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INTRODUCTION
The main objective of the Survey Camp organized by the civil engineering
department is to provide an opportunity to consolidate and update the practical & theoretical
knowledge in engineering surveying in the actual field condition. It is an important part of the
seventh semester of civil Engineering B Tech course. Students of seventh semester in civil
engineering were divided into 6 squads and survey camp was conducted. My squad was
given the site in centre of the college including Mechanical department and civil engineering
labs. The survey camp was conducted for five days from 13-07-2015 to 17-07-2015. My site
consisted of many features including mechanical department, civil labs, concrete road, trees,
fences, side walls, etc
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2. NEED AND SCOPE
The need for conducting a survey camp is to prepare topographical map of the site by
surveying from whole to the part. The whole site was divided into four zones and each zone
was provided for two squads.
First we conducted a reconnaissance survey to the whole site and we prepared a key
plan of the proper zone. By selecting suitable theodolite stations, theodolite Traverse was
run and the included angles were taken for contouring reduced levels of require points were
determined by taking staff readings by using a dumpy level.
The Travers was plotted by the method of Independent co-ordinates. The interior
details were filled by plane tabling.
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3. PROCESS OF SURVEYING
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of the distinction features on
the surface of the earth or beneath the surface of the earth by means of measurements of
distances, directions and elevations. The object of surveying is the preparation of plans and
topographical maps of the areas.
Surveying which deals with the measurements of relative heights of different on the
surface of the earth is known as levelling.
Survey operations consist of two stages:
Field work
Office work
Field work
The field work consists of the measurements of the angles and distances keeping a record
of what has been done in the form of field notes. Field notes are written records of field work
made at the time of work.
The field note may consist of:
Numerical values such as length of the lines and offsets, staff readings, and angles
or directions
Explanatory note about the points which are not perfectly clear from the numerals
and sketches
Office work
The office work of the surveyor consists of:
Drafting - preparation of the plans, sections and topographic maps.
Computing - for determining the areas and volumes.
Designing.
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Care and adjustments of the instruments
Surveying instruments such as level, theodolite, compass etc. are very delicate and must
be handled with care since there are many parts of an instrument which if once impaired,
cannot be restored to their original efficiency.
For any surveying a definite and proper plan about hoe the survey has to be carried out
must be made. The site assigned to us had buildings in it, separated plots, concrete road, and
compound fence. So, survey in a single stretch was not possible. Time being an important
factor governing the survey camp, we decided to use theodolite.
Theodolite Survey of the plot was done first. For this we set station points on different
parts the plot such that the station points were inter visible and a closed traverse was formed.
The first principle of any type of surveying is to work from the whole to part. Before
starting the actual survey measurements the surveyor should walk around the area to fix best
positions of survey lines and survey stations. During reconnaissance survey a key plan of the
area should be prepared and general arrangements of lines, principle features such as
buildings, roads, etc. should be shown. Before selecting the stations, the surveyor should
examine the indivisibility of stations and should note the positions of buildings, roads,
streams, etc.
All survey stations are established on the ground by taking lateral measurements from
two well defined objects. Reference sketches of survey stations are prepared with respect to
north direction.
After having completed the preliminary work, the chaining may be started from the
base line. The work in running a survey line is twofold:
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The linear measurements are taken by a tape and the angular measurements by a
theodolite. Our traverse consists of 9 number of survey stations.
The traverse is starting from the survey station A and run in an anti-clockwise
direction. The included angles subtended in each survey stations are measured by face left
and face right observation and recorded in the field book. Bearing of the line BC is also
measured from the survey station.
Consequently length of the lines of the traverse arc measured and recorded. Boundary
measurements are taken by perpendicular and oblique offsets from the traverse line.
Nodal points are the points which include the instrument station, change points and
the permanent benchmarks. Gales traverse table can be used to correct a traverse form other
plot points can be fixed.
Nodal points were chosen in the area and along the road such that maximum points
could be surveyed from these nodal station points. Theodolite stations were fixed. The
instrument was set up at the stations and temporary adjustments were done. With the help of
clamping screws the readings in A scale was set to zero. The lower clamp was released and
the instrument was sight to the first point. The lower clamp was released and the instrument
was sights to first point. The lower screw was clamped and fine adjustments were done. The
upper screw was unclamped and the angle measurements were taken in the A and B scales by
sighting required points and clamping the upper screw.
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(ii)Traverse Correction and plotting of Traverse
The obtained included angles of the traverse were added appropriate corrections were
app lied to the angles. Using the corrected included angles and measured bearing of one of
the traverse lines, the reduced bearings and the lengths. Latitude and departure of these lines
were calculated using these reduced bearings and the lengths. Latitude and Departure
corrections were calculated using the transit rule. The independent co-ordinates of the station
points were calculated using these corrections. Northing and Easting were taken positive. The
traverse was then plotted with obtained independent co ordinates. From the independent co-
ordinates the traverse is plotted in a scale of 1:400.
