria for thermal comfort wall and ceiling brightness.
(b) Where the door opening is located along (c) Building lighting is to be maintained at and health where building is configured to
the perimeter of the building envelope or Utilize zoning to create zones where passive
luminance level as stated in CP 38 Code of reduce glare and solar heat gain, induces
leading to an exterior open space, external strategies can be used without compromising
Practice for Artificial Lighting in Buildings clearly defined process and metrics for
corridor, passageway or pedestrian walkway, lab or patient safety.
for various types of occupancy and in SS 531: effective natural ventilation
that unit shall (i) be completely separated Part 1 : 2006 Code of Practice for Lighting of Provide systems performance baseline
from the other parts of the building; and (ii) Optimize massing within 20 degrees of an
Work Places where appropriate. requirements for infrastructure and building
has its air-conditioning system separated from East-West elongation to reduce solar heat
equipment: Lighting, Ventilation, Cooling,
and independent of the central system. Electrical sub-meters shall be provided for gain.
M&V, escalators/elevators.
all key building services and energy usage of
To ensure good thermal comfort, it is required Envelope design guidelines external shading
end users or tenants for energy consumption Provide systems design requirements for
to design air-conditioning systems which approaches, glazing performance parameters,
monitoring. elimination of waste energy.
would provide consistent indoor conditions insulation performance parameters.
for thermal comfort as stated below: All electrical sub-meters shall be linked to Base air changes per hour on air quality
Design buildings to reduce or eliminate west-
the Building Management System (BMS) for testing in the exhaust duct which detects parts
Indoor temperature between 22.5 to 25.5 C facing glazing.
energy consumption monitoring. per million of pollutants.
Relative Humidity < 70% Design shading to reduce heat gain and
All lifts shall be incorporated with energy
maximize daylight with the sun directly
The occupied space shall be designed with efficient features such as AC Variable Voltage
overhead. Recommend treatments that are Campus Infrastructure:
ambient sound levels to the recommendation Variable Frequency (VVVF) motor drive
most effective at east and west facades.
stated in CP 13 and shall include detailed or equivalent OR/AND with sleep mode
Modular central plant to allow shut down of
analysis, calculations and/or measurements features or equivalent. Optimize glazing selection for daylight subsets of the equipment adjusting to reduce
to ensure that the designed ambient sound penetration, balanced with reduced heat gain. need.
All escalators shall be incorporated with
levels are met. energy efficient features such as motion Utilize bulk flow analysis to create a standard Plan for an on-campus food waste composting
Energy of lighting consumption shall be sensors. for window opening and stack dimensions to plant for reducing waste hauling costs and
minimized with properly designed lighting allow for more effective and healthy natural to generate fertilizer biochar for use in the
Coverage of high frequency ballasts in the
level; ventilation to laboratory and patient care campus landscaping needs. Investigate
fluorescent luminaries shall be at least 90%
areas. potential for food waste to be an energy
(a) Lighting control for artificial lighting shall of the applicable areas that are served by
fluorescent luminaires. source through anaerobic digester to produce
be provided in accordance with SS 530. Utilize daylight sensors throughout to
biofuel.
122 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
NOV 2009
6.2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
NUS team is currently conducting a research & prototype > To reduce lab emission by 20%.
on Biochar production and utilization. Organic wastes
> New buildings to have energy efficiency increase by 25%
are used as input into a pyrolysis kiln where incineration
compare to existing buildings.
occurs with low or no oxygen to produce Biochar and
syngas. Depending on requirement, composition output > Existing buildings energy efficiency to be increased by 15%.
of Biochar and syngas can be adjusted accordingly.
Potential wastes from NUS for future development of > To achieve at least 0.6kW/ton for HVAC system efficiency.
this system are the food waste from canteen and waste
> Currently having <150k tons of CO2.
from sewage pipeline. However, due to the risk of the
toxic substances present in the sewage system from Following are the list of technologies and strategies that can be
laboratories, focus at the moment will be on canteen food considered:
waste. NUS is currently generating sufficient amounts (25
45 tons per month) of food waste to run a pilot Biochar Exhaust Air Recovery
Chilled water thermal storage cooling
facilities in future. Recover cool exhaust air and direct to the cooling towers to
The following sources and technologies are to be achieve lower condenser water temperature. This would improve
considered to meet the identified end uses where feasible. chiller efficiency.
