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Abstract:
The applicability of the SAP2000 software for the nonlinear pushover analysis is documented. The two
story steel frame structure is modeled for moderate earthquake. Different stages of deformation followed
by hinges formation is studied for the prediction of post yielding behavior using pushover analysis tool
included in the software. Damage in the structure is identified by plastic hinges at different level of safety
definition from FEMA-356 and ATC 40. Frame performance for the lateral load is interpreted with family
of capacity-demand curves.
Introduction:
Linear elastic analysis of the structural member investigate the failure behavior of steel frame for
is based on stresses up to yield stress. Material is the quake load. The failure behavior will be used
considered as perfectly elastic before yielding. in performance based design of structure. The
Equation of equilibrium is written on the nonlinear static analysis is carried out for the
undeformed configuration which seems to be general loading on two story steel frame and
limited approach of the analysis procedure. To lateral seismic load is applied to perform
improve this inadequacy, a concept of nonlinear pushover analysis at specified displacement. The
analysis is introduced. Nonlinear analysis various pushover curve, load-deformation curve
considers the deformed geometry and nonlinear are presented.
behavior of the material. The load resisting
behavior is significantly affected when Methodology:
nonlinearities included in the analysis [6]. Frame structure is loaded first with general
Nonlinear analysis involves with huge iteration loading and then pushover load is applied
process. Since material stiffness will be reduced monotonically at its deformed configuration of
in each increment loading, the analysis is general loading. 2nd story (from Joint 3 indicated
performed for secant stiffness of the member.
in figure 1) displacement is monitored up to 12
This method of analysis in the seismic design is inches. Lateral allowable story drift is taken
used for (a) to assess and design seismic retrofit from table12.12-1, ASCE7-10[2] as 6.48 inches
solutions for existing structure (b) design new
defined by following expression.
structure that employ structural materials,
systems, or other features that do not conform to =0.02h, h = story height form ground label
current building code requirements (c) assess the
After yielding, plastic hinges will form at
performance of structure for specific
different location indicating the risk of occupant
requirements [7].
as shown in the figure 4. The performance point
The main purpose of present study is to perform is calculated from the guideline defined in
nonlinear analysis using commercial nonlinear FEMA-356 and ATC-40.
finite element software SAP2000 [8] and to
Modeling: as a guideline for practicing engineer. ATC-40
[1], FEMA-356 [4], FEMA-273 [5] are well
Joint 3
known available document to perform pushover
M2
analysis. In SAP2000, hinge will be added at the
2nd Story
each stage when the structure yielded to the
12 ft prescribed level defined in FEMA-356 and ATC
M1 40. The performance of the structure is
st
1 Story
determined by hinges formation. Various types
of plastic hinges: uncoupled/coupled moment,
15ft torsion, axial force and shear hinges are
available. In this study, uncouple moment hinges
are presented.
24ft 24ft
Lump
Effective
masses
Story Columns Beams Loading for
(kips-
Beam
sec2/in)
1 W14x90 W24x62 0.1941 0.2kip/ft
2 W14x90 W12x26 0.5156 0.1kip/ft
In SAP2000, material nonlinearity can be define Fig 3: Expected Capacity Curve of the frame
from its stress strain relationship (figure 2). element
0.6
0.4
Stress (Kips/in2)
0.2
0
-0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3
-0.2
-0.4
Performance
Point
Capacity
Curve
Step-1
Demand Curve
Step -2
Step 3 Step -7