Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Caring is the roar that lies on the other side of silence. When Holy Spirit. positive energy, or, simply grace. Free will equates
the mist lifts, nurses can find new images of caring (Watson, with choice and the capacity to decide how to act when
1987, p. 16). confronted with a range of possibilities. While acknowledging
ursing is informed caring for the well-being of others. free will does mandate that nurses honor individuality, it may
i
are becoming, growing, self-reflecting and seeking to connect of Parent ~ n Child
d Nursing at the Univrrs~tyof Washington. This ,jrt~cle
is based on insights derived irom roc~nwlingwomen in the, Mi\carri.~ge
with others. Persons both mold and are molded by the
Caring Project, funded by the National Center ior Nu~singRezearch iR29
environment in which they exist. The genetic heritage serves NR01899). Special thanks to Carol Lc,ppa, RN, PhD, Katherine Klaich.
as a blueprint for each person's unique human characteristics. KN, PhC, m d Suzmned Sikma, EN, PhC r l the 'vli~arriageCiring
The spiritual endowment connects each being to an eternal 1 Project. Correspondence to University of Wa\hington, P,jrent and Child
and universal source of goodness, mystery, life, creativity and 1 Nursing SC-74, Seattlt!, W A 981 95.
I Accepted for publication May 11, 1993.
serenity. The spiritual endowment may be a soul, higher power1
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care of self. Self-as-other refers to the well-being of each pregnancy her spiritual, maternal, feminine and sexual selves
nurses' self and herlhis nursing and the well-being of all nurses are challenged to reestablish meanings that allow her to
and their nursing. experience a renewed sense of integration wherein her personal
biography includes the experience of having miscarried a
Environment longed-for child. The seeking and becoming of well-being
Environment is defined situationally. For nursing, it is any requires a safe space for acquiring information, releasing the
context that influences or is influenced by the designated client. pain of sadness and fear and expressing longing for the lost
Realms of influence are multiple, including the cultural, loved one. When no such arena exists and the woman is given
political, economic, social, biophysical, psychological and socially defined dictums of what is normal (i.e., "At your age,
spiritual realms. When examining the influence of it was a blessing;" "It's been two months, aren't you over that
environments on persons, it is helpful to consider the demands, yet?"), her attempts at reestablishing well-being are thwarted.
constraints and resources brought to the situation by the Her many selves are left disintegrated and a feeling of
participant(s) and the surrounding environment (Klausner, wholeness is replaced with one of inadequacy.
197 1). What is considered client in some situations, may serve
as context or environment in other circumstances. For example, Nurses and Informed Caring
in some nursing care situations the community may be the Nurses "diagnose and treat human responses to actual or
client (i.e., nurses acting politically about the need for safe potential health problems" (American Nurses Association
play areas for inner-city children), at other times it may be the Social Policy Statement, 1980). This description clarifies our
environment (i.e., nurse assessment of how the school system functional role to the publics we serve and underscores the
accommodates the needs of a specific child with a chronic importance of nurses providing care to clients (individuals or
health condition.) For heuristic purposes the lens on aggregates) who are currently dealing with or potentially facing
environmentldesignated client may actually be further specified health deviations. But this language does not, capture the
to the intra-individual level, wherein the "client" may be at essence of nursing's values, history, expertise, knowledge,
the cellular level and the environment may be the organs, universality and passion. Those whom we serve, how we serve
tissues or body of which the cell is a component. and why we continue to serve mandate an impassioned
integration of science, self, concern for humanity and caring.
Health/Well-being Consummated in transactions among nursing and society and
Smith (1981) has delineated four views of health that include each nurse and client are the profession's commitments to
health as: absence of illness; ability to perform one's roles; caring, the preservation of human dignity and enhancement of
capacity to adapt; and as the pursuit of eudemonistic well- well-being for all.
being. Nurses focus on how clients are living with whatever Informed nurse caring ranges from having novice to expert
illness or wellness condition they may be in. As nurses our capacity in practice. As Benner ( 1984) has noted, novice nurses
focus is not so much on disease amelioration, per se, as it is may care very deeply about the well-being of others, yet their
on assisting clients to attain, maintain or regain the optimal repertoire of caring therapeutics may be somewhat constricted.
level of living or well-being they choose given their personal For example, in order to proceed safely, novice nurses may
and environmental demands, constraints and resources. Well- need to restrict their definition of other to "this patient's
being is living in such a state that one feels integrated and wound," and their definition of well-being to "infection and
engaged with living and dying. When nurses focus on health pain avoidance." In contrast, the informed expert nurse would
as well-being, our care must take into account what it means view the other as an individual who is ultimately capable of
to be whole persons who are becoming, growing, self-reflecting managing her own wound. The expert would modulate care
and seeking to connect with others. between what shelhe needs do to assure safety and what the
To experience well-being is to live the subjective, meaning- client must do to learn self-care. An expert nurse has a deeper
filled, experience of wholeness. Wholeness involves a sense understanding of what constitutes well-being. a broader scope
of integration and becoming wherein all facets of being are of caring practices, and a wider view of who or what constitutes
free to be expressed. Iacets of being include the many selves "the other."