End Uses
2) Lighting system: 6 7%
Technologies
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 123
NOV 2009
6.2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Heat Pumps Auto Condenser Tube Cleaning Ultraviolet-C (UVC) Emitter High Efficiency Lighting
Air-to-water heat pumps are to be installed Auto condenser tube cleaning system UVC emitter can be installed after the cooling Installing T5 lamps instead of T8 lamps will
in place of conventional electric hot water automatically cleans the condenser water coils of AHUs and FCUs to keep the coils yield the same illumination lux level but at
systems which produce hot water for showers tubes daily to prevent scaling and fouling. clean without the need for washing and a lower wattage level and giving a lighting
and discharges cool air at the same time. It reduces the frequency for regular tube chemical cleaning. UVC emitter produces budget of only 11 W/m2, meeting the lighting
The cool air could be used as supplementary cleaning and allows the chiller to maintain high output of UVC photons to destroy power budget based on SS 530.
air conditioning for smaller air conditioned good heat transfer with constant cleaning of bacteria, viruses and mould. A case study by
the condenser tubes. It is suitable for use in High Frequency Ballasts
spaces or for pre-cooling. Cool air could be Florida Hospital showed that installing UVC
used to supplement some of the cooling load buildings with central air-conditioning system emitter in AHU significantly reduced the Electronic ballasts operate fluorescent lamps
to reduce the chiller loading which will result using of water-cooled heat exchangers or need of coil-cleaning and also saved energy. at a high frequency to increase the luminous
in further energy savings. condenser. UVC emitter in AHU provides continuous flux of the lamp and reduce the operating
disinfection and coil cleaning. wattage by 10%. These ballasts are able to
reduce power losses (10% of lamp wattage).
Air-to-water heat pumps to be installed in place of Auto condenser tube cleaning system allows the chiller UVC emitter can be installed after the cooling coils of Electronic ballasts is a device intended to limit the
conventional electric hot water systems to produce hot to maintain good heat transfer with constant cleaning of AHUs and FCUs to keep the coils clean without the amount of current in an electric circuit and operate
water for the showers. the condenser tubes. need for washing and chemical cleaning. fluorescent lamps in the high frequency
124 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
NOV 2009
6.2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Photocells / timers and Building Automation ambient natural lighting. In large offices such it is occupied, especially spaces that have Cool paints
System for external lighting control as teachers rooms, lightings are grouped in highly variable and unpredictable occupancy
zones and controlled by separate switches so patterns, such as staircases, toilets, gyms, etc. Cool paints when applied on the roofs
External light will be automatically turned or exteriors of buildings can significantly
that staff can have the flexibility of selecting
on at dusk and turned off at dawn by the Light Shelves decrease indoor room temperature and hence
a particular zone to be lit. This is useful when
detection of day light. Singapore sunrise time reduce cooling load required. Cool paints
staff are working overtime or working during Light shelves are sunshades placed inside or
varies from 6.46am to 7.17am and the sunset have high solar reflectivity as compared to
weekends when the entire office is not fully outside the window facade and above eye
time varies between 6.50pm and 7.21pm. conventional roofing materials or exterior
occupied. level to improve occupant views and comfort.
A comparison between conventional timer surfaces. According to tests conducted
lighting controls set between 7pm to 7am They reflect sunlight and daylight into the
Occupancy sensors/motion sensors by the University of Athens, the surface
against the use of photocell will yield an interior space. They can also at the same time,
temperature of external surfaces coated with
average of 2.41% in savings. Energy is wasted when lights are left on shade the glass below and reduce unwanted
new generation cool paints are 6C lower
in unoccupied rooms for prolong periods. direct glare. A sloped ceiling extending from
than the surface temperature of white marble.
Strategic lighting, zoning, and controls Motion detector contains motion sensors the facade edge enhances light distribution
It is energy saving by reducing cooling load
that transform the detection of motion into and reduces contrast and glare. In addition, it
Separate switches to be provided for the required and helps prolong the useful lifespan
an electric signal. It is commonly used to reduces use of electrical lightings.
perimeter lights near windows so that lights of the substrate, while providing the user with
prevent illumination by detecting occupant
can be switched off when there is sufficient better thermal comfort.
motion and to only light the space when
Sunshades placed inside or outside the window facade and above eye level. They reflect Significantly decrease indoor room temperature and hence reduce cooling load required, has high solar
sunlight and daylight into the interior space. A flat-sloped ceiling extending from the facade reflectivity as compared to conventional roofing material or exterior surface.
edge enhances light distribution and reduces contrast and glare.
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 125
NOV 2009
6.2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
External cladding such as ceramic cladding Variable speed drives are installed for cooling
with hydrotect (TiO2 Titanium Dioxide) towers, kitchen exhaust fans, pumps, and
coating will provide self cleaning properties. air handling units. It reduces the motor
The effect of hydrotect is based on the frequency when the load on the equipment is
principle of the photo catalysis. Titanium low to conserve energy.
Dioxide (TiO2) is a type of photo catalyst
which can also be applied on the external
facade such as glass, wall tiles and aluminum Regenerative Lift
claddings to reduce the maintenance and
cleaning of external facades. When exposed The regenerative system recovers the
to sunlight, TiO2 absorbs a portion of the potential energy accumulated when the lift
ultra violet light and becomes hydrophilic goes down with a heavy load. Recovered
where water is not repelled but spreads to energy can either be stored or be reused as
form a thin film on the surface. This enables another energy source.
the decomposition of bacteria, fungi, algae,
germs and elimination of odors. With the
combination of both photo catalysis and
hydrophilic effect, substantial reduction in
external facade cleaning costs can be achieved.
Besides that, it also can eliminate odors in
the air, kill bacteria and decompose organic
matter when exposed to light. When exposed
to light, TiO2 activates the oxygen molecules,
which decompose bacteria and germs through
photo catalytic activity. It is being used Regenerative Lift
in commercial and healthcare facilities to
improve the hygiene of its environment. Self Cleaning Facade System
126 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
NOV 2009
6 . 2 . 2 WAT E R C O N S E R VAT I O N
Future development and retrofits shall automatic sub-soil drip irrigation system with irrigation. Applications:
implement the following standards to rain sensor control wherever possible. These
Condensate water: Recover condensate from Landscape: heightening infiltration will
improve water conservation: systems should serve more than 50% of the
landscaped areas. FCUs / AHUs to supply into cooling tower to reduce stream bank erosion downstream, and
To encourage reduction in use of potable provide cooler condenser water to the chillers. provide one means for filtration of runoff.
water, all water fittings for the development Where buildings are developed with water- This would improve chiller efficiency as well. Singapore ABC (Active, Beautiful, Clean)
shall be of Singapore Water Efficiency cooled central chillers systems and package Waters Design Features are to be used to
Wastewater any reuse would require
Labeling Scheme (WELS) EXCELLENT rating. units, the specifications provided shall require retain and treat runoff via natural means
filtration to tertiary standards, through
This is applicable to all water fittings covered design of water treatment for cooling tower while enhancing the campus landscape.
a recirculating biofilter, or a membrane
by the WELS as follows: to achieve at least six or better cycles of Green Roofs provide cooling, roof membrane
concentration at acceptable water quality. bioreactor, or reverse osmosis (R.O.) water protection, and reduce runoff.
Shower Taps & Mixers processors.
Wherever possible, Newater or on-site and Fountains: moving water can provide cooling
Basin Taps & Mixers recycled water from approved sources shall Water Utility no storage or treatment to outdoor spaces, and can be operated with
be used to meet the water demand for cooling required, and is best used for end uses that non-potable water.
Sink/Bib Taps & Mixers
purposes. require drinking water quality.
Flushing Cisterns Toilets/Urinals: this use is best met with non-
Waste streams are to be treated and captured Storage: potable water.
Urinals & Urinal Flush Valve for reuse as a priority over the use of potable Design water reuse system at Academic Mechanical make-up water: this use is best
water, where potable water is not required. Green podium so that treated water can be
Showerheads met with non-potable water.
Stormwater runoff rate, quantity, and quality used immediately, with capacity of system
Water sub-meters shall be provided for ALL increasing over time, and perhaps on a Sanitary faucets, cleaning: this use must be
are to meet pre-development stormwater
major water usage i.e. irrigation system, distributed basis to reduce pump energy met with potable water.
conditions through landscape and building
cooling towers and tenants usage where cost/impact of distribution.
design.
applicable.
To achieve these standards, the following Sizing: Local code restricts water storage for
All water sub-meters are to be linked to the reuse to a 2-day storage period, requiring that
Sources, Storage, and Applications are to be
Building Management System (BMS) for the specified tank be sized to meet only two
implemented where feasible.
monitoring and leak detection. The BMS days of projected demand.
should have specific alert features that can be
set and triggered to detect any water leakage Treatment: Prior to storage, all water flows
during operation. Sources: will require treatment, both for quality (using
a variety of available techniques) and for
To reduce use of potable water consumption Stormwater: Annual rainfall approximately
colour (using UV filtration).
for irrigation, it is encouraged to use non-PUB 2,370 mm (93 in). or about 6.5mm on average
water including rainwater and water efficient every day. Storage for reuse requires filtration.
irrigation systems with features such as Rainwater: Harvested rainwater to be used for
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 127
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6 . 2 . 3 M AT E R I A L S E F F I C I E N C Y 6 . 2 . 4 E N V I R O N M E N TA L P R O T E C T I O N A N D Q U A L I T Y
Future development and retrofits shall follow Low volatile organic compounds (VOC) Future development shall use the following of native plants that support urban fauna.
standards to improve material efficiency: paints that are certified under Singapore standards to improve the campus
Eliminate exhaust air blowing into pedestrian
Green Labeling Scheme (SGLS) shall be used environment:
Singapore Concrete Usage Index (CUI) is an areas.
for at least 90% of the internal wall areas.
indicator of the amount of concrete used to Eliminate vehicle traffic in the campus core,
Ensure that exhaust stacks are positioned
construct the superstructure which includes Adhesive with low formaldehyde emission for health, safety, comfort, and air quality
correctly to eliminate re-entrainment of
both the structural and non-structural and that are certified under SGLS shall be reasons.
exhaust into neighboring buildings
elements. CUI does not include the concrete used for all composite wood products used.
Enhance plant and animal species diversity on
used for external works and sub-structural Site shall be designed to ensure thermal
Existing buildings shall be utilized / the campus.
works such as basements and foundations. comfort at the outdoor spaces shaded, with
reappropriated where possible without
CUI is defined as the volume of concrete in Provide shaded and breezy outdoor spaces air movement, and natural cooling, perhaps
compromising function.
cubic meters needed to cast a square meter of with superior comfort in all climate conditions with water wall technology.
constructed floor area. It is expressed as: Maximize reuse of demolition waste. Only
To achieve these standards, the following
when campus reuse is not feasible should
strategies are to be pursued where feasible:
recycling or landfill be allowed.
a) Create a pedestrian campus by moving
Material guidelines local, low-VOC,
vehicular traffic and parking to the campus
and resource-efficient (durable, recycled,
perimeter and providing efficient, clean, and
renewable, FSC, etc) Identify several bulk
To encourage more efficient concrete usage convenient transit for circulation through the
materials that can be purchased in contract
for building components based on the campus and to the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT).
over time cost-effectively and with minimal
percentage reduction, Concrete Usage Index materials research investment. Singapore b) Common level connected walkways
(CUI) should meet at least the baseline limit as Green Labeling Scheme lists materials provide a flat common platform for safe
show in the Table below and shall target for available locally. Please refer to the list of cycling on level terrain. Bicycle storage and
better control of concrete usage. SGLS materials in the Appendix Chap 9.7.3. shower facilities to be provided for cyclists
and other public use. In addition, bicycles
Adequate area shall be set aside for
available for rent on campus might improve
appropriate waste management measures:
connection to MRT arriving at campus from
composting, recycling, medical/hazardous
off campus.
wastes, etc, to ensure safety and waste
CUI Limit for Non-Residential Building
minimization. c) Enhance habitat corridors - Habitat
corridors will be created within the forest
fingers cascading from the Ridge to the green
academic core.
128 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Master Plan Green Mark Implementation
is
is
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 129
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
130 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
capacity is required.
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 131
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 2 WATER EFFICIENCY Master Plan Green Mark Implementation
132 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 2 WATER EFFICIENCY Master Mediapolis Master Plan Green Mark Implementation
Drip Irrigation
A system of crop irrigation involving the controlled
delivery of water directly to individual plants through a
Rainwater Harvesting network of tubes or pipes.
Rainwater Harvesting is a collection of rainwater into a central tank to be used for
irrigation. Water collected from the tank will be supplied and used for irrigation.
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 133
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 3 WASTE MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
134 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 3 WASTE MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 135
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 4 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Covered Walkways
Section View
Sectional of a of
View Permeable PavingPaving
a Permeable System
Campus Car Parking System
Assist in Reduction Stormwaterof Stormwater
Assist inofReduction
136 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 4 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 137
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 4 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
138 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
PART 5 OTHER GREEN FEATURES
Biochar
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 139
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6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT
1. ENERGY 2. WATER
8
EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY
3. ENVIRONMENTAL 15.75
PROTECTION
4. INDOOR ENV. 7
QUALITY
5. OTHER 1.5
GREEN FEATURES
Green Try
Certified Gold GoldPlus Platinum
Mark Again
Score 0 49 50 74 75 84 85 89 90 100
140 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
NOV 2009
6 . 4 A I R F L O W S T U D I E S & R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S
The airflow on the academic green plane shows greater windflow at the
gateway and opening between the buildings, and low wind speed at some
areas of the covered linkway and near to building entrance.
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y 141
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6 . 4 A I R F L O W S T U D I E S & R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S
Recommendation