Total observed included angle of the traverse is found and checked it with theoretical sum of
(2N-4)90. The error is distributed among the observed included angle and found the corrected
included angles using the bearing of the line and included angles. The whole circle bearing
(WCB) of the lines are found from WCB reduced bearings of all lines are found using the
length of the lines and reduced bearings. The latitudes and departures of all lines are
calculated. The error in latitudes are found from the total latitudes (L=N-S) and error in
departures are found from the total departures (D=E-W). Corrections are made in latitude
and departures of each line by using Bowditchs rule. Corrected consecutive co-ordinates are
then found, independent coordinate of each traverse station are found. All the readings are
entered in Gales traverse table.
From the independent co-ordinate the traverse is plotted in a scale of 1:400. The traverse
survey differ from chain surveying in that the arrangement of the survey lines is not limited to
in particular geometrical figure as in chain survey. Where a system of connected triangles
form the fundamental basis of the Skelton also the check line etc. are not necessary in the
traverse. On the traverse line may be arranged near the details etc. are directly located with
respect to the survey line by off-setting.
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3.7 PLANE TABLING
The plotted traverse sheet is used for plane tabling. Plane table is set up over the
traverse stations. Basic ray method is used for the orientation; interior details are located by
radiation and intersection method
3.8 CONTOURING
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4. AREA OF THE PLOT
Area of the traverse = 7286m2
Total offset area = 1543.6m2
Total area of the plot = 8829.6m2
= 0.8829ha
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5. CONCLUSION
The map was prepared using the details obtained from the theodolite Surveying. All
the topographical features were represented using the standard symbols and important
landmarks were distinctly depicted so as to form a highly detailed representation of the study
area assigned to us.
The survey camp gave an ample opportunity to excel in the basics of surveying .The
camp not only helped us to gain knowledge as a surveyor but also taught us to work as a
team. Now we have a definite idea about the order in which each method is to be employed
for the successful completion of the survey.
This survey camp helped us to build our confidence to conduct engineering surveys
on required accuracy and we assume that it would be of great use in our future engineering
works.
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6. CALCULATIONS
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6.1 THEODOLITE TRAVERSING
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6.2 GALES TRAVERSE PREPARATION
= (2x11-4)x90
= 16200000
= 00040
Permissible error = 20 n
= 20x 11
= 0 016.33
Corrected angles
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<I = 179 2000 + 00000 = 179 2000
= 1122630+1725537180
= 2852207-180
= 1052207
=97 3209
=98 5241
=985233
=985233+97 15 27-180
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=16 800
=2781502
=2781502+198 3802-180
=296 53 04
=296 53 04+1162824+180
=23321 28
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Reduced bearing of line KA =N 63 2000 W
Consecutive Co-ordinates
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IX. Latitude of IJ = 38.64 Cos51 1030 = 24.225m
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vii. Correction to latitude of line GH = (1.804x21.92) /380.33 =0.104 m
Correction to departure of line GH = (2.49x21.92)/ 380.33 =0.143m
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6.2.6 INDEPENDENT CO-ORDINATES
Q=X1Y2+X2Y3+X3Y4+X4Y5+X5Y6+X6Y7+X7Y8+X8Y9+X9Y10+X10Y11+X11Y12
P={(100x76.88)+(113.73x98.108)+(126.75x135.521)+(136.74x184.798)+(129.495
x205.995)+(135.28 x218.003)+(113.689x201.6)+(105.975 x164.954)+(88.481x119.831)
(67.59x69.369)+( 76.779x50)}
=176990.226
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Q={(50x113.73)+(76.88x126.75)+(98.108x136.79)+(135.521x129.495)+(184.798x135.28)
+(205.995x113.689)+( 218.003x105.975)+(201.6 x88.481)+(164.954 x67.59)+ (119.831
x76.779)+(69.369 x100)}
=163044.603
(Q-P) = (176990.226-163044.603)
= 6972.8115m2
= 1.72 acre
9.04 H
A1 61.45
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19.7 I
19.7 I
A2 61.61
13.21
2.56 2.75
C D
A3
20.06 A6
25.45
1.73
20
2.35
9.96 A4
2.73 A7
2.56 B
A8 A10
12.45 A12
A9 15.04
21
2.07
1.1 E
2.75 D
A11 25.29
1.77 F
Offset Areas
A5 = (3.725*(3.725-2.73)*(3.725-1.54)*(3.725-3.18))
= 2.1m^2
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A6 = (2.75+2.35)/2 *25.45 = 64.89m^2
=7286+A1+A2(A3 + A4+A5+A6+A7+A8+A9+A10+A11+A12)
15.25- 30.83-31.95-48.55-46.96
= 8829.6 m^2
=0.8829 ha
= 2.182 acre
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7. DRAWINGS
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7.1 KEY PLAN
Mechanical block
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Main
building wall
22.7 23.4
Mechanical
block
post
26.18
21.95 post
21.05
I
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10.1
Electrical lab
A
10.9
Water
tank
Tree
27
Tree
Wall
Post Tree
Tree
1.1
1.1 2.2 5.6
F
4.83
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7.3 PLOTTED TRAVERSE
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7.4 DETAILED MAP
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