that make us human: our spirituality. thoughts, feelings, The techniques and knowledge embedded in nurse caring
intelligence, creativity, relatedness, femininity, masculinity and often are so subtle as to remain virtually undisclosed to the
sexuality, to name just a few. Healing, the process of uninformed observer. For example, when a newborn intensh e
reestablishing well-being, includes releasing inner pain, care unit nurse places a pacifier in a preterm infant's mouth a
establishing new meanings, restoring integration and emerging minute or two prior to diapering (for the compromised infant
into a sense of renewed wholeness. an energy draining activity), unless one appreciates the
Health, illness, deviance and pathology are socially defined importance of non-nutritive sucking as a self-soothing, oxygen
phenomena. As so defined, they are influenced by societal conserving infant self-care behavinr, the rationale for thc
values, political ideations, cultural norms and economic nursing therapeutic of pacifier placement would be glanced
conditions. Socially defined phenomena frequently wreak havoc over. &.hen, in fact, the nursing act was based on esthetics, a
with the becoming and healing necessary to the realization of sense of the whole of what works for this infant'$ overall
well-being. For example, when a woman miscarries a desired well-being; caring ethics, which raised the child from the
py!)
being
physical and emotional safety while assuring the couple's long- own perspectives and contributions, sets the agenda for nursing
term healing. The nurse sustains faith that the couple, with her scholarship and promotes the potential for truly knowing and
guidance, will safely and humanely get through the immediate serving the health needs of society.
birth and death. Fundamentally, the nurse believes in the
family's capacity to create both a dignified passage for their Being With
child and a meaning-filled future for themselves: a future Being with, being emotionally present to other. is the caring
wherein their daughter and her birth and death will have a category that conveys to clients that they and their experiences
peaceful, permanent meaning in their family's day to day matter to the nurse. Emotional presence is a way of sharing in
existence. the meanings, feelings and lived experience of the one-cared
for. Being with assures clients that their reality is appreciated
Knowing and that the nurse is ready and willing to be there for them.
If maintaining belief is at the base of nurse caring, knowing Being there includes not just the side-by-side phqsical presence
is the anchor that moors the beliefs of nurseslnursing to the but also the clearly conveyed message of availability and abilitj
lived realities of those served. Knowing is striving to understand to endure with the other. For inpatient nursing, the call bell
events as they have meaning in the life of the other. Knowing that is accessible and readily responded to is a tqpe of being
translates the idealism of belief maintenance into the realism there. For nurses who work in community or outpatient settings
of the human condition. It involves avoiding assumptions. there are several methods of conveying "you are not alone,
centering on the one(s) cared for, thoroughly assessing all what happens to you matters and that we are here for you."
aspects of the client's condition and reality, and ultimately Some of these methods include sharing clinic phone numbers
engaging the self or personhood of the nurse and client in a and permission to call anytime, giving nurse pager instructions
caring transaction. In effect, nurse knowing sets the potential and assurance of immediate access, and even arranging for
for the nursing therapeutics of being with, doing for and electronic mail computer linkages between rural home-bound
enabling to be perceived as relevant and, ultimately, effective clients and urban health care facilities.
in promoting client well-being. To be with another is to give time. authentic presence,
The efficiency and efficacy of knowing as a caring therapeutic attentive listening and contingent reflective responses. In many
is enhanced by empirical. ethical and aesthetic knowledge of ways to he with another is to give simply of the self and to do
the range of responses humans have to actual and potential so in such a way that the one cared for realizes the commitment,
health problems. Formal nursing education that includes content concern and personal attentiveness of the one caring. Being
on physical, cultural, spiritual, and emotional responses to with ranges from offering a joyful cheer at birlh, to crying
conditions of wellness and illness prepare nurses to throw a with the bereaved, to sharing the frustration of a family
wide net when casting for any one client's lived reality. caregiver, to canying a 23-hour beeper so that the adolescent
Experience with clients with similar conditions, or a given with leukemia knows that his nurse is just a phone call awa).
client under differing conditions, hones a nurse's capacity to When being with nurses do so, with a sense of responsibilitq
know the meaning of an event in a given client's life. A toward both the client and self, remarning ever aware of who
nurse's knowledge of self sets the stage for how willing a is provider and who is recipient in any given clinical situation
nurse is to truly know another's realit) and just how capable There is a fine line between sharing the other's realitq and
sheihe is to contain herlhis needs and center on the client's taking on that reality as your own. When such boundaries are
lived realit!,. On a disciplinary level, nurses' clarity on our crossed, painful outcomes are bound to ensue. Failure to remain